Module 2 - Specifications

Overview
• Introduction
• Earth Work • Plastering
• PCC • Pointing
• SSM foundation • Mangalore Tiles
• Damp Proof Course roof
• BBM • Mosaic Floor
• Ashlar Masonry
• Concrete
• Reinforced
Concrete
Specification
What is construction Specifications?
• Document with details of Work and Workmanship
• Specifications are part of a Formal Construction
process.
• A written document

• Describes in detail the scope of work,

• Materials to be used,

• Methods of installation, and

• Quality of workmanship for a parcel of work to be

placed under contract”
• Specifications are read with working (contract)
drawings in building construction.
Specification
Who Prepares Specifications?

• Typically, specs are prepared by the Architect

or Designers.

• Project engineers will be involved due to their

breadth of technical knowledge.

• To Ensure all details – Recruit Specialized and

professional construction specification writers

Specification
Who Prepares Specifications?
Specification
Who Prepares Specifications?
Specification
Who Prepares Specifications?
Specification
Who Prepares Specifications?
Specification
Who Prepares Specifications?
Specification
Who Prepares Specifications?
Specification
Who Requires Specifications:

• Residential projects – Apartments, Township,

Private Builders

• Industrial projects - Production buildings, oil

refineries and manufacturing plants

• Civil infrastructure projects - Dams, Railways and

Underground tunnels

• Institutional projects - Stadiums, Hospitals and

Specification
Who Requires Specifications:

• Residential projects – Apartments, Township,

Private Builders

• Industrial projects - Production buildings, oil

refineries and manufacturing plants

• Civil infrastructure projects - Dams, Railways and

Underground tunnels

• Institutional projects - Stadiums, Hospitals and

Specification
Importance of Specifications?
➢ To Clarifying project details
• Helps to complete a project

• Each crew members has access to data

• Refer the nature of work and complete on time

➢ Setting expectations
• Set clear expectations between a construction
company and its clients
➢ Determining pricing
• Outline the materials and labor needed to
complete a project
Earth Work
• Excavation
• Opening of trenches to the exact size in Good Soil

• Sides must be sloped back or protected with shoring

• Excavated earth must be at least 3’ away from trench

• Finishing of trench
• Bottom must be perfectly levelled
• Sides must be made vertical from bottom

• Excess digging must be filled with concrete – Contractor scope

• Rocks/boulders found must be removed and earth must

be consolidated
Earth Work
• Excavation
• Opening of trenches to the exact size in Good Soil

• Sides must be sloped back or protected with shoring

• Excavated earth must be at least 3” away from trench

• Finishing of trench
• Bottom must be perfectly levelled
• Sides must be made vertical from bottom

• Excess digging must be filled with concrete – Contractor scope

• Rocks/boulders found must be removed and earth must

be consolidated
Earth Work
• Excavation
• Opening of trenches to the exact size in Good Soil

• Sides must be sloped back or protected with shoring

• Excavated earth must be at least 3” away from trench

• Finishing of trench
• Bottom must be perfectly levelled
• Sides must be made vertical from bottom

• Excess digging must be filled with concrete – Contractor scope

• Rocks/boulders found must be removed and earth must

be consolidated
Earth Work
• Excavation
• Opening of trenches to the exact size in Good Soil

• Sides must be sloped back or protected with shoring

• Excavated earth must be at least 3” away from trench

• Finishing of trench
• Bottom must be perfectly levelled
• Sides must be made vertical from bottom

• Excess digging must be filled with concrete – Contractor scope

• Rocks/boulders found must be removed and earth must

be consolidated
Earth Work
• Excavation ✓

• Finishing of trench ✓

• Finds – Property of Govt

• Water in foundation – Pumped out

• Trench filling – Filled in layers and compacted

• Measurement of soil – Cubic feet

• Excavation in saturated soil – Shall be separate

Plain Cement Concrete
• Materials
• Inert, Clean, Dense, Hard, Sound, Durable, Non-Absorbent

• Coarse aggregates passing from 20mm and retained on 4.75mm

• Sand passing from 4.75mm and free from Silt/Dust.

