B IOD I V E R S I TA S ISSN: 1412-033X

Volume 22, Number 12, December 2021 E-ISSN: 2085-4722

Pages: 5507-5529 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d221235

Morphological characteristics of Zingiberaceae in Serang District,

Banten, Indonesia

GUT WINDARSIH1,♥, DWINITA WIKAN UTAMI2, SITI YURIYAH2

1Program of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten. Jl. Syech Nawawi Al Bantani Andamu’i, Curug,
Serang City 42116, Banten, Indonesia. Tel. (0254) 200 323, email: gut_windarsih@yahoo.com.
2Indonesian Center of Biotechnology and Agricultural Genetic Resources for Research and Development. Jl. Tentara Pelajar 3A, Bogor 16111, Indonesia.

Manuscript received: 13 November 2021. Revision accepted: 25 November 2021.

Abstract. Windarsih G, Utami DW, Yuriyah S. 2021. Morphological characteristics of Zingiberaceae in Serang District, Banten,
Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 5507-5529. Zingiberaceae, known as ginger family, is a family of monocotyledon belonging to the
Zingiberales order. This family is widely used its rhizome for various purposes, especially as medicinal plant. The morphological
characters can be used to help the identification of species in the field of plant taxonomy. The aim of study was to characterize the
morphological traits, both vegetative and generative organs, of Zingiberaceae from Serang District, Banten. Plant specimens were
collected from Serang District, Banten, including in Pabuaran, Gunungsari, and Ciomas sub-district using purposive sampling. The
examination of morphological characters data was conducted through observation and documentation. There were 13 species/varieties
of Zingiberaceae collected from the studied area, i.e. Amomum compactum, Alpinia purpurata, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, C. longa, C.
heyneana, C. mangga, C. aeruginosa, Kaempferia rotunda, Etlingera elatior, Zingiber zerumbet, Z. officinale, Zingiber officinale var.
rubrum, and Z. cassumunar, in which the generative organs were found only in eight species/cultivars of them. Based on the
morphological characters of vegetative organs, thirteen species/cultivars had a similarity distance coefficient from 37% to 94%; while
based on the morphological characters of both vegetative and generative organs, the eight species/cultivars had a similarity distance
coefficient from 31% to 94%. The results showed that using the characters of vegetative organs data were still able to provide consistent
grouping results with the generative organs.

Keywords: Morphological characters, Zingiberaceae, Serang

INTRODUCTION contains various bioactive compounds that have

pharmacological activities, such as anti-bacterial (Irayanti
Zingiberaceae, known as ginger family, is a family of and Yadnya-Putra 2020), anti-hepatotoxic (Jagtap 2015),
monocotyledon belonging to the Zingiberales order inflammatory (Sikha et al. 2015), anti-viral (Pant et al.
(Saensouk and Saensouk 2021) with about 57 genera and 2013), antidiabetic (Nwozo et al. 2014), anti-cancer (Pawar
1600 species globally (Maknoi et al. 2021). The family et al. 2011), hypocholestraemic (Shafreen et al. 2018), anti-
isdistributed in tropical and subtropical regions (Zahara rheumatic (Abdel-Lateef et al. 2016), anti-fibrotic (Jose et
2020) across Afrika, Asia, and America with the center of al. 2014), gastroprotective (Jeon et al. 2015), anti-arthritic,
diversity in Southeast Asia (Saensouk and Saensouk 2021). anti-oxidant, anti-cardio protective, anti-arrythmic, and
Zingiberaceae can be found abundantly in Indonesia, neuroprotective (Nithya and Jayshree 2017).
Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Thailand, and Philippines The morphological characters have been widely used to
(Zahara 2019). The study of Zingiberaceae had been help the description and identification of plant in the
conducted in many regions in Indonesia, such as in South taxonomy field (Zahara 2020; Hassemer et al. 2020).
Sumatra (Hutasuhut and Tambunan (2018), Enggano Island Traditionally, plant taxonomy relies on morphological
(Ardiyani 2015), and Central Java (Setiawan et al. 2018; characters for group division (Viscosi and Cardini 2011) to
Lianah et al. 2020). However, until now, the number of reveal the development, form and external structure of
species of Zingiberaceae in Indonesia is still not known plants that are useful to study similarity of plants and
exactly (Zahara 2020). origin. The morphological characters can be described and
Zingiberaceae is aromatic perennial herb (Christenhusz observed, both qualitatively (i.e. leaf blade shape) or
and Byng 2016) which has pseudo-stem, single leaf and quantitatively (i.e. length of leaf blade). The morphological
inflorescences with distinctive shape and color (Irayanti characters of plant can be used as diagnostic or key
and Yadnya-Putra 2020), and has bulbous rhizome or characters in plant identification, description, classification,
creeping horizontally in the soil (Pitopang et al. 2019). and solving taxonomic problem (Iroka et al. 2015).
Zingiberaceae, especially its rhizome, is widely used for Morphological characters may have variation in the
spices, traditional medicinal ingredients, cosmetic, food, form and structure among plant species (Susetyarini et al.
ornamental plants (Trimanto et al. 2018; Saensouk and 2020), even among individuals within the same species.
Saensouk 2021), dye and perfume (Saensouk and Saensouk The variation is mostly seen in leaf, stem, and flower. This
2021). Zingiberaceae is used as medicinal plant because it variation of morphological characters can be caused by
5508 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

positional effect, environmental, and juvenility factors MATERIALS AND METHODS

(Iroka et al. 2015). In many cases, the morphological
characters show the difference between in the juvenile and Study area
mature plants due to the growth and development of The samples of plants were collected from Serang
morphological structure of young plant which are not District, Banten, including Pabuaran, Gunungsari, and
perfect (Susetyarini et al. 2020). Ciomas sub-districts (Figure 1). The sites for samples
Anecdotal evidence suggests that there is high diversity collection included house yard, forest and abandoned land.
of Zingiberaceae in Serang District, Banten Province,
Indonesia. The Government of Serang District recognizes Procedure of samples collection
Zingiberaceae as essential biopharmaceutical plant. Exploratory survey was conducted in samples
Various species of Zingiberaceae are widely cultivated in collection using a purposive sampling method. The data of
Serang District including ginger, galangal, East Indian morphological characters was collected through
galangal, turmeric, yellow turmeric, black turmeric, observation and documentation. From each species/variety
cardamom, lempuyang and temu kunci (BPS-Statistics of found, 10 plants were taken for quantitative observation;
Banten Province 2020). Because of their importance in the from each plant as many as 30 rhizomes were observed
context of Serang District region, the information of according to UPOV (1996); and the generative organ
morphological characters is useful to help for identification sampling was conducted by a purposive sampling. The
of species for cultivation purpose. The study regarding observed morphological characters are presented in Table 1
morphological characters of Zingiberaceae in Banten according to Tjitrosoepomo (2003), De Castro et al. (2018),
Province had been conducted by Nikmatullah et al. (2015) and UPOV (1996). The observation of reproductive organs
in Pandeglang District in which 7 species were identified. was conducted using a stereo mikroskop at a total
Until now, the study on morphological characterization of magnification of 20x or 40x. The color determination was
Zingiberaceae in Serang District, Banten have never been conducted based on RAL K7 Classic International Standard
carried out. Therefore, the aim of study was to identify the (Germany, 2018).
morphological characters, both vegetative and generative
organs, of Zingiberaceae from Serang District, Banten.

Picture 1. The location of sample collection of Zingiberaceae in Serang District area, Banten. A. Pabuaran, B. Gunungsari, C. Ciomas
sub-districts
 WINDARSIH et al. – Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae 5509

Table 1. Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae from Serang District, Banten, Indonesia examined and the scoring method used in
this study

Morphological character Scoring

Petiole 0 = absence, 1 = short petiole, 2 = long petiole
Leaf margin 0 = entire, 1 = undulate
Leaf venation 0 = penninervis, 1 = rectinervis
Plant growth direction 0 = erect, 1 = semi-erect
Pseudo-stem base colour 0 = green, 1 = reddish, 2 = red, 3 = brownish-red
Leaf shape 0 = oblong, 1 = lanceolate, 2 = narrow-lanceolate, 3 = others
Leaf apex 0 = acute, 1 = acuminate
Leaf base 0 = acute, 1 = acuminate, 2 = obtuse, 3 = emarginate, 4 = others
Rhizome shape 0 = spherical, 1 = elliptical, 2 = others
Rhizome surface 0 = smooth, 1 = medium, 2 = rough
Rhizome flesh colour 0 = white, 1 = yellowish-with, 2 = yellowish, 3 = yellow, 4 = dark-yellow, 5 = orange,
6 = reddish, 7 = blue
Anthocyanin colour of bud in rhizome 0 = white, 1 = yellowish-white, 2 = orange, 3 = pink, 4 = reddish, 5 = red
Growth direction of peduncle 0 = erect, 1 = humifusus
Colour of bractea on rachis of inflorescence 0 = purplish-pink, 1 = whiteness-green, 2 = yellowish-white, 3 = pink, 4 = green with
yellowish-apex, 5 = green with reddish-apex, 6 = others
Corolla number 0 = two blades, 1 = three blades
Corolla colour 0 = white, 1 = yellow, 2 = pink, 3 = red
Corolla types 0 = actinomorphic, 1 = zygomorphic
Staminodes number 0 = 1 blade, 1 = two blades, 2 = three blades, 3 = four blades
Labellum colour 0 = yellow, 1 = yellow-red, 2 = white with yellow-purple bands in median blade, 3 =
purplish-white, 4 = red
Stigma shape 0 = lobed, 1 = cup, 2 = club, 3 = truncate
Stigma colour 0 = white, 1 = black
Number horn of fertile anther 0 = absence, 1 = one horn, 2 = two horns
Horn colour of fertile anther 0 = white, 1 = black, 2 = others
Shape of sterile anther 0 = cylindrical, 1 = filiform, 2 = flat
Colour of sterile anther 0 = white, 1 = yellow

