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 1 - STRUCTURE & GROWTH OF TS ECONOMY
TELANGANA ECONOMY IN THE UNDIVIDED AP (1956 – 2014)

 Telangana region of Hyd State & Andhra State were merged & formed AP on 1 Nov 1956

PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN HYD STATE –

 To understand pattern of development, we must focus on 3 major aspects of economy – agriculture,
industries & services b/w 1853 – 1948
 Demographic features of Hyd State:
- Population of Hyd was 98lakh (1881) & it increased to 1.87cr (1951)
- The share of urban population & industrial workers was higher in Hyd State than All India but the literacy
rate was lower in Hyd

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 Salarjung Reforms:

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1. Abolition of Jagirs during 1853 – 1883:
- It clearly defined the Rights of farmers, quantum of land revenue to be paid & powers of talukdars
- Duties on exports & imports was removed
- In 1860, several types of Custom duties were abolished & Customs Dept was estd and kept under Govt
- As systematic policy of levying taxes was implemented, the govt revenue increased
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2. Establishment of various Depts:
- Irrigation Dept (to supervise & repair tanks) estd in 1878
- Singareni Colleries Company Ltd was estd on 23 Dec 1920
- Military dept was estd in 1864
- Warehousing of Public Works was estd in 1869
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- Survey & settlement Dept was estd in 1875
- Census Dept was estd in 1880 (to carry out 1881 census)
 Economic Development under the Rule of Nizam:
- It is divided into 2 phases –
(i) Phase 1 (1724 – 1857) – agri dependent
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(ii) Phase 2 (1857 – 1948) – foundations of industrial development were laid

- As per Hyd Land Revenue Act 1908, the State had complete & ultimate ownership rights on land (it
allowed the farmers, owning the land to have the right to carry on agri activities on the land, to confer
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ownership rights on hereditary basis. But if pattadar was not able to pay land revenue, or does not have
legal heir, the right on the land would be transferred to State again)
- Farmers whose names are in village registers are called “Shikmidars” and tenant farmers are called
“Asami Shikmis”
- Agricultural Development –
 Prior to Salarjung reforms, agri was for purpose of food grain production, after the reforms the
agri production began for markets
 Though Govt collected taxes, they did not show interest to provide proper irrigation
 b/w 1900 – 1950, production of commercial crops increased & large-scale irrigation proj (canal
irrigation) were taken up
- Industrial development -
 Prior to 1724, Handicraft industries & agriculture were integrated

 Demand was for 3 types of industrial products, they are:

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 (a) War equipment
(b) Export oriented textiles, diamonds & shipping
(c) Indigenous demand related luxury products
 During Qutub Shahis, the production was developed that it was also meant for exports
 Shipping industry also flourished in Nizam state
 Foundation for industrialisation was made strong after Salarjung reforms
 Development can be categorised into 3 phases. they are –
(i) Phase 1 (1870 – 1919):
 In 1857, Telegraph system was introduced in Hyd
 In 1872, Postal Dept was started
 1st Cotton mill formed in 1874, several agro-based industries were estd
(ii) Phase 2 (1919 – 1939):
 imp aspect of this phase is that govt provided infra facilities that would
encourage industrial development

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 In 1909, Govt enacted Factories & Boilers Inspection Act to regulate working of

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increasing cotton & ginning mills
 Commerce & Industries Dept was estd in 1918. Industrial Trust Fund was
formed in 1929 & it invested in large-scale industrial units
 In 1930, a permanent industrial exhibition was setup in Hyd city
 The new fiscal system of 1922 helped to strengthen the tax revenue to increase
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public expenditure to a significant level
 Nizam State Railway Company (NSRC) was estd to develop rail network in Nizam
State. RMTS (Road Mechanical Transport Service) was estd in 1932
 Hydro-electricity production from Nizam Sagar canal was started in 1930s.
(iii) Phase 3 (1939 – 1949) – 2 changes took place. They are:
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 change in industrial structure (shift from agri-based industries to non-agri
sector industries) – new industries were estd in respect of machine tools,
chemical industries, paper mills, forest produce based industries. There was
impact of WW-II also
 efforts were made for planned development – Akbar Hydari mooted the idea of
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planning in 1922 (ITF became part of it). Planning dept was formed in 1943
 After the fall in demand for different products after WW-II, industrialisation did
suffer to some extent as the internal demand in the State could not be generated
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due to disturbed socio-political condition

TELANGANA ECONOMY IN UNDIVIDED AP (1956 – 2014) –

 Initially TS had only 9 districts (RR was formed in 1978 by separating Hyd Rural from Hyd)
 Telangana region constituted 35% area & 60% population in Hyd State
 Differences between TS Region from other places in Hyd state –
- TS region more urbanised
- Net sown area of TS region = 2/5 (40%)
Net sown area of others = 2/3 (66%)
- Crop composition of TS Region – millets & pulses
- Agriculture as a source of income is relatively of less importance for TS region than for other areas of Hyd
 Andhra was agriculturally predominant region of Madras province
 % of population dependent on agri during 1956 –

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 AP – 70% (In AP – Agri > 30sector > Industries)
TS – 62% (In TS – 30sector > Agri sector > Industries)
 TS constituted 42% of area (a = 44,314 sq. miles) & 35% of population (1.27cr)
 Economic conditions b/w 1956 – 2014 may be divided into 3 phases. they are –
(a) Phase 1 (1956 – 1970)
(b) Phase 2 (1971 – 1990) – Public sector assumed importance
(c) Phase 3 (1991 – 2014) – period of economic reform & post reform period
(a) Phase 1 (1956 – 1970) –
1. Agri sector:
- Jagirdari abolition Act 1949 – abolished intermediaries
- Hyd tenancy Act 1950 – to provide ownership rights to protect tenants (who held land for not less than
6yrs)
Because of these 2 Acts area under crops increased
- As per a 1969 report, level of development in TS is less than half of All India level in agri, irrigation,

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education, communication, transport & other sectors

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- Net sown area of TS formed 40% of that of AP but in most of key inputs of agri, share of TS is 27-35%
- Though the livestock population is in same number in both the regions, the ratio of veterinary hosps was
1:1.69
- In terms of expenditure on rural electricity, % spent in TS is < 1/3rd spent in Andhra
- Despite the lower levels of irrigation, lower planned expenditure in agri & other imp i/p, the agri
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production was in comparable standards with other States

States Paddy Jowar Sugarcane

Telangana 1305 460 8305
Andhra 1339 502 7974
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Punjab 1188 400 2777
Maharashtra 814 520 6916

2. Industrial development:
- Industries in TS are mineral & forest based and not agri based
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- In united AP, industrial development lagged (at least from view point of potential)
- Share of industries decreased in TS while it increased in Rayalaseema
- Growth rate in investment of industries also decreased in TS
- As per IDBI survey 1974, regional inequalities in development & related political atmosphere were the
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factors responsible for constraining industrial development compared to other States

(b) Phase 2 (1971 – 1990) –

- Process of economic development was mostly directed by Public Sector
- Perspectives on backwardness of TS –
(a) Backwardness based in historical & social aspects
(b) Discrimination against TS in policies of united AP
1. Agri sector:
- Agro-economic zones are – N Coast, S Coast, N TS, S TS, Rayalaseema
- Agri in TS is rainfed & hence the instability in growth (instability is highest in S TS > N TS, least in S Coast)
- There was change in cropping pattern (Paddy replaced millets) & cropped area under commercial crops
increased

2. Irrigation:

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- Net irrigated area under bore wells & other wells formed 76.48% (in 2011-12)
 Bore Wells > Other wells > Canals > Tanks
- Area irrigated under canals; tanks decreased
Area irrigated under bore wells, others, ground water increased
3. Industrial development issues:
- Industrialisation was concentrated around Hyd, RR, Medak
- In terms of employment, N Telangana topped (Nizamabad, Karimnagar). Beedi industry topped
- In terms of investment per capita in manufacturing, S Telangana topped
- But the contentious issue is the denial of employment opportunities to locals
4. Economic structure in General:

Share of various sectors 1962-63 1999-2000

Share of agri in GSDP of united AP 56.2% 28.6%
Share of mfg. in industrial sector (both 8% 12%
registered & unregistered)

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Share of service sector 35.8% 59.4%

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5. Service sector:
- Telangana’s economic structure changed rapidly during this period
- As the shares of Pub Ad & real estate were relatively in high proportion, the growth of service sector
took place around Hyd & surrounding districts also
- B/w 1981-91, In-migrants > Out migrants in whole of TS
- In-migrants to TS = 8%
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In-migrants to Hyd = 2.5%
- Though the growth was more in TS, the prob was distribution of gains as they were shared more by
non-locals
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(c) Phase 3 (1991 – 2014) –
- AP was in forefront in adopting 1991 reforms & they were adopted speedily
- On overall basis, the economic growth picked up in State during the post-liberalisation period &
Economic growth of TS > Andhra, Rayalaseema
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1. Agriculture:
- Reforms impacted agri after mid 1990s
- From 1997, protection for agri commodities was removed, agri markets were liberalised & entry of pvt
sector was allowed. State’s public investment in agri declined steeply. This acted a constraint in
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increasing productivity & profitability and to tap benefits from trade (less developed region like
Telangana suffered the most due to this)
- Pvt investment on ground water increased leading to its depletion
- Cost of cultivation increased due to increased dependency on markets for i/p, cost of i/p, additional
burden of irrigation & high-cost credit
- Annual growth rate of agri is not stable (Low growth rate is experienced from 1993-94 to 2005-06)
- Warangal – achieved a higher growth per annum due to high value commercial crop cotton. On the
other side, it also recorded the highest instances of farmer suicides
2. GSDP & Growth Rates:
- NDP (Net Domestic Product) can be calculated in 2 ways - @current prices, @constant prices
- Growth rate in TS in many yr were higher than in All India during the 2 decades
- Service sector grew at higher rates, where as agri sector was losing its share with instability in growth
Share of industries came down from 34% (1993-94) to 24.5% (2013-14)

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 - Stable political & economic conditions in state after 2014 & policy shift may have contributed to
relatively high growth performance
- In 2013-14 – Hyd, RR, Medak had highest share in GSDP
- b/w 1993-94 – 2013-14, Percapita GSDP of TS in the beginning showed lower levels than Percapita GDP
of India. From 2014, TS performed better

 share of different sectors (in 2013-14) @constant prices –

- Agri – 15%
- Industries – 24.5%
- Service – 60.5%
 Share of erstwhile districts in GSDP (in 2013-14) –
- Hyd (19%)
- RR (17.5%)
- Medak (11.6%)

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 Jagir system – Jagirs work as intermediaries b/w Nizam & peasants. Land is held by Jagirdar and he is

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responsible for payment of land revenue to Nizam. Earlier they were responsible for collecting land revenue
for which they received commission
 Ryotwari system – under this, land maybe held in individual holdings and the holder is responsible to the
State for payment of land revenue. Ryot is at liberty to sub-let his land and enjoy a permanent right of
tenancy so long as he pays the assessment of land revenue

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Zamindars – land is held by a person or by few joint owners and they are responsible for payment of land
revenue
 Net irrigated area – actual irrigated area will only be considered. Land cultivated more than once in an yr
with irrigation will be counted only once
 Cropping pattern – proportion of area under different crops at a point of time
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 GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) – GSDP of any State is measured in terms of economic contributions
made by 3 key sectors – agri & allied sectors, industries including mining & quarrying and services (It is the
money value of final goods & services produced in the financial yr in the State)
 Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) = (GSDP – Depreciation)
 Per-capita income of a territory – Avg annual income of individuals living in a territory. It is ratio of NSDP to
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population of that territory

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 DEPRIVATION & UNDER-DEVELOPMENT
FORMATION OF AP –
 Formation of AP is a saga of separation, union & re-separation
 Meeting held by Andhra Mahasabha b/w 1913-17 projected a strong demand for separate Andhra state
 INC in 1921 recognised lang as basis of reorganisation of States as its policy. Further recognition is given by
Nehru Report 1928
 Various Commissions -
A. SK Dhar Commission, 1948:
- Known as Linguistic Provinces Commission
- Mems –
(a) SK Dhar
(b) Pannalal
(c) Jagat Narain Lal
- Directed to examine & report on formation of new provinces

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- Discouraged supporters of geographical linguistic reorganisation & reported against such in near future

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B. JVP Committee:
- Submitted report in 1949
- It reported that prior to formation of States on linguistic basis, Andhra State should be separated from
Madras
Potti Sriramulu did fast unto death from 19 Oct 1952 to 15 Dec 1952. In reaction to this, Nehru
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announced formation of Andhra on 25 Mar 1953 (basing on KN Wanchoo Report)
C. State Reorganisation Commission 1953:
- Appointed by Central Govt in Aug 1953, to examine reconstitution of States. Submitted report in 1955
- Mems –
(a) Justice Fazl Ali
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(b) KM Panikkar
(c) Hridayanath Kunjru
- It proposed that country could be divided into 14 States & 6 UTs
- Reorganisation was supported by – Congress, Communist Party & Socialist Party
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- Opposed only by muslim

- Merger of TS & AP was suggested by CMs @ CM’s Meet on 22 Oct 1955 in Delhi
- People supporting Vishalandhra – Swami Ramananda Theertha & BRK
- People supporting Telangana – K V Rangareddy & Marri Chenna Reddy
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- Gentlemen’s agreement signed on 19 July 1956 by 8 mems

GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT –
 Also referred to as “Peddha Manushula Oppandam”
 Signed on 19 July 1956 by 8 members

Andhra leaders TS leaders

Bezawada Gopal Reddy (CM) BRK (CM)
Neelam Sanjeev Reddy MC Reddy
Gouthu Lacchanna JV Narsing Rao
Satyanarayana KV Ranga Reddy
 Features of the Agreement –
1. Central & General expenditure to be borne in proportionate ratio between TS & AP
2. Implementation of liquor prohibition should be as per the decisions taken by the TS Assembly mems

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 3. Educational facilities prevalent in TS should be available for TS students only. Educational access should
be developed or 1/3rd of educational facilities including technical education should be accessible for TS
4. If employment is to be reduced, it should be done in proportionate ratio
5. Population of the 2 regions should be the criteria to fill jobs in future
6. For administrative & legal sector, official correspondence in TS should be continued in & under for 5yrs.
Regional Committee could be constituted for review. There should not be a condition of Andhra Telugu
for joining a job, however it may be made imperative to pass the prescribed Telugu test within 2yrs of job
7. Candidates should have resided in TS for 12yrs to claim a job in TS
8. Sale of agricultural lands in TS should be regulated by Regional mandals
9. Regional Committee should be formed for the development of TS
10. Composition of TRC – 20 mems
11. It should be recognised by the State Govt & it shall deal with developmental issues, water supply etc. Any
difference of opinion between TRC & State Govt shall be submitted to Indian Govt for resolution
12. Only when agreed upon by an ombudsman, the issues shall be reviewed once in every 10yrs

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13. Ministry shall be proportionately represented – AP (60%) & TS (40%)

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14. If CM is from AP, then Dep CM should be from TS. At least 2 of the sectors from Home, Finance,
Revenue, Planning & Development, Communication & Industries should be allocated to Ministers from TS

TELANGANA REGIONAL COMMITTEE –

 9th point in Gentlemen’s agreement – formation of Telangana Regional Council
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 Parliament enacted “Note on Safeguards” Bill to provide Statutory backing to Gentlemen’s Agreement
 Telangana Regional Council was changed as Telangana Regional Committee in Formation of AP State Act
 TRC was formed through Presidential Order in 1958
 But Neelam Sanjeev Reddy (CM) did not form Executive body of TRC, mems were appointed by Damodaram
Sanjeevaiah (the CM in 1960)
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 4th, 5th & 7th points of Gentlemen’s Agreement are related to Govt services
 In 1969, power of TRC increased (as per 5th pt of 8-pt formula)
 TRC was abolished on 21 Sept 1973 (as result of declaration of 6-pt formula)
 Structure –
- It has 20 mems
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- Election process:
(a) 9 mems – represent 9 districts. Elected by TS MLA’s
(b) 6 mems – TS MLAs/MPs. Elected by TS MLA’s
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(c) 5 mems – mems who are not MLA’s. elected by TS MLA’s

(d) Telangana Ministers were ex-officio mems
 Chairman & Dep Chairman –
- Notification for election of Chairman & Dep Chairman is issued by Governor
- Chairman & Dep Chairman lose their membership if they lose their MLA seat
- Elected by MLAs of Telangana through Open Ballot System
- Mems can be removed by Special majority (none was removed)
 Meetings –
- Meetings will be organised by Chairman
- Quorum – 1/3rd mems
- Held at State Legislative building
- No Question Hour
- As per the agreement, it should be reviewed after 10yrs

 Powers & functions –

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 1. Its permission is necessary for sale of agricultural lands in TS
2. To observe powers of district boards, development institutions, General plan etc. enacted by Legislature
3. To observe development of primary & secondary education
4. Regulates admissions in Telangana educational institutions
5. Cottage & small-scale industries, agriculture, cooperative societies, markets etc. are under its control
6. Supervises job recruitment process in TS region
- Draft Bills should get its approval (exempted to Money Bills & Bills which are extended to both regions)
- Non-Financial Bills are called Regional Bills (power to decide it is with Governor)
 It provided grant for Nature Cure Hospital (Prakruthi Chikistha Hospital) @ Ameerpet
 Working –
- To have elaborate discussions on the Bills, it can form Sub-committees. They are –
1. Standing Sub-Committee – to discuss a particular aspect. 3 were formed. They are –
(a) Standing Sub-Committee on Local administration, public health
(b) Standing Sub-Committee on Education

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(c) Standing Sub-Committee on Development plans

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2. Ad-hoc Sub-Committee – Formed on special issues. Abolished after completion of the work
- Number of mems in Sub-Committees = 9
- Quorum = 4
- They have the right to call even govt officers by issuing a summon


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PM Indira Gandhi announced 8-pt formula (in reaction to 1969 agitation) – increased powers of TRC
She introduced 6-pt formula (in reaction to Jai Andhra movement) – TRC was abolished

 VIOLATION OF SAFEGUARDS OF TS -
- Sec 108(2) – Projects which are under construction & projects which have Central Govt approval shall not
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be stopped without approval of the Central Govt
- Sec 115(5) – for unification of AP employees, & to do justice to all, Central Govt will appoint advisory
Committee
- Sec 115(7) – Service conditions of the employees should not be amended in the manner, which may
cause loss to them
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Violated sector Proposals agreed Implementations

Regional  As per GA, TRC has the power to  Central Govt proposed Committee not Council
Council prepare plan for TS  It can make only non-financial
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recommendations
 Became advisory
 It did not have the supervisory powers of Mulki
rules & no power to supervise higher
education
CM -Dep CM  If was agreed that if CM is from  CM refused to appoint Dep CM (to be from TS)
Andhra region, Dep CM would be citing it as 6th finger of a hand
from TS & vice versa  Imp portfolios were not given to TS MLAs and
 At least 2 out of 5 imp portfolios to moreover portfolios were divided into 2 or 3
be given to Telangana Region MLAs minor Portfolios
 TPCC should continue till 1962  TPCC abolished in 1957 itself (it led to losing
opportunity to develop their independent
political leadership, own representation at
National level, TS lost its political identity)
Irrigation  Acc to it, in united AP, the  Surplus of TS funds were not spent on

8
 expenditure on Central and general Telangana region
administrative services of the State, For every expenditure item, it was defined that
where 2 regions would not the ratio of 2:1 has to be applied
specifically benefit should be borne  TS received only 197 TMC out of the allotted
proportionately in the ratio 2:1 and 1050 TMC
the balance of income from TS  Water sources in –
should be reserved for expenditure - TS – 16.6%
on development of TS only - AP – 48%
 Pochampadu Project –  80% of TS land under wells & tanks
multipurpose project on Godavari.  Pochampadu Project – AP Govt constructed it
Also known as Sriram Sagar project. with 66 TMC capacity & to cultivate around 5.7
Designed to store 260 TMC & to lakh acres
cultivate 20 lakh acres. Construct 2  Nagarjuna Sagar – AP Govt changed project
reservoirs @ Kadem, Lower Maneru design. Irrigated area through Left Canal was
Dam reduced from 10 lakh acres to 5 lakh acres. For

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 Nagarjuna Sagar – Nizam & Madras Right Canal it was increased to 21 lakh acres.

