2.

FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SOLUTION CURVES WITHOUT A SOLUTION
SEPARABLE EQUATION
Figure 1. A solution curve is tangent to lineal element at (2, 3)
Direction Field/Slope Field
A collection of short, oriented line segments called lineal elements placed at each
point (𝑥, 𝑦) over a rectangular grid, which have slopes evaluated at each point to be
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) are called the direction field or slope field of the first order differential
equation = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

Figure 2 shows a computer-generated direction field of

the differential equation = sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) over a region
of the 𝑥𝑦 -plane. Note how the three solution curves shown
in color follow the flow of the field

Figure 2. Solution curves following flow of a direction field

There are 4 method in solving the first order Differential Equations:
 Separable Equations
 Linear Equations
 Homogeneous and Bernoulli
 Exact (not discuss)X

Definition: Separable Equations

f
 +
Sin x
dy = y w
no
die $CM)
5 is Way)
xe
g(u)
dy y h(y)
= +
Y
2234
=

= Y
ess
y ↳n separatable non separatable
=

j g(x)
n(y)
EXAMPLE 1:
Determine if the following DE is separable or nonseparable.
h(y)
>
- separatable
(a) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠10𝑥 ·
(1)
w
g(x) >
-
separatable
(b) =3−𝑒 (1)
w 34
g(n) 22 4
ne >
-

separatable
(c) = 𝑦 𝑥𝑒 y we

(d) = 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 >

-
non-separatable
w
u

g(x) h(y)

+ h(y)
=
g(n)
Solving a Separable DE (n(1 + x)
+2

(ny =

EXAMPLE 2: aeiny =
incl + rItC

e
x

↑
r ,
c+

y
=
e
STEPS: ANSWER:
= AD + x)
𝑑𝑦 y
= 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑦) 21 + x)dy =
yax
𝑑𝑥

Separate variable 𝑥 and 𝑦 d

1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 · dy
=,
ℎ(𝑦)
Integrate both sides of the equation
dis
1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 65 dy = x
ℎ(𝑦)

Apply the initial condition (IF ANY) to find particular

solution
 n =
4 4 3
y
-

n =
,
=

↓
EXAMPLE 3:
STEPS: ANSWER:
die
𝑑𝑦 y dy
=
2

= 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

Separate variable 𝑥 and 𝑦 di

6 y dy
=
S-2
1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ℎ(𝑦)
Integrate both sides of the equation ( ( +C

-
-

I +C =

2 z
1 2

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 C =

E
ℎ(𝑦)
2
x +
25
Y I -

n =
4 --

7
-
z 2 2

Apply the initial condition (IF ANY) to find particular 3

-
>
y : 3
-
x 25
Y(4)
-

= +
= -

*
solution Y
=
EXAMPLE 4: Solve (1 + cos𝜃) dr = (r sin𝜃) d𝜃
do
Cr sin G)
2 + cos0) dr =

&
do
I -
dr =
O
O It cos
~ sin
I do
I dr -
=

CosO
↓ Sino
-

1 +

sino do
dr
S
=
-
S I +
cosO

↳Its, dr
=

RAS

S
:

sin O
-
cost
90 .

Jo -
(n(1 + cost e
It
e = e in
substitution cost
=

-S du (0sG) pink e
u =
1+
r
=
A(1 +
= x2
-sinG do
U A
du = = -In

i + COS
O
= RHS
LIS

In (1 +
cosO) + C

In r
cost) + C
-
=
-
incl +
e =
e
 Integration by parts

EXAMPLE 5: Solve 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 – 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

↓
 particlor
EXAMPLE 6: Solve = 𝑦 - 4 2y 21(y
+
-
2)

=
B -

4 :'
EXAMPLE 7: JULY 2023
plEXERCISE:
Solve the given differential equation by separation of variable

1. Answer: −𝟑𝒆 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝒄

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
2. Answer: 𝒙𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 + 𝒄
𝟑 𝟗 𝟐

3. Answer: 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝟐 𝒆𝒚 + 𝟏 𝟏
=𝒄
 3
.
Ce + 1)"e "dx + Ce" + 1)'e "dy = 0 subs ;
31 + 2y
↓ Ay =
"
Ce + 1) e [e" Hl'e-"di
"
dih dx = LHS : 1 =
+

due
3x2y
fCeY
(
dy
S-certise-
e -m
aly
=
:

Y
die + 1e

P
e3ds
S
RHS U +
-zy dy
=
=
:

-
43 e
d
=

f 229 dy
Jes dx

E
e

es
= +C

y(nnd (4) 2
.
2 =

y
mudy =

d
I di
-
- -

In2
EXERCISE:
𝒄𝒆𝒕
4. Answer: 𝑷 =
𝟏 𝒄𝒆𝒕

5. Answer: (𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟓 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒄 𝒙 + 𝟓 𝟓 𝒆𝒚

6. Answer: 𝒚 = − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