• Cement must be Fresh Portland cement

• Water must be clean and free from salts

• Concrete Proportion

• 1:2:4 by volume to achieve 5 to 10MPa – 25 to 30L of water

• Hand mixing or Machine mixing of concrete at site

Plain Cement Concrete
• Materials
• Inert, Clean, Dense, Hard, Sound, Durable, Non-Absorbent

• Coarse aggregates passing from 20mm and retained on 4.75mm

• Sand passing from 4.75mm and free from Silt/Dust.

• Cement must be Fresh Portland cement

• Water must be clean and free from salts

• Concrete Proportion

• 1:2:4 by volume to achieve 5 to 10MPa – 25 to 30L of water

• Hand mixing or Machine mixing of concrete at site

Plain Cement Concrete
• Slump
• Regular slump test must be carried out
• Slump of 75 to 100mm is sufficient
• Formwork - Shall be provided and retained upto 14 days
• Concreting –
• Concreting should be in layers and tamping/vibrators must be used
• If concreting stopped ends must be sloped to 30o
• Curing –
• After 2hr of concreting curing should begin
• Either by flooding or membrane curing must be adopted
Reinforced Cement Concrete
• Steel Reinforcement
• HYSD bars and free from rust, dust, oil, grease or paint
• Cut, Bent, and placed at required place as per drawing
• Lapping of reinforcement must be 40φ
• Bent at ends must as per the Development length Ld
• Formwork
• Concreting
• Curing
• Expansion joint – Length of building exceeds 45m
• Finishing
Reinforced Cement Concrete
• Steel Reinforcement
• HYSD bars and free from rust, dust, oil, grease or paint
• Cut, Bent, and placed at required place as per drawing
• Lapping of reinforcement must be 40φ
• Bent at ends must as per the Development length Ld
• Formwork
• Concreting
• Curing
• Expansion joint – Length of building exceeds 45m
• Finishing
Reinforced Cement Concrete
• Steel Reinforcement
• HYSD bars and free from rust, dust, oil, grease or paint
• Cut, Bent, and placed at required place as per drawing
• Lapping of reinforcement must be 40φ
• Bent at ends must as per the Development length Ld
• Formwork
• Concreting
• Curing
• Expansion joint – Length of building exceeds 45m
• Finishing
Reinforced Cement Concrete
• Steel Reinforcement
• HYSD bars and free from rust, dust, oil, grease or paint
• Cut, Bent, and placed at required place as per drawing
• Lapping of reinforcement must be 40φ
• Bent at ends must as per the Development length Ld
• Formwork
• Concreting
• Curing
• Expansion joint – Length of building exceeds 45m
• Finishing
Reinforced Cement Concrete
• Steel Reinforcement
• HYSD bars and free from rust, dust, oil, grease or paint
• Cut, Bent, and placed at required place as per drawing
• Lapping of reinforcement must be 40φ
• Bent at ends must as per the Development length Ld
• Formwork
• Concreting
• Curing
• Expansion joint – Length of building exceeds 45m
• Finishing
Reinforced Cement Concrete
• Steel Reinforcement
• HYSD bars and free from rust, dust, oil, grease or paint
• Cut, Bent, and placed at required place as per drawing
• Lapping of reinforcement must be 40φ
• Bent at ends must as per the Development length Ld
• Formwork
• Concreting
• Curing
• Expansion joint – Length of building exceeds 45m
• Finishing
Reinforced Cement Concrete
• Steel Reinforcement
• HYSD bars and free from rust, dust, oil, grease or paint
• Cut, Bent, and placed at required place as per drawing
• Lapping of reinforcement must be 40φ
• Bent at ends must as per the Development length Ld
• Formwork
• Concreting
• Curing
• Expansion joint – Length of building exceeds 45m
• Finishing
 Damp proof coarse
• Materials
• Concrete mix (1:1.5:3) shall be mixed with 2% impermo or cem-seal