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combinedly made a survey to By 1968, Andhra got 5.6 lakh acres land under
construct project @ Nandikonda on irrigation while for TS it was only 0.9
Krishna. Started in 1955 as per  Bachawat Committee 1969 – it is a 3-mem
recommendations of Khosla committee for inter-state distribution of
Committee. It was to provide water Krishna water. Submitted report in 1973. TS
to 18.5 lakh acres to Guntur, was allotted 297 TMC of Krishna water but
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Nellore through Right Canal and to united AP allotted only 17.84 TMC for Jurala
10 lakh acres to Nalgonda, proj
Khammam through Left Canal  Dependency on borewells increased
 Though there was proposal for supply of high-
capacity transformers, no suitable allocation
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was made by Govt
 After 1956, tank irrigation was neglected
 Govt encouraged major irrigation proj for the
benefit of Coastal Andhra. Therefore, farmers
had to make their own efforts for irrigation in
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TS
 In 1956, only 0.02 lakh hectares were under
borewell irrigation & by 2008, it crossed 5lakh
Agriculture  Expenditure to be in 5:4 ratio for  Expenditure made in 2.2:1 ratio
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AP, TS  Agri crisis of TS had deep consequences on

rural households
 Share of TS accounted for only 30% regarding
different variables
Electricity  During 1956-68, Govt spent 98cr for rural
electrification in which only 10cr was spent in
TS
Increase of  Land tax from TS (1962) – 5.01 cr  AP Govt amended Revenue tax against the will
revenue  Land tax from AP (1962) – 13.26cr of TS leaders
 It reduced tax burden in Andhra but increased
burden on TS
 Land tax from TS (1967) – 5.2cr
 Land tax from AP (1967) – 12.01cr
Employment  Continuation of Mulki rules is 1 of  Despite the protections, several people were
the imp points of GA recruited. Reasons –

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  Art 16(3) – Parliament has the (a) Non locals were recruited due to lack of
power to make to decide the availability of locals
residential conditions for (b) Spouse case
employment (c) Compassionate ground appointments
 Parliament approved employment (d) Some are made in the pretext of
(Residential law) in 1957 temporary requirements
 It gave power to Centre to impose (e) Claiming excess people are working in
conditions related to residential Andhra
eligibility concerned to TS, Manipur,  Regional quota was imposed in promotions,
Tripura & HP regions acc. to Sec acc. to which 2 out of 3 promotions should be
3(A) & Sec 3(C) given to Andhra employees
 15yrs permanent residence is the
criteria to apply for local govt jobs
 Exemptions may be given in special
occasions but reasons should be

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explained in writing


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List of such employments made
must be published in Gazette every
4 months

Electricity  For promotions. Exams should be  By 1 Apr 1968, all posts were occupied by non-
Board conducted separately locals
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the regions which was in the pattern of the
exam conducted in Andhra
 Since AP employees already wrote the exam,
they need not write it again which led the TS
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employees to remain backward in promotions

Surplus funds  As per GA, general & administrative  What constitutes general & administrative
expenditure should be borne expenditure is not defined
proportionately by the 2 regions &
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balance income from TS should be

reserved for development of TS
only
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Agricultural  TRC has power to decide on sale of  Before a Law could be implemented in this
lands agricultural lands regard, several valuable lands were bought by
rich people of Andhra

Power  Proposal for establishment of  Thermal station was shifted to Vijayawada (TS
production & thermal electricity station in lost proj worth 1700MW capacity)
consumption Khammam  The proposed proj were neglected by the Govt

 Irrigation & electricity are the imp i/p for agri development, but for TS there were no sufficient financial
allocations for these i/p due to the neglect by successive govt. as a result, the cost of production of the crops
grown in TS increased rapidly on a regular basis

FINANCES –
1. Dar Commission, 1948:
- Known as linguistic provinces commission

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 - Mems –
(a) SK Dhar (Judge of Allahabad HC, Rtd)
(b) Pannalal (Indian Civil Service, Rtd)
(c) Jagat Narain Lal (mem of CA)
- To examine & report on formation of new provinces – Andhra, Kerala, Karnataka & Maha
2. Wanchoo Report, 1953:
- To report on financial & other implications and ques to be considered to establish Andhra state by GOI
on 19 Dec 1952
- It observed that Andhra would be facing a budget deficit
3. Lalith Committee Report, 1969:
- To calculate the quantum of TS surplus
- Acc. to it, b/w 1956-68, TS was eligible to get 34cr
4. Justice Bhargawa Committee, 1969:
- Appointed as part of 8-pt formula

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- To calculate TS surplus funds (declared funds were 28.34cr)

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- Mems –
(a) Justice Vashishta Bhargawa (SC Judge)
(b) Prof Mukut Vihari Madhur
(c) Hari Bhushan Dhar
(d) TN Krishna swamy
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 Injustices in recruitment of jobs & loss of employment:
- Though TS region received more from Central Govt investment, growth of factories was higher in
Andhra (12.7%) compared to TS (2.2%) during 1957-66
- Though employment opportunities increased in TS due to increased industries, non-locals were recruited
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- Development of human resources in TS received setback due to discrimination in the recruitment to
different jobs
- Central Govt enacted Mulki rules Law in 1972. Its features include –
(a) Mulki rules are applicable to only specific employment cadres
(b) Time limit was imposed to Mulki rules up to Dec 1977 (in twin cities) & up to Dec 1980 (in districts)
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(c) Recruitments up to 12 Dec 1972 were valid, even though they were made against the Mulki rules
- While regularising the services of temp employees in colleges which were taken by govt, it did not
consider the Mulki rules & local residence conditions & this created unhappiness among employees
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- TS society & economy were denied assured livelihoods for its educated class, thus hampering the
formation of a middle class which could have propelled economic growth. Telangana’s economy could
not be vibrant because of weak demand structure
 Jayabharath Reddy Committee (1984) –
- Appointed by NTR
- 3 mem Committee
- To enquire into the complaints of TNGO Union abt violation of Prez Order of 1975 regarding employment
in Govt
 Girglani Commission (2001) –
- Appointed by CBN
- 1 mem Committee
- To enquire on the implementation of GO 610
GROWTH & TRENDS IN GSDP
STRUCTURE & GROWTH OF THE ECONOMY –

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 TS is 11th largest State in terms of area & 12th largest in terms of population
 GSDP of any State is measured in terms of economic contribution made by 3 key sectors – Agriculture &
allied activities, industries (including mining & quarrying) & services
It is the value of final goods & services produced within the State during the yr
There are 2 measures of GSDP – Nominal GSDP (@ current prices) and Real GSDP (@constant prices)
 Contribution to GSDP or GSVA – Services > Industries > Agriculture & allied sectors
 Agri & allied sectors recorded highest growth rate of 29% in 2019-20

SECTORAL ANALYSIS -
 GDP & GSDP –
- In 2022-23, GSDP @ (Current prices) is 13.27 lakh crore
- TS’s Nominal GSDP was 15.6% higher than previous yr, while India’s Nominal GSDP increased by 15.4%
- TS’s Real GSDP was 7.4% over previous yr, while India’s Real GDP increased by 7%
- While the State started with lower growth rate of real GSDP than national average (in 2014), its growth

i
rate exceeded that of India’s by 3.6 percentage points in 2015-16

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- As per NFHS report 2019-21, TS ranks 1st among all States (along with TN & Kerala) in terms of equitable
income distribution with a Gini coefficient of 0.1

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- Contribution of TS GSDP to India’s GDP (@current prices) is 4.9% (from 4.1% in 2014)
 GSVA –
lB
- Since state formation, Service sector has been the highest contributor to TS GVA (except 2020-21)
- Industrial sector contribution to economy - TS < India
- Sectoral composition of GSVA @ current prices (2014-15 to 2022-23) –
GSVA @ Current prices
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18.2
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62.8

agri & allied indusrties service

12
 i
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PER CAPITA INCOME –
 It measures the amount of money that would be available per person if the total value of goods & services
produced in the economy was to be divided equally among all its citizens
 PCI = NDP/Population (it measures people’s welfare)
 In 2022-23, Telangana’s Nominal PCI – 3.17 lakh (1.86 times the national value of 1.7 lakh)
ud
 TS’s real per capita income has been consistently higher than the national one since the yr of formation and
the gap has been widening with each successive yr

DISTRICT LEVEL INDICATORS –

1. GDDP:
lB
- It is an imp metric to understand the relative economic sizes of different districts within the State
- Despite pandemic, 15/33 districts recorded positive nominal growth in their GDDP in 2020-21
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2. Per capita income:

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 - PCI of RR is highest (6.69 lakh)
- PCI of Hanumakonda is lowest (1.3 lakh)

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ud
SECTORAL CONTRIBUTION IN EMPLOYMENT –
 State of employment is measured using 3 indicators. They are –
(a) Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)
(b) Worker Population Ration (WPR)
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(c) Unemployment Rate (UR)
(a) LFPR –
- It measures the % of adult working age population (15-59) yr of age which is either employed or looking
for employment. Higher the LFPR, good is the economy
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- TS’s LFPR is 65.4% (while India’s is 58.4%)

- Both rural & urban LFPR are higher than their national counterparts
(b) Worker Population Ratio –
- It measures the % of employed persons in population (higher the value, good for economy)
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- TS’s WPR is 62% (in 2020-21)

- TS’s WPR > India
- Both rural & urban WPR of TS > India
(c) Unemployment Rate –
- Unemployment rate in TS is 5.1% (in 2020-21)
 Agri is the largest employer (45.8%)
 % contribution to employment – Agri (45.8%) > Service (33.2%) > Industry (21%)

 GSVA = GSDP + Subsidies on products – Taxes on products

 Gini coefficient – Measures income distribution across a population. Ranges from 0 to 100
0 = perfect equality and 1 = perfect inequality

2 - HUMAN RESOURCES
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 DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES
 Geographical Area – 1.2 lakh sq.km (11th place), (3.5% of India’s area)
 Population – 3.5cr (12th place)
 Highest population districts –
1. Hyderabad – 39.43 lakhs
2. Medchal – 24.6 lakhs
3. Rangareddy – 24.26 lakhs
 Lowest population district – Mulugu – 2.94 lakhs)
 Population growth rate –
- It is the rate at which the number of persons in the population increase in given period. Highest growth
rate of population is during 1981-1991 (29.3%)
- Growth rate increased from 1961-91 and then decreasing from 1991-2011
- Growth rate in 2011 – 13.6%

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 Annual growth rate of population –

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- It gives increase or decrease in the % of population during a year. It is highest during 1981-1991 (2.6%)
- Annual growth rate in 2011 – 1.4%
 Rural population – 2.15cr (61.3%)
- Districts with highest % of rural population –
1. Mulugu (96.1%)
2. Narayanpet (92.6%)
ud
3. Medak (92.3%)
- Districts with lowest % of rural population –
1. Hyderabad (0%)
2. Medchal (8.5%)
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 Urban population – 1.36cr (38.7%)
- Districts with highest % of urban population –
1. Hyderabad (100%)
2. Medchal (91.5%)
- District with lowest % of urban population - Mulugu (3.9%)
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 Family –
- It can be defined as a set of persons or individuals living together & sharing the common kitchen
- Average size of family – 4.2 (as per 2011 census)
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– 3.56 (as per Samagra Kutumba survey 2014)

 % of SC population in TS – 15.5%
- District with highest SC population –
1. Mancherial (24.7%)
2. Jayashankar Bhupalapalli (22.1%)
3. Nagarkurnool (21.3%)
- District with lowest SC population – Hyderabad (6.3%)
 % of ST population in TS – 9.3%
- Districts with highest ST population –
1. Mahabubabad (37.1%)
2. Bhadradri Kothagudem (36.7%)
3. Adilabad (31.7%)
- District with lowest ST population – Hyderabad (1.2%)
Decadal Growth Rate -
 Decadal growth rate for TS – 13.6%

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 - Highest – Rangareddy (48.2%)
- lowest – Hyderabad (2.97%)
 Decadal growth rate of rural population was 2.13% while that of urban population was 38.11%
- Districts with highest decadal growth rate in rural areas –
1. Mahabubnagar (9.6%)
2. Adilabad (8.4%)
- As Hyderabad is fully urbanised, no traces of villages
- Warangal (-3.91%) and Rangareddy (-3.64%) registered negative growth rates
 Districts with highest decadal growth rate in urban areas –
1. Rangareddy (91.6%)
2. Medak (89.78%)
3. Mahabubnagar (63.64%)
- District with lowest growth rate of urban population – Hyderabad (2.97%)
 Decadal growth rate of males – 12.6%

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- Highest – Rangareddy (46.9%)

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- Lowest – Hyderabad (1.9%)
 Decadal growth rate of males in rural areas – 1.4%
- Districts with highest male decadal growth rate in rural areas –
1. Mahabubnagar (9.4%)
2. Adilabad (7.7%)
3. Khammam (1.9%)
ud
- All the other districts are said to have negative rural male decadal growth rates
 Decadal growth rate of males in urban areas – 36.3%
- Highest – Rangareddy (89.12%)
- Lowest – Hyderabad (1.9%)
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 Decadal growth rate of females – 15%
- Highest – Rangareddy (49.54%), Mahabubnagar (15.65%)
- Lowest – Hyderabad (4.12%)
 Decadal growth rate of females in rural areas – 2.9%
- Districts with highest female decadal growth rate in rural areas –
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1. Mahabubnagar (9.9%)
2. Adilabad (9.1%)
3. Khammam (5.28%)
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- Hyderabad was found to have 0, while Rangareddy & Warangal have negative growth rates
 Sex Ratio = Number of females per 1000 males
TS Sex Ratio = 988/1000
 Female infant mortality is very high due to poverty, committing foeticides after the sex determination,
high mortality rates among the females in the reproductive age, social & economic factors
 Sex Ratio in rural areas = 999/1000
 Sex Ratio in urban areas = 970/1000
 Districts with highest Sex Ratio –
1. Nirmal (1046)
2. Nizamabad (1044)
3. Jagityal (1036)
 Districts with least Sex Ratio –
1. Rangareddy (950)
2. Hyderabad (954)
 Child Sex Ratio = Number of females per 1000 males in the age group of 0-6yrs

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 Child Sex Ratio of TS = 932
 District with highest Child Sex Ratio – Mulugu (971)
 District with lowest Child Sex Ratio – Wanaparthy & Mahabubabad (903)
 Of the total population, people between 0-4yrs of age = 26.87 lakhs
 People between 15-59yrs = 220.5 lakhs (this age group is considered as the effective working force of the
population which paves the way for economic development of the country)
 District with highest population in 15-59yrs age = Rangareddy (33.9 lakhs)
 District with lowest population in 15-59yrs age = Nizamabad (15.7 lakhs)
 Except in rural areas, male mems were more than female mems under the age group 15-59 both in urban
and State as a whole
 District with highest rural population in 15-59 age group – Mahabubnagar (20.5 lakhs)
 District with lowest rural population in 15-59 age group – Rangareddy (9.5 lakhs)
 District with highest urban population in 15-59 age group – Hyderabad (25.4 lakhs)
 District with lowest urban population in 15-59yrs age – Nizamabad (3.72 lakhs)

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 Demographic dividend (as per UNFPA) = the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a

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population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working age population (15-64) is larger than the
non-working age share of population (14 and younger, and 65 and older)
 During demographic dividend, there are 4 mechanisms through which the benefits are delivered. They are –
1. Increase in labour supply
2. Increase in savings
3. Human capital
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4. Increase in domestic demand
 The % of population of TS between the age 20-30yrs is 18.9%
 Growth of population occurs because of birth, death rates & migration levels of people in the region
 Crude Birth Rate = (Total number of births/total population) *1000
lB
 Crude death rate = (Total number of deaths/total population) * 1000
 Infant mortality rate = (Number of deaths in live born infants of age < 1/Number of births) * 1000
- IMR decreased from 43 in 2011 to 39 in 2013
- IMR in 2011 in rural areas (47) while in urban areas (31)
 In 2011, the average marriage age for females is 18.3yrs while for men it is 22.6yrs
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 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = Sum of (5-year age specific birth rates per females aged 15-49) * 5
 General Fertility Rate = Average number of births per 1000 women aged between 15-49yrs
 The highest fertility is in the age group of 20-24yrs
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 Higher growth of urban population in TS was mainly due to migration of population from Andhra and partly
from other States
 Rangareddy district topped in Urbanisation with 70% people were living in towns
 Samagra Kutumbha Survey:
- On 19 Aug 2014
- Objs – to know individual needs, identification of eligible beneficiaries, food security, pension, double
bed rooms etc … to identity people for government social security schemes, selection of eligible
households, formulation of other activities etc …
 District with highest number of households & population – Rangareddy (16.56 lakh & 61.37 lakh)
 District with lowest number of households & population – Nizamabad (6.97 lakh & 24.67 lakh)

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: EDUCATION & HEALTH

 EDUCATION – it plays an imp role in HRD. Literacy, education & training are the instruments for human
capital development. It is one of the most imp social indicators, which is directly linked with economic

17
 development. Some of the efforts of Govt include – National Policy on Education 1986, 86th CAA 2009 and
progs like SSA. Attainment of 100% literacy among youth by 2030 is one of the SDGs
 HEALTH – WHO defined it as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an
absence of disease or infirmity.” Promoting & protecting health is essential to human welfare and sustained
economic and social development. It is well known that better health is central to human happiness and well
being

EDUCATION -
 For children in the age group of 6-14 years, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE)
Act, 2009 represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article 21-A & ensures that every child
has the Right to access a formal school up to elementary level of satisfactory & equitable quality
 Govt has adopted 10 + 2 + 3 pattern of education
 Around 62.29 lakh children are enrolled in all types of schools. Of these, 50.23% are in pvt schools and
49.77% are in govt schools

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF EDUCATION –
 TS faced disparity in education from 1956-2014
 In 1956, the level of education in TS < Andhra
 10 and 20 schools were managed by Govt in TS while the higher education was under pvt management
 Access to education & employment in the united State was based on geographical zones
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 Educational facilities in Hyd were more restricted to people of TS & more accessible to people of other States
 During 1956-57 to 1995-96, growth in educational institutions was higher in TS compared to Andhra
But TS remained backward in literacy rates & level of education
 During 1983-87, share of public expenditure on education is:
(a) Coastal Andhra = 48.7%
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(b) Rayalaseema = 19.1%
(c) Telangana = 32.2%
 Despite the discrimination in financial allocation, growth of education in TS is because of Pvt sector
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LITERACY RATES –
 Literacy Rates in TS – A comparison with India:
- During 1961-2011, TS could record nearly 4-fold increase in literacy from 17.3% to 66.5%
- Rate of growth of literacy in TS > India but TS remained behind in absolute terms
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Literacy rate of India (in 2011) = 73%