Data analysis sheaths wrap around the true stem to form a pseudo-stem.
The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The The detailed characters of each species is described below.
morphological characters were converted to binary data,
and analyzed with Unweighted Pair Group Method with Alpinia purpurata (K. Schum.)
Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) by NTSYs version 2.02 Red galangal [Alpinia purpurata (K. Schum.)] has a
program (Rohlf 1997) to determine the level of similarity semi-erect plant growth direction, number of pseudo-stems
among species/cultivars. The determination of mean and 106 stems, plant height 157.7-198.4 cm (174.84±16.99
standard deviation for quantitative data was conducted cm); pseudo-stem is spherical, diameter 17.6-20.9 cm
using Microsoft Office Excel 2007. (18.58±1.11 cm), the base colour is reddish. Leaf consists
of blade, sheath, and short-petiole; leaf shape is lanceolate,
leaf apex is acute, leaf base is acute, leaf blade is green,
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION leaf margin is entire, leaf venation is pinnate (penninervis),
the midrib is prominent on the abaxial surface; petiole
The exploration conducted in this study recorded 13 shape is triangular. Number of leaves 14-17 blades
species/varieties of Zingiberaceae from Serang District, (15.50±0.85 blades), length of blade 39.6-49.4 cm
Banten, including turmeric, yellow turmeric, temu giring, (43.13±3.11 cm), leaf blade width 9.6-11.7 cm (10.92±0.61
kunyit putih, torch ginger, ginger, red ginger, javanese cm), length of leaf sheath 79.0-93.9 cm (84.76±4.82 cm),
cardamom, bangle, lempuyang gajah, mango ginger, black length of ligule 4.5-5.0 mm (4.9±0.2 mm), length of petiole
turmeric, and red galangal (Table 2). 0.8-1.1 cm (0.89±0.10 cm). True stem has a height of 87.5-
128.7 cm (101.49±13.91 cm), segmented into nodes and
Morphological characters internodes with an internode length of 10.7-12.3 cm
Based on the results, the thirteen species of (11.42±0.57 cm). Rhizome shape is spherical or elliptical,
Zingiberaceae found in the studied area are perennial, has diameter 3.07-4.24 cm (3.52±0.35 cm), rhizome surface is
fibrous root system, rhizomes that grow creeping smooth and reddish-white or reddish (altrose, RAL 3014)
horizontally in the soil, roots usually emerging from the in colour, rhizome flesh is reddish-white or reddish (RAL
surface of rhizomes; single leaf, symmetrical leaf blade, 3014-altrose, 3015-hellrosa), anthocyanin colour of bud of
leaves arranged alternately in two opposite rows, there is a rhizome is reddish. In this study, the generative organs
ligule at the junction between the leaf blade and the leaf were not found (Figure 2).
sheath or between the petiole and the leaf sheath; leaf
5510 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

Table 2. Species/varieties of Zingiberaceae found in Serang District area, Banten, Indonesia

Species/varieties Scientific name Location

Red galangal Alpinia purpurata (K. Schum.) Pabuaran sub-district
Javanese cardamom Amomum compactum Sol. Ex. Maton Ciomas sub-district
Black turmeric Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Pabuaran sub-district
Temu giring Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp. Pabuaran sub-district
Yellow turmeric Curcuma longa L. Pabuaran sub-district
Mango ginger Curcuma mangga Val. Pabuaran sub-district
Turmeric Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Pabuaran sub-district
Torch ginger Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. Ciomas sub-district
Kunyit putih Kaempferia rotunda L. Pabuaran sub-district
Bangle Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Pabuaran sub-district
Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe Gunungsari sub-district
Red ginger Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Pabuaran sub-district
Lempuyang gajah Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Pabuaran sub-district

Figure 2. Morphological characters of vegetative organs in red galangal (Alpinia purpurata) collected from Serang District, Banten. A.
Plant performance, B. adaxial surface of leaf blade, C. abaxial surface of leaf blade, D-E. ligule, F. transverse section of petiole, G.
transverse section of pseudo-stem, H. rhizome in the soil, I. bud of rhizome, J. longitudinal section of mature rhizome, K. transverse
section of mature rhizome, L. longitudinal section of younger rhizome, M. transverse section of younger rhizome

Amomum compactum Sol. ex. Maton cm (1.03±0.15 cm), rhizome flesh is yellowish-white
Javanese cardamom (Amomum compactum Sol. ex. (beige, RAL 1001); rhizome surface is smooth and white
Maton) has a semi-erect plant growth direction, plant height (perlweib, RAL 1013), while rhizome appearing above the
118.9-132.5 cm (123.85±3.87 cm), diameter of pseudo-stem ground is dark-red (purpurrot, RAL 3004); anthocyanin color
12.3-14.3 mm (13.22±0.97 mm), pseudo-stem base colour of bud of rhizome is red (purpurrot, RAL 3004) (Figure 3).
is red (purpurrot, RAL 3004). Leaf consists of blade and Inflorescence emerges from rhizome in the soil. A total
sheath, no petiole (sessile); leaf blade shape is lanceolate, height of inflorescence reaches 5.6 cm; the growth direction of
green, leaf apex is acuminate, leaf base is acute, leaf peduncle is humifusus, length of peduncle 2.9-3.7 cm
venation is pinnate (penninervis), the midrib is prominent (3.30±0.57 cm), diameter of peduncle 0.37-0.50 cm
on the lower surface, leaf margin is undulate. Number of (0.44±0.09 cm). Bracts on peduncle 3, length 1.1-1.9 cm
leaves 13-18 blades (15.60±1.58 blades), length of leaf (1.52±0.32 cm), width 0.89-1.18 cm (1.08±0.17 cm).
sheath 44.7-58.8 cm (50.22±3.93 cm), length of ligule 0.5- Bracts on rachis of inflorescence are yellowish-white, 32-
0.6 cm (0.59±0.03 cm), length of leaf blade 34.1-39.4 cm 35 blades (33.33±1.53 blades), length 1.0-2.5 cm (2.11±032
(36.08±1.67 cm), leaf blade width 9.2-9.7 cm (9.39±0.23 cm). Length of rachis 3.4 cm, diameter 0.47 cm (Figure 4).
cm), leaf apex is acuminate, leaf base is acute. True stem Flower is protected by a bracteole; bracteole has a
has a height of 68.5-79.4 cm (72.19±3.23 cm), segmented length of 1.3-1.7 cm (1.53±0.17 cm), tubular with a tube
into nodes and internodes, length of internode 6.8-7.9 cm length of 0.7-1.0 cm (0.88±0.13 cm). Flower has a length
(7.12±0.33 cm). Rhizome is spherical, diameter 0.66-1.25 of 3.4-3.6 cm (3.50±0.14 cm). Calyx has a total length of
 WINDARSIH et al. – Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae 5511

1.8-2.2 cm (2.00±0.16 cm), white, brownish-white tip; white, length 2.23-2.80 cm (2.61±0.22 cm); stigma is cup-
gamosepalous, tubular with a tube length of 1.5-1.7 cm shaped, white, length 0.18-0.24 cm (0.21±0.02 cm),
(1.6±0.1 cm). Corolla is gamopetalous, tubular with a diameter 0.15-0.23 cm (0.20±0.04 cm). Ovary has a length
length of 1.4-2.2 cm (1.74±0.30 cm); has 2 blades, of 0.30-0.43 cm (0.35±0.05 cm), diameter 0.21-0.26 cm
actinomorphic, length 0.7-1.1 cm (0.91±0.10 cm), width (0.24±0.03 cm), surface of ovary is golden-hairy, 3 lobes,
0.4 cm, white. Staminodes has 2 blades, zygomorphic, each lobe contains many ovules (Figure 5).
bilabiate; one of blades is lateral staminodes, white blade
colour with yellowish-tip, smaller, boat-shaped, length 1.0- Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.
1.5 cm (1.20±0.18 cm), width 0.40-0.43 cm (0.41±0.01 Black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) has an
cm), while the others is labellum, white blade colour with 1 erect plant growth direction, plant height 145.8-176.0 cm
yellow band in median blade and 2 purple bands on the (164.021±10.91 cm), diameter of pseudo-stem 25.7-40.3
outside, boat-shaped, length 1.4-1.8 cm (1.52±0.16 cm), mm (34.28±5.81 mm), pseudo-stem base colour is green.
width 1.1-1.6 cm (1.30±0.26 cm). Fertile stamen 1, height Leaf consists of blade, sheath, and petiole; leaf blade is
0.25-0.33 cm (0.30±0.03 cm). Sterile stamens 2, length 0.3- green, leaf margin is entire; leaf shape is lanceolate, leaf
0.4 cm (0.33±0.04 cm), flattened, yellow. Pistil has a total
length of 2.44-3.00 cm (2.82±0.22 cm); style colour is

Figure 3. Morphological characters of vegetative organs in javanese cardamom (Amomum compactum) collected from Serang District,
Banten. A. Plant performance, B. adaxial surface of leaf blade, C. abaxial surface of leaf blade, D-E. ligule, F. transverse section of
pseudo-stem, G. bud of rhizome, H. rhizome in the soil, I. longitudinal section of rhizome, J. transverse section of rhizome

Figure 4. Morphological characters of inflorescence in javanese cardamom (Amomum compactum) collected from Serang District,
Banten. A-B. Inflorescence, C. bracts of peduncle, D. bracts on rachis of inflorescence, E. rachis
5512 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

