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Experimnt No 5

The document describes performing power factor compensation using an automatic power factor correction unit. It provides background on power factor and defines related terms. The procedure connects loads and a capacitor bank to a power supply and power factor correction unit, and takes readings while varying the number of capacitors and loads to observe the unit's operation.

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23 views

Experimnt No 5

The document describes performing power factor compensation using an automatic power factor correction unit. It provides background on power factor and defines related terms. The procedure connects loads and a capacitor bank to a power supply and power factor correction unit, and takes readings while varying the number of capacitors and loads to observe the unit's operation.

Uploaded by

mahamchudry2
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LAB REPORT O5

Objective:
To Perform Power Factor compensation by using automatic power factor
Correction Unit.

Apparatus:
 3 Phase Power Supply
 Voltmeter
 Transmission line Model
 Capacitive Load
 Ammeter
 Capacitor Bank
 Inductive Load
 Resistive Load
 Automatic (PF) Correction Unit

Theory:
What is Power Factor?
Power factor is the ratio between the KW and the KVA drawn by an electrical load
where the KW is the actual load power and the KVA is the apparent load power. It is a
measure of how effectively the current is being converted into useful work output and
more particularly is a good indicator of the effect of the load current on the efficiency of
the supply system.
 All current flow causes losses both in the supply and distribution system. A load with a
power factor of 1.0 results in the most efficient loading of the supply. A load with a
power factor of, say, 0.8, results in much higher losses in the supply system and a higher
bill for the consumer. A comparatively small improvement in power factor can bring
about a significant reduction in losses since losses are proportional to the square of the
current.
 When the power factor is less than one the ‘missing’ power is known as reactive power
which unfortunately is necessary to provide a magnetizing field required by motors and
other inductive loads to perform their desired functions. Reactive power can also be
interpreted as wattles, magnetizing or wasted power and it represents an extra burden
on the electricity supply system and on the consumer’s bill.
 A poor power factor is usually the result of a significant phase difference between the
voltage and current at the load terminals, or it can be due to a high harmonic content or
a distorted current waveform.
 A poor power factor is generally the result of an inductive load such as an induction
motor, a power transformer, and ballast in a luminary, a welding set or an induction
furnace. A distorted current waveform can be the result of a rectifier, an inverter, a
variable speed drive, a switched mode power supply, discharge lighting or other
electronic loads.
 A poor power factor due to inductive loads can be improved by the addition of power
factor correction equipment, but a poor power factor due to a distorted current
waveform requires a change in equipment Design or the addition of harmonic filters.
 Some inverters are quoted as having a power factor of better than 0.95 when, in reality,
the true power factor is between 0.5 and 0.75. The figure of 0.95 is based on the cosine
of the angle between the voltage and current but does not take into account that the
current waveform is discontinuous and therefore contributes to increased losses.
 An inductive load requires a magnetic field to operate and in creating such a magnetic
field causes the current to be out of phase with the voltage (the current lags the
voltage). Power factor correction is the process of compensating for the lagging current
by creating a leading current by connecting capacitors to the supply.
 P.F (Cos Ǿ)= K.W / KVA Or
 P.F (Cos Ǿ)= True Power / Apparent Power.
 KW is Working Power (also called Actual Power or Active Power or Real Power).
 It is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful work.
 KVAR is Reactive Power.
 It is the power that magnetic equipment (transformer, motor and relay)needs to
produce the magnetizing flux.
 KVA is Apparent Power.
 It is the “vectorial summation” of KVAR and KW.
The power factor describes the amount of real power transmitted along a transmission
line relative to the total apparent power flowing in line.
Increasing the power factor:
As the power factor (i.e. cos θ) increases, the ratio of real power to apparent
power (which = cos θ), increases and approaches unity (1), while the angle θ decreases
and the reactive power decreases. [As cos θ → 1, its maximum possible value, θ → 0 and
so Q → 0, as the load becomes less reactive and more purely resistive].
Decreasing the power factor:
As the power factor decreases, the ratio of real power to apparent power also
decreases, as the angle θ increases and reactive power increases.
Lagging and leading power factors:
There is also a difference between a lagging and leading power factor. The terms refer
to whether the phase of the current is leading or lagging the phase of the voltage. A
lagging power factor signifies that the load is inductive, as the load will “consume”
reactive power, and therefore the reactive component is positive as reactive power
travels through the circuit and is “consumed” by the inductive load. A leading power
factor signifies that the load is capacitive, as the load “supplies” reactive power, and
therefore the reactive component is negative as reactive power is being supplied to the
circuit.
If θ is the phase angle between the current and voltage, then the power factor is equal
to the cosine of the angle,
Capacitor Bank:
A Capacitor Bank is a group of several capacitors of the same rating that are connected
in series or parallel with each other to store electrical energy. The resulting bank is then
used to counteract or correct a power factor lag or phase shift in an alternating current
(AC) power supply

Power Factor Correction Unit:


A Power Factor Correction Unit is a device which uses all the information of the system
and them according to need it adjust Power factor very near to the original one to be
very efficient. The voltage will only vary 1-5 volts from the original value after the Load is
used.
In most installations there is not a constant absorption of reactive power for example
due to working cycles for which machines with different electrical characteristics are
used
An automatic compensation system is formed by:
 Some sensors detecting current and voltage signals;
 An intelligent unit which compares the measured power factor with the desired one
and operates the connection and disconnection of the capacitor banks with the
necessary reactive power (power factor regulator);
 An electric power board comprising switching and protection devices;
 Some capacitor banks.
Procedure:
 To understand the effect of automatic power factor corrector I connect the Circuit
as shown in the Circuit Diagram
 I connected the three phase power supply along with circuit breakers to the
capacitor bank, transmission line model and resistive and capacitive loads.
 Then I connected the APFCU with it and enter the information by long pressing
the select button
 Then step by stem I enter the required information into it and at the end save it.
 After saving I activate the APFCU and then change the load from minimum to
maximum and note the effect of it on the APFCU.
 I take three readings and note them in the table.

Observation:
Sr# No of Power Factor Operation
Capacitors
1 One 0.85 Capacitive
Load
2 Two 0.88 Inductive Load
3 Three 0.80 Inductive Load

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