Literacy rate of TS (in 2011) = 66.5%
- Male literacy rate > Female literacy rate (both in TS & India)

Male literacy rate Female literacy rate

Telangana 75 57.9
India 81 65
The gap between male & female literacy rates narrowed at National level but it persisted at State level
- Rate of literacy growth of ST > SC
- Gross enrolment ratio (GER) of TS = 112.5 (higher than national average = 103.4)
- Transition rate – it is the proportion of students out of the total enrolled advancing from one Grade to
the next Grade. It indicates the effectiveness of the education system
 District-wise literacy rates:

S No Component Highest in which district Lowest in which district

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 1 Literacy Rate Hyd Narayanpet
(83.25%) (49.93%)
2 Rural literacy Medchal-Malkajgiri Jogulamba Gadwal
(69.93%) (47.3%)
3 Urban literacy Hyd Jogulamba Gadwal
(83.25%) (71.57%)
4 Rural-Urban gap in literacy rate Mahabubnagar Mulugu
(28.15%) (10.16%)
5 Male literacy rate Medchal-Malkajgiri Jogulamba Gadwal
(87.43%) (60%)
Hyd (86.99%)
6 Female literacy rate Hyd Jogulamba Gadwal
(79.35%) (39.48%)
Medchal (77.31%)
7 Male-female gap in literacy rate Medak Hyd

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(22.36%) (7.64%)

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8 Adult literacy (urban) Hyd Medak
(85.5%) (70.7%)
9 Adult literacy (rural) RR Mahabubnagar
(60.8%) (40.8%)
10 SC Hyd Mahabubnagar

11 ST
ud (77.3%)
Hyd
(47.7%)
Mahabubnagar
(69.3%) (42.3%)
12 Youth literacy rate (15-24yrs) Karimnagar Mahabubnagar
(92%) (75.1%)
lB
SC literacy rate (in %) ST literacy rate (in %)
Telangana 58.9 49.5
India 66 59
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EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE & QUALITY OF EDUCATION –

 During the last decade, emphasis was given on improving school environment by progs like Operation Black
Board, DPEP, SSA, RMSA etc…
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 Mid-day meal prog promoted the enrolment of children and made impact on nutritional levels
 ASER report has observed that a sizeable proportion of students in the combined State were not able to read,
recognise numbers & perform basic arithmetic operations in govt educational institutions
 There is inclination towards pvt schools in rural areas also due to lack of efficiency in public schools
 Student classroom ratio has fallen in all the erstwhile districts from 2001 to 2011

S No Metric Highest Lowest

1 Density of schools per 10 sq.km Hyd Khammam
(128.5) (2.7)

2 Schools per 1000 children (6-14) yr Adilabad Hyd

(9.3) (4.4)
3 Student classroom ratio Adilabad Mahabubnagar
(24.7) (18.7)
4 No of State Govt & local body schools Nalgonda Mulugu

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 5 No of pvt schools (Aided & Unaided) Hyd Mulugu

EDUCATION PROFILE OF THE STATE –

 Hyd, RR & Medchal have the higher number of educational institutions in the State
 TS’s gross enrolment ratio in higher education (35) is higher than the national average (27)
 TS stands 2nd in the country in the number of colleges per 1lakh population
 TS ranks 2nd in the country in terms of average enrolment per college
 TS’s Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) as against the one determined by RTE 2009 is as follows -
(a) For Grades (1 – 5) - 20:1 (as against 30:1)
(b) For Grades (6 – 8) – 13:1 (as against 35:1)
 Residential Schools:
- To deliver quality education to children belonging to SC/ST/BC category
- There is 3-fold increase of residential schools since the State formation
- Types of residential schools –

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(a) TREIS (Telangana Residential Educational Institutions Society) – to provide quality education in

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Gurukul method to socially & economically backward rural talented children
(b) TSWREIS (Telangana Social Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society) – Admissions are
based on reservations. The reservations are as follows:
 SC = 75%
 SCC = 2%
 ST = 6%
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 BC = 12%
 Minorities = 3%
 OC/ EBC = 2%
(c) TTWREIS (Telangana Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society) – provides education
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in English medium in Grade 1-10, Inter & Degree. A separate society called TS Ekalavya Model
Residential Schools Society (EMRS) was estd in July 2020 to provide quality education to tribal
children
(d) TMREIS (Telangana Minority Residential Educational Institutions) – to impart education to
economically weak students belonging to minority communities
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(e) MJPTBCWREIS (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule TS BC Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society) –
estd for administration of BC Welfare Residential Schools in 2014
(f) Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBV) – meant only for girls. Implemented in educationally
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backward mandals where female literacy in low. Initiated in 2004

(g) Model Schools – GOI launched the scheme of establishing 6k model schools in Educationally
Backward Blocks in the country in a phased manner. These operate from Grade 6 to inter. Medium of
instruction is English. It is completely under Govt of Telangana as GOI has stopped the Scheme.
Vocational education is being implemented in all the TS Model Schools from 2021-22
(h) Other than school education – Dept of Intermediate education takes care of administration of govt
junior colleges & aided junior colleges. Collegiate Education looks after the administration of degree
colleges

HEALTH & NUTRITIONAL STATUS –

 Govt has its principal focus on improving the reproductive & child health services and the resultant outcomes

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 It also focuses on disease control interventions, rationalising & strengthening the human resources, infra,
capacities and capabilities, strengthening of monitoring and technical support systems etc…
 Highest priority has been assigned for health-related needs of people living in remote & interior areas
 10,954cr has been allocated for 2022-23 Budget for Medical & Public Health
 TS ranked 3rd in NITI Aayog Health Index
 Major health indicators in TS:

S No Indicator Telangana India

1 Neonatal mortality rate 16.8 24.9
2 MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) 43 97
3 IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) 21 26.6
4 Under 5 Mortality Rate 26.4 32
5 TFR (Total Fertility Rate) 1.5 2.05
6 Birth rate 16.4 16.9
7 Death rate 6 7.4

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8 Institutional deliveries 97% 95.5%

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 Status of Public health facilities in Telangana:
- TS aims to provide preventive, promotive & curative health services for the people of the State
- There are 4 Civil Dispensaries, 2 Eye Hospitals, 4 Maternity Hospitals, 1 Child Hospital, 1 ENT Hospital, 1
Fever Hospital, 2 Chest Disease Hospitals, 33 District Hospitals, 44 Sub District Hospitals, 31 General &
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Speciality Hospitals, 17 Medical colleges, 119 Community Health Centres, 20 Area Hospitals, 636 Rural
Primary Health Centres, 232 Urban Primary Health Centres, 4,745 Health Sub Centres, 2,250 Health and
Wellness Centres, and 342 Basti Davakhanas

MAJOR HEALTH INSTITUTIONS & DESTINATIONS IN TELANGANA -

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 State is functioning with the aim pf making TS “go-to healthcare destination”
 Health infra in TS:
1. AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences) –
- Estd at Bibi Nagar, Yadadri in 2019
- It is an apex healthcare institute estd under PMSSY (Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana, 2003)
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- Obj – for correcting the regional imbalances in availability of affordable and reliable tertiary healthcare
services
- MBBS Course to be started from 2024
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2. TIMS (Telangana Institute of Medical Sciences & Research) –

- Estd in Gachibowli, Hyd
- It is a state of art multi-speciality hospital estd to match the medical infra standards setup by Corporates
& AIIMS
- 3 more TIMS to be setup at Sanath nagar, Alwal & LB Nagar/ Dilshuknagar
3. Warangal city – Health city of TS –
- In 2021, govt laid the foundation for construction of super speciality hosp in Warangal with an outlay of
1100cr
- It is a 24 storeyed building with 36 Super-speciality divisions
4. NIMS –
- Estd with the obj of creating a centre of excellence for providing medical care, educational & research
facilities of high quality and to start PG and Paramedical courses

5. Mehdi Nawaj Jung (MNJ) Institute of Oncology –

- It is the sole referral hosp in TS offering free comprehensive cancer care to poor patients

21
 - It acts as a major medical tourism centre
6. Telangana Vaidya Vidhana Parishad –
- Setup in 2014-15 to manage 20 level hosps
- Being the intermediary b/w PHCs and 30 hosps, majority share of patients burden in the State lies on it
7. Medical institutions under Directorate of Medical Education, TS –
- There are 9 teaching hosps and 12 Speciality hosps functioning under this
8. Telemedicine –
- Govt in collab with Tata Trusts came up with Digital Health transformation prog in 2019
- Vision:
(a) Connecting specialists in Govt medical colleges and 30 care centres to 10 healthcare facilities in rural
areas through digital platforms
(b) Reducing over crowding of 30 care facilities by stepping up diagnostic capabilities and strengthening
the supply chain of required medicines and consumables at 10 healthcare facilities

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EMERGENCY HEALTH TRANSPORTATION SERVICES –

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Helpline number Service provided
108 24hr free transport throughout the yr
102 Free transport to pregnant women for ANCs & delivery
104 Once in a month fixed day service at rural habitations
located beyond 3km from a PHC or CHC according to a
ud predetermined calendar to provide pregnancy monitoring,
treatment for infants & children, and for patients suffering
from chronic ailments
Free hearse service 33 vehicles in 33 districts operate under this to transport
dead bodies from hosps to the choice of location of the
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deceased family

REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN –

 Reproductive health – it addresses the human sexuality and reproductive processes, functions, and system at
all stages of life and implies that people can have “a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they
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have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so”
 Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) –
- It is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy,
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irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the
pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental cause
- It is the number of maternal deaths per 1lakh live births
- Maternal mortality which constitutes 10% of female deaths in reproductive age grp is a sensitive
indicator of the quality of health care system
- Decline in MMR can be attributed to factors like Fertility rate, birth rate, IMR & population growth rate
 Initiatives influencing Maternal Health & Nutritional Outcomes –
1. Amma Vodi:
- It is an exclusive ambulance service which provides free to & fro transport facilities to pregnant women
for regular checkups, for delivery & post-delivery for immunisation & other health care needs of
newborn and lactating mothers
- Helpline number = 102

2. KCR Kit:
- Launched in 2017

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 - To ensure maternal & child health by promoting institutional deliveries
- Under this, mother is provided financial assistance of –
(a) 12k (for boy)
(b) 13k (for girl)
3. ANC (Antenatal Check-ups) Visits:
- As per NHM’s maternal health guidelines, at least 4 ANCs are essential for pregnant women during the
entire pregnancy period
- Transport provided by 102 transport service
- % of mothers having ANC increased to 88.5%
- The % of registered pregnancies for which the mother received a mother & Child Protection Card also
increased to 96.7% (from 89%)
4. Anaemia Mukt Bharat:
- Prevalence of anaemia in India is highest among the world
- It targets to reduce anaemia in women, children & adolescents through a life cycle approach

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- In terms of maternal health, the number of Ante-natal visits play an imp role in anaemia detection &

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treatment
- % of TS women who are anaemic = 57.6%
5. Arogya Lakshmi:
- Provides nutritious & healthy meals to all pregnant & lactating mothers registered in Anganwadi
centres
ud
- Funding = 50:50 (Centre: State)
- Launched in 2015
- State govt increased the number of days the beneficiaries receive milk and eggs from 25 to 30
6. Home visits and Counselling (Intintiki Anganwadi):
- Home visits for counselling beneficiaries (as part of ICDS)
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- Intintiki Anganwadi Book – serves as a guide and an educational resource for nutritional counselling on
topics such as dietary practices, household practices, health precautions and actions, and hygiene and
sanitation
 Causes of maternal deaths –
- Majority of maternal deaths are due to obstetric causes
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- Incidence of maternal deaths are relatively higher among adolescents, non-literate women, and those
from socially deprived communities like SC, ST
- Most of such births are attended by unskilled health personnel
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 Births attended by Skilled Health Personnel –

- Safe delivery - % of births attended by skilled health personnel
- The gap b/w rural & urban women opting for institutional deliveries has decreased over the time
 Infant child mortality –
- It is the number of deaths of children under 1yr of age per 1000 live births
- The share of children (0-6) yr accounts for 13% of total population of the country
- 81% of Under-5 mortality takes place within 1yr of birth (nearly 10.5 lakh infants in an yr)
- Children with no malnutrition – highest in Khammam (94.54%), followed by Suryapet (94.53%) and
Medchal (94.06%)
- Children with severe malnutrition are highest in Mulugu
Children with least malnutrition is in Medchal
- Children with moderate malnutrition is highest in Jangaon
Children with least moderate malnutrition is in Hyd
 Under 5 Mortality Rate – It is the death of a child before the child’s 5th bday

23
 Neonatal Mortality Rate – number of deaths during the 1st 28 completed days of life per 1000 live births in
given yr
 Low birth weight prevalence –
- Weight of the infant at birth is a powerful predictor of infant growth and survival, and is dependent on
maternal health and nutrition during pregnancy
- LBW (Low Birth Weight) = Birth weight of < 2.5kg (as per WHO)
- Infants who weigh 2 – 2.4 kg at birth have a 4-fold higher risk of neonatal death than those who weigh
2.5 – 3.5 kg

INITIATIVES INFLUENCING CHILD NUTRITON OUTCOMES –

 Kothagudem district achieved a rank of 9 (out of 112 identified Aspirational districts) for its performance in
the thematic area of health, nutrition
 Some of the initiatives are –
1. Supplementary nutrition prog:

i
- Component of ICDS

dh
- Provides supplementary nutrition to children (3 – 6 yr) who visit Anganwadi centres by providing them
hot cooked meals and a snack
- They provide hot cooked meal & snacks for 25 days
They provide eggs for 30 days
2. Balamrutham:
ud
- For children in the age – 7 months < x < 5 yr
- A calorie dense weaning food is provided by Govt (distributed in 2.5kg packets)
- Along with this, 16 eggs (7 months to 3yrs) and 30 eggs (3yr to 6yrs) are provided
- Recommended quantity – 100g to be given 3-5 times a day
3. Supervised Supplementary Feeding Program:
lB
- It is a result-oriented community-based prog for management of acute malnutrition
- Launched by Govt with technical and knowledge support from ICMR, National Institute of Nutrition &
UNICEF in 2020
- Launched on pilot basis in Kumaran Bheem Asifabad & Jogulamba Gadwal
4. POSHAN Abhiyaan:
hi

- Launched in 2018
- To improve nutritional outcomes for children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers and to reduce
the level of stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia, and LBW in a mission mode
Ak

- All the Anganwadi teachers in the State have been provided smart phones which they use as a job aid &
record info of the beneficiaries on Poshan tracker
5. Giri Poshana:
- To improve nutritional status of the tribal population
- By Tribal Welfare Dept, Women & Child welfare Depts in collab with Agri business & Innovation Platform
(AIP), ICRISAT
- The target beneficiaries are provided nutritional food products i.e.:
(a) 3 Ready to Cook (RTC) food products – multigrain meal, jowar meal & multigrain sweet meal
(b) 3 Ready to Eat (RTE) food products – peanut-sesamum chikki, peanut-fried gram chikki & jowar bytes
6. Full Immunisation:
- Universal immunisation of children against 6 vaccine-preventable diseases is crucial in reducing infant &
child mortality
- These 6 vaccines are for TB, Diphtheria, Whooping Cough, Tetanus, Polio & Measles
- By 2019-20, around 87.4% of children < 2yr are immunised
7. Child Morbidity:

24
 - Diarrhoea & acute respiratory infection, primarily pneumonia are leading causes of childhood morbidity
and mortality
- As per DLMS-4, around 4% of children < 2yr suffer from ARI

BASIC FACILITIES FOR PROMOTION OF HEALTH –

 Safe drinking water:
- It is needed because unsafe drinking water is dangerous to health and women & children bear the
primary responsibility of carrying the water over long distances
- Around 85% of households have access to improved source of drinking water
- In TS, around 98.2% of households have access to improved source of drinking water
- Quality of water remains a serious concern because of increase in salinity & fluoride content
 Sanitation facilities:
- By 2011, 69.5% of households have access to toilets (in rural areas, it is 46%)
- In erstwhile Adilabad, only 17.4% of households have sanitation facility (least in the State)

i
- Erstwhile Karimnagar (64%) is in the forefront of all other districts in providing relatively a higher % of

dh
households with access to improved toilet facility

HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE –
 Health infra is an imp indicator for understanding the health care delivery provisions and welfare
mechanisms in a country
ud
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX –
 It is an index that measures key dimensions of human development. The 3 key dimensions are:
(a) Longevity
(b) Knowledge and
lB
(c) Decent standard of living
hi
Ak

25
 3 - AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
 Agri is the dominant sector in TS. It is the source of food security and plays a key role in providing
employment and income generation. > 60% of rural population is engaged in this

SHARE OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN GSVA –

 The % share of agri to GSVA of State has seen frequent ups and downs
 Share of agriculture sector in GSVA is 18.24%

SHARE OF AGRICULTURE & ALLIED SECTORS TO GSVA OF TELANGANA STATE @ Current Prices –
 There are 4 imp sub-sectors of allied sectors of agriculture. They are:
(a) Crop sector
(b) Livestock

i
(c) Forestry & logging

dh
(d) Fishing & Aquaculture
 Contribution to GSVA: Livestock (47.7%) > Crops (45.2%) > Forestry & Logging (4%) > Fishing (3%)
 The share of agri & allied sectors to State GSVA has been volatile b/w 2014-15 and 2022-23
 TS stands 3rd with CAGR of 11.4% (next to MP and Karnataka)
ud
CONTRIBUTION OF SUB-SECTORS TO THE OVERALL GROWTH OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR –
 Except in 2015-16, for the entire period the growth rate in agri in TS is fairly higher than the national
average
 CAGR of livestock is 17.15%
 TS is showing keen interest on increasing the forest cover & social forestry in the State with specific efforts to
lB
protect the forest land through Harithaharam prog
 Regarding fishing & aquaculture, Govt is encouraging rearing of fish by launching free distribution of fish
seedlings in water bodies of the State through Integrated Fisheries Development Schemes from 2017-18

GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION (GCF) IN AGRICULTURE –

hi

 There is no secular trend in growth of GCF in agriculture & allied sectors as % of GVA of agri & allied sectors
 Investment in agri isn’t increasing. Due to insufficient investments into agri, the farmers (more specifically
Small & Marginal farmers) are entering into debt trap because of the highest dependency on private lending
Ak

PRODUCTION TRENDS OF AGRICULTURE & ALLIED SECTORS –

 TS is known for producing variety of food and non-food crops since ages
 Salarjung reforms gave a new lease of life for agri in TS
 Trends in production of principal crops in Telangana State –
- 3 major crops grown in TS – Paddy, Cotton, Maize (PCM) – accounts for nearly 80% of total production
- Paddy production increased by 378.04% b/w 2014-15 to 2020-21
- Cotton production increased by 61.38 % b/w 2014-15 to 2020-21
- TS stands 3nd in cotton production and 5rd in rice production

CROP HIGHEST PRODUCING DISTRICT LOWEST PRODUCING DISTRICT

Paddy Nalgonda Adilabad
Maize Warangal Narayanpet
Red gram Vikarabad Khammam
Cotton Nalgonda Medchal

26
 Yield/ productivity of Principal crops in TS –
- TS position in terms of yield – 13th
- There is inconsistency in yield of almost all the crops. It may be due to fertility of land, method of
cultivation, rainfall (either way), quality of seeds, intensity of pests etc… might be the main causes for
such volatility