• Acco proof or similar material added 1kg per bag of cement

• DPC is applied in layers to maximum thickness 25mm all over the

substructure

• Mixing

• Concreting

• Curing

• Painting with Asphalt – Two coats of asphalt paint 1kg/sq.m

 Damp proof coarse
• Materials
• Concrete mix (1:1.5:3) shall be mixed with 2% impermo or cem-seal

• Acco proof or similar material added 1kg per bag of cement

• DPC is applied in layers to maximum thickness 25mm all over the

substructure

• Mixing

• Concreting

• Curing

• Painting with Asphalt – Two coats of asphalt paint 1kg/sq.m

 Damp proof coarse
• Materials
• Concrete mix (1:1.5:3) shall be mixed with 2% impermo or cem-seal

• Acco proof or similar material added 1kg per bag of cement

• DPC is applied in layers to maximum thickness 25mm all over the

substructure

• Mixing

• Concreting

• Curing

• Painting with Asphalt – Two coats of asphalt paint 1kg/sq.m

Cement concrete floor (1” or 2.5cm)
• Materials
• 1:2:4 or 1:2.5:3.5 concrete

• Glass or Aluminum strip 3mm thick (or)

• Cut the concrete floor in 4X4m

• Fill with Poly-Sulphide sealant

• Procedure
• Level the surface with required camber
• Concrete thoroughly mixed
• Water not more than 30L per bag
• Alternate panels were concreted
Cement concrete floor (1” or 2.5cm)
• Materials
• 1:2:4 or 1:2.5:3.5 concrete

• Glass or Aluminum strip 3mm thick (or)

• Cut the concrete floor in 4X4m

• Fill with Poly-Sulphide sealant

• Procedure
• Level the surface with required camber
• Concrete thoroughly mixed
• Water not more than 30L per bag
• Alternate panels were concreted
Cement concrete floor (1” or 2.5cm)
• Procedure
• Alternate panels were concreted
• Concreting is done in layers,
• First 22mm and later 3mm - Normal
• First 19mm and later 6mm – Colored

• Compacted with wooden Thapies

• Finished with Cement mortar 1:2 and wooden floats
• The concrete laying should be completed within 30mins
• Ground floor - 3” thick weak cement concrete bed
• RCC floor – The RCC concrete corrugated in green state
Cement concrete floor (1” or 2.5cm)
• Procedure
• Alternate panels were concreted
• Concreting is done in layers,
• First 22mm and later 3mm - Normal
• First 19mm and later 6mm – Colored

• Compacted with wooden thapies

• Finished with Cement mortar 1:2 and wooden floats
• The concrete laying should be completed within 30mins
• Ground floor - 3” thick weak cement concrete bed
• RCC floor – The RCC concrete corrugated in green state
Mosaic or Terrazzo Floor
• Floor consists of 2 layers
• Bottom layer is 2 to 2.5 cm – 1:2:4 cement concrete

• Top layer is cement and 6mm thick marble chips (1:1.5)

• The coarse aggregate must be 12mm down

• The marble chips shall be 3mm to 6mm size

• The base layer made rough, watered and cement washed

• The top layer started within 2hr of laying bottom layer

• Curing started after 2 hrs of laying top layer

Mosaic or Terrazzo Floor
• Floor consists of 2 layers
• Bottom layer is 2 to 2.5 cm – 1:2:4 cement concrete

• Top layer is cement and 6mm thick marble chips (1:1.5)

• The coarse aggregate must be 12mm down

• The marble chips shall be 3mm to 6mm size

• The base layer made rough, watered and cement washed

• The top layer started within 2hr of laying bottom layer

• Curing started after 2 hrs of laying top layer

Mosaic or Terrazzo Floor
• Floor consists of 2 layers
• Bottom layer is 2 to 2.5 cm – 1:2:4 cement concrete

• Top layer is cement and 6mm thick marble chips (1:1.5)