Figure 5. Flower parts of javanese cardamom (Amomum compactum) collected from Serang District, Banten. A. Flower with a bracteole
and calyx, B. flower without bracteole and calyx, C. longitudinal section of flower, D. corolla tube, E= corolla, F.labellum (left) and
lateral staminodes, G-K. reproductive organ parts, H. stigma, I. fertile stamen, J. sterile stamen, K. transverse section of ovary with 3
lobes that each lobe contains ovules; 1. calyx, 2. bracteole, 3. style, 4. ovary

apex is acuminate, leaf base is acuminate, leaf venation is blade width 18.2-20.6 cm (19.25±0.81 cm), leaf apex is
pinnate (penninervis), the midrib is prominent on the acuminate, leaf base is acute or acuminate. True stem has a
abaxial surface; petiole is long, has semi-circle form, height of 5.4 cm, segmented into nodes and internodes with
grooves deeply on adaxial surface. In a juvenile phase, the an internode length of 1.2 cm. The rhizome is spherical,
parts to the right and left of midrib on the adaxial surface of diameter 2.8-5.63 cm (3.65±0.89 cm), rhizome flesh is blue
first leaf blade have a firm red-brown (weinrot, RAL 3005) (pastellblau, RAL 5024), rhizome surface is rough and
colour, but progressively fades upward until finally the yellowish-white (sandgelb, RAL 1002), anthocyanin color
mature leaves are full green. Number of leaves 5-8 blades of bud of rhizome is pink. Roots emerge from the surface
(6.60±0.97 blades), length of leaf sheath 55.7-67.4 cm of rhizome, root tip forms a tuber with a diameter of 2.18-
(60.86±3.81 cm), length of ligule 0.20-0.25 cm (0,21±0.02 3.23 cm (2.50±0.34 cm) and a length of 5.48-11.87 cm
cm), length of petiole 25.6-33.7 cm (29.46±2.67 cm), (7.79±2.23 cm). Generative organs were not found in this
length of leaf blade 76.8-85.9 cm (81.85±3.80 cm), leaf study (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Morphological characters of vegetatives organ in black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa) collected from Serang District,
Banten. A-B. Plant performance, C. adaxial surface of juvenile leaf with the brownis-red part to the right and left of midrib on the
adaxial surface of leaf blade, D. adaxial surface of mature leaf blade, E. abaxial surface of mature leaf blade, F-G. ligule, H. transverse
section of pseudo-stem, I. transverse section of petiole, J. true stem covered by leaf sheats, K. rhizome in the soil, L. rhizome with tubers
in root ends, M. longitudinal section of tuber, N. transverse section of tuber, O. longitudinal section of main rhizome, P. transverse
section of main rhizome, Q. longitudinal section of rhizome branch, R. transverse section of rhizome branch, S. bud of rhizome
 WINDARSIH et al. – Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae 5513

Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp. length of bract 1.5-7.4 cm (5.51±1.04 cm), the bract base
Temu giring (Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp.) has attaches to the rachis by 0.8-2.8 cm (2.24±0.47 cm); bract
an erect plant growth direction, plant height 159.2-197.7 tip is apart from each other, purplish-pink, length 0.6-5.5
cm (176.51±15.50 cm), pseudo-stem diameter 2.49-4.11 cm (3.27±1.11 cm), width 0.5-4.1 cm (3.12±0.65 cm). Each
cm (3.05±0.46 cm), pseudo-stem base is green. Leaf bract supports up to 3 flowers that blooming alternately.
consists of blade, sheath, and petiole; leaf shape is The terminal bracts form a sterile cluster with longer blade
lanceolate, leaf apex is acuminate, leaf base is acuminate, and brightly coloured. Inflorescence type is racemose
leaf margin is entire, leaf venation is pinnate (penninervis), (Figure 8).
leaf blade colour is green, the midrib is prominent on the The flower is protected by a bracteole; bracteole has a
abaxial surface; petiole is long, has semi-circle form, length of 1.7-2.3 cm (1.98±0.23 cm) and a width of 0.8-1.0
grooves deeply on the adaxial surface. Leaves number 6-8 cm (0.90±0.07 cm). A total length of flower reaches 5.4
blades (6.90±0.88 blades), length of leaf sheath 51.9-86.5 cm. Calyx is translucent-white and has a length of 0.7-1.1
cm (65.18±11.11 cm), length of ligule 0.1-0.2 cm cm (0.85±0.10 cm). Corolla is gamopetalous, tubular with a
(0.14±0.04 cm), length of petiole 36.4-51.9 cm (43.14±5.58 tube length of 3.6 cm; has 3 blades, zygomorphic, white,
cm), length of leaf blade 63.4-96.8 cm (76.34±10.24 cm), length 1.0-1.8 cm (1.37±0.31 cm), width 0.6-1.4 cm
leaf blade width 16.5-20.8 cm (18.80±1.55 cm), leaf apex (0.96±0.32 cm); one of blades is dorsal corolla, has a white
is acuminate, leaf base is acute or acuminate. Rhizome is horn-tip with a length of horn 0.2 cm; the other two blades
spherical, diameter 2.1-4.6 cm (2.74±0.54 cm), the colour are lateral corolla without horn-tip. Staminodes have 3
of surface and flesh of young rhizomes are yellow blades, zygomorphic; one of blades is labellum, larger with
(schwefelgelb, RAL 1016), the colour of mature rhizome a length of 1.7-2.0 cm (1.85±0.21 cm) and a width of 1.6-
flesh is orange (RAL 1023-verkehrsgelb, 1007- 1.7 cm (1.65±0.07 cm), has dark-yellow band in medium
narzissengelb), the colour of mature rhizome surface is blade, while the other two blades are lateral staminodes,
orange (RAL 1006-maisgelb), rhizome surface is rough, have a length of 1.4-1.6 cm (1.53±0.10 cm) and a width of
anthocyanin color of bud of rhizome is white (Figure 7). 0.8 cm, pale yellow. Sterile stamens 2, tubular, yellow,
Inflorescence emerges from the shoot, the length of length 0.40-0.45 cm (0.42±0.03 cm); fertile stamen 1,
inflorescence is 14.2-15.5 cm (14.85±0.92 cm); the growth length 0.30-0.45 cm (0.38±0.06 cm), the tip has 2 white-
direction of inflorescence stalk (peduncle) is erect, horns. A total length of pistil is 4.1-4.7 cm (4.40±0.42 cm);
diameter of peduncle is 0.99-1.00 cm (0.99±0.01 cm). The stigma is lobed, white; ovary has a length of 0.2-0.4 cm
bracts on rachis of inflorescence that covering flowers (0.28±0.07 cm), diameter 0.25 cm, the surface of ovary is
range between 21-23 blades (22.00±1.41 blades), a total hairy (Figure 8).

Figure 7. Morphological characters of vegetative organs in temu giring (Curcuma heyneana) from Serang District, Banten. A-B. Plant
performance, C. adaxial surface of leaf blade, D. abaxial surface of leaf blade, E. transverse section of pseudo-stem, F. transverse
section of petiole, G-H. ligule, I. bud of rhizome, J. rhizome, K. young rhizome, L. main rhizome, M. longitudinal and transverse
sections of rhizome branches
5514 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

Figure 8. The parts of temu giring (Curcuma heyneana) flower from Serang District, Banten. A-C. Inflorescence, D. fertile bract on
rachis of inflorescence, E-H. flower, I. lateral staminodes (front side) and labellum (back side), J. lateral corolla (left and right) and
dorsal corolla (middle), K.calyx, L. stigma and fertile stamen with two horns, M. ovary with 3 chambers which contains many ovules in
each chamber

Curcuma longa L. 2.4-3.2 cm (2.90±0.49 cm), acute or obtuse. Meanwhile,

Yellow turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has an erect plant fertile bracts 22 blades, the bract base attaches to rachis
growth direction, plant height 145.6-180.6 cm with a length of 1.2-3.0 cm (2.54±0.49 cm), while the bract
(163.43±11.63 cm), pseudo-stem diameter 3.15-3.95 cm tip is apart from each other with a length of 2.8-5.0 cm
(3.62±0.35 cm), pseudo-stem base is green. Leaf consists (3.83±0.77 cm), width 1.5-3.0 cm (2.69±0.36 cm), the apex
of blade, sheath, and petiole; leaf blade shape is lanceolate, is obtuse, acute, or rounded. Each fertile bract supports up
leaf tip is acuminate, leaf base is acuminate, leaf margin is to 4 flowers, the flowers in each bract bloom alternately.
entire, leaf venation is pinnate (penninervis), midrib is The terminal bracts form a sterile cluster with longer blade
prominent on the abaxial surface, leaf is green; petiole is and brightly whitish-green coloured. Inflorescence type is
long, has semi-circle form, the grooves deeply on the racemose (Figure 10).
adaxial surface. Leaves have 5-8 blades (6.43±0.98 blades), Flower has a total length of 5.1-5.3 cm (5.20±0.14 cm).
length of leaf sheath 45.7-56.9 cm (51.73±3.85 cm), length Flower is protected by a bracteole; bracteole is yellowish-
of ligule 0.1-0.2 cm (0.13±0.04 cm), length of petiole 39.0- white, length 2.40-3.25 cm (2.91±0.37 cm), width 1.4-1.8
48.7 cm (44.00± 3.17 cm), length of leaf blade 64.4-81.0 cm (1.63±0.21 cm), 3 blades, length of free-tip 0.5 cm, the
cm (71.43±5.86 cm), leaf blade width 14.7-18.4 cm apex is acute. Calyx is translucent-white, length 0.80-1.15
(17.03±1.32 cm), leaf tip is acuminate, leaf base is cm (0.94±0.12 cm), gamosepalous, the base forms a tube
acuminate. Rhizome is spherical, diameter 2.03-2.68 cm with a length of 0.5 cm. Corolla is gamopetalous, tubular
(2.24±0.19 cm), the surface of rhizomes is rough and with a tube length of 3.17-3.55 cm (3.34±0.17 cm); has 3
orange in colour (pastellorange, RAL 2003), rhizome flesh blades with a length of 1.2-1.6 cm (1.35±0.10 cm), width
colour is orange (reinorange, RAL 2004), anthocyanin 1.0-1.7 cm (1.28±0.18 cm), zygomorphic, white; one of
color of bud of rhizome is orange (Figure 9). blades is dorsal corolla, has a white horn-tip with a length
Inflorescence emerges from the shoot. A total length of of 0.2-0.3 cm (0.24±0.05 cm); other two blades are lateral
inflorescence is 21.4 cm; the growth direction of corolla without horn-tip. Staminodes has 3 blades,
inflorescence stalk (peduncle) is erect, length of peduncle zygomorphic; one of blades is labellum, larger with a
7.7 cm; length of inflorescence 13.7 cm. The bracts on length of 1.5-2.0 cm (1.88±0.20 cm) and a width of 1.70-
inflorescence are light-green; towards the center of 1.75 cm (1.72±0.03 cm), has dark-yellow band in median
inflorescence, the colour of bracts is more whiteness-green. blade, while the other two blades are lateral staminodes
The bracts of inflorescence can be distinguished into sterile with a length of 1.0-1.5 cm (1.26±0.14 cm) and a width of
bracts and fertile bracts. Sterile bracts 3, the base of sterile 0.6-0.8 cm (0.74±0.07 cm), white. Fertile stamen 1 with a
bract attaches to peduncle with a length of 2.6-3.1 cm length of 0.38-0.47 cm (0.42±0.03 cm), the stamen tip has
(2.90±0.35 cm), while the bract tip is apart from each other 2 white-horns. Sterile stamens 2, tubular, length 0.3-0.4 cm
with a length of 4.1-6.2 cm (5.13±0.78 cm) and a width of (0.36±0.03 cm), yellow. The pistil has a total length of 4.3-
 WINDARSIH et al. – Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae 5515