Crop Highest yield district Lowest yield district

Paddy Nizamabad Kumuram Bheem
Maize Khammam Mahabubnagar
Red gram Nizamabad Wanaparthy
Cotton Rajanna Siricilla Wanaparthy

CROPPING PATTERN OF TELANGANA –

 Cropping pattern – choice of farmer in selecting a crop/ crops in his given land holding. It can be defined as

i
proportion of area under various crops at a point of time

dh
 It is determined by rainfall, climate, temperature, soil type, availability of inputs & technology, attitudinal
aspects of farmers and above all the remunerative price of that particular crop
 During Nizam rule, there were 4 distinctive cropping seasons – Kharif, Rabi, Abi & Tabi

Season Duration Crops

Kharif
ud
June to Nov Jute, yellow Jowar, Bajra, Cotton, Makai, Kondru, Til &
Pulses
Rabi Oct, Nov to Mar, Apr Cotton, white Jowar, Bengal gram, barley, linseed &
tobacco
Abi & Tabi are short duration summer crop seasons
lB
 94% of cropped area was under dry crops
 Area under Food crops > Non-food crops
 Gross sown area (GSA) under Major crops in Vanakalam and Yasangi – 198 lakh acres (in 2021-22)
- Top 5 crops in Vanakalam – Paddy, Cotton, Maize, Red gram & Soya bean crops
hi

Top 5 crops in Yasangi – Paddy, Maize, Groundnut, Bengal gram & Sesamum crops
- District with highest GSA under Paddy – Nalgonda
District with lowest GSA under Paddy – Adilabad
Ak

CROPPING INTENSITY IN TELANGANA –

 It is one of the indicators to assess the efficiency of agri sector
 It refers to raising number of crops on the same field in a yr. it is ratio of Gross sown area to Net sown area
 Cropping Intensity Index of TS = 1.43
 District with highest CII – Mulugu

CROP DIVERSIFICATION –
 Means the addition of new crops or cropping system to the existing crops in agricultural operations on a
particular farm land. It depends on various factors like – agro climatic conditions, size of farm of a household,
knowledge on methods of cultivation, availability of seeds, other inputs, support price & institutional support
 3 most diversified districts - Nirmal, Vikarabad and Rangareddy
3 least diversified districts - Peddapalli, Karimnagar and Suryapet

27
GOVERNMENTAL INITIATIVES –
 Budgetary support: In 2022-23, 27,228cr (14.4% of total revenue expenditure) have been allocated for agri
& another 22,675cr for irrigation
 Agri credit: As per Annual Credit Plan prepared by the State Level Bankers Committee, total annual credit
plan target for the agri sector during 2022-23 is 1,03,238 cr. Of this, 67,864cr was allocated for the crop loans
and 19276cr for term loans of agriculture and other allied activities
 Free power supply:
- Initially Govt provided 9hrs of free power to agri sector from 1 Apr 2016
- Later, 24hrs supply was extended on experimental basis in Medak, Nalgonda & Karimnagar from 2017
- Finally, Govt extended 24X7 free power supply to agri consumers to all districts from 1 Jan 2018
 Purification of land records:
- Taken up from 15 Sept 2017 to 31 Dec 2017
- Pattadar passbook were issued to owners with clear title on land

i
- Dharani portal launched for digitising land records and registration of properties by CM of GoT in 2020

dh
 Farm mechanisation: 100% subsidy for SC/ST farmers and 50% for others
 Vaddi leni Panta Runalu/ Pavala Vaddi Runalu:
- Free crop loan of up to 1 lakh and Pavala Vaddi Runalu up to 1.3 lakh
 Rythu Bandhu Scheme:
- Launched on 10 May 2018
ud
- Also known as “Farmer’s Investment Support Scheme”
- 10,000/- per acre for both the seasons
lB
hi
Ak

 Distribution of agricultural inputs:

- Govt is encouraging Seed village prog to inculcate to the farmers the techniques of seed preparation
- Online License Management System (OLMS) – introduced for smoothening of licensing process of input
dealers
- TSSOCA (TS Seed & Organic Certification Authority) was estd to streamline the quality control measures
for supply of quality seeds
- Govt estd fertiliser control order labs at Adilabad and Karimnagar (in addition to the ones at Warangal &
RR)

28
 AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF TELANGANA –
 An agro-climatic zone is a land unit in terms of major climates suitable for a certain range of crops &
cultivators
 It may refer to the soil types, rainfall, temp & water availability which influences the type of vegetation
 TS is divided into 3 agro-climatic zones. They are:
(a) Northern Telangana Zone
(b) Central Telangana Zone
(c) Southern Telangana Zone

Factors Northern Telangana Zone Central Telangana Zone Southern Telangana Zone
Area 8.17M acres 9.53M acres 9.9M acres
Annual 867 – 1189 mm 779 – 1213 mm 606 – 853 mm
rainfall

i
Soils Red soils (includes chalkas, red Red soils Red soil track having chalkas

dh
sands & deep red loams along
with very deep black cotton
soils)
Districts 10 11 12
Crops Rice, maize, soy bean, cotton, Cotton, rice, maize, green gram, Cotton, rice, red gram,
red gram, turmeric etc… mango, sugarcane, chillies etc… maize, Sesamum, safflower,
ud groundnut etc…

LAND USE PATTERN –

 Area under different types of land use is as follows:
(a) Net Sown Area – 52.8%
lB
(b) Forest Cover – 24.7%
(c) Land put to non-agri use – 7.46%
(d) Barren & uncultivable land – 5.42 %
(e) Fallow lands – 5.26%
hi

(f) Area under permanent pastures & other grazing lands – 4.36%

LAND HOLDING PATTERN –

 Number of operational holdings in the State - 59.48 lakhs covering an area of 59.72 lakh hectares
Ak

 Marginal and Small farmers hold about 88.3% of the landholdings (less than 4.94 acres) accounting for 61.7%
(36.83 lakh hectares) of the area operated

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 i
dh
LAND REFORMS
 Land is the most valuable asset of the nation. Land reforms are designed with the basic objs to control the
concentration of land in a few hands and distribute the surplus land among the vast landless rural masses
 Reforms should bring a phenomenal change in land relations & thus improve the agrarian relations and
ud
benefit the tiller of the land and increase the agricultural productivity & then economic development of
nation
 Basic concept of land reforms was guided by “land to the tiller” norm

IMPORTANCE OF LAND REFORMS –

lB
 Objectives of land reforms have been included in 9th Schedule of Constitution
 UNO observed that “redistribution of land, extent of volume of rent, security of tenant, determination of
wages of agri labour, strengthening the sources of agri credit, changes in policy of taxation on land,
improvement in organisation of co-ops, agri educational, technological changes” are part of land reforms
 Classification of land reforms:
hi

(a) 1st Gen Reforms –

- Meant for abolition of middlemen, confirmation of ownership rights, protection to tenant farmers
and ceiling on land holdings and redistribution of surplus lands
Ak

(b) 2 Gen Reforms -

nd

- Post 2004 reforms like distribution of assigned lands, land purchase prog in undivided AP
(Ex – Licensed cultivators Act 2011, FRA 2006)

OBJECTIVES OF LAND REFORMS –

1. Utilisation of scarce natural resources, particularly land in a rational way
2. Protection to tenants from exploitation by intermediaries at different levels by providing security of tenure
3. Removal of structural rigidities to give new lease of life to agricultural and to farmers depended on it
4. Assigning land ownership to the landless poorer sections of rural economy
5. Optimal utilisation of land resources by redistribution of landed property in favour landless classes and thus
improve the agri production
6. Ascertaining the direct relationship between the govt and tiller of the land
7. Attainment of socio-economic equality and justice through the re-distribution of land to the landless and
8. Improving the incomes and standard of living of rural poor by distribution of land in favour of them and
protecting them from all sorts of exploitation & discrimination

30
CLASSIFICATION OF LAND REFORMS –
 Land reforms are classified into 5 categories. They are:
(a) Abolition of intermediaries
(b) Tenancy reforms
(c) Ceiling on landholdings
(d) Consolidation of land holdings
(e) Cooperative farming
(a) Abolition of intermediaries –
- In pre-independent India, there existed 3 forms of agrarian relations – Zamindari, Mahalwari & Ryotwari
systems
- Zamindars, Jagirdars & their henchmen acted as mediators between the State and the tiller of land
- Govt enacted certain Acts to abolish intermediaries

i
(b) Tenancy Reforms –

dh
- There are 3 types of tenants. They are:
(i) Occupancy tenants – who enjoyed permanent & inherited rights on land
(ii) Tenants at will who didn’t have any type of security of tenure and rent (they survive at the
will of owner of the land)
(iii) Sub-tenants – Those who work under occupancy tenants. They sub-let a portion of land in
ud
their possession for tenancy. They are the worst sufferers
- Reforms were aimed at – Regulation of rent, security of tenure & confirmation of ownership rights
(c) Ceiling on land holdings –
- It is the most progressive one of all the reforms
- It aimed at doing justification to landless poor by distributing surplus lands taken over by the Govt
lB
- 1973 Land ceiling was a pioneer
(d) Consolidation of land holdings –
- It means “converting a number of small & fragmented holdings into a larger farm by arriving at
consensus among the concerned land owners”
hi

- Process of consolidation of fragmented lands began in 1921 in Punjab

- Telangana Prevention of fragmentation and consolidation of Holdings Act, 1956 was enacted in united AP
to increase avg land holding size
TS’s avg land holding size = 1.12 hectares
Ak

India’s avg land holding size = 1.16 hectares

(e) Cooperative farming –
- It improves the productivity & production through better farming systems & causes increase in farmer’s
income through better marketing techniques
- They supply imp inputs like seeds, fertilisers, credit, machinery services & also marketing

PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTATION –
 The process which started during Nizam was continued in undivided AP. It includes:
1. Hyd Jagirdari Abolition & Regulation Act 1949
2. Hyd Tenancy, Agri Lands Act 1950
3. AP (Telangana Area) Inamdari Abolition Act 1955
4. AP Land Reforms (Ceiling on Land holdings) Act 1973
5. Distribution of waste lands
6. Distribution of Assigned lands

31
 7. Govt Assigned Lands (Prohibition of Transfer) Act 1977
8. Koneru Ranga Rao Committee on Assigned Lands
9. Land Purchase prog in unified AP
10. Licensed Cultivators Act (LCA) 2011
11. Land purchase program of TS

LAND TENSURE SYSTEMS IN HYDERABAD STATE –

 Following land tenure systems existed prior to implementation of land reforms in Hyd State. They are:
(a) Inamdars –
- Lands assigned to poets, craftsmen, pundits, mosques & madrasas and to lower cadre employees in
lieu of wages were known as Inam lands & the beneficiaries are known as Inamdars
- There are 16 types of inamdars
- Area under Inamdars = 8 lakh acres

i
dh
(b) Jagirdars -
- Nizam Govt granted few villages to their friends, relatives & high rank officials of its military and
who enjoyed these powers are called Jagirdars
- They are mediators b/w govt & farmers and collected huge land revenue
- Among all the tenure systems, Jagirs & Paigahs constituted 29%
ud
- Area under Jagirdars = 2.56cr acres
(c) Sarf-e-Khas –
- Villages specially retained by the Nizam for his personal expenditure comes from these lands
- Area under such system = 45.52 lakh acres
(d) Samasthanas –
lB
- Number of Hindu rulers existed in Princely State of Hyd ruling several smaller units. They paid rent in
the form of “Peshkarash”
- They acted as middlemen between Nizam & people and they collected exorbitant levels of land
revenue
- There were a total of 14 Samasthanas in Hyd State of which 5 are imp. They are – Gadwal,
hi

Wanaparthy, Bhattiprole, Amarachinta & Paloncha

- In these, there were deewanis under direct rule of Nizams and Jagirs with independent powers
- Area under Samasthanas = 32 lakh acres
Ak

(e) Khalsa, Deewani and Ryotwari –

- 60% of cultivated land in Hyd State was under direct control of Nizam, such lands are called Khalsa
lands
- In such lands, govt collects revenue directly through a 3-tier mediatory system
- These middlemen were known as Deshmukh, sir-deshmukh, desai, sir desai, pundit and karnam
- After abolition of Jagirs, Nizam declared the entire Khalsa lands as ryotwari area
- Nizam Govt introduced Land Records system in 1918 with a view to update and maintain agriculture
land records and the owners
- In 1938, Govt created a separate Dept of Land Records under a commissioner to establish an
effective land records system

LAND REFORMS IN HYD STATE (1948 – 73) –

 Several Acts were enacted to abolish Zamindar, Jagirdar & Inamdar systems to ensure the occupancy rights to
genuine farmers (tillers of the soil)
 These acts were the result of recommendations of Kumarappa Committee constituted by Congress in 1948

32
 Aims –
(a) Elimination of middlemen
(b) Protection of tenants
(c) Ceiling on landholdings
 The Acts are:
1. Hyd Jagirdari Abolition & Regulation Act 1949
2. Hyd Tenancy, Agri Lands Act 1950
3. AP (Telangana Area) Inamdari Abolition Act 1955
4. AP Land Reforms (Ceiling on Land holdings) Act 1973
1. Hyd Jagirdari Abolition & Regulation Act 1949 –
- Entire Jagirs of TS came into possession of Govt (within 10 days of framing of the rules
- After this, entire Sarf-e-Khas lands were declared as Ryotwari lands
- To legalise this, Hyd Jagir Regulation Act was enacted in Sept 1949

i
2. Hyd (TS) Tenancy, Agri Lands Act 1950 –

dh
- Tenancy existed in 3 forms i.e., Bethai, Gallamaktha & Sarf-e-Khas
- Nizam in 1937 constituted Barucha Committee to suggest on rectification of probs of tenants
- It came into force from 1950 based on recommendations of Hyd Agrarian Reforms Committee
- It is made applicable to all Inam lands except the lands allocated for religious institutions & charitable
trusts
- Features:
ud
 Tenants cultivating the land consecutively for a period of 6yrs from 1948 were recognised as
“Protected Tenants” and that if they pay the rent to the owner regularly, tenant should not
be evicted from the land
 Whenever the landlord is willing to sell away his land, 1st priority should be given to the
lB
tenant and the price was fixed as:
8 times of rental value for wet lands under irrigation
6 times of rental value for other irrigated lands
5 times for dry lands and such amount can be paid at once (or) in 16 instalments in 8yrs
 HC dismissed the Bill because of appeals from Zamindars
hi

3. AP (TS Area) Inamdari Abolition Act, 1955 –

- Acc. To it, except the Inam lands allotted for rendering certain services to Nizam & lands under
religious charitable trusts, the remaining Inams will be abolished
Ak

- It also tried to provide occupancy rights to tenants

- But cultivators of Inam lands were not assigned with legal rights on lands and thus it negatively
impacted the agri growth
- Koneru Ranga Rao Committee 2006 – suggested examination of land records pertaining to Inam
lands and prepare list of cultivators who were in possession of such lands for suitable settlement of
issue. It categorically recommended that the approval of Gram Sabha and participation of people of
concerned village as mandatory. It clearly expressed that there are 14 types of lands available for
distribution. It further clarified that there is sufficient land with the govt to distribute 1 acre for every
poor landless farmer

CEILING ON LAND HOLDINGS –

 Ceilings on Land holdings Act:
- It was enacted with a broader perception to set right the ambiguities of tenancy laws and distribute
thousands of acres of land under possession of landlords to the landless tenants

33
 - Family holding – one which provides net income of 800/- (after deduction of rent & 50% of agri
expenses)
- Upper limit – 4 times of family holding (and reduce to 3 times in future)
- When Govt tried to implement these in 1955 in Khammam, landlords created hurdles
 JC Kumarappa Committee, 1948 –
- It considered the land issues of tenants in both TS & AP
- It expressed that nearly 70% of the land is in the hands of landlords & that 1.35 lakh tenants were
unprotected
- It emphasised on enactment of Ceiling Acts to settle the land issues and improve agrarian relations
 AP Agricultural Lands Ceiling Act, 1961 –
- Upper ceiling limit – land which gives a net income of 3600/-
- Objs: Ceiling on agri lands, takeover of surplus land more than ceiling limit and attainment of
economic, social & political equality with decentralisation of land by distributing the surplus land to
the needy poor and marginalised sections

i
dh
 AP Land Reforms (Ceiling on Land Holdings) Act 1973 –
- It was made part of 9th Schedule through 39th CAA
- Implemented from 1 Jan 1975
- Unit of ceiling – Husband, wife & 3 minor children (If mems of family > 5, each extra mem will be
considered as separate unit) and whatever maybe the no. of family mems, the allotted land to them
ud
should not exceed 2 times the size of family holding
- Major son should be treated as separate unit & the land should be allotted as per the norms
- It terminated unauthorised land transfers b/w 24 Jan 1971 to 1 Jan 1975
- Based on the above features, wet lands were classified into 6 types & dry lands into 5 categories and
the ceiling was fixed. It is as follows:
lB
Ceiling on land holdings – Categorisation of land

S No Category A B C D E F
1 Land with > 1 crop 10 12 13.5 15 16.5 18
hi

2 Land with single crop 15 18 20 22.6 25 27

S No Category G H I J K
Ak

1 Standard holding 35 40 45 50 54

- Surplus lands to be given to landless agricultural labourers in the following %:

(a) SC & ST – 50%
(b) BC – 33.33%
(c) Others – 16.67%
- Exemptions –
(a) As this Act was confined to agri lands, the landlords operating lands such as coffee, tea, rubber,
cocoa and cardamom plantation crops & agro-based industries were exempted
(b) Bhoodan lands
(c) Lands registered under co-ops, Co-op Banks, National Banks, Central, State & local institutions,
public lands with religious charitable institutions, Waqf boards, Agri Universities, Colleges,
Schools & Research institutes

DISTRIBUTION OF WASTE LANDS –

34
 During 1970-80, AP Govt took the initiative to distribute waste lands (barren lands) as the Land reforms were
unable to do justice
 But land survey was not complete in TS
 To overcome such defects, Govt started “Indira Kranthi Patham” prog in 2000. As per this, thousands of
acres of land was distributed to poorer sections with active coordination from Dept of Rural Development,
Revenue Dept & local bodies

DISTRIBUTION OF ASSIGNED LANDS –

 Assigned Lands – Govt lands distributed by it to individuals, institutions @ market prices or free of cost
 Cultivators who are assigned such lands can cultivate but do not have the right to sell or transfer it to other
persons
 In TS area, Land Revenue Act 1907 (1317 Fasli) issued guidelines for allocation of Godha (assigned) lands
Exemptions – Lands allocated for grave yards, lands under public utility, lands under cantonment areas,
porambok lands, lands reserved under forestry Act, lands allotted for Railways, Airports, Mining & lands in

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towns and district HQs

dh
 Govt Assigned Lands (Prohibition of Transfers) Act, 1977 –
- It gave powers to Govt to occupy assigned lands, whichever are in illegal possession by evicting
persons from possession of land
- In case of death of head of the family, if the family is considered poor then the land will be
assigned to their heirs
ud
- If the assignee lease-out or sell away the land, the land should not be assigned to him forever

LAND PURCHASE PROGRAM IN UNITED AP –

 Initiated by AP Govt in (2004-09) to encourage the poorer sections to purchase the cultivable land
lB
 Conferment of legal rights on land purchased by the poor was the core objective of the prog
 Each beneficiary can purchase:
- 1.5 acres of dry land (or)
- 1.5 acres of wet land with single crop (or)
- 1 acre of land with 2 crops
hi

 Govt provides 75% (45k) of land value as grant to beneficiary

 Another imp feature of this prog was issue of Pattadar rights to women mem of the family for the land
purchased with grant from govt
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LICENSED CULTIVATORS ACT (LCA), 2011 –

