Practical No. 2

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Practical No.

2
Aim: - Observe identify and know the use of transmission media and network control devices.

Transmission Media: -

The means through which data is transformed from one place to another is called transmission or
communication media. There are two categories of transmission media used in computer communications.
 BOUNDED/GUIDED MEDIA
 UNBOUNDED/UNGUIDED MEDIA

1. BOUNDED MEDIA:

Bounded media are the physical links through which signals are confined to narrow path. These are also called
guide media. Bounded media are made up to a external conductor (Usually Copper) bounded by jacket material.
Bounded media are great for LABS because they offer high speed, good security and low cast. However, some
time they cannot be used due distance communication. Three common types of bounded media are used of the
data transmission. These are
 Coaxial Cable
 Twisted Pairs Cable
 Fiber Optics Cable
COAXIAL CABLE:

Coaxial cable is very common & widely used commutation media. For example TV wire is usually coaxial.

Coaxial cable gets its name because it contains two conductors that are parallel to each other. The centre
conductor in the cable is usually copper. The copper can be either a solid wire or stranded martial.

Outside this central Conductor is a non-conductive material. It is usually white, plastic material used to separate
the inner Conductor form the outer Conductor. The other Conductor is a fine mesh made from Copper. It is used
to help shield the cable form EMI.

Outside the copper mesh is the final protective cover.

The actual data travels through the center conductor in the cable. EMI interference is caught by outer copper
mesh. There are different types of coaxial cable vary by gauge & impedance.

Gauge is the measure of the cable thickness. It is measured by the Radio grade measurement, or RG number. The
high the RG number, the thinner the central conductor core, the lower the number the thicker the core.
Here the most common coaxial standards.
 50-Ohm RG-7 or RG-11 : used with thick Ethernet.
 50-Ohm RG-58 : used with thin Ethernet
 75-Ohm RG-59 : used with cable television
 93-Ohm RG-62 : used with ARCNET.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COAXIAL CABLE
 Low cost
 Easy to install
 Up to 10Mbps capacity
 Medium immunity form EMI
 Medium of attenuation
ADVANTAGES COAXIAL CABLE
 Inexpensive
 Easy to wire
 Easy to expand
 Moderate level of EMI immunity
DISADVANTAGE COAXIAL CABLE
 Single cable failure can take down an entire network
Twisted Pair Cable

The most popular network cabling is Twisted pair. It is light weight, easy to install, inexpensive and support
many different types of network. It also supports the speed of 100 mps. Twisted pair cabling is made of pairs of
solid or stranded copper twisted along each other. The twists are done to reduce vulnerably to EMI and cross
talk. The number of pairs in the cable depends on the type. The copper core is usually 22-AWG or 24-AWG,
as measured on the American wire gauge standard. There are two types of twisted pairs cabling

1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

2. Shielded twisted pair (STP)

1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

UTP is more common. It can be either voice grade or data grade depending on the condition. UTP cable
normally has an impedance of 100 ohm. UTP cost less than STP and easily available due to its many use. There
are five levels of data cabling

Category 1 These are used in telephone lines and low speed data cable.

Category 2 These cables can support up to 4 mps implementation.

Category 3 These cable supports up to 16 mps and are mostly used in 10 mps.

Category 4 These are used for large distance and high speed. It can support 20mps.

Category 5 This is the highest rating for UTP cable and can support up to 100mps.

UTP cables consist of 2 or 4 pairs of twisted cable. Cable with 2 pair use RJ-11 connector and 4 pair cable use
RJ-45 connector.
Characteristics of UTP
 low cost
 easy to install
 High speed capacity
 High attenuation
 Effective to EMI
 100 meter limit
Advantages of UTP
 Easy installation
 Capable of high speed for LAN
 Low cost
Disadvantages of UTP
 Short distance due to attenuation
2. Shielded twisted pair (STP)
It is similar to UTP but has a mesh shielding that’s protects it from EMI which allows for higher transmission
rate.

IBM has defined category for STP cable.


Characteristics of STP
 Medium cost
 Easy to install
 Higher capacity than UTP
 Higher attenuation, but same as UTP
 Medium immunity from EMI
 100 meter limit
Advantages of STP:
 Shielded
 Faster than UTP and coaxial
Disadvantages of STP:
 More expensive than UTP and coaxial
 More difficult installation
 High attenuation rate
Fiber Optics

Fiber optic cable uses electrical signals to transmit data. It uses light. In fiber optic cable light only moves in one
direction for two way communication to take place a second connection must be made between the two devices.
It is actually two stands of cable. Each stand is responsible for one direction of communication. A laser at one
device sends pulse of light through this cable to other device. These pulses translated into “1’s” and “0’s” at the
other end.

In the center of fiber cable is a glass stand or core. The light from the laser moves through this glass to the other
device around the internal core is a reflective material known as CLADDING. No light escapes the glass core
because of this reflective cladding.

Fiber optic cable has bandwidth more than 2 gbps (Gigabytes per Second)

Characteristics Of Fiber Optic Cable:


 Expensive
 Very hard to install
 Capable of extremely high speed
 Extremely low attenuation
 No EMI interference

Advantages Of Fiber Optic Cable:


 Fast
 Low attenuation
 No EMI interference
Disadvantages Fiber Optics:
 Very costly
 Hard to install
Network Control Devices :-
1. Repeater – A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same network
before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted
over the same network. An important point to be noted about repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal.
When the signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original strength. It is a 2
port device.

2. Hub – A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from different
branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations. Hubs cannot filter data,
so data packets are sent to all connected devices. In other words, collision domain of all hosts connected through
Hub remains one. Also, they do not have intelligence to find out best path for data packets which leads to
inefficiencies and wastage.

Types of Hub

 Active Hub: - These are the hubs which have their own power supply and can clean, boost and relay the
signal along the network. It serves both as a repeater as well as wiring centre. These are used to extend
maximum distance between nodes.

 Passive Hub: - These are the hubs which collect wiring from nodes and power supply from active hub.
These hubs relay signals onto the network without cleaning and boosting them and can’t be used to extend
distance between nodes.

3. Bridge – A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater; with add on functionality of filtering
content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is also used for interconnecting two LANs
working on the same protocol. It has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device.

Types of Bridges
 Transparent Bridges: - These are the bridge in which the stations are completely unaware of the
bridge’s existence i.e. whether or not a bridge is added or deleted from the network, reconfiguration of
the stations is unnecessary. These bridges make use of two processes i.e. bridge forwarding and bridge
learning.

 Source Routing Bridges: - In these bridges, routing operation is performed by source station and the
frame specifies which route to follow. The hot can discover frame by sending a special frame called
discovery frame, which spreads through the entire network using all possible paths to destination.

4. Switch – A switch is a multi-port bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its efficiency (large number
of ports imply less traffic) and performance. Switch is data link layer device. Switch can perform error checking
before forwarding data, which makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors and forward
good packets selectively to correct port only. In other words, switch divides collision domain of hosts,
but broadcast domain remains same.
5. Routers – A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses. Router is
mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together and have a dynamically
updating routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data packets. Router divide broadcast
domains of hosts connected through it.

6. Gateway – A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks together that may work
upon different networking models. They basically works as the messenger agents that take data from one system,
interpret it, and transfer it to another system. Gateways are also called protocol converters and can operate at any
network layer. Gateways are generally more complex than switch or router.

7. Network interface card: - A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component, typically a circuit board
or chip, which is installed on a computer so that it can connect to a network. Modern NICs provide functionality
to computers such as support for I/O interrupt, direct memory access (DMA) interfaces, data transmission,
network traffic engineering and partitioning.

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