• The coarse aggregate must be 12mm down

• The marble chips shall be 3mm to 6mm size

• The base layer made rough, watered and cement washed

• The top layer started within 2hr of laying bottom layer

• Curing started after 2 hrs of laying top layer

Light roof Structure
Light roof Structure
Light roof Structure
Light roof Structure
Light roof Structure
Light roof Structure
Light roof Structure
Asbestos Cement (AC) Sheets
• Sheets :
• Best in the market and Quality Tested (Crack free, Perfect edge)
• Purlins:
• Wooden or Steel as per drawing (Minimum and Maximum width)
• The maximum spacing shall be 1.6m to 1.4m
• Top surface of the purlin must be in one plane
• Laying:
• Smooth surface should face upward
• At least one half corrugated sheet should overlap
• Lapping should be opposite to prevailing wind
Asbestos Cement (AC) Sheets
• Fixing:
• Best in the market and Quality Tested (Crack free, Perfect edge)
• Purlins:
• Wooden or Steel as per drawing (Minimum and Maximum width)
• The maximum spacing shall be 1.6m to 1.4m
• Top surface of the purlin must be in one plane
• Laying:
• Smooth surface should face upward
• At least one half corrugated sheet should overlap
• Lapping should be opposite to prevailing wind
Asbestos Cement (AC) Sheets
• Laying:
• 8mm J or L type galvanized bolts to fix sheets
• Bitumen + Iron/SS Washer for each bolts
• First bolts are fixed lightly and all screws tightened
• The holed to AC sheets to be drilled not punched
• The diameter of holes must be 1.5mm larger than bolt
• In case of any damage during drill, sheet must be replaced
• Roof Slope:
• Not flatter than 1 in 5 and normally 1 in 2 is adopted
• Slope is 1 rise to 2 horizontal
Asbestos Cement (AC) Sheets
• Ridges:
• Plain wing adjustable

• Serrated adjustable

• Close fitting adjustable

• North light adjustable

Asbestos Cement (AC) Sheets
• Ridges:
• Plain wing adjustable

• Serrated adjustable

• Close fitting adjustable

• North light adjustable

• Gutters
• U-Channel gutter all around sheets edges

• Crimp-eves, gable flashing and corner flashing

Allahabad Tiles Roof
• Properties of good tile
• Well burnt and Dark red
• Good ringing sound if struck
• Water absorption < 1/6th the weight

• Properties of wood
• Timber for battens may be of Sal, Shisham, Deodar, Teak etc.,
• Well seasoned, Free from saps, Cracks, Knots, Flaws

• The battens must be 30mmX45mm in section

• The battens must be painted and spaced at 90cm c/c
 Allahabad Tiles Roof
• Single tiling
• Layers of flat tiles laid on rigid battens

• Adjacent edges covered with semi cylindrical tiles

• All the lines of tiles shall be straight in both directions

• The tiles must abut closely near ridges and hips

• The ridges and hips must be sealed with mortar

• The slope must not less than 1 in 3 and

more than 1 in 2
 Mangalore Tiles Roof
• Properties of good tile
• Well burnt and Dark red

• Good ringing sound if struck

• Water absorption < 1/6th the weight

• Properties of wood
• Timber for battens may be of Sal, Shisham, Deodar, Teak etc.,