 Based on Koneru Ranga Rao Committee recommendations
 Licensed cultivator – A cultivator, who cultivates others land with implicit or explicit permission of the owner
by paying rent or otherwise
 He can cultivate the land on lease for 1yr or completion of the harvesting
 Every licensed cultivator is eligible for loan and the Loan Eligibility Card (LEC) will be issued by the Revenue
Officer
 RR (85%) topped the list of licensed cultivators

LAND HUNGER IN TELANGANA –

 No. of rural households which were landless in TS are –
- Acc. To Telangana Social Development Report (43.3% b/w 2002-12)
- Acc. To Samagra Kutumba Survey (56.19%)
- 66.73% of SC households in TS are landless

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LAND PURCHASE PROGRAM IN TS, 2014 –
 Launched on 7 Aug 2014 (through GO 4)
 It is a prog of land distribution of 3 acres of land for Dalit women from a totally landless agri family (1
woman from a family)
 Land purchased by the Govt only has to be allocated

TRIBAL LAND ISSUES –

 Estimated tribal population – 10cr
 % of tribal population is:
- In India = 8.61%
- In TS = 9.08%
 Probs of tribal do not arise due to lack of traditional wisdom but due to multiple exploitation and
disturbances (including displacement) they had to face due to outside forces

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 Land alienation is integral part of the process to alienate the tribal from productive resources and expose

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them to acute poverty & exploitation
 During 1920-30s, British Govt in the name of protection of forest lands entered tribal areas
 Local traders, Nizam & British Govt formed a nexus and exploited tribals in all possible ways
 Land alienation among tribals –
- Main causes: poor economic conditions, indebtedness, urbanisation, industrialisation, lack of land
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records, administrative inefficiency, and delay in getting judgement and oral mortgage of lands in the
hands of non-tribals, non-possession of judgement copy etc…
- > 50% of tribal land in agency area is estimated to be in the hands of non-tribals
- > 50% of cases disposed by Land Transfer Regulation (LTR) authorities were in favour of non-tribals
- Acc. To Koneru Ranga Rao Committee Report, “every yr more and more lands are passing into the
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hands of non-tribals and if not checked with a strong executive action, very soon the tribals may not
have lands at all”
- Other probs faced by tribals:
(a) Exploitation of women who become means for non-tribals to gain & control lands illegally
(b) Migration of tribals from other States and regions to occupy tribal lands
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- It is recommended to re-open and re-examine all settlement cases where orders were passed in
favour of non-tribals
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TRIBAL ACTS –
 Tribals resorted to armed revolt to fight against the oppressive policies of Britishers’ which aimed at
alienation of tribals from the land & resources
 The unrest of tribals induced the govt to study on tribal issues and frame suitable laws
 Beginning was made with the introduction of Tribal Rights Act, 1946 (1356 Fasli). In continuation to this, Hyd
Notified Tribal Areas Regulation Act, 1949 came into force
 Features of Hyd Notified Tribal Areas Regulation Act, 1949:
- Establishment of special administrative set-up
- Prohibition of land patta to non-tribals
- Conferment of civil, criminal & revenue powers to Collectors
 Control & administration of Scheduled Areas & Scheduled Tribes came under Schedule 5 (Art 244)
 AP Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation Act, 1959:
- It provided comprehensive legal framework & furnished protection to the tribals of both TS &
coastal Andhra regions against the exploitation & oppression by non-tribals

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 - Imp feature – if the transferor or his heir is unwilling to take back land/ property or when their
whereabouts are not known, the Special officer concerned may sell or assign such property to any
other mem of ST or co-op society run by the tribals or otherwise dispose the same as property of
Govt (it is a major loophole)
 1/70 Act:
- It amended sub-section (1) of the Sec 93 of 1959 regulation
- It prohibited & declared null & void the transfer of immovable property situated in Agency area by
any person whether a mem of ST or not, who is unwilling to sell his land to another tribal
Provision has been made in this amendment to surrender such land to Govt
 Scheduled Tribes & Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006:
- Came into force from 31 Dec 2007, By Min of Tribal Affairs
- It concerns with the violation of rights of forest dwelling communities on land and other resources,
which are denied to them over decades because of continuance of colonial forest laws in India
- It is also known as Community Forest Management (CFM) in TS

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IRRIGATION

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 Irrigation is a vital input for cultivation of any crop & it increases production & productivity and strongly
influences crop diversification and farm income
 2 major sources of irrigation in TS are Godavari (967.94 TMC) & Krishna (200 TMC)

ANNUAL RAINFALL IN TELANGANA –

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- There is volatility in rainfall in the State b/w 2014-15 to 2021-22
- Max – 1323 mm (in 2020-21), Min – 682 mm (2014-15)

METHODS OF IRRIGATION –
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 There are 5 popular irrigation methods in TS. They are:
1. Surface irrigation – Water is distributed over & across land by gravity (no mechanical pump is involved)
2. Lift irrigation – In this method, external energy is required through animal, fuel based or electric power
using pumps or other mechanical means to lift water (unlike the natural flow)
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3. Sprinkler irrigation – Application of irrigation water is like rainfall. Water is distributed through pipes &
then sprayed into air through sprinklers. Wastage of water can be controlled
4. Drip irrigation – In this, water is slowly delivered to the root system of multiple plants. In this method,
water is either dripped on the soil surface above the roots, or directly to the root zone. This is often
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chosen over surface irrigation because it helps to reduce evaporation of water

5. Sub-surface irrigation – it uses a network of polyethylene pipes located just under the ground surface
to supply disinfected effluent in the root zone of plants, preventing airborne drift & minimizing runoff

SOURCES OF IRRIGATION –
 There are 4 imp sources of irrigation in TS. They are – tanks, wells, canals & others (includes rainwater)
 Historically, TS is known for tank irrigation
 Nizam took measures from 1870s to find long lasting solutions to avoid & mitigate recurrent famines
 Major sources of irrigation in Gross Cropped Area (in %):
In 1955-56, Tanks > Wells > Canals > Others > Tube wells
In 2015-16, Tube wells > Traditional Wells > Tanks > Canals > Others
These stats suggest that State funded irrigation has considerably declined from 1956 onwards & that
irrigation has become individual’s affair & farmers had to incur huge expenditure in TS

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VARIOUS MAJOR AND MEDIUM IRRIGATION PROJECTS IN GODAVARI & KRISHNA BASINS -
 TS has 12 major & 33 medium irrigation projs (completed) & 16 major & 6 medium projs (on going)
 Irrigation potential created through major irrigation projs is 38.01 lakh acres
 Tanks:
Highest – Medak
Least – Jogulamba Gadwal
 Khammam has the highest number of lift irrigation schemes (21%)
 In terms of irrigation potential, Nizamabad is on the top (excluding Hyd)
 Ground water schemes (Dug wells, shallow, medium & deep tube wells):
Highest – Nizamabad
Lowest – Kumuram Bheem Asifabad
 Imp components of micro irrigation systems are – online drip irrigation for higher spacing crops, inline
dripping irrigation for lower spacing crops, mini & micro sprinklers portable & semi-permanent & rain guns
sprinklers

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 Projs under Godavari River basin –

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S No Name of the Project Info of the Project
1 Kaleshwaram proj  Redesigned from Dr. BR Ambedkar Pranahitha-Chevella Sujala
Sravanthi proj (proposed to utilize 160 TMC)
 A barrage @Tummidihetti (V) was planned to divert 160 TMC of
water to irrigate 16.4 lakh acres in Adilabad, Nizamabad,
ud Karimnagar, Medak, Warangal, Nalgonda, and RR. 30 TMC of
drinking water to twin cities of Hyd & Secunderabad & 16 TMC
for industrial use. Proj is divided into 7 links & 28 packages
 After formation of State, proj re-engineered into 2 components.
They are –
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(a) Dr. BR Ambedkar Pranahitha Proj: By constructing a
barrage across Pranahitha river near convergence of
Wainganga & Wardha rivers in Asifabad, 20 TMC of water
has been proposed for irrigating an ayacut of 2 lakh acres in
E Adilabad (as against initially proposed 56k acres)
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(b) Kaleshwaram Proj: construction of barrage at Medigadda

(near Kaleshwaram), 2 more barrages b/w Medigadda
(Lakshmi barrage) & Sripada Yellampally proj at Annaram &
Sundilla has been facilitated to transport water to command
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area spread in 13 districts

 Proj has 20 lifts, 20 reservoirs & 25 packages
 Mallanna Sagar is the biggest reservoir with 50 TMC of water
2 Alisagar Lift Irrigation  It intends to supplement irrigation facilities to gap ayacut of
Scheme Nizam Sagar proj
 It proposes to lift 720 cusecs of water from Right bank of
Godavari River near Kosli (V), Nizamabad
3 Arugula Rajaram Guthpa Lift  Intends to supplement the irrigation facilities to gap ayacut of
Irrigation Scheme Nizam Sagar proj in Nizamabad to extent of 38k acres
4 Choutpally Hanmanth Reddy  Proposed on Shetpally tank which is fed by tributary of Sri Rama
Lift Irrigation Scheme Sagar Proj – Laxmi Canal. In Nizamabad
5 Lendi Interstate Proj  Interstate proj b/w TS & Maharashtra
 Proposes to irrigate 49k acres (22k acres in TS)
 Proj to be shared in 38:62 ratio b/w TS & Maha
6 M Baga Reddy Singur Proj  Constructed across Manjira river in Sangareddy

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  Gross capacity – 29.91 TMC
 2 TMC to be utilized to irrigate 40k acres in Kharif season in
Andole & Sangareddy (M) of Sangareddy
7 J Chokka Rao Devadula Lift  Contemplates to lift water from Godavari River near Gangaram
Irrigation Scheme (V), Eturunagaram (M), Bhupalapalli to irrigate 6.2 lakh acres in
upland drought prone areas of Hanumakonda
8 Lower Penganga Proj  Joint proj b/w TS & Maha
 Head works are in Vidharbha region of Maha
 Net available yield is estimated to be 42.67 TMC and shared in
ratio of 88:12
9 Sita Rama Lift Irrigation  By combining both Rajiv Dummugudem & Indira Sagar
Scheme Rudramkota ayacut and it uncovered an ayacut of 1 lakh acres
totaling to 5 lakh acres in Kothagudem, Khammam,
Mahabubabad

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10 Thupakulagudem Barrage  At Eturunagaram (M), Mulugu

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 It envisages to lift 50 TMC of water from Godavari River
 Govt approved proposals to shift the barrage location from
Kanthanapally (V) to Thupakulagudem (V)
 Districts covered are erstwhile Warangal, Nalgonda &
Khammam

11 Sri Kumuram Bheem Proj
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It is a medium irrigation proj
Proposed across Peddavagu stream, Asifabad district
12 Palem Vagu Proj  It is a medium irrigation proj across Palemvagu stream, a
tributary of Godavari
 Located in Jayashankar Bhupalpalli
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 Projs under Krishna River Basin –

S No Name of the Project Info of the project

1 Mahatma Gandhi  Proposed to provide irrigation facilities to 4.1 lakh acres & to
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Kalwakurthy Lift Irrigation supply drinking water to chronically drought prone upland areas
Proj in Mahabubnagar district
 40 TMC is proposed to be lifted in 3 stages from Srisailam
reservoir
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2 Rajiv Bhima Lift Irrigation  It envisages to lift water from Krishna River at 2 different places
Scheme to provide drinking water to the en-route 196 villages of
Mahabubnagar district. The 2 places are –
(a) At Panchadevpad, the foreshore of Jurala proj
(b) At Ramanpad, the foreshore of Ookachetty vagu proj
3 Jawahar Nettempadu Lift  It envisages to lift 21.425 TMC water from the foreshore of PRP
Irrigation Scheme reservoir to provide irrigation facilities to 2 lakh acres in the
drought prone upland areas of Alampur & Gadwal
 It also provides drinking water facilities en-route the canal in
Jogulamba Gadwal district
4 Priyadarshini Jurala Proj  It is a multi-purpose proj across Krishna near Revulapally (V),
Jogulamba Gadwal
 It is intended to irrigate an ayacut of 1.02 lakh acres through
Left Main Canal (NTR Canal) & Right Main Canal (Nalla
Somanadri Canal) in drought prone areas of Wanaparthy,

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 Nagarkurnool & Mahabubnagar districts
5 Rajoli Banda Diversion  It is an interstate proj of TS & Karnataka
Scheme  It consists of an ayacut built across Tungabhadra in Raichur
 Construction started in 1946 & completed in 1958
 Benefits Alampur taluk of erstwhile Mahabubnagar
6 Koilsagar Lift Irrigation  Constructed in 1955 to irrigate an ayacut of 12k acres in
Scheme Amarchintha constituency of Mahabubnagar
 Currently irrigating only 4500 acres (due to failure in monsoon)
 Govt has proposed to stabilize the total ayacut of 12k acres,
apart from irrigating new ayacut of 38k acres
7 Palamuru-Rangareddy Lift  It expects irrigating an ayacut of 12.3 lakh acres in upland areas
Irrigation Scheme of Nagarkurnool, Mahabubnagar, RR, Vikarabad & Nalgonda
 It also caters drinking water requirements of en-route villages,
GHMC & industrial water requirements by lifting 90 TMC of
water in 60 days from the foreshore of Srisailam reservoir

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during flood season

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8 Ghattu Lift Irrigation Scheme  It envisages to irrigate 28k acres in upland areas of Ghattu,
Dharur & KT Doddi (M) in Jogulamba Gadwal
 A total of 2.8 TMC of water is proposed to be lifted from
Relampadu balancing reservoir
9 Dindi Lift Irrigation Scheme  The upland areas of Nalgonda are endemically drought prone
ud besides large areas being in grip of Fluoride. These probs can be
mitigated with Krishna water
 It proposes to provide irrigation facilities to 3.6 lakh acres &
drinking water to the areas which are most severely affected
by fluoride and the drought-prone areas in 4 districts
(Nagarkurnool, Nalgonda, Yadadri & RR)
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10 AMR SLBC & Udayasamuram  Alimineti Madhava Reddy Srisailam Left Bank Canal Proj was
started in 1983 to provide irrigation facilities for 2.8 lakh acres in
drought prone areas of Nalgonda
11 Udayasamudram LIS  It envisages to lift 6.7 TMC of water from the foreshore of
Udayasamudram balancing reservoir of AMR SLBC proj for
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irrigating 1 lakh acres of ayacut in chronically drought affected

upland areas of Nalgonda


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Mission Kakatiya –
- Designed for restoration of tanks in the State that are grossly neglected in the United AP
- Initially it was named as “Chinna Neeti Vanarula Punaruddarana”
- Obj – to enhance the agri based income of small & marginal farmers, by strengthening of minor
irrigation infra, encouraging community-based irrigation management and adopting a comprehensive
program for restoration of tanks
- Govt planned to renovate 46,531 tanks in 5yrs (i.e., 9306 tanks every yr)
- The following tasks are contemplated to fill the ayacut gap of 10 lakh acres:
(a) Silt Removal & Silt Application
(b) Restoration of Feeder Channel to the tank (Part of chain of tanks)
(c) Repairs to Bund, Weir & Sluices
(d) Re-sectioning of Irrigation Channels & Repairs to CM & CD works
(e) Raising of FTL, whenever necessary or possible

GROSS IRRIGATED AREA (GIA) IN TELANGANA (2014-15 to 2021-22) –

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 GIA has significantly increased by 117% (from 62 lakh acres in 2014-15 to 135 lakh acres in 2021-22)

GROSS & NET IRRIGATED AREA AS PROPORTION TO GROSS & NET SOWN AREA IN TELANGANA STATE -
 Intensity of Irrigation = Ratio of Gross & Net irrigated area to Gross & Net sown area
 District with highest Gross cropped area – Nalgonda
 District with highest Net cropped area – Nalgonda
 District with highest Gross irrigated area – Nizamabad
 District with highest Net irrigated area – Nizamabad

ACHIEVMENTS AFTER FORMATION OF STATE -

 TS has become a major Paddy producing State & 2nd largest in Paddy procurement by FCI
 Ground water has increased 4.14mt in the last 6yrs
 Up to Nov 2022, around 20.35 lakh acres have been covered under micro irrigation

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 Major irrigation – Irrigation scheme which can irrigate an ayacut of area > 25k acres

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 Medium irrigation – Irrigation scheme which can irrigate an ayacut of area = 5k < x < 25k acres
 Minor irrigation – Irrigation scheme which can irrigate an ayacut of < 5k acres
 Gross irrigated area – it denotes the total area under crops irrigated once and/or more than once in a yr
 Net irrigated area – it is the actual land area on which irrigation was used for growing crops for as many
times as many in an agricultural yr
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AGRICULTURE: CREDIT & MARKETING AND FOOD STRATEGY

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 Agri credit is considered as one of the imp factors among agri inputs. It plays a vital role in farms’
development during production, marketing, and other farming activities

AGRICULTURAL CREDIT: CONCEPT, TYPES & SOURCES –

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 Agri credit is defined as a form of financing used to provide funding for agri producers
 The need for credit has been increasing over the yrs with the rise in use of fertilisers, mechanisation & rise in
prices of inputs and consumer goods & thus raising the investment and consumption expenditure beyond
capacity and capability
 Purpose of credit –
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- Can be classified into 2 types. They are:
(a) Productive purposes of loans –
 Includes expenditure on farm business. It is of 2 types – Current (seeds, fertilizers, labour,
buying cattle) & Capital (agri implements, digging tube wells, purchase of additional land)
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(b) Non-productive purposes of loans –

 These includes loans taken for purposes like marriages, social ceremonies, religious
functions, festivals, for education & health
 Types of Agricultural Credit –
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- It is classified into 3 types. They are:

1. Short term credit – when farmers need loan to meet short-term needs (for a period < 15 months)
like purchasing seeds, paying wages etc… such are usually provided by RRB, Co-op societies, Co-op
Banks (other institutional & non-institutional agencies also give credit). Also known as Takkavi loans
2. Medium Term Credit – loans needed for periods ranging b/w 15 < x < 5yr for purchasing cattle,
pump sets, other agri implements etc…
3. Long Term Credit – Loans needed for long period of > 5yr just for purpose of buying additional land
or for making permanent improvement on land like reclamation of land, horticulture etc… For such
loans, farmers must produce personal surety/ movable or/and immovable assets as security
- PACS (Primary Agri Credit Societies) provide mainly short- & medium-term loans
PCARDBs (Primary Co-operative Agri & Rural Development Banks) & SCARDBs (State Co-operative Agri &
Rural Development Banks) provide long term loans to agri
- NABARD – it is the apex institution at national level for agri credit & provides refinance assistance to
agencies

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 - Structure of Short-term Cooperative Credit structure – It is based on 3-tier structure i.e.
At village level – PACS
At district level – DCCBs (District Co-op Credit Banks)
At State level – SCBs (State Co-operative Banks)
 Sources of Agricultural Credit -
- There are 2 sources of agri credit. They are:
(a) Institutional sources – Includes Co-op credit societies, Commercial Banks, RRB, and SHGs & Govt.
They provide cheaper and adequate credit to farmers
(b) Non-institutional sources – Money lenders, landlords, input suppliers, traders, commission agents,
relatives & friends are part of this. They are easily accessible to farmers at any point of time and they
charge exorbitant interest rates

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STRUCTURE & DISBURSEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CREDIT –