4.5 cm (4.40±0.14 cm), length of style 4.40-4.55 cm (penninervis), the midrib is prominent on the abaxial
(4.48±0.08 cm); stigma is lobed, white, length 0.05-0.08 surface of leaf blade; petiole has semi-circle form, grooves
cm (0.06±0.02 cm), diameter 0.10-0.12 cm (0.11±0.01 cm); deeply on the adaxial surface. Number of leaves 7-9 blades
ovary has a length of 0.2-0.5 cm (0.33±0.11 cm), diameter (7.2±0.63 blades), length of leaf sheath 65.4-78.5 cm
0.25-0.30 cm (0.27±0.02 cm), 3 chambers, each chamber (69.95±4.94 cm), length of ligule 0.2-0.3 cm (0.23±0.04
contains many ovules (Figure 11). cm), length of petiole 29.3-39.9 cm (33.32±3.66 cm),
length of leaf blade 72.3-84.5 cm (77.28±4.22 cm), width
Curcuma mangga Val. of leaf blade 15.8-19.1 cm (17.34±1.18 cm), leaf apex is
Mango ginger (Curcuma mango L.) has an erect plant acuminate, leaf base is acuminate. Rhizome is spherical,
growth direction, plant height 161.5-194.0 cm diameter 2.02-3.25 cm (2.41±0.30 cm), rhizome surface is
(174.62±9.99 cm), pseudo-stem diameter 29.2-45.0 mm rough and yellow (schwefelgelb, RAL 1016), rhizome flesh
(32.58±4.57 mm), pseudo-stem base colour is green. Leaf is yellow (schwefelgelb, RAL 1016), anthocyanin color of
consists of blade, sheath, and long-petiole; leaf shape is bud of rhizome is white. Generative organs were not found
lanceolate, leaf apex is acuminate, leaf base is acuminate, in this study (Figure 12).
green, leaf margin is entire, leaf venation is pinnate

Figure 9. Morphological characters of vegetative organs in yellow turmeric (Curcuma longa) collected from Serang District, Banten. A.
Plant performance, B. adaxial surface of leaf blade, C. abaxial surface of leaf blade, D-E. ligule, F. transverse section of petiole, G.
transverse section of pseudo-stem, H. rhizome, I-1. longitudinal section of rhizome, I-2. transverse section of rhizome, J. bud of rhizome

Figure 10. Morphological characters of inflorescence in yellow turmeric (Curcuma longa) collected from Serang District, Banten. A.
Inflorescence emerging from the shoot, B-C. inflorescence, D. sterile bracts that the base attaches peduncle, E. fertile bracts that the base
attaches rachis and support the flowers, F. rachis
5516 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

Figure 11. The parts of yellow turmeric (Curcuma longa) flower collected from Serang District, Banten. A-C. Flower, D. longitudinal
section of flower, E. upper view of flower, F. calyx, G. dorsal corolla (left) and lateral corolla (middle and right), H. lateral staminodes
(left and middle) and labellum (right), I. lateral staminodes, J. fertile stamen with 2 horns, K. sterile stamen, L. ovary, M. stigma, N.
transverse section of ovary, O. style of pistil

Figure 12. Morphology of vegetative organs in mango ginger (Curcuma mangga) collected from Serang District, Banten. A. Plant
performance, B. adaxial surface of leaf blade, C. abaxial surface of leaf blade, D-E. ligule, F. transverse section of pseudo-stem, G.
transverse section of petiole, H. rhizome, I. longitudinal sections of rhizome, J. transverse sections of rhizome; K. bud of rhizome

Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (weinrot, RAL 3005) colour, but progressively fades
Turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) has an erect upward until finally the mature leaves are full-green. The
plant growth direction, plant height ranges between 197.7- number of leaves 4-9 blades (5.9±1.85 blades), length of
213.7 cm (206.03±6.51 cm), pseudo-stem diameter 3.54- leaf sheath 76.5-85.0 cm (80.10±2.49 cm), length of ligule
5.99 cm (4.39±0.87 cm), pseudo-stem base is green. Leaf 0.3-0.5 cm (0.38±0.08 cm), length of petiole 35.2-43.0 cm
consists of blade, sheath, and petiole; leaf shape is (37.58±2.32 cm), length of leaf blade 87.5-97.4 cm
lanceolate, leaf apex is acuminate, leaf base is acuminate, (92.34±3.59 cm), leaf blade width 20.1-24.7 cm
colour of mature leaf is green, leaf margin is entire, leaf (21.53±1.44 cm). Rhizome is spherical-shaped, diameter
venation is pinnate (penninervis), midrib is prominent on 2.76-6.22 cm (4.13±1.08 cm), rhizome surface is rough and
the abaxial surface; petiole is long, has a semi-circle form, yellowish-white to orange, rhizome flesh colour is orange
grooves deeply on the adaxial surface. In a juvenile phase, (hellrotorange, RAL 2008), anthocyanin color on bud of
the midrib and the blade parts to the right and left of midrib rhizome is yellowish-white (Figure 13).
on adaxial surface of first leaf have a firm brownish-red
 WINDARSIH et al. – Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae 5517

Inflorescence appears from rhizomes in the soil with a and attaches on the ovary; the tips are apart from each other
total inflorescence height of 38.1-50.7 cm (44.4±8.91 cm), with 3 pink-blades, length 0.1 cm. Corolla is gamopetalous,
length of inflorescence 21.5-28.9 cm (25.2±5.23 cm), tubular with a length of tube 3.5-3.6 (3.58±0.05 cm); has 3
inflorescence diameter reaches 16.9 cm; the growth blades, zygomorphic, pink (hellrosa, RAL 3015), length
direction of inflorescence stalk (peduncle) is erect, length 1.4-1.8 cm (1.63±0.14 cm), width 1.4-1.9 cm (1.58±0.22
of peduncle is 16.6-24.5 cm (20.55±5.59 cm), diameter of cm); one of blades is dorsal corolla with acute-horn tip,
peduncle is 1.89-2.53 cm (2.21±0.45 cm). The bracts of white, length 0.3 cm; other two blades are lateral corolla
peduncle have 5-7 blades (6±1.41 blades), length 2.8-23.2 without horn-tip. Staminodes have 3 blades, zygomorphic;
cm (11.93±6.37 cm), green. The bracts on rachis of one of blades is labellum, larger with a length of 1.7-1.8 cm
inflorescence have 23-52 blades, bract base attaches to (1.75±0.06 cm), width 2.0-2.1 cm (2.03±0.06 cm), has
rachis with a length of 0.3-3.0 cm (2.22±0.5 cm); the bract dark-yellow (hellrosa, RAL 3015) band in median blade;
tip is separated from each other with a length of 2.7-7.3 cm the others are lateral staminodes, smaller with a length of
(4.68±1.49 cm), widht 1.0-5.3 (4.19±0.87 cm), light-green 1.2-1.3 cm (1.23±0.05 cm) and a width of 1.0-1.2
to purplish-pink (apex part = bordeauxviolett-RAL 4004; (1.10±0.05 cm), translucent-white with yellowish-pink tips;
center part = verkehrhornpur-RAL 4006) colour, obtuse or the base unites in a length of 0.3-0.4 cm (0.33±0.05 cm).
acute; each bract can protect up to 6 flowers. The terminal Fertile stamen 1, length 0.5 cm, apex part has 2 white-
bracts form a sterile cluster with longer blade and brightly horns. Sterile stamens 2, length 0.50-0.55 cm (0.53±0.03
coloured. Inflorescence type is racemose (Figure 14). cm), yellow, tubular. The pistil has a length of 4.8-5.0 cm
Each flower is protected by a bracteole. Bracteole is (4.93±0.10 cm), length of style 4.82-4.93 cm (4.89±0.06
translucent-white, the base part attaches to rachis of cm); stigma is lobed, white, length 0.7-0.8 mm (0.76±0.06
inflorescence, the margin is separated from each other. mm), diameter 1.8-1.9 mm (1.82±0.05 mm); the ovary has
Flower has a total length of 5.7-6 cm (5.87±0.15 cm). a length of 0.44-0.53 cm (0.47±0.04 cm), diameter 0.34-
Calyx is translucent-white, length 1.1-1.2 cm (1.18±0.05 0.38 cm (0.36±0.02 cm), consists of 3 chambers, each
cm); gamosepalous, the base part has a tube form, hairy, chamber contains many ovules (Figure 15).