• Well seasoned, Free from saps, Cracks, Knots, Flaws

• Tiles must fit in the groves and fit firmly on battens

Painting Steel and Iron works
• The surface free from Dirt, scales, mortar, rust

• Any Scales must be removed by rubbing sand paper

• A coat of raw linseed oil after cleaning to resist

weathering

• All structural steels must painted with red lead before

placing

• Two to three coats must be applied on the steel

surfaces

• Painting must be carried out in dry weather

Varnishing
Varnish can prevent scratches and abrasions on table tops

• Wood surface must be Filled with wax in case of knots, holes

• The wood surface rubbed with Sand paper and smoothened

• Two coats of linseed oil is applied on the surface

• The surface is further smoothened fine sand papers

• Then Varnish is applied using clear brush

• If the wood work is new, Two coats are recommended

• Varnishing is done in Dry weather

Masonry Walls and Foundation
1. Stone Masonry
1. Ashlar Masonry
2. Coursed Rubble Masonry
3. Random Rubble Masonry
2. Brick Masonry
1. I Class Brick Work
2. II and III class Brick Work
3. Reinforced Brick Work
Masonry Walls and Foundation
1. Stone Masonry
1. Ashlar Masonry
2. Coursed Rubble Masonry
3. Random Rubble Masonry

2. Brick Masonry
1. I Class Brick Work
2. II and III class Brick Work
3. Reinforced Brick Work
Masonry Walls and Foundation
1. Stone Masonry
1. Ashlar Masonry
2. Coursed Rubble Masonry
3. Random Rubble Masonry
2. Brick Masonry
1. I Class Brick Work
2. II and III class Brick Work
3. Reinforced Brick Work
Masonry Walls and Foundation
1. Stone Masonry
1. Ashlar Masonry
2. Coursed Rubble Masonry
3. Random Rubble Masonry
2. Brick Masonry
1. I Class Brick Work
2. II and III class Brick Work
3. Reinforced Brick Work
Masonry Walls and Foundation
1. Stone Masonry
1. Ashlar Masonry
2. Coursed Rubble Masonry
3. Random Rubble Masonry
2. Brick Masonry
1. I Class Brick Work
2. II and III class Brick Work
3. Reinforced Brick Work
Size Stone Masonry (SSM) – Ashlar Masonry
Quality:

• Hard, Tough, Round, and Durable stones

• All Surfaces fine dressed with chisel

• The edges must give true horizontal

• Size: 20cm height and width equal to 1.5XH

• Bond: Alternate Head and Stretcher laid in courses

• Alignment: Horizontal and Vertical levels checks

Size Stone Masonry (SSM) – Ashlar Masonry
Method of Laying:

• Stones are thoroughly made wet to SS condition

• Mortar thickness not more than 3.5mm

• Pointing if separate, then joints are finished

• Maximum height of construction is 2ft at a time

• CM 1:2 to 1:4 adopted or LM 1:1 to 1:2 adopted

• Mortar Mixing Procedure adopted

• Curing is done for a period of 10days minimum.

SSM – Coursed Rubble Masonry
Quality:

• Hard, Tough, Round, and Durable stones

• All Surfaces fine dressed with hammer

• Size: 12cm height

• Bond: Alternate Head and Stretcher laid in courses

• Broad face downward and vertical joints broken

• Alignment: Horizontal and Vertical levels checks

SSM – Coursed Rubble Masonry
Method of Laying:

• Stones are thoroughly made wet to SS condition

• Mortar thickness not more than 12mm

• Through bond stones are provided for 5 sq.ft

• Maximum height of construction is 2ft at a time

• CM 1:2 to 1:4 adopted or LM 1:1 to 1:2 adopted

• Mortar Mixing Procedure adopted

• Curing is done for a period of 10days minimum.

SSM – Random Rubble Masonry
Quality:

• Hard, Tough, Round, and Durable stones

• All Surfaces fine dressed with hammer

• Stones maintained fairly equal in size

• Size: All stones > 15cm height

• Bond: Alternate Head and Stretcher laid in courses

• Broad face downward and vertical joints broken

• Alignment: Horizontal and Vertical levels checks

SSM – Random Rubble Masonry
Method of Laying:

• Stones are thoroughly made wet to SS condition

• Mortar thickness not more than 20mm

• Through bond stones are provided for 5 sq. Ft

• Maximum height of construction is 2ft at a time

• CM 1:3 to 1:6 adopted or LM 1:2 to 1:3 adopted

• Mortar Mixing Procedure adopted

• Curing is done for a period of 10days minimum.

Burnt Brick Masonry (BBM)
Plastering
Pointing