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 TS Co-op Apex Bank Ltd (TSCAB) – Apex Bank of Co-op credit structure
 Among Non-institutional agencies, money lenders are extending > 75% of credit to farming community
 Due to importance given by Govt, SCB have increased credit facilities to agri by 112% b/w 2015 to 2022
 As per Annual Credit plan target, amount allocated for crop loans > term loans
 Nizamabad was fixed the highest credit target (6.7% of total) & Medchal was fixed the lowest (0.8%)
 Crop loan waiver – Rolled out by Govt to reduce debt burden of farmers. All crop loans sanctioned or
renewed on or after 1 Apr 2014 and outstanding crop loans as on 11 Dec 2018 are eligible under this.
Amount to be waived is 1lakh. Done in 2 phases through e-Kuber platform
 Rythu Bhima: Risk mitigation –
- Known as “Farmers Group Life Insurance Scheme,” Started in 2018

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 - Eligibility – farmers in 18-59yrs of age
- Entire premium will be borne by the State without imposing any burden on the farmer and irrespective
of the land holding size
- Obj – to provide financial relief & social security to family/ dependents in case of loss of farmer’s life
- Insured amount of 5lakh will be deposited in the designated nominee’s account within 10 days

AGRICULTURAL MARKETING –
 Agricultural marketing - Study of all the activities, agencies & policies involved in the procurement of farm
inputs by the farmers and the movement of agri products from the farms to consumers. It includes all those
activities which are related to procurement, grading, storing, transporting & settling of agri produce
 Agricultural marketing structure in TS:
- Broadly the structure of agri marketing in TS consists of the following –
(a) Regulated markets –
 It is a wholesale market where buying & selling are regulated and controlled by the State

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Govt through market committee

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 Establishment of these regulated markets was 1st suggested by Royal Commission on Agri in
1928
 Obj – to eliminate illegal & unhealthy marketing practices to lessen marketing charges & to
ensure fair prices both to producers and consumers
 Some of the Acts in this regard –
(i)
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Hyd Agri Market Act – 1930
(ii) AP (Agri Produce & Livestock) Markets Rules – 1966, later improved in 1969
(iii) Telangana (Agri Produce & Livestock) Markets Act – 2014
(b) TS MARKFED (Telangana State Co-op Marketing Societies Federation Ltd, Hyd) –
 Reconstituted in 2014
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 PACS work under this to protect mems from frequent volatilities in prices of agri products
 It has a feed mixing plant in Karimnagar & one cotton ginning plant in Adilabad
(c) FPO (Farmer Producer Organisation) –
 To protect the interests of agriculturists in getting right value to producers for their product.
They help in purchasing of inputs and processing & marketing of their produce. Also provide
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credit

ACCESS TO MARKETS –
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 Market infra –
- Acc. To Dalwai Committee, TS has the potential to improve its market infra & increase market coverage
- Districts with most number of APMCs are:
1. Siddipet (14)
2. Jagityal (13)
- e-NAM –
 launched to promote uniformity in agri marketing by integrating markets at State across the
country a common online platform and thus strengthening marketing transaction process
and promoting efficient functioning of the markets
 APMC of Nizamabad & Kesamudram were awarded PM’s Excellence Award for successful
implementation of e-NAM
 TS is the 1st State to implement Weighing Integration & Payments under e-NAM
- Govt estd Spl Commodity markets at:
(a) Gandhamvarigudem, Nalgonda (for sweet lime)
(b) Nakrekal (for lime)

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 (c) Konamekalavarigudem (for donda)
 Defects of Agri marketing –
- Poverty is a major hurdle, they are bonded by the unending indebtedness & are forced to go for distress
sale
- Transportation costs are heavy to poor families
- Storage facilities are miles away
- Markets are highly defective & imperfect. Presence of middlemen etc…
- Inadequate market infra, lack of market info, lack of processing units, frequent price fluctuations are
plaguing farmer-friendly marketing system
- Most farmers are unaware of grading & qualifying the produce as per norms of regulated markets
- Weak link of extension services is causing lack of info regarding better techniques of low cost and
qualitative production and marketing

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WORKING OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN TELANGANA –
 Mana Kuragayalu Prog (MKP):
- It is an alternate marketing system to increase farmer’s income & to cater the increasing demand for
fresh fruit and vegetables due to the continuous increase in population and spread of the twin cities
- It is an extension to Rythu Bazar
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- It attempts to link distant farmers to market their fresh produce through shortening the supply chain
by establishing FPOs and Societies in the production clusters by the Horticulture Department
- In distribution centres, there is infra for storage, sorting & grading etc…
- “Cash & Carry” outlet in estd in Hyd
- Online payment transfers has improved transparency
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FOOD SECURITY –
 In TS, 8.8% of population was in BPL
 Public Distribution System (PDS) -
- Evolution: PDS (1944) – RPDS (1992) – TPDS (1997) – e-PDS (2002)
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- Govt is distributing essential commodities and food grains to priority households @ subsidised prices as
per their eligibility
- Govt of TS has enhanced the scale of distribution of rice from 5kg per person at 3/- per kg (as prescribed
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by GOI) to 6kg per person at 1/- per kg to all mems in the family
- Along with food security, the state has facilitated gas connections to 18.9 lakh poor and marginalised
households under DEEPAM scheme
 National Food Security Act, 2013 -
- Launched to ensure legal entitlement of food security to BPL group
- Schemes subsumed into this scheme:
(a) Mid-day meal scheme
(b) Integrated Child Development Services Scheme
(c) PDS
- Food Commission was constituted as per norms of NFSA Act
 Food Security Cards –
- Issued by Govt to BPL
- it is a type of ration card, which is a legal docx for getting groceries at subsidised rate in TS
- Following categories are eligible to apply for this:
(a) Agri labourers without landed property

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 (b) Marginal farmers, slum dwellers and people who earn daily for their livelihood like porters,
rickshaw puller, cobbler etc…
(c) Widows as the head of the family or disabled ppl or ppl > 60yrs of age
(d) Tribal households
Further, person belonging to EWS, recently married couple covered under prescribed norms of the
2013 Act, persons with expired or temporary cards can also apply
- No of Fair Price shops is highest in Nalgonda and lowest in Mulugu
- District with highest Food security cards is Hyd while Mulugu has the lowest
 89.1% agri households are in indebtedness in the State

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ALLIED SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE

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 Allied agri sector – The sector that depends on the agri activity in various ways. It includes – livestock,
fishery, horticulture & sericulture activities
 Agri & allied activities provide livelihood to > 50% of work force of TS

ALLIED AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES –

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 Horticulture –
- It encompasses a wide range of crops like fruit crops, veggies, flower crops, spices & plantation crops
- Dept of Horticulture was estd in 1982 (after bifurcating from Agri Dept)
- Area under horticulture is 6.5% of total area under cultivation
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- Horticulture crop sector contributes 31% to Agri GSVA in terms of value of products
- Major crops cultivated include – Mango, sweet orange, acid lime, guava, pomegranate, tomato, brinjal,
oil palm, cashewnut, chillies and turmeric
- In terms of production (in 2022-23) – Fruits > Veggies > Spices > Plantation > Flowers
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 Progs initiated by the Govt – Dept of Horticulture has been implementing progs like micro irrigation system,
poly houses/ greenhouses & portable sprinklers to promote horticulture crops
 Micro Irrigation System –
- Subsidies are provided to farmers with land up to 5 hectares to grow horticulture crops
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- All category of farmers are eligible for 75% subsidy (limited to 2.5 acres only)
- % of subsidy provided to different sections:
(a) 100% - SC, ST
(b) 90% - BC
(c) 80% - Other caste farmers
 Green houses/ Poly houses –
- Launched by TS Govt during 2014-15
- These are structures made with material like glass or polyethylene where plants grow and develop under
controlled climatic conditions
- It provides 75% subsidy to promote cultivation of high value veggies & fruits (later increased to 95% for
SC/ST from 2016-17)
- Flat roof net houses with cable purlin – to promote vegetable cultivation in off seasons
- 2 Centres of Excellence were estd by Govt in 2016. They are located at –
(a) Jeedimetla, Medchal Malkajgiri – for vegetables & flowers cultivation

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 (b) Mulugu, Siddipet – for fruits cultivation
 Crop colonies –
- Promoted by Dept of Horticulture on pilot basis for veggies to ensure remunerative incomes for farmers
of Ibrahimpatnam, RR
- Under this, the COE will provide high quality inputs & hence productivity has doubled
- Proposing to setup new ones at – Hyd, Nizamabad, Warangal, Khammam & Karimnagar
 Food Processing –
- TSHDCL (TS Horticulture Development Corp Ltd) was estd to promote procurement, storage, processing
& marketing of good quality horticulture crops and their products
- It estd a Spice processing unit for 8 spice products at Dulapally (V), Medchal Malkajgiri
- TS came up with “Telangana State Food Processing policy” with an objective to set up food processing
units, in view of the rising food production in the State
- State accounted for highest production of turmeric and sweet oranges

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 Oil Palm Cultivation –

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- Executed by TSOILFED (TS Co-op Oil Seeds Growers Federation)
- 2 processing units with capacity of 30 tons/hr are being operated at Ashwaraopet & Apparaopet
villages of Bhadradri Kothagudem
- Palm oil is the major source of vegetable oil in the world
- Per-capita consumption of edible oil in India = 19kg/person
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- The deficit in oil palm production is met through imports from Indonesia & Malaysia
- TS stands 6th in terms of area under oil palm cultivation & 1st in oil extraction
- Telangana’s Oil Palm Scheme: Govt is providing assistance for taking up oil palm cultivation with 50%
assistance on mechanisation, tools & planning to take up 20 lakh acres under Oil Palm. In the State, Oil
Palm cultivation & processing is regulated by the TS Oil Palm (Regulation of Production and Processing)
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Act 1983

FISHERIES –
 State has about 24,189 water bodies spread over 5.72 lakh hectares
 Govt intends to increase fish production by creating backward & forward linkages to relevant markets,
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ensuring:
(a) Self-sufficiency in fish seed production
(b) Improving livelihood conditions of fishermen and
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(c) Ensuring availability of hygienic fish to consumers at affordable prices

 TS is the only State where all the suitable water bodies are stocked with adequate number of quality fish
seed by providing 100% grant
 Integrated Fisheries Development Scheme – to provide assistance to fishers with an outlay of 1000cr (in
2017-18) with funds of National Cooperative Development Corporation

LIVESTOCK –
 Livestock census – conducted across the country periodically since 1919. It usually covers all the
domesticated animals & head counts of these animals are taken. It will be conducted once in 5yrs
 Around 25.8 lakh families are engaged either in livestock rearing or related activities for their livelihood
 TS is 2nd in growth of livestock population (22% growth) after WB
 Expected to contribute 48% to GSVA of Agri sector. Milk & meat cover almost 75% of GSVA in livestock
 Rankings of TS in livestock –
(a) 1st – sheep population
(b) 5th – meat production

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 (c) 13th – milk production

 Sheep Rearing Development Program (SRDP) –

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- Launched on 20 June 2017 at Kondapaka, Siddipet

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- Eligibility - Members from Shepherd community with > 18yrs
- To develop economic standards of Yadava & Kurma communities
- Govt to contribute 75% as subsidy & beneficiary to contribute 25% share
- 1 Unit = 21 (20 sheep + 1 Ram)
- Govt enhanced Unit cost from 1.25 lakh to 1.75 lakh
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- Sheep breeds selected – Nellore Brown, Jodipi, Deccan & Madras Red
- If the Sheep get any disease, toll number – 1962
 Dairy –
- Major challenge is integration of small & marginal farmers in dairy value chain i.e. in milk procurement,
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processing & marketing
- TSDDCF (TS Dairy Development Co-op Federation) owns dairies including Milk products factory at Hyd
- Steps taken by Govt to encourage dairy activity:
(a) Govt sanctioned 1 milk animal (cow & buffalo) each to 2.13 lakh beneficiaries identified by Vijaya
Dairy & other dairies in the State. Vijaya Dairy Federation is the implementing agency
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(b) Farmers are given an incentive of 4/- per litre, if milk is sold to Vijaya Dairy
 Poultry –
- State stands 3rd in egg production with a contribution of 12.98% in the country
- To incentivise this sector, Govt has been providing free power up to 200/ unit to poultry farms since
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2015

GOVT INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION –

 Govt estd animal polyclinics in district HQs and each mandal has been staffed with veterinary graduates
 A 30-seat call centre was setup, which works 24X7 to provide on-call and free info about animal health
through the toll-free number 1962
 Subsidised fodder (75% subsidy) supply to farmers is also being implemented

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4 - INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

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INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
 Industrialisation plays an imp role in bringing about economic development and in raising the productivity of
the economy across the nations worldwide. It opens numerous avenues for employing surplus labour,
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thereby lifting economic stagnation. It leads to technological advancement & results in overall progress of the
society & therefore it must be focused upon to achieve development goals

GROWTH PATTERN OF INDUSTRIES IN UNDIVIDED AP –

 Growth of industry in united AP was driven by growth in Public Sector industry
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 The capital intensive Central Public Sector was mostly confined to Vizag (AP) and Hyd (TS)
 No. of industries & no. of people employed increased rapidly b/w 1970 – 85
 Large PSUs like BHEL, HAL, HMT, ECIL, IDPL etc…were setup near Hyd
 By 1980-81, the share of industry sector in GSDP increased
 Share of industry in GSDP was 28.3% (in 2004-05) @ constant prices. Manufacturing had the highest share
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GROWTH & STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRIES IN TELANGANA –

 Industrial sector comprises of manufacturing, electricity, gas, water supply & other utility services,
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construction, mining, and quarrying

 Industries have been classified as:
(a) Corporate – consists of pvt limited companies
(b) Non-corporate – consists of individual & partnership companies
(c) Others – includes Khadi & village industries, handlooms, co-ops etc…
 TS has diversified its industrial base with thrust on high-tech sectors like pharma, bio-tech & nano-tech and
traditional sectors like textiles, leather, minerals & food processing etc… and they play imp role in
industrialisation process through backward & forward linkages to large scale industries
 Sec 2(m)(i) of Factories Act 1948 – Units employing 10 or more workers with power
Sec 2(m)(ii) – Units employing 20 or more workers without power

SECTORAL ANALYSIS –
 GSVA – Calculated by subtracting the value of all intermediate goods & services from GSDP of the State
 Industrial sector GVA (@ current prices) of TS for 2022-23 – 2.26 lakh crore. It is 18.96% of TS’s GSVA

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 During 2014-15 to 2021-22, among the S Indian States, the CAGR of TS is highest in Manufacturing
subsector, and is 2nd highest in industries sector
 Sub-sectoral contribution to Industrial sector –

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Contributions: Manufacturing > Construction > Mining & Quarrying > Electricity & utilities

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SECTORAL GROWTH RATE -
 Economic growth rate indicates the % change in the value of all goods & services produced in a nation during
a specific period, as compared to an earlier period. It measures the comparative progress
 TS ranked in top 3 places in Ease of Doing Business Index since its inception in 2016
 Sectoral contribution:
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- 2 of 4 sub sectors (Electricity – 14.61% & Manufacturing – 11.85%) within Industries achieved a higher
CAGR than their national counterparts between 2014-15 and 2022-23
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- Except Electricity & Utilities, the industry and its other 3 sub sectors were badly hit during the pandemic
and experienced negative growth rates also (but they experienced a sharp rebound)
 Contribution to employment:
- Contribution of industrial sector to employment – 21% (as per Labour Force Survey 2020-21)
- Manufacturing subsector is employing 10.95% (11%) of total working population
Construction sub sector is employing 8.82% (9%) of total working population
- Manufacturing and Construction account for 52.15% and 42% of industrial workforce whereas the other
2 subsectors together account for 5.86%

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NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY -

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1. TS - iPASS –
 Telangana State Industrial Project Approval & Self Certification System
 Act enacted in 2014
 It is a system of approvals through self-certification and provides clearances to all projects within
30days (As per Invest India portal, it is recognized as one of the shortest periods across the country)
 It made it a Right to get Industrial clearances
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 It envisages provisions to impose penalties to officers who failed to accord clearances @1000/- per
day
 It has granted approvals to 22110 units from 2014 to Jan 2023, and brought investments worth 2.53
lakh crore and is providing employment to around 17 lakh people
 Of all the units approved since 2014-15, MSMEs are 96%, while 4% are large or mega enterprises
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 In Share of Approvals – highest is by Micro enterprises (65.4%)
 In Share of Investment – highest is by Mega enterprises (59.3%)
 In Share of Employment – highest is by Mega enterprises (41.8%)
 In terms of Approvals received, top districts are –
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(a) Medchal (21%)

(b) Sangareddy (8%)
(c) Rangareddy (7.5%)
 In terms of investments received, top districts are –
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(a) Rangareddy (32.1%)

(b) Nalgonda (11.1%)
(c) Bhadradri (9%)
 In terms of employment generation, top districts are –
(a) Rangareddy (56.6%)
(b) Warangal (11.12%)
(c) Sangareddy (8%)
 There has been steady increase in the number of approvals for Food processing & Agro industries
between 2015-16 to 2022-23
 Between 2015-16 to 2020-21, IT sector remained the dominant sector in employment & investments
 However, new employment in 2021-22 came from pharmaceutical sector

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2. T-IDEA –
 TS Industrial Development & Entrepreneur Advancement Incentive Scheme
 Launched in 2014
 Aim – to promote industrial development in TS by providing subsidies to entrepreneurs
 It offers incentives by reimbursing stamp duty, power cost, offering interest and investment subsidies,
capital assistance and other support
 Since the formulation in 2014-15, Govt has sanctioned 24,470 claims amounting to 3500cr
3. T-PRIDE –
 TS Program for Rapid Incubation of Dalit Entrepreneurs Incentive Scheme
 To encourage entrepreneurship among historically marginalized groups like SC, ST, specially-abled
people, women
 Amount released under T-PRIDE – ST > SC > specially-abled people

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 4. MSMEs (Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises) –
 As per TS-iPASS, nearly 16,365 MSMEs units started operations b/w 2015 – 2022 (Jan) generating
employment to 2.44 lakh ppl
 Mostly concentrated in Hyd, RR, Karimnagar districts
5. TSIDC –
 Telangana State Industrial Development Corporation
 Aims to identify & promote entrepreneurship within the State, extend financial services, extend
support to Startup companies & ensure the economic viability of the projects adopted by the Corp

INDUSTRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN TELANGANA -

1. TSIIC –
 Telangana State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation
 Established in 2014
 To identify and develop potential industrial growth centers & to develop infrastructure in these

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areas
 It is the nodal agency to develop industrial parks in TS

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 It has been allotted 1.5 lakh acres of government land for this purpose
 The Corp has its presence in each & every Mandal HQ of the district
 Industrial parks developed include –
(a) Pharma City – Hyderabad
(b) Industrial Park – Zaheerabad, Sangareddy
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(c) Kakatiya Mega Textile Park – Warangal
(d) Industrial parks at Chandavelly & Dhandumalkapur (Choutuppal, Yadadri)
(e) Medical devices park – Sultanpur, Sangareddy
(f) Women’s Park – Sultanpur
(g) Mega food park – Buggapadu, Khammam
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(h) New Energy Park – Divitipally, Mahabubnagar
(i) Micro Industrial Park – Rayaraopet, Nalgonda
(j) Industrial Parks – Mandapally, Siddipet and Tunikibollaram, Medak and Jinnaram
(k) Agri-Processing Park – Bandamailaram, Medak
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(l) Agro Processing Cluster – Dhandumalkapur, Yadadri

