Module 1
Module 1
Module 1
Module 1
DEFINITION
Economic Rights
Indivisibility
Interrelatedness
Interdependence
Cultural Rights
Philosophical Visions:
Human Nature - A search for Common secular inquiry and human reason
400 B.C.E. est. - Mo Zi founded Mohist School of Moral Philosophy in China
Importance of duty, self-sacrifice, and an all-embracing respect for others –
“universally throughout the world”
300 B.C.E. est. – Chinese sage Mencious
Wrote on the “human nature” – “humans are fundamentally good, but goodness
needs to be nurtured”
300 B.C.E. est. – Hsun-tzu
Asserted “to relieve anxiety and eradicate strife, nothing is a effective as the
institution of corporate life based on a clear recognition of individual rights”
1750 B.C.E. – King Hammurabi in Babylon
Necessary to honor broad codes of justice among people. Created one of the
earliest legal codes to govern behavior – “let the oppressed man come under my
statue” to seek equal justice in law
Ancient Egypt
Explicit social justice – “comfort the afflicted…refrain from unjust punishment. Kill
not…make no distinction between the son of a man of importance and one of
humble origin”
Early Sanskrit writings in Indian
Responsibility of rulers for the welfare of people. “None should be allowed to
suffer… either because of poverty or of any deliberate actions on the part of
others”
Philosophical Visions:
Human Nature - A search for Common secular inquiry and human reason
300 B.C.E. – Ashoka of India
Freedom of worship and other rights of his subjects. Other leaders from this
area impartial justice and social equality and no castes should exist since all are
from one tree
16th century - Hindu philosopher Chaitanya
“There is only one caste – humanity”
Sikh leader Guru Gobind Singh
Proclaimed “recognize all the human race as one”
10th Century - Al-Farabi, an Islamic Philosopher
Wrote The Outlook of the People of the City of Virtue, a vision of moral society
in which all individual were endowed with rights and lived in love and charity
with their neighbors.
Greek Philosophers
Equal respect for all citizens (insotimia). Equality before the law (isonomia).
Equality in political power (isokratia) and Suffrage (isopsephia).
Marcus Tillius Cicero
“Universal justice and law guided human nature to act justly and be of service to
others” – This natural law “binds all human society” together, applies to every
member of “the whole human race” without distinction and unique dignity of
each person.
French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762)
“Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains
Precursors to 20th Century Human Rights Documents
Int'l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Int'l Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(ICCPR) (ICESC)
Adopted by UN General Assembly in 1966 Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966
Entered into Force in1976 Entered into Force in1976
Fulfil
Participation
Effective remedy
Formal state obligations for each human right
Obligation Meaning
Respect The state must not interfere directly with people
realising their rights
Protect The state must stop others from interfering with
people’s rights
Fulfil The state must build the legislation, institutions,
norms to realise the right
Non The state must not discriminate in meeting its
discrimination obligations
Adequate progress Progress must occur at a rate that show
commitment
Participation People must be able to participate in realising their
rights
Effective remedy There must be a remedy for violations of obligations
Identifying state obligations:
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