Figure 13. Morphological characters of vegetative organs in turmeric (C. xanthorrhiza) from Serang District, Banten. A. Plant performance, B.
mature leaf blade, C. adaxial surface of juvenile leaf blade, D. abaxial surface of juvenile leaf blade, E-F. ligule, G. transverse section of
pseudo-stem, H. transverse section of petiole, I. rhizome, J. transverse and longitudinal sections of rhizome, K. bud of rhizome

Figure 14. Morphological characters of inflorescence in turmeric (C. xanthorrhiza) from Serang District, Banten. A-C. inflorescence, D.
fertile bract supporting flower, E. bracts on rachis of inflorescence, F. bracts of peduncle, I. rachis and peduncle
5518 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

Figure 15. The parts of turmeric (C. xanthorrhiza) flower. A. Flower, B. bracteole, C. calyx, D. flower parts, E. longitudinal section of
flower, F. dorsal corolla (left) and lateral corolla (middle and right), G. lateral staminodes (left) and labellum (right), H. stigma, I. fertile
stamen, J. sterile stamen, K. ovary, L. transverse section of ovary, M. longitudinal section of ovary

Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. length of internode 0.7-6.6 cm (3.72±1.74 cm). Bracts on
Torch ginger [Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.] has a rachis of inflorescence are pink (rose, RAL 3017) or
semi-erect plant growth direction, plant height 149.2-288.3 younger, can be divided into sterile bracts (not supporting
cm (254.34±45.11 cm), pseudo-stem diameter 3.05-3.82 flowers) and fertile bracts (supporting flowers). Sterile
cm (3.47±0.31 cm), pseudo-stem base has green colour. bracts are arranged in outer rings of inflorescence, bract
Leaf consists of blade, sheath, and petiole; leaf blade shape base is separated from each other, 16 blades, length 6.6-9.0
is lanceolate, green, thick, stiff, leaf apex is acuminate, leaf cm (7.71±0.73 cm), widht 1.9-4.4 cm (3.15±0.75 cm), bract
base is obtuse or emarginate, the adaxial surface of leaf apex is acute, obtuse, or rounded, bract apex has a horn
blade is shiny and greener than the abaxial surface, leaf with a length of 0.1-0.5 cm (0.30±0.13 cm). Fertile bracts
margin is undulate, leaf venation is pinnate (penninervis), are arranged in inner rings to the center of inflorescence,
midrib is prominent on the abaxial surface; petiole is short. each bract is separated from each other, length 0.6-6.7 cm
Number of leaves 16-22 blades (19.25±2.49 blades), length (3.45±1.05 cm), widht 0.2-2.2 cm (0.73±0.28 cm), bract
of leaf sheath 103.9-142.7 cm (121.10±14.61 cm), length apex is rounded, acute, or obtuse. Number of fertile bracts
of ligule 1.2-1.5 cm (1.35±0.09 cm), length of petiole 1.2- reaches 248 blades, each bract protects one flower, number
1.4 cm (1.34± 0.08 cm), length of leaf blade 51.5-61.5 cm of flower bud reaches 244 flowers. Inflorescence type is
(56.73±3.97 cm), leaf blade width 9.9-16.2 cm (13.01±2.30 racemose, flower blooms from the outer rings to the center
cm). True stem has a height of 106.4-179.5 cm of inflorescence. Rachis has a height of 3.7 cm and a
(150.56±30.21 cm), segmented into nodes and internodes, diameter of 1.16 cm (Figure 17).
length of internode 11.0-13.9 cm (12.26±1.08 cm). Flower has a length of 4.7-4.9 cm (4.78±0.10 cm). Each
Rhizome is spherical, diameter 2.84-3.67 cm (3.20±0.32 flower is protected by a bracteole; bracteole is translucent-
cm), rhizome flesh is yellowish-white (elfenbein, RAL white and slightly reddish, length 1.8-2.4 cm (2.05±0.30
1014); rhizome surface is smooth, soft, yellowish-white cm), the base unites to form a tube in a length of 2.1-2.3 cm
(elfenbein, RAL 1014), hairy, scale leaf is smooth and (2.20±0.14 cm), the free-apex forms 2 blades with a length
yellowish-white in colour (elfenbein, RAL 1015); of 0.1-0.2 cm (0.13±0.05 cm). Calyx has a length of 3.2-3.5
anthocyanin colour of bud of rhizome is pink (Figure 16). cm (3.35±0.13 cm), gamosepalous, the base unites to form
Inflorescence emerges from rhizome in the soil, total a tube with a length of 3 cm, the free-apex forms 2-3 blades
height of inflorescence 40.4-42.8 cm (41.6±1.70 cm); with a length of 0.05-0.30 cm (0.16±0.07 cm), red
inflorescence stalk (peduncle) has an erect growth (orientrot, RAL 3031). Corolla is gamopetalous, tubular
direction, length 33.3-34.5 cm (33.90±0.85 cm), spherical, with a tube length of 2.4-2.5 cm (2.45±0.06 cm), white; has
diameter 1.67 cm; length of inflorescence 7.1-8.3 cm 3 blades, red, zygomorphic; one of blades is shorter than
(7.70±0.85 cm), diameter of inflorescence 14.39 cm. Bracts others with a length of 2.1-2.2 cm (2.18±0.05 cm) and a
number on peduncle 8-9 blades (8.50±0.71 blades), length width of 0.4-0.5 cm (0.47±0.06 cm), while the other two
of bract blade 3.5-11.2 cm (8.36±2.31 cm), yellowish-light blades have a length of 2.5-2.7 cm (2.56±0.07 cm) and a
green in color, length of horn on bract tip 0.05-0.40 cm width of 0.20-0.35 cm (0.30±0.05 cm). Lip/labellum has 1
(0.14±0.13 cm); segmented into nodes and internodes with blade with a length of 1.8-2.0 cm (1.93±0.10 cm), width
 WINDARSIH et al. – Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae 5519

1.6-1.7 cm (1.68±0.05 cm), red (orientrot, RAL 3031) with cm (3.63±0.10 cm), length of pistil stalk (style) 3.4-3.5 cm
yellow-edges, rhombus-shaped with the blade edges (3.43±0.06 cm); stigma shape is club, black, length 0.10-
folding to cover pistil and stamen. Fertile stamen 1 with a 0.18 cm (0.15±0.04 cm), diameter 0.23-0.30 cm (0.27±0.03
length of 0.6 cm. Sterile stamens 2, flat-shaped, length cm); ovary has a length of 0.27 cm and a diameter of 0.2
0.25-0.33 cm (0.29±0.04 cm), width 0.18-0.21 cm cm, 3 lobes, each lobe contains many ovules (Figure 18).
(0.19±0.01 cm), yellow. Pistil has a total length of 3.5-3.7

Figure 16. Morphological characters of vegetative organs in torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) from Serang District, Banten. A. Plant
performance, B. adaxial surface of leaf blade, C. abaxial surface of leaf blade, D. ligule, E. transverse section of petiole, F. transverse
section of pseudo-stem, G. rhizome, H. transverse and longitudinal sections of rhizome, I. bud of rhizome

Figure 17. Morphological characters of inflorescence in torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) from Serang District, Banten. A-C.
Inflorescence, D. bracts of peduncle, E. sterile bracts on rachis of inflorescence that not supporting flowers, F. fertile bracts on rachis of
inflorescence that supporting flowers, G. bud of flowers, H. rachis
5520 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

Figure 18. Parts of flower in torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) from Serang District, Banten. A. Parts of flower, B. fertile stamen, C.
stigma, D. sterile stamen, E. transverse section of ovary; 1. fertile bract that supporting flower, 2. bracteole, 3. calyx, 4. corolla, 5.
lip/labellum

Kaempferia rotunda L. cm) and a width of 1.6-3.9 cm (2.75±0.78 cm), light-green

Kunyit putih (Kaempferia rotunda L.) has an erect plant to green in colour (schwarzrot, RAL 3007), bract tip is
growth direction, plant height 79.2-98.0 cm (88.80±9.41 acute, acuminate, or rounded. Rachis is flat with a diameter
cm), pseudo-stem diameter 2.67-3.02 cm (2.84±0.82 cm), of 1.06 cm. Inflorescence type is racemose that can support
pseudo-stem base is brownish-red. Leaf consists of blade, up to 10 flowers that blooming simultaneously from the
sheath, and petiole; leaf shape is oblong or lanceolate, leaf very edge to the center of inflorescence (Picture 20).
apex is acuminate, leaf base is acuminate, adaxial surface Each flower is protected by bracteole. Bracteole is
of leaf blade is dark-green with whitish-tinge, the abaxial yellowish-white, length 2.0-2.2 cm (2.10±0.14 cm), width
surface of leaf blade is green and hairy like velvet; leaf 1.2 cm, the edges are separated from each other, the base
margin is undulate, midrib protrudes on the abaxial surface, attaches to rachis, the apex has two blades with a length of
midrib and leaf base are brownish-purple (weinrot, RAL 0.5 cm. Calyx has a length of 4.1-5.0 cm (4.58±0.37 cm);
3005), leaf venation is pinnate (penninervis); petiole is gamosepalous, the base is tubular, attaches on ovary tip,
long, green, and slightly brownish-purple (weinrot, RAL length of tube 2.3-3.0 cm (2.67±0.27 cm); the tip has
3005), grooves deeply on the adaxial surface. Leaves blades with a length of 1.6-2.1 cm (1.90±0.20 cm). Corolla
number 5-7 blades (6.00±0.82 blades), length of leaf sheath is gamopetalous, tubular with a tube length of 3.4-5.3 cm
32.5-33.9 cm (33.33±0.74 cm), length of ligule 0.1-0.2 cm (4.16±0.69 cm); has 3 blades, white, zygomorphic, the
(0.13±0.06 cm), length of petiole 8.8-17.0 cm (11.93±4.43 apex is acute; one of blades is dorsal corolla, larger with a
cm), length of leaf blade 37.4-47.0 cm (43.30±5.16 cm), length of 5.5-6.7 cm (6.01±0.41 cm) and a width of 0.8-1.0
leaf blade width 10.7-12.3 cm (11.66±0.59 cm), leaf apex cm (0.91±0.09 cm), while the other two blades are lateral
is acuminate, leaf base is acuminate. True stem has a height corolla, have a length of 4.2-5.8 cm (5.01±0.45 cm) and a
of 1.5-2.5 cm (1.97±0.50 cm), segmented into nodes and width of 0.60-0.71 cm (0.67±0.05 cm). Staminodes have 4
internodes, length of internode 0.5-0.9 cm (0.63±0.23 cm). blades, consists of lateral staminodes with 2 white-blades
The rhizome is spherical or elliptical, diameter 2.80-3.92 separated from each other, length 3.3-4.8 cm (4.16±0.54
cm (3.23±0.39 cm), the surface of rhizome has brownish- cm), width 1.2-1.8 cm (1.49±0.23 cm), while the other two
yellow colour and medium roughness, rhizome flesh is blades are labellum, purplish-white, length 1.7-2.7 cm
white, anthocyanin colour of bud of rhizome is yellowish- (2.25±0.31 cm), width 1.1-1.7 cm (1.45±0.23 cm), the base
white. Roots emerge from rhizome surface, root tip forms a of both attaches each to other. Fertile stamen 1, length 0.6-
white tuber with a diameter of 1.65-1.90 cm (1.78±0.09 0.7 cm (0.68±0.04 cm). Sterile stamens 2, length 0.60-0.84
cm) and a length of 3.00-3.93 cm (3.33±0.27 cm) (Figure cm (0.69±0.08 cm), tubular, white. Pistil has a total length
19). of 4.50-6.25 cm (5.43±0.64 cm), length of style 4.4-6.1 cm
Inflorescence emerges from rhizome in the soil with a (5.32±0.63 cm); stigma has cup-shape, white, length 0.10-
total height of inflorescence reach 14 cm. The 0.15 cm (0.11±0.02 cm), diameter 0.14-0.20 cm (0.17±0.03
inflorescence stalk (peduncle) is short, has an erect growth cm); ovary has a length of 0.3-0.7 cm (0.50±0.18 cm),
direction; bracts on peduncle numbered 8-9 blades diameter 0.26-0.43 cm (0.33±0.09 cm), 3 lobes, each lobe
(8.50±0.71 blades) with a length of 3.0-7.2 cm (5.04±1.45 contains many ovules (Figure 20).
 WINDARSIH et al. – Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae 5521