(m) Acqa Hub – Siricilla
(n) IT Park – Osmannagar, Medak
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SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES –

 With a view to overcome the shortcomings experienced on the account of the multiplicity of controls &
clearances and to attract foreign investments, SEZs are promoted in the State
 List of SEZs in TS –

S No Type of SEZ Location

1 IT/ITES Nanakramguda (V),
Sherlingampalli (M), RR
2 Aerospace & Precision Engineering Adibhatla (V), Ibrahimpatnam
(M), RR
3 Biotech Lalgadi Malakpet (V),
Shameerpet (M), Medchal
Malkajgiri
4 Formulation Rajapur & Pollepalli (V),
Jadcherla (M), Mahabubnagar
5 Biotech KarakaPatla (V), Mulugu (M),

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 Siddipet
6 IT/ITES Madikonda (V), Hanumakonda
(M), Warangal
7 Electronic hardware Maheshwaram (V & M), RR
 In addition, to these, the following SEZ-Joint ventures are also operational in TS. They are –
(a) K Raheja IT Park Pvt Ltd – Madhapur, RR
(b) Fab City SPV (India) Ltd, Semiconductor facility – Maheshwaram (M), RR

HANDLOOM INDUSTRY –
 Handlooms – largest cottage industry in the State
 Majority of Power looms in TS are in Siricilla town
 State Govt is providing 50% power subsidy to Power loom weavers in the State for the power loom unit
holders up to 5HP
 “Bathukamma sarees” a flagship scheme in power loom sector, where in sarees are distributed to all

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women above 18yrs of age enrolled under Food Security Cards, as a gift on the eve of the festival

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 Schemes of Govt –
(a) Nethannaku Cheyutha – Also called as Telanagana Handloom Weavers Thrift Fund Saving & Security
Scheme (THWTFSSS) in 2017. To provide social security to weavers. As a part of it, weavers contribute
8% of his wage into Savings Account and the State contributes 16%
(b) Nethanna Bima – Group Life insurance on par with Rythu Bhima. Implemented from 14-08-2022 to cover
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Handloom & Power loom weavers & ancillary workers under LIC
(c) Chenetha Mithra – Input Subsidy Linked Wage Compensation Scheme. Govt provides an input subsidy of
40% on yarn, dyes, chemicals
(d) Credit support – District Co-operative Central Banks support the Primary Handloom weavers with cash
credit to help with day to day running of their looms
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(e) Pavala Vaddi Scheme – to reduce interest burden on Handloom Weavers Cooperative Societies, APEX
Society, Individual Weavers covered under Artisan Credit Cards & Handloom Weaver Groups

TEXTILE INDUSTRY –
 TS is the 3rd largest producer of long staple cotton
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 Govt formulated the TS Textile & Apparel Policy (T-TAP) – 2017-22 and has invested in infra to make the
state a hub for the textile industry with special focus on spinning, weaving, knitting, processing, and garment
manufacturing
 Govt established Kakatiya Mega Textile Park (KTMP) in Warangal (highest cotton growing district in the
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State)
 Another textile park is the Malkapur textile Park at Choutuppal, Yadadri district
 A new Apparel & Weaving Park was setup in Rajanna Siricilla
 Primary objective of the Parks is to generate employment on a large scale and to provide alternate
livelihood opportunities to women currently involved in beedi rolling work

PHARMACEUTICALS & LIFE SCIENCES –

 Pharmaceuticals comprise the largest commodity export of State (30%) since 2015-16
 Nearly 33% of India’s pharma production is done by TS & contributes to 20% of country’s exports
 Hyderabad Pharma City – first & largest integrated pharma cluster in the world (Project of National
Significance)
 “Life Sciences Policy of TS” emphasized the growth of 5 key sub-sectors i.e., pharmaceuticals,
biotechnology, medical devices, bio-services, nutraceuticals
 Medical Devices Park –
- Govt identified medical devices as a strategic area for growth

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 - As of 2021, around 80% of India’s requirements in the sector are met through imports
- Hence, establishing a medical devices park has huge potential
- Country’s largest Medical Devices Park was estd at Sultanpur, Hyd in 2017

FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY –

 Telangana State Food Processing Society is an Autonomous Agency created in 2014
 Food processing has been recognized as one of the 14 thrust sectors of the State in industrial policy
framework 2014
 Food processing industry processes 25% of output from agriculture & allied sectors & adds 12.5% value
 State has 4 major Food Processing Parks at –
(a) Nizamabad’s Smart Agro Mega Food Park
(b) Basavashakti Food Park – Zaheerabad, Sangareddy
(c) Raagmayuri Food Park – Jogulamba Gadwal
(d) TSIIC Food Park – Khammam
 T-FAPP (Telangana Food Processing & Preservation Policy) – to extend the scope of food processing

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industries in the State
 70% of investments are focused on high-value tertiary processing
 Telangana State Oil Palm Mission – envisages to bring 20 lakh acres under Oil palm cultivation in a period of
3yrs from 2022-23 to 2024-25 ud
MINERAL INDUSTRIES IN TELANGANA –
 Focus minerals – Coal, iron ore, diamond, dolomite, uranium, granite, limestone for establishment of
cement, thermal, granite cutting & faceting, steel & sponge iron as focus industry for overall growth &
development of mining sector
 TSMDC (Telangana State Mineral Development Corporation) –
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- It was declared a National Exploration Agency by Ministry of Mines in 2016 & it has taken up
exploration of minerals within & outside the State
- It is supplying sand to prestigious State Govt programs like Double Bedroom houses, Irrigation projects,
Mission Bhagiratha works etc…
 Districts with max share of mines – Jogulamba (723) > Khammam (463) > Kumuram Bheem (183)
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 Sand Taxi Service – district administration is supplying sand locally at the door step of customers through
online booking
 Coal – Telangana has the largest deposits of Coal among South Indian states. Singareni Collieries Company
Limited (State PSU) is the primary coal mining corporation. It is the 2nd largest coal producer
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 In Apr 2022, Singareni Therma Power Plant of SSCL was awarded by the Mission Energy Foundation for 2nd
time in a row for 100% utilization of Fly Ash

INDUSTRY EXPORTS –
 69% - from Service sector, 31% - merchandise exports
 Merchandise exports contribute 7.1% to GSDP of State
 Of the merchandise exports, Pharmaceuticals & Organic Chemicals constituted around 57% of total goods
exported
 Pharmaceuticals (34%) > Organic Chemicals (23.5%) > Electrical machinery (5.4%)
 Export Preparedness Index is compiled by NITI Aayog
 TS has scored 100 in the Business Environment Indicator in Export Preparedness Index 2021
 TS has 4th highest international market penetration among all States in India. TS’s exports command high
value across 170 different countries
 Top countries to which TS exported Goods in 2021-22:

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 USA (28.1%) > China (7.35%) > Bangladesh (3.64%) > Russia (2.66%) > UK (2%)
 5 districts – Medchal (25%), Hyderabad (19.9%), Rangareddy (19.5%), Sangareddy, Medak accounted for
85% of all exports from the State
 Acc. To NITI Aayog, Telangana is one of the top 5 States which have contributed to 75% of all overall
exports made from the country

INDUSTRIAL FINANCE –
 Telangana State Financial Corporation –
- APSFC – Telangana division is the leading SFC estd in 1956
- Provides assistance to MSMEs
- Govt of TS & SIDBI together hold 99.87% of shareholding in APSFC-TS division
- It provides financial assistance by way of term-loan to a single borrower not exceeding 25lakh subject to
minimum contribution of 2 – 5% of proj cost
 Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) –

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- It provides industrial finance to MSME entrepreneurs, both in rupee & foreign currency, generally for a

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period of up to 3yr
- Limit is 3cr (for existing entrepreneurs) and 2cr (for new entrepreneurs)
 RRBs –
- It provides loans under PSL to manufacturing sector for plant & machinery/ equipment to MSMEs in the
following manner:
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(a) For Micro enterprise – up to 25lakh
(b) For Small enterprise – 25lakh – 5cr
(c) For Medium enterprise – 5cr – 10cr
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MICRO, SMALL & MEDIUM ENTERPRISES

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 MSME plays an imp role in providing employment opportunities at comparatively lower capital costs for
those who are low skilled, apart from facilitating rural industrialisation. It provides complementary products
to large industries & contributes enormously to inclusive growth and balanced regional development
 Acc to Invest India portal, MSMEs account for 95% of all industrial units and employ over 100M people
across the country (2nd to Agri)
 They ensure equitable distribution of wealth & income
 GOI enacted MSMED Act 2006, and Service sector is included in the definition of MSME
 New definitions of MSME as per 2020 Gazette notification:
(a) Micro – investment, plant, equipment < 1cr, turnover < 5cr
(b) Small – investment < 10cr, turnover < 50cr
(c) Medium – investment < 50cr, turnover < 250cr
 Hyderabad accounts for highest number of MSMEs followed by Rangareddy, Medchal
 Majority of new units registered under UDYAM portal are Micro Units (95%)
 Among MSMEs, Small Units account for highest share of 64% in investment & 54% in employment

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 Districts with highest investment:

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(a) Medchal
(b) Rangareddy
 Districts with highest employment:
(a) Medchal
(b) Sangareddy

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Telangana Industrial Health Clinic Limited (TIHCL) – a NBFC set up by Govt of TS in 2017 for revival &
rehabilitation of sick MSMEs. It provides special assistance to female led firms. It started “Doorstep
engagement” with stressed Micro & Small entrepreneurs at industrial clusters to solve both financial & non-
financial issues faced by business at ground level
 TSFC (Telangana State Finance Corp) provides financial assistance to new/existing Micro & Small
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entrepreneurs engaged in Manufacturing & Service sectors
 SCBs & RRBs provide loans under priority sector which include Micro & Small enterprises
 In 2022, Govt of TS signed an MOU with Thai Govt to kick start cooperation in startups through T-Hub &
SMEs through “Thaitrade.com” of Thailand & TS Global Linker of TS. To promote trade & investment
between the economies in key focus sectors like agro based food processing & wood-based industries
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 Just Dial will provide registered MSMEs of the State with free listing facilities & other services under MOU
for a period of 3yrs
 SIDBI Make in India Soft Loan Fund for MSME (SMILE) scheme provides a loan amount ranging between 10-
25 lakhs
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 SIDBI also provides term loans for purchase of equipment for enterprise’s development under SPEED &
SPEED Plus
 CHAMPIONS portal – an ICT based technology system for making the smaller units big by helping &
handholding them

5 - SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL SECTORS

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 SERVICES SECTOR
 Service sector supplements the growth of industrial sector & agri sector through improvements in
electrification, communication, transportation, banking etc…
 It remains the dominant sector in Telangana’s economy, with a share of 62.81% in GSVA @ current prices in
2022-23 (7.5 lakh crores)

IMPORTANCE OF TERTIARY SECTOR IN TELANGANA –

 Development is a 3-stage process. Dominance of service sector in the growth process is associated with the
3rd stage of development
 But some economists doubt the sustainability of services-led growth. Acc to them, unless the real sectors of
agri & industry grow fast, the services-led growth cannot be sustained for long
 Service sector constitutes of:
1. Trade, repair, hotels, and restaurants

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(a) Trade & repair services

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(b) Hotels & restaurants
2. Transport, storage, communication & services related to broadcasting
(a) Railways
(b) Road transport
(c) Water transport
(d) Air transport
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(e) Services incidental to transport
(f) Storage
(g) Communication & services related to broadcasting
3. Financial services
4. Real estate, ownership of dwelling & professional services
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5. Public administration
6. Other services
 Top most & best thriving sub-sectors in TS have been IT, ITeS, tourism, real estate, education & health
 Govt of TS launched ICT Policy in Apr 2016 & 2nd ICT Policy in Sept 2021
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STRUCTURE & GROWTH OF SERVICES SECTOR –

 Real estate, Ownership of dwelling & Professional services is the most dominant sub-sector in the State
which contributes 33.2% of GVA @ Current prices
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 Hyd is recognised as the leading IT Hubs globally and ranks 2nd in terms of total revenue from IT sector in the
country
 State is also an emerging hub for logistics and healthcare services

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 Sectoral contribution of services sector to GSVA –
- Growth rate of GSDP & GSVA denote the performance of the economy & changes in the magnitude and
composition of GSDP of the State economy over a period
- In 2022-23, services sector accounted for 62.81% of GSVA i.e., 7.5 lakh crore
- Overall, the contribution of Service sector to GSDP, on an avg, was > 50% both at current & constant
prices
 Growth trends of Services Sector –
- Trade, repair & restaurants sector experienced the max CAGR between 2014-15 and 2022-23 @current
prices at 16.3%, followed by ‘other services’ at 14.2%
- Trade, repair, hotels & restaurants sub sector is further split into 2 component subsectors: Trade and
Repair Services – accounted for 96.03%, and Hotels & Restaurants – accounted for 3.97% in 2022-23

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- Sub-sectoral contribution to the growth in GVA by the Services sector in TS > India
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GROWTH TREND OF SERVICES SECTOR IN GVA –

 Between 2014 to 2020, there was gradual decrease in Service sector growth rate from 13.7% (2014-15) to
9.9% (2019-20) in India and from 18.1% (2014-15) to 11.2% (2019-20) in TS
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 Though pandemic badly hit the Services sector, it re-bounded back strongly to around 18% in 2022-23
 Sectoral growth rate is highest for trade, repair, hotels & restaurants (16.13%)

TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT AND EXPORTS OF THE SERVICES SECTOR –

 Services sector has been a vital source of output growth and jobs in the State, and brought insignificant
amounts of foreign capital into the State’s economy
 Acc to PLFS 2020-21, around 33.21% of all workers in TS are employed in the Services sector
At All India level, it is 29.64%
 In Urban areas, the share of Service sector workers in TS (63.22%) > India (60.5%) since 2017-18
 In Rural areas, the share of workers in TS (18.28%) < India (18.59%)

 Of the 33.21% share of the Services sector, the share of male workers in TS (60.69%) > India (59.22%)
Whereas the share of female workers in TS (39.31%) < India (40.78%)

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 Within the Service sector, highest are employed in Trade, Hotels & Restaurants sub-sector (39.75%)

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followed by Transport, storage & communication sub-sector (21%)

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 According to JLL-City-Momentum Index-2020, which identifies the world’s most dynamic cities from a real
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estate perspective, Hyderabad is the world’s most dynamic city by occupying the 1st position

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

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 Infra is one of the major pre-requisites for economic growth, as it promotes production capacity, provides
employment opportunities, reduces transaction costs & improves the standard of living
 Infra includes both economic & social infra
(a) Economic infra – consists of irrigation, power proj, transport consisting of roadways, railways, waterways
& airways etc… It contributes towards growth
(b) Social infra – consists of education & health (schools, colleges, universities, hosps, dispensaries, hygiene,
sanitation etc…). it contributes towards development

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY –

 ICT Policy Framework –
- Govt of TS launched ICT Policy in 2016 to attract investments, generate employment & thus augment the
growth of IT/ITeS sector
- Objs:
(a) Provide congenial industry-friendly climate for IT companies to locate, grow & sustain their

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operations in a hassle-free environment

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(b) Creating new skill development initiatives & employment opportunities for the educated youth of
all sections of society across all the regions
(c) Achieving higher levels of export turnover resulting in enhanced productivity & augmentation of
GSDP
(d) Encouraging innovation & entrepreneurship within the State
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(e) Spreading IT to Tier II locations in the State &
(f) Leveraging IT as a tool for the socio-economic development of the region
 Second ICT Policy (2021 – 26) –
- It focuses on digital empowerment of citizens, innovation & entrepreneurship as drivers of the sector’s
growth
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- Aims to scale exports from 1.45 lakh crore (in 2020-21) to 3 lakh crores by 2026
 Distributed Growth – GRID Policy, 2020 –
- Govt recognises the need to distribute growth across Hyd to spread the gains from growth to the semi-
urban areas around Hyd as well
- It provides special incentives to companies that expand or setup their units beyond the W part of Hyd
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- 2 Electronic Manufacturing clusters are under development at Maheshwaram & Raviryal

 Special IT – SEZs –
- To diffuse the benefits of IT in Tier II & Tier III cities, govt is planning to establish IT-SEZs for balanced
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regional development
- IT towers:
Operational – Warangal, Karimnagar & Khammam
Under construction – Nizamabad, Siddipet & Mahabubnagar
 Dharani portal, Oct 2020 –
- It offers a 1 step solution for agri land transactions
- It offers 100% advanced slot bookings & instantaneous mutation and registration
 TS-bPASS, Nov 2020 -
- It is a single window system introduced by Govt to ease the administrative burdens in the development
of new buildings
- It expedites approval of building designs

 Initiatives to promote Skill & Innovation –

1. TASK (Telangana Academy for Skill and Knowledge), 2014:
- It a Non-profit organisation estd under Dept of ITE&C, Govt of TS

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- It envisages enhancing skilling synergy among Govt institutions, industry, and academia and skilling the
youth
- Services offered by it belong to 3 major categories – Skill Development, Entrepreneurship & Capacity
Building
- Objs:
(a) To facilitate internships
(b) To create awareness of jobs to youth beyond govt sector
(c) To enable jobs for unemployed youth including BPL or PWDs
- TASK received the Outstanding Youth Transformation Initiative Award in the India Global Education &
Skills Summit 2021 and the Global Ignite Excellence Award in 2021
2. T-Hub (Technology Hub) 2015:
- It is an innovation intermediary & business incubator based in Hyd
- Setup to promote entrepreneurship in TS
- Recognised as a business incubator by Dept of S&T, GOI

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3. We-Hub (Women Entrepreneurs) 2017:

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- Estd with a primary goal to promote & foster women’s entrepreneurship by way of incubation, access to
govt and building a collaborative ecosystem
4. Telangana Electronics Policy 2016:
- To promote the industry & create Hyd as the global hub for electronics industry
- It provides the following incentives –
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(a) Single window clearance with the help of TS-iPASS
(b) Power subsidy under the industrial power tariff category
(c) New electronic companies will be allowed 100% exemption on electricity duty for 5yr
(d) Exemption of registration, transfer & stamp duty
(e) 50% subsidy (up to 2 lakh) for quality certificate expenses
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(f) 100% reimbursement on VAT/CST/SGST for 7yr of production
(g) Provision of assistance by State in training the candidates acc. to the industry
5. T-Fibre (Telangana Fiber Grid Project), 2015:
- Vision – to establish a state of art network infra to provide affordable high speed broadband connectivity
from State HQ to all homes and enterprises in the State
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- T-Fiber Piggy on Mission Bhagiratha proj has laid high-quality High-Density Polyethylene Permanent
Lubricated Duct through water pipelines for establishing last mile connectivity across the State
- The network would be capable of delivering 4-100 Mbps to households and on demand 20-100 Mbps to
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institutions & enterprises

6. T-SAT:
- T-SAT channels of ITE&C Dept provided education through T-SAT Vidya and T-SAT Nipuna during Covid
- SoFTNET has leveraged digital technology by telecasting videos on YouTube and Facebook
- It is broadcasting 12hrs of education content from Grade III to X, Inter as well as for pre-school students
at Anganwadis
7. TSIC (Telangana State Innovation Cell):
- Estd under State’s Innovation Policy to nurture early-stage startups and foster an innovation driven
economy in the State
- Obj – to promote the culture of innovation and entrepreneurship among all Govt Depts, other
organisations & schools

8. T-Works:
- To create & celebrate the culture of hobbyists, makers & innovators in India who explore and experiment
without fear of failure

