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Section 2.2

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20 views

Section 2.2

Uploaded by

Amna Omer
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR

ENGINEERING
Evaluating determinants by row reduction

Section 2. 2

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Theorem
Let A be a square matrix. If A has a row of zeros or a column of zeros,
then det(A) = 0.
Since the determinant of A can be found by a cofactor expansion along
any row or column, we can use the row or column of zeros. Thus, if we
let C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn denote the cofactors of A along that row or column,
then it follows from Formula (7) or (8) in Section 2.1 that

det(A) = 0 · C1 + 0 · C2 + · · · + 0 · Cn = 0

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Theorem
Let A be a square matrix. Then det(A) = det AT .


Since transposing a matrix changes its columns to rows and its rows to
columns, the cofactor expansion of A along any row is the same as the
cofactor expansion of AT along the corresponding column. Thus, both
have the same determinant.

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Figure:

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Theorem
Let E be an n × n elementary matrix.
(a) If E results from multiplying a row of In by a nonzcro number k,
then det(E) = k.
(b) If E results from interchanging two rows of In , then det(E) = −1.
(c) If E results from adding a multiple of one row of In to another, then
det(E) = 1.

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Example

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 7
0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
= 3, = −1, =1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

The second row of I4 The first and last rows of 7 times the last row
of I4 multiplied by 3. I4 were interchanged. was added to the first
row

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Theorem
If A is a square matrix with two proportional rows or two proportional
columns, then det(A) = 0

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Proportional Rows or Columns

Example
Each of the following matrices has two proportional rows or columns;
thus, each has a determinant of zero.
 
  3 −1 4 −5
  1 −2 7
−1 4  6 −2 5 2 
,  −4 8 5 ,  
−2 8  5 8 1 4 
2 −4 3
−9 3 −12 15

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Proportional Rows or Columns

Example
Each of the following matrices has two proportional rows or columns;
thus, each has a determinant of zero.
 
  3 −1 4 −5
  1 −2 7
−1 4  6 −2 5 2 
,  −4 8 5 ,  
−2 8  5 8 1 4 
2 −4 3
−9 3 −12 15

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Using Row Reduction to Evaluate a Determinant

Example
Evaluate det(A) where
 
0 1 5
A =  3 −6 9 
2 6 1

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Example
0 1 5 3 −6 9
det(A) = 3 −6 9 =− 0 1 5 7−→
2 6 1 2 6 1

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Example
1 −2 3
= −3 0 1 5
2 6 1
1 −2 3
= −3 0 1 5
0 10 −5

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Example
1 −2 3
= −3 0 1 5
0 0 −55

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Example
= (−3)(−55)(1) = 165

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Example
Compute the determinant of
 
1 0 0 3
 2 7 0 6 
A=
 0

6 3 0 
7 3 1 −5

This determinant could be computed as above by using elementary


row operations to reduce A to row echelon form, but we can put A in
lower triangular form in one step by adding -3 times the first column to
the fourth to obtain
 
1 0 0 0
 2 7 0 0 
det(A) = det   = (1)(7)(3)(−26) = −546
 0 6 3 0 
7 3 1 −26

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Row Operations and Cofactor Expansion

Example
Evaluate det(A) where
 
3 5 −2 6
 1 2 −1 1 
A=
 2

4 1 5 
3 7 5 3

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Solution
By adding suitable multiples of the second row to the remaining rows,
we obtain
0 −1 1 3
1 2 −1 1
det(A) =
0 0 3 3
0 1 8 0

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Solution
−1 1 3
Cofactor expansion along
=- 0 3 3 +
the first column
1 8 0

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Solution
−1 1 3
=− 0 3 3
0 9 3

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating


Solution
3 3
= −(−1)
9 3
= − 18

MATH 2220 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERING Evaluating

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