Figure 19. Morphological characters of vegetative organs in kunyit putih (Kaempferia rotunda) collected from Serang District, Banten.
A-C. Plant performance, D. adaxial (left) and abaxial (right) surfaces of leaf blade, E. transverse section of petiole, F-G. ligule, H.
transverse section of pseudo-stem, I. rhizome and tuber in the soil, J. tuber in root ends, K. bud of rhizome, L. true stem, M. rhizomes,
N. longitudinal section of rhizome, O. transverse section of rhizome

Figure 20. Morphological characters of generative organs in kunyit putih (Kaempferia rotunda) from Serang District, Banten. A.
Inflorescence, B. flower, C. bracts of peduncle, D. bracts of rachis, E. bracteole, F. calyx, G. transverse section of flower, H. corolla, I.
tube corolla (left), labellum (middle), and lateral staminodes (right), J. transverse section of ovary with 3 chambers containing many
ovules in each chamber, K. sterile stamen, L. ovary, M. stigma with style in a groove of fertile stamen

Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. mm (16.62 ±0.77 mm), the base of pseudo-stem is reddish.
Bangle [Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., synonym of Leaf consists of blade, sheath, and petiole; leaf blade shape
Zingiber montanum (J. Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr] has a is narrow-lanceolate, green, leaf apex is acute, leaf base is
semi-erect plant growth direction, plant height 171.5-202.5 acute, leaf margin is entire, leaf venation is parallel
cm (183.01±9.47 cm), diameter of pseudo-stem 15.8-18.1 (rectinervis), midrib is prominent on the abaxial surface.
5522 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

Number of leaves 46-57 blades (50.10±3.63 blades), length inflorescence by 22.5-34.9 cm (28.64±4.36 cm), the growth
of sheath 26.0-29.4 cm (27.39±1.04 cm), length of ligule direction of inflorescence stalk (peduncle) is erect, length
0.3-1.0 cm (0.41±0.21 cm), length of leaf blade 35.7-38.3 of peduncle 16.6-27.3 cm (22.09±4.03 cm), length of
cm (36.81±0.79 cm), leaf blade width 5.0-5.6 cm inflorescence 5.7-8.1 cm (6.84±0.75 cm), diameter of
(5.25±0.22 cm), leaf tip is acute, leaf base is acute; petiole inflorescence 2.00-2.37 cm (2.18±0.11 cm). Number of
is short, length 0.8-1.0 cm (0.89±0.06 cm), grooves on the bracts on peduncle reaches 5 blades. Bract on rachis of
adaxial surface. True stem has a height of 147.0-175.8 cm inflorescence is green, bract apex is yellow, 22-32 blades
(158.36±11.20 cm), segmented into nodes and internodes (26.33±3.11 blades), length 0.3-3.2 cm (2.33±0.21 cm),
with a length of internode of 5.7-9.8 cm (7.36±1.27 cm). width 0.2-2.7 cm (2.02±0.27 cm), each bract supports one
Rhizome is spherical, diameter 3.27-4.50 cm (3.79±0.39 flower (Figure 22C-F).
cm), rhizome surface is rough and brownish-yellow, A total length of flower ranges between 4.0-4.7 cm
rhizome flesh colour is dark-yellow (ginstergelb, RAL (4.36±0.19 cm). Each flower is protected by a bracteole;
1032), anthocyanin colour of bud of rhizome is pink. bracteole has a length of 2.4-2.6 cm (2.51±0.08 cm), width
Generative organs were not found in this study (Figure 21). 1.30-1.9 cm (1.47±0.16 cm), translucent-white, the apex is
green, the edges are free, the base attaches on rachis. Calyx
Zingiber officinale Roscoe is gamosepalous, has a total length of 0.7-1.0 cm
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has a semi-erect (0.84±0.07 cm), translucent-white, the base is tubular to
plant growth direction, plant height 109.7-121.6 cm form a tube, attaches on ovary. Corolla is gamopetalous,
(112.83±3.42 cm), pseudo-stem diameter 10.2-13.0 mm tubular with a tube length of 1.9-2.8 cm (2.29±0.29 cm);
(11.14±0.93 mm), pseudo-stem base colour is red. Leaf has 3 blades, zygomorphic, yellow; one of blades is dorsal
consists of blade, sheath, and short-petiole; leaf blade shape corolla, larger with a length of 1.6-2.1 cm (1.76±0.12 cm)
is narrow-lanceolate, leaf apex is acute, leaf base is acute, and a width of 0.55-0.70 cm (0.66±0.05 cm), while the
leaf margin is entire, leaf venation is parallel (rectinervis). other two blades are lateral corolla, have a length of 1.2-1.7
Number of leaves 31-34 blades (32.90±0.99 blades), length cm (1.45±0.12 cm) and a widht of 0.30-0.35 cm (0.31±0.02
of ligule 0.4-0.7 cm (0.51±0.07 cm), length of petiole 0.8 cm). Staminodes have 3 blades, zygomorphic, yellow with
cm, length of leaf blade 27.7-29.1 cm (28.03±0.48 cm), red edges; one of blades is labellum, larger with a length of
leaf blade width 3.1-3.4 cm (3.22±0.09 cm). Rhizome 1.2-1.5 cm (1.39±0.09 cm) and a width of 0.8-1.4 cm
shape is elliptical, diameter 2.47-2.80 cm (2.62±0.10 cm), (1.19±0.19 cm), while the other two blades are lateral
rhizome flesh is yellowish-white (sandgelb, RAL 1002), staminodes, have a length of 0.5-0.8 cm (0.60±0.09 cm)
rhizome surface is rough and has yellowish-white (beige, and a width of 0.3-0.5 cm (0.36±0.05 cm). Fertile stamen 1,
RAL 1001) colour, anthocyanin color of bud of rhizome is length 0.8-0.9 cm (0.86±0.05 cm), yellow, the apex has a
yellowish-white (Figure 22). black horn; sterile stamens 2, tubular, white, length 0.5-0.8
Inflorescence emerges from pseudo-stem shoot or cm (0.61±0.08 cm). Pistil has a total length of 3.8-5.5 cm
rhizome in the soil. A total height of plant producing (4.65±1.20 cm); the stigma is truncate-shaped, white; ovary
inflorescence from pseudo-stem shoot ranges from 37.1- has a length of 0.2-0.3 cm (0.25±0.04 cm), diameter 0.23-
50.8 cm (43.95±9.69 cm). Meanwhile, inflorescence that 0.28 cm (0.26±0.01 cm), 3 lobes, each lobe contains many
emerging from rhizome in the soil, has a total height of ovules (Figure 23).