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 9. IMAGE (Innovation in Multimedia, Animation, Gaming & Entertainment) Tower:
- Govt intends to establish a dedicated workplace for development of animation, gaming & VFX industry
with the state of art infra & services
- It is being developed Raidurgam village, RR in 10 acres
 Performance of IT/ITeS Sector –
- TS contributes 11% share of country’s IT exports
- Hyd ranked 2nd in terms of total revenue from IT sector
- IT Sector contributes > 50% of total exports in the State
- The annual CAGR of IT Sector b/w 2014-15 to 2021-22 is 15.67%

TRANSPORT –
 One of the essential preconditions for the development and acceleration of socio-economic growth is the
systematic construction of the transport network
 Hyd Metro Rail Proj is the world’s largest PPP metro sector alliance proj

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 Since TS is landlocked State, road transport is very essential to improve connectivity across the State

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 Mains sources of revenue of transport dept:
(a) Life taxes
(b) Quarterly taxes
(c) Fees & user charges (toll)
 Major types of transport –
1. Roadways –
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- Road transport carries > 80% of the goods & passenger traffic
- R&B, PR Engg Dept are responsible for laying and maintenance of road infra in the State
- Road network in TS consists of:
(a) NH
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(b) Roads managed by R&B
(c) Rural roads managed by the Panchayat Raj engineering Dept
(d) Roads managed by GHMC
- R&B Dept maintains major corridors consisting of NH, SH, Major district roads & other district roads
- Total road length in TS = 1,09,260 km
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- Of the total roads:

61.8% - rural roads
25.39% - SH & District roads
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8.25% - GHMC roads

4.56% - NH

- RR has the longest road network in the State (7714 km) followed by Nalgonda
- GHMC has a road network of 9013 km (68.42% are cement concrete roads, 31.58% are black top roads)
- Road Density –

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 As of 2021-22, TS has road density of 97.49 per 100 sq.km
Hyd has highest road density (1332.7 km per 100 sq.km) followed by Medchal & RR
- Total road network in State other than NHs = 1,04,277 km
Of the total road network:
51% - black top roads
30% - unmetalled
10% - cement concrete
9% - metalled roads excluding NH

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- Hyd has highest road density (1332.7 km per 100 sq.km) followed by Medchal & RR
- All-weather roads - Roads that are trafficable in all weather conditions. Cement-concrete roads, black
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top roads & metalled roads are considered as all weather rods
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- TSRTC (Telangana State Road Transport Corporation):

 RTC (Nizam State Rail & Road Transport Dept) was founded in 1932
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 Nearly 68% of RTC services serve Rural areas while 32% serve Urban area
2. Railways –
- Nizam’s guaranteed State Railway Company laid the 1st railway line between Wadi and Secunderabad in
Hyd State in 1874
- Nizam State railway organisation was nationalised in 1950 (changed into Central Railway)
- Hyd Metro Rail Proj (HMRP):
 Implemented to address the rising traffic congestion and pollution levels in Hyd
 2nd largest metro service in India (after Delhi)
 Length = 69 km (31kms to be added in Phase II)
 It is the world’s largest proj implemented in PPP
 Phase I – 2 stretches of length 30km viz., Miyapur – Ameerpet (13km) & Ameerpet to Nagole
(17km) were inaugurated on 28 Nov 2017. Another stretch from Ameerpet to LB Nagar (16km)
was commissioned in 2018, Ameerpet to Raidurgam (12km) was commissioned in 2019

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  Phase II – 31km long Airport Express Metro Rail from Raidurgam to Rajiv Gandhi International
Airport was proj report stage
3. Airport – Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA), Hyd –
- It is the 1st major, world class, green field airport developed on a PPP mode at Shamshabad
- Funding:
63% - GMR Party
11% - the Malaysian Airports Holding Berhad (MAHB)
13% - State Govt
13% - Airports dept of India
- Govt is also building connectivity to ports & EXIM centres through dry (inland) ports. 3 locations for dry
ports have been proposed in Nalgonda district (at Chityala, Peda Kaparthi & Ramannapeta)

POWER –
 TS had made remarkable progress in improving the power situation in the State

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 Sources of electric power –

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- Main sources of power in TS are thermal & hydel power
- Major thermal power plants are as follows:
(a) NTPC in Ramagundam (Peddapalli)
(b) KTPC in Palvoncha (Khammam)
(c) Kakatiya Thermal Power Corp in Jayashankar Bhupalapally
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- Major hydro-electricity power plants are as follows: Nagarjuna Sagar, Sriramsagar (Pochampadu),
Nizamsagar & Pulichintala
 Power transmission & Distribution –
- TSGENCO – Largest power generating company in TS
- TSTRANSCO – it takes care of transmission needs of the State
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- TSSPDCL & TSNPDCL – it takes care of energy distribution
- TS has the 2nd lowest transmission losses among the Southern States & 4th lowest transmission losses
among the 28 States
 Installed capacity of power –
- As of 2021-22, the Installed capacity of power in Telangana is 18,069 MW (as against 9470 MW in 2014)
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58% - Thermal energy

41% - Renewable energy
1% - Nuclear energy
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- Telangana stands 5th among the 18 non-special category states and 1st among south Indian states in
terms of the growth rate in installed capacity
 Per-capita availability of power –
- The per-capita availability of power increased by 1.7 times between 2014-15 to 2021-22
- It has 5th highest per-capita availability of power in all the States
- Per-capita availability of power in TS is 1.8 times that of India
- TS has the highest growth in per-capita availability of power in Southern States & 3rd highest in non-
special category States with CAGR of 8.24%
 Power consumption pattern in Telangana -
- Commercial uses of power refer to the use of power in industry, agri & transport
- Non-commercial uses of power include – domestic lightning, cooking, domestic mechanical gadgets
- Per-capita consumption of electricity in Telangana – 2126kWh
- Electrical connections - Domestic (72%) > Agricultural (15.5%) > Industrial (12.3%)
- Consumer base:
Highest = Hyd

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 Lowest = Mancherial
- Max share of domestic consumers = Medchal
- Max number of domestic connections = Hyd
- Max % of agri connections = Yadadri
- Max number of agri connections = Wanaparthy
- Max % and max number of industrial connections = Hyd

TOURISM –
 Telangana’s history and topography have endowed the State with a variety of tourist destinations from
waterfalls and hills to temples and forts
 Tourist arrivals –
- Domestic tourists > International tourists
 Tourism Circuits –
- They major tourism circuits in the State are:

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(a) Tribal Circuit = Mulugu – Laknavaram – Medaram – Tadvai – Damaravai – Mallur – Bogatha

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Waterfalls
(b) Heritage Circuit = Qutub Shahi heritage park – Paigah tombs – Hayath Bakshi mosque – Raymond’s
tomb
(c) Eco-tourism Circuit = Somasila reservoir – Singotam reservoir – Akka Mahadevi caves – Srisailam –
Mannanur – Mallelatheertham – Uma Maheshwaram temple

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Tourist Destinations in Telangana-
S No District Major tourist spots
1 Hanumakonda Divine destinations – Bhadrakali temple, 1000 pillar temple &
Padmakshi temple
Heritage spots – 1000 pillars, Warangal fort
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Natural discoveries – musical garden, rock garden, regional science
centre, Pakhal lake

2 Mulugu Divine destinations – Ramappa temple, Sammakka Saaralamma

Jatara
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Heritage spots – Ramappa temple

Natural discovery – Laknavaram lake
Wildlife sanctuary – Eturunagaram Wildlife Sanctuary
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 Ramappa temple = famous for Lord Shiva. Built by Kakatiyas.

Declared as World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2021
 Laknavaram lake = located in Govindraopet (M), Mulugu
 Medaram Jatara = it is a tribal festival of honouring the
goddesses celebrated in TS. Begins at Medaram (in Tadvai
mandal). It commemorates the fight of a mother & daughter with
the reigning rulers against the Law. One of the unique features of
the Jatara is that there is neither idol worship nor Vedic &
Brahminic influence. 2 wooden poles & a container of vermilion
are worshipped as Goddess
3 Jayashankar Divine destination: Kaleshwara Mukteshwara Swamy Temple
Bhupalapally Natural discoveries: Bhogatha waterfalls
Wildlife sanctuary = Tadvai Wildlife sanctuary

 Tadvai Wildlife Sanctuary – Forest Dept started “Vanajeevan”

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 (Tadvai Huts Complex). It is a forest resort tucked away deep in
the reserve forest area, providing an excellent experience for
nature lovers
 Damaravai – Megalithic burial structures are located here which
stand as a testimony of existence of pre-historic man here 10k yr
ago
 Bogatha waterfalls – Located near Wajedu mandal. Also known
as Niagara Falls of Telangana
4 Hyderabad Divine destinations – Birla Mandir, Jagannath temple, Peddamma
temple, St Mary Church, Mecca Masjid, Ujjaini Mahankali temple
Heritage spots – Charminar, Salar Jung museum, Qutub Shahi tombs,
Paiga tombs, Falaknuma palace, Chowmalla, Mecca masjid, Golconda
fort, Asman Garh palace
Nature discovery – Durgam cheruvu, hussain sagar lake, Lumbini
park. Public garden, Birla planetarium, science museum

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Wildlife sactuaries – KBR National Park, Nehru Zoological Park

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 Qutub Shahi Heritage Park – located close to Golconda fort. It
contains tombs & mosques constructed by various rulers of
Qutub Shahi dynasty during 16th & 17th centuries
 Paigah tombs – It is the resting place of Paigahs, a noble family of
Nizam’s court. Located in SE of Charminar
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 Hayat Bakshi Begum Mosque – Located along the Vij Highway, it
served as rest place for traders & travellers during Qutub Shahi
period
 Raymond’s tomb – Built by Nizam in memory of Monsieur
Raymond, French General in Nizam’s army. It offers a panoramic
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view of the entire city
5 Rangareddy Tourist destinations – Ramoji film city, Hi-tech city, Osman sagar
dam, Maheshwaram religious places, shilparamam theme village,
Ocean Park, Himayath Sagar
Divine destinations – Chilkur Balaji temple, Sanghi temple,
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Keesaragutta & Statue of Equality (dedicated to Swami

Ramanujacharya in Muchintal, Sriramnagar, Shamshabad)
Wildlife Sanctuaries – Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park,
Mrigavani National Park (at Chilkur in Moinabad mandal)
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6 Vikarabad Divine destinations – Sri Anantha Padmanabha Swamy temple

Natural discoveries – Ananthagiri hills
7 Medchal-Malkajgiri Wildlife Sanctuary – Shameerpet Deer Park
Natural discoveries – Shameerpet Lake, Dhola ri-Dhani theme village
8 Nirmal Divine destinations - Saraswathi temple at Basar, Kalwa Narasimha
Swamy Temple at Koneru
Heritage spot – Nirmal fort
Natural discovery – Kadam project
9 Adilabad Divine destination – Jainath temple
Natural discoveries – Gayathri, Kuntala & Potchera waterfalls
10 Mancherial Wildlife sanctuaries – Shivvaram Wildlife Sanctuary (and in
Peddapalli district), Jannaram wildlife sanctuary, Kawal wildlife
sanctuary & Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary
11 Nizamabad Divine destinations – dichpally Ramalayam temple, Kanteshwar
temple, Quilla Ramalayam temple, Sarangapur Hanuman temple

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 Heritage spot – Nizamabad fort
Nature discoveries – Alisagar Reservoir, Mallaram forest, Sriramsagar
(Pochampadu) Proj
Wildlife sanctuary – Alisagar Deer Park
12 Karimnagar Divine destination – Naganur temple
Heritage spots – Elgandal fort, Molanguru fort, silver filigree at
Karimnagar
Natural discoveries – lower manair dam
Wildlife sanctuary – Ujwala deer park (Karimnagar)
13 Kamareddy Heritage spot – domakonda fort
Natural discovery – Nizamsagar Dam
14 Peddapalli Heritage spots – Ramagiri fort, Dhulikatta
Wildlife sanctuary – Shiwaram Wildlife sanctuary near Manthani (also
in Mancherial)
Natural discovery – Sabitham waterfalls

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15 Jagityal Divine destinations – Kondagattu Anjaneya Swamy temple, Lakshmi

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Narasimha Swamy temple, Dharmapuri
Heritage spot – Jagityal fort

 Jagityal fort – Star shaped fort built in 17th century in Jagityal

town. Conceptualised by 2 European engineers – Tal & Jack. It is
like European castle
16 Rajanna Siricilla
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Divine destination – Vemulawada Raja Rajeshwara Swamy temple
17 Khammam Divine destinations – Jamalapuram temple, Kusumanchi Shivalingam
(Kallur)
Heritage spots – Nelakondapalli idols, Khammam fort
Natural discovery – Perantalapalli hills
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Wildlife sactuaries – Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary
18 Bhadradri Kothagudem Divine destinations – Bhadrachalam Sri Seetha Rama Swamy vari
devalayam
Heritage spot – Parnasala (a small village located at d=32km from
Bhadrachalam)
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19 Mahabubnagar Divine destinations – Manyam Konda (Sri Venkateshwara temple),

Gangapuram, Jadcharla (Chenna Keshava Swamy temple), Sri Rama
temple – Sirisanagundla, Kurumurthi Rayudu (Sri Venkateshwara
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temple)
Heritage spot – Pillala marri
Natural discovery – Koilsagar
20 Nagarkurnool Divine destinations – Sri Lalitha Someshwara Swami temple, Uma
Maheshwara Swamy temple
Natural discovery – Mallela Theertham

 Sri Lalitha Someshwara Swami temple – It is located at Somasila

village
 Uma Maheshwara Swami temple – dedicated to Lord Shiva.
Located in Nallamala forest range. Known as ‘Poor man’s Ooty’
 Mallela Theertham – it is a fantastic waterfall located in
Nallamala forest along the diversion from Hyd-Srisailam interstate
highway
 Tourist spots at & near Srisailam temple – located on the hill of

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 Srigiri, in the Nallamala range of AP (at TS border). Temple dates
to 2nd century AD. It is one of the 12 Jyotir Linga Shiva shrines as
well as the one of the 18 Shakti Pithas
 Srisailam Dam – constructed in a deep gorge in Nallamala hills in
between Kurnool & Nagarkurnool districts
 Akkamahadevi caves – named after Akka Mahadevi (a great
saint & philosopher of 12th century). These can be reached by
boat
 Mannanur tiger forest – it is a dry deciduous mixed forest, part
of Amrabad tiger reserve, along Krishna. Home to spotted deer,
wild boar, Indian giant squirrel, tree shrew, rayel, mugger
crocodiles, wild dogs, jackals, wolves, panthers & tigers etc…
 Farhabad (Amrabad Tiger Reserve) – located in dense Nallamala
forest. Farhabad = mount pleasant. It is a holiday destination,
encompassing cottages to attract tourists to the destination

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21 Jogulamba Gadwal Divine destination – Alampur Jogulamba temple
Heritage spot – Gadwal hill fort
Natural discovery – Priyadarshini Jurala Dam
22 Wanaparthy Natural discovery – Sarala Sagar dam
23 Medak Divine destinations – Edupayala Vana Durga Bhavani temple,
Joginadha temple, Medak Church, Alladurg (it is a famous for ancient
ud shrine Veerabhadra. Its famous attraction is a huge carved idol of
Nandi located in the front of entrance)
Heritage spots – Medak fort
Natural discovery – Pocharam reservoir, edithanur (it is a village
known for beautiful cave paintings dating back to Neolithic era)
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24 Sangareddy Divine destinations – Kalabgoor Kasi Vishweswara temple, Kethaki
Sangameswara Swamy temple, Jhersangam, Veerabhadra Swami
temple, Ramalingeswara temple (star shaped temple constructed in
11th century by Chalukya rulers, located in Nandikonda)
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Heritage spots – Sangareddy jail museum, Gottam Gutta

Natural discoveries – Manjeera reservoir, Singur Dam
Wildlife Sanctuary – Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary
25 Siddipet Divine destinations – Kotilingeswara Swami temple, Mallikarjuna
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swamy temple, Vidya Saraswathi Khsetram

26 Nalgonda Divine destinations – M Gandhi Temple (Chityal)
Heritage spots – devarkonda fort, Kolanupaka Jain mandir, Nagarjuna
sagar, Nandikonda, Rachakonda fort
Natural discovery – Nagarjunasagar
27 Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Divine destinations – Yadadri Lakshmi Narasimha Swami temple,
Surendrapuri (a mythological theme park comprising of sculptures,
replicas of all the famous temples of India)
Heritage spot – Bhongir fort

 There are other kinds of tourism in TS. They are –

(a) Medical tourism
(b) Business tourism
(a) Medical tourism:

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 - TS has emerged as the most attractive destinations for medical tourism because of the low cost and
high-quality medical services specially in Hyd
- Hyd is famous for medical treatments like joint replacements, heart surgeries, brain & spine
surgeries, cancer treatment with latest tech, bone marrow transplants, liver transplants etc…
(b) Business tourism:
- advantages for Hyd for being host for business tourism. They are – it is economically viable, leading
business hubs in India, home for leading MNCs in IT, Pharma, R&D sectors, rich culture & globally
acclaimed cuisines etc… excellent international & domestic air connectivity and presence of wide
range of hotels
- Hyd is recognised as 2nd best MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing & Entertainment)
destination in India by ICCA (International Congress & Convention Association) in 2014
 Global recognition and awards -
1. Ramappa temple –
- Declared as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2021

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- It is also known as Rudreshwara temple

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- Vimana is made of lightweight porous bricks (floating bricks)
2. Pochampally village –
- Awarded the title “Best tourism village” by UNWTO in 2021 for its commitment towards promotion &
preservation of cultural heritage
 Government initiatives to promote tourism –
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- Govt has taken steps to develop tourism infra, simplify approvals & build awareness to promote tourism
in the State. Some of them are:
(a) TSTDC (Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation) –
 Started in 2014 to develop tourist infra & package tours for overall development of tourism
in the State
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(b) Hussain Sagar Lake –

 Built in 1562 AD for irrigation & drinking water requirements
 Buddha Purnima Project Authority (BPPA) was constituted for its development
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 Recreational packets developed under the proj are: Lumbini park, NTR Gardens, Lumbini
Laserium, Necklace Road, People’s Plaza, NTR Memorial, Sanjeevaiah park, Lake view park,
Eco- Park, PV Gyan Bhoomi & wetland eco-conservation zone
(c) Telangana Home Stay Establishment Scheme –
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 It is launched to provide a clean & affordable place for domestic and foreign tourists
travelling with families to experience the customs, traditions & culture of the State
(d) TS-iPASS for Tourism sector –
 Govt developed an App in TS-iPASS portal for tourism in Dec 2020 for speedy approvals &
clearances for tourism related services like registration of hotels, travel agencies & tourism
events
(e) The Dept of language & culture –
 It organises progs & festivals in a large and grand manner to popularise native customs and
heritage. Some of the progs organised include – Bathukamma festival, Bonalu festival, Kite &
Sweet festival, Janapada Jataras etc...
 List of GI Tags in the State –

S No Product Year
1 Pochampally Ikat 2004-05
2 Silver filigree (Karimnagar) 2007-08

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3 Nirmal toys & craft 2008-09
Nirmal furniture
Nirmal paintings
4 Gadwal sarees 2010-11
Hyd Haleem
Cheriyal paintings
Pembarthi metal craft
5 Siddipet Gollabama 2011-12
6 Narayanpet handloom sarees 2012-13
7 Pochampally Ikat logo 2017-18
Adilabad Dokra
Warangal durries
8 Telia Rumal 2020-21
9 Tandur Red Gram 2021-22

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