Figure 21. Morphological characters of vegetative organs in bangle (Zingiber cassumunar) collected from Serang District, Banten. A. Plant
performance, B. adaxial surface of leaf blade, C. abaxial surface of leaf blade, D. transverse section of pseudo-stem, E. transverse section of
petiole, F-G. ligule, H-I. rhizome in the soil, J. longitudinal section of rhizome, K. transverse section of rhizome, L. bud of rhizome
 WINDARSIH et al. – Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae 5523

Figure 22. Morphological characters of vegetative organ and inflorescence in ginger (Zingiber officinale) from Serang District, Banten.
A. Plant performance, B. leaf blade, C-E. inflorescence emerging from rhizome in the soil, F. bracts on rachis of inflorescence, G. pseudo-stem base
having red colour, H. bud of rhizome, I. rhizome; 1. longitudinal section of rhizome, 2. transverse section of rhizome

Figure 23. Flower of ginger (Zingiber officinale) from Serang District, Banten. A. Parts of flower, B. performance of flower from upper
view, C. bract on rachis of inflorescence, D. calyx, E.lateral corolla (left and right) and dorsal corolla (middle), F. lateral staminodes
(left and right) and labellum (middle), G. sterile stamen, H. ovary, I. longitudinal section of ovary, J. transverse section of ovary with 3
lobes containing ovules, K. stigma, L. black-horn of fertile stamen, M. fertile stamen, N. style of pistil

Zingiber officinale var. rubrum cm (35.56±1.15 cm), length of ligule 1.0-1.2 cm

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) has a (1.09±0.06 cm), length of petiole 0.5-0.7 cm (0.56± 0.07
semi-erect growth direction, plant height 120.7-136.5 cm cm), length of leaf blade 31.1-35.0 cm (32.54±1.41 cm),
(125.74±4.65 cm); pseudo-stem is spherical-shaped with a leaf blade width 2.0-3.2 cm (2.85±0.32 cm), leaf apex is
diameter of 10.9-14.2 mm (12.13±1.10 mm), pseudo-stem acute, leaf base is acute. True stem has a height of 86.8-
base is red. Leaf consists of blade, sheath, and petiole; leaf 99.8 cm (92.2±4.02 cm), segmented into nodes and
blade is dark-green, narrow-lanceolate, leaf apex is acute, internodes with a length of internode by 5.7-7.2 cm
leaf base is acute, leaf margin is entire, leaf venation is (6.28±0.48 cm). Rhizome is elliptical in shape, diameter
parallel (rectinervis), midrib is prominent on the abaxial 2.81-3.63 cm (3.08±0.22 cm), rhizome surface is rough and
surface, abaxial surface of leaf blade is hairy; petiole is red (purpurrot, RAL 3004), rhizome flesh is yellowish-
short, semi-circular in shape. Number of leaves 36-42 white (hellelfenbein, RAL 1015), anthocyanin color of bud
blades (39.0±2.0 blades), length of leaf sheath 34.2-37.6 of rhizome is red (Figure 24).
5524 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

Inflorescence emerges from pseudo-stem shoot or length of tube 1.9-2.6 cm (2.09±0.23 cm); has 3 blades,
rhizome in the soil. Inflorescence emerging from rhizome zygomorphic, yellow; one of blades is dorsal corolla, larger
in the soil, has a total height of inflorescence by 36.10 cm; with a length of 1.6-1.9 cm (1.79±0.08 cm) and a width of
the growth direction of inflorescence stalk (peduncle) is 0.7-0.9 cm (0.8±0.06 cm), while the other two blades are
erect, length of peduncle 23 cm, diameter of peduncle 0.76 lateral corolla, have a length of 1.4-1.8 cm (1.59±0.10 cm)
cm; length of inflorescence 11.7-19.0 cm (15.35±5.16 cm), and a width of 0.35-0.50 cm (0.4±0.04 cm). Staminodes
diameter of inflorescence 2.67-2.90 cm (2.79±0.16 cm). have 3 blades, zygomorphic, yellow with red-edges; one of
Number of bracts on peduncle 9 blades, green, length 3.1- blades is labellum, larger with a length of 1.2-1.5 cm
6.8 cm (4.94±1.45 cm), width 1.6-3.6 cm (2.53±0.78 cm). (1.34±0.11 cm) and a width of 0.9-1.2 cm (1.03±0.09 cm);
Number of bracts on rachis of inflorescence 37-53 blades the other two blades are lateral staminodes, have a length
(45±11.31 blades), length 2.5-3.8 cm (2.92±0.18 cm), of 0.5-0.7 cm (0.63±0.07 cm) and a width of 0.4-0.6 cm
width 1.6-3.3 cm (2.82±0.32 cm), green, white-bract base, (0.47±0.06 cm). Fertile stamen 1, length 0.9-1.0 cm
the apex is reddish-yellow (Figure 25). (0.98±0.04 cm), the tip has a black horn; sterile stamens 2,
Flower is protected by a bracteole; bracteole is white tubular, white, length 0.50-0.85 cm (0.72±0.08 cm). Pistil
with a yellowish-green tip, length 2.6-3.0 cm (2.84±0.12 has a length of 3.8-4.7 cm (4.09±0.25 cm); stigma is
cm), width 1.5-2.0 cm (1.80±0.14 cm). Flower has a total truncate-shaped, white. Ovary has a length of 0.2-0.3 cm
length of 4.1-4.8 cm (4.43±0.27 cm). Calyx is translucent- (0.23±0.04 cm), diameter 0.27-0.34 cm (0.30±0.03 cm), 3
white, gamosepalous, tubular, total length of calyx 1.0-1.2 lobes, each lobe contains many ovules (Figure 25).
cm (1.13±0.07 cm). Corolla is gamopetalous, tubular, with

Figure 24. Morphological characters of vegetative organ in red ginger (Z. officinale var. rubrum) collected from Serang District,
Banten. A. Plant performance, B. adaxial (left) and abaxial (right) surfaces of leaf blade, C. transverse section of pseudo-stem, D. ligule,
E. transverse section of leaf petiole, F. arrangement of rhizomes in the soil, G. longitudinal section of rhizome, H. transverse section of
rhizome, I. rhizome surface, J. buds of rhizome

Figure 25. Morphological characters of generative organs in red ginger (Z. officinale var. rubrum) collected from Serang District,
Banten. A. Inflorescence, B. bracts of peduncle, C-D. bracts on rachis of inflorescence, E. flower, F. parts of flower; 1. bracteole, 2.
calyx, 3. dorsal corolla (left) and lateral corolla (middle and right), 4. labellum (left) and lateral staminodes (middle and right), 5-11.
reproductive organ parts, 5. fertile stamen, 6. horn of fertile stamen, 8. stigma, 9. style, 10. sterile stamen, 11. ovary
 WINDARSIH et al. – Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae 5525

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. E. elatior, A. compactum, Z. zerumbet, and A. purpurata,
Lempuyang gajah [Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex while group II includes Z. officinale, Z. officinale var.
Sm.] has a semi-erect plant growth direction, plant height rubrum, dan Z. cassumunar. Group I was divided into two
136.2-164.1 cm (152.77±8.01 cm), pseudo-stem diameter small groups; sub-group A includes C. xanthorrhiza, C.
11.6-20.8 mm (15.81±2.97 mm), pseudo-stem base colour longa, C. heyneana, C. mangga, C. aeruginosa, and K.
is reddish. Leaf consists of blade, sheath, and short-petiole; rotunda, while sub-group B includes E. elatior, A.
leaf shape is lanceolate, leaf apex is acuminate, leaf base is compactum, Z. zerumbet, and A. purpurata. The species of
acute or obtuse, leaf blade is green, leaf margin is entire, C. xanthorrhiza, C. heyneana, and C. longa had the highest
leaf venation is pinnate (penninervis). Number of leaves similarity (94%), as well as between Z. officinale and Z.
18-31 blades (23.10±3.98 blades), length of leaf sheath officinale var. rubrum (94%).
29.6-35.2 cm (31.91±1.96 cm), length of ligule 2.4-3.1 cm In this study, the generative organs were only found in
(2.71±0.23 cm), length of petiole 1.1-1.5 cm (1.25±0.14 eight species/cultivars of Zingiberaceae, i.e. C.
cm), length of leaf blade 27.5-32.4 cm (29.56±1.73 cm), xanthorrhiza, C. heyneana, C. longa, K. rotunda, E.
leaf blade width 7.9-10.8 cm (9.04±0.85 cm). The leaf apex elatior, A. compactum, Z. officinale and Z. officinale var.
is acute or acuminate, the base of leaf is obtuse, acute, or rubrum. The similarity distance based on morphological
rounded. True stem has a height of 97.7-122.6 cm characters of vegetative and generative organs showed a
(114.21±7.06 cm), segmented into nodes and internodes kinship relationship among those eight species/cultivars
with length of internode by 5.6-11.8 cm (8.24±1.97 cm). Zingiberaceae from Serang District, Banten. Based on the
Rhizome is spherical or elliptical in shape, diameter 2.85- analysis of UPGMA using Program NTSYs version 2.02,
4.87 cm (3.75±0.58 cm), rhizome surface is rough and the result showed a high diversity among eight
yellowish-white (beige, RAL 1001), rhizome flesh is species/cultivars based on vegetative and generative
yellowish (perweib-schwefelgelb, RAL 1013-1016), organs. From the dendogram as presented in Figure 28, it
anthocyanin color of bud of rhizome is white. Generative can be seen that the eight species/cultivars had a similarity
organs were not found in this study (Figure 26). distance coefficient from 31% to 94%. Those eight
Relationship analysis species/cultivars were divided into two main groups; group
Based on the analysis of UPGMA using Program I includes C. xanthorrhiza, C. heyneana, C. longa, K.
NTSYs version 2.02, the result showed the morphological rotunda, E. elatior, and A. compactum, while group II
characters of vegetative organs gave a high diversity includes Z. officinale and Z. officinale var. rubrum. Group I
among the thirteen species/cultivars. From the dendogram was divided into two sub-groups, i.e. sub-group A (C.
as presented in Figure 27, it can be seen that the thirteen xanthorrhiza, C. heyneana, C. longa, K. rotunda) and sub-
species/cultivars had a similarity distance coefficient from group B (E. elatior, A. compactum). The species of C.
37% to 94%. The thirteen species/cultivars were divided xanthorrhiza and C. heyneana showed the highest
into two main groups; group I includes C. xanthorrhiza, C. similarity (94%), as well as between Z. officinale and Z.
longa, C. heyneana, C. mangga, C. aeruginosa, K. rotunda, officinale var. rubrum (94%).

Figure 26. Morphological characters of vegetative organs in lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet) collected from Serang District,
Banten. A. Plant performance, B. reddish-pseudo-stem base, C. bud of rhizome, D. rhizomes; 1. main rhizome, 2. primary rhizome, 3.
secondary rhizome, 4. tertiary rhizome, 5. longitudinal section of rhizome, 6. transverse section of rhizome
5526 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

Key to identification disappear in the dry season based on the aromatic

Identification key to Zingiberaceae in Serang District, compounds and colour of rhizome flesh. Based on the
Banten based on vegetative and generative organs: result of this study, the colour of rhizome flesh varied into
white (K. rotunda), yellowish-white (E. elatior, Z.
1 Leaf venation is rectinervis …………………………… 2 officinale, Z. officinale var. rubrum, A. compactum),
Leaf venation is penninervis ............................................... 3 yellowish (Z. zerumbet), yellow (C. mangga), dark-yellow
(Z. cassumunar), orange (C. xanthorrhiza, C. longa, C.
2 Anthocyanin colour of bud in rhizome is yellowish-white …
heyneana), reddish (A. purpurata), and blue (C.
…………………………………………….…… Z. officinale
Anthocyanin colour of bud in rhizome is red ………………
aeruginosa). The blue colour of rhizome flesh can be used
…………………............................ Z. officinale var. rubrum as a specific marker for C. aeruginosa, but it must to be
conducted carefully because the blue colour will degrade
3 Plant growth direction is semi-erect, rhizome surface is when the rhizome is over-mature or due to the storage
smooth ……………………………………………………. 4 process. The red rhizome in Z. officinale var. rubrum was
Plant growth direction is erect, rhizome surface is medium also reported by Setiawan et al. (2018). The result of our
or rough …………………………………………….…….. 5 study is also in line with Kaliyadasa and Samarasinghe
(2019) who reported that the genus of Curcuma has
4 Petiole is absence, growth direction of peduncle is branched, fleshy, and aromatic rhizome, roots attached to
humifusus; corolla 2 blades, actinomorf; staminodes 2
blades ……………………………………… A. compactum
the rhizome, and lanceolate leaf blade.
Petiole is short, growth direction of peduncle is erect; The morphology of generative organs in 8
corolla 3 blades, zigomorf; staminode 1 blade ……………... species/cultivars, i.e. C. xanthorrhiza, C. heyneana, C.
………………………………………………….... E. elatior longa, K. rotunda, E. elatior, A. compactum, Z. officinale
and Z. officinale var. rubrum, also had variation in the
5 Leaf margin is undulate, pseudo-stem base colour is growth direction of peduncle, colour of inflorescence bract,
brownish-red, rhizome flesh colour is white, staminodes 4 number and colour of corolla blade, number of staminodes
blades, labellum colour is purplish-white, cup-shaped blade, colour of labellum, stigma shape and colour, number
stigma, fertile stamen without horn ………..…… K. rotunda and colour of horn of fertile stamen tip, and sterile stamen
Leaf margin is entire, pseudo-stem base colour is green,
rhizome flesh colour is orange, staminodes 3 blades,
shape and colour. The growth direction of peduncle can be
labellum colour is yellow, lobed-shaped stigma, fertile a specific marker for A. compactum (humifusus). The
stamen with horn ……………………………………… 6 terminal bracts of inflorescence rachis of Curcuma genus
form a sterile cluster with longer blade and bright colour
6 Colour of bractea on rachis of inflorescence is whiteness- were also reported by Kaliyadasa and Samarasinghe
green ………………………………….………….. C. longa (2019). The terminal bract of inflorescence in C.
Colour of bractea on rachis of inflorescence is purplish-pink xanthorrhiza and C. heyneana has the same colour,
……………………………………………………………. 7 however the colour of corolla can differentiate both of
7 Anthocyanin colour of bud in rhizome is white, corolla them (i.e. C. xanthorrhiza = pink, C. heyneana = white).
colour is white ……………………….………. C. heyneana
Anthocyanin colour of bud in rhizome is yellowish-white,
The corolla character can differentiate A. compactum
corolla colour is pink …………………….. C. xanthorrhiza (actinomorphic, two blade) from other members of
Zingiberaceae observed (zigomorphic, 3 blade). The
number of staminodes varied in Zingiberaceae; E. elatior
Discussion has 1 lip, A. compactum has 2 blades, genus of Zingiber
In total, there were 13 species/cultivar of Zingiberaceae and Curcuma have 3 blades, and K. rotunda has 4 blades.
recorded in this study i.e. Curcuma xanthorrhiza, C. longa, Black-stigma can be specific marker for E. elatior from
C. heyneana, C. mangga, C. aeruginosa, Kaempferia other members of Zingiberaceae observed. The sterile
rotunda, Etlingera elatior, Amomum compactum, Alpinia stamen can become a specific character for genus of
purpurata, Zingiber zerumbet, Z. officinale, Z. officinale Curcuma with tubular-shaped.
var. rubrum, and Z. cassumunar. Based on the result of the Sirirugsa (1998) explained that Curcuma genus has two
analysis, there were variations in morphological characters, distinct flowering forms, i.e. inflorescence laterally from
both on vegetative and generative organs among the 13 rhizome and terminally from the leafy shoots. The both
species/cultivars. The variations included petiole, leaf inflorescences commonly cause identification problems
margin, leaf venation, plant growth habit, colour of pseudo- due to the intraspecific and interspecific morphological
stem base, leaf blade shape, leaf blade apex, leaf blade variations. However, the difference of both in this study
base, rhizome shape by transversal section, rhizome surface could not be distinguished in each species because the
roughness, colour of rhizome flesh, and anthocyanin colour laterally inflorescence from rhizome was just found in C.
of bud of rhizome. The absence of petiole was just found in xanthorrhiza, while terminally inflorescence from the leafy
A. compactum. All members of Zingiber have parallel leaf shoots were just found in C. heyneana and C. longa.
venation, except Z. zerumbet with pinnate leaf venation. Meanwhile, the inflorescences of Z. officinale and Z.
In Zingiberaceae, the rhizome is widely used to identify officinale var. rubrum emerge both from rhizome and leafy
the species when the parts of plant above the ground shoot.
 WINDARSIH et al. – Morphological characters of Zingiberaceae 5527

C xanthorrhiza

C longa

C heyneana

C mangga

C aeruginosa

K rotunda

Z_officinale_rubMW E elatior

A compactum

Z zerumbet

A purpurata

Z officinale

Z officinale rub

Z cassumunar

0.37 0.51 0.66 0.80 0.94

Coefficient

Figure 27. Dendogram of 13 species/cultivars collected from Serang District, Banten based on morphological characters of vegetative
organs

C xanthorrhiza

C heyneana

C longa

K rotunda
Z_officinale_rubMW
E elatior

A compactum

Z officinale

Z officinale rub

0.31 0.47 0.62 0.78 0.94

Coefficient

Figure 28. Dendogram of 8 species/cultivars collected from Serang District, Banten based on morphological characteristics of
vegetative and generative organs.

The results of previous studies reported that the colour Standard, can be one of solutions to avoid the subjectivity
of rhizome flesh is deep orange-yellow (Abdel-Lateef et al. in colour perspective among botanist to determine the
2016) or yellowish-orange (Setiawan et al. 2018), while the colour of plant morphological characters.
result of this study is orange (RAL 1023-verkehrsgelb or The use of morphological characters of vegetative
1007-narzissengelb). In other study by Setiawan (2018), organs can help taxonomical works, especially when the
the colour of rhizome flesh of red ginger is brightly plant generative organs are not available. In this study, 13
yellowish-grey, while in this study it has yellowish-white species/cultivars of Zingiberaceae were observed for the
(hellelfenbein, RAL 1015) colour. The use of international morphological characters of vegetative organs, however
standard colour, such as RAL K7 Classic International only 8 species/cultivars were available to have vegetative
5528 B I OD I V E R S I TA S 22 (12): 5507-5529, December 2021

and generative organs. Based on the morphological selection for landscape use. Ornam Hortic 24 (3): 255-260. DOI:
10.14295/oh.v24i3.1208
characters of vegetative organs, K. rotunda is separated Hassemer G, Prado J, Baldini RM. 2020. Diagnoses and descriptions in
from genus Curcuma in sub-group A, while in group II Z. plant taxonomy: are we making proper use of them?. Taxon 69 (1): 1-
cassumunar is separated from Z. officinale and Z. officinale 4. DOI: 10.1002/tax.12200
var. rubrum. The separation of Z. zerumbet from the Hutasuhut MA, Tambunan EPS. 2018. Inventarisasi jenis-jenis
Zingiberaceae di Hutan Telagah Taman Nasional Gunung Lauser
Zingiber genus based on the morphological characters of
Kabupaten Langkat Sumatera Utara. Klorofil 2 (1): 14-20. DOI:
vegetative organs in group II still has to be reconfirmed 10.30821/kfl:jibt.v2i1.7824 [Indonesian]
based on the morphological characters of generative organs Irayanti NMA, Yadnya-Putra AAGR. 2020. A narrative review of
which were not found in this study. Meanwhile, the use of Zingiberaceae family as antibacterial agent for traditional medication
based on balinese local wisdom. J Pharm Sci 2 (2): 2301-7708. DOI:
vegetative and generative data was able to separate C. 10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p04
longa from C. xanthorrhiza and C. heyneana. Iroka CF, Okeke CU, Izundu AI, Okereke NC, Nyanayo BL, Okwealor
The kinship relationship between C. xanthorhiza and C. KU. 2015. Taxonomic significance of morphological characters in the
heyneana based on the morphological characters of species of Stachytarpheta found in Awka, Nigeria. Int J Plant Soil Sci
8 (3): 1-6. DOI: 10.9734/IJPSS/2015/19409
vegetative organs only still give a consistent similarity Jagtap S. 2015. Phytochemical screening, anti-oxidant activity,
distance coefficient (94%) with the results based on, both multielemental analysis by ICP-Spectroscopy and antimicrobial
the morphological characters of vegetative and generative activity of rhizome extracts of Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham.
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Improvement Research Funding No. 663 Year 2021. GW is Pawar RK, Sharma S, Singh KC, Sharma Rajeev KR. 2011. Development
the main contributor who responsible for designing the and validation of HPTLC method for the determination of
research, conducting data collection and observation of andrographolide in kalmegh navayas lohaan ayurvedic formulation.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 3: 975-1491.
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