CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Farmer social media is web based application that will assist farmers to sell the products
leading to increased success and thereby increasing standard of living. The application allows
farmers to view products, price and related information regarding the products on their
accounts. The Merchant will add farmers products to be sold in the website. The website will
provide better price, commodity reports and practical farming practices. The application also
provide suggestions for farming, Agricultural News and Government Schemes to the Farmer
through the application. A farmer can register and login share there suggestion. A unique
application interface for selling farmers products and price, merchant can also bid the
product. Farmers and Customers will be provided with a separate ID to access their accounts
which leads to secure access. In this web-based application every registered farmer can build
their own store and the customer can easily follow them. The main objective of the project
is to create a website that will assist farmers to sell their products directly to customers
without the intervention of middle men. Farmers are benefited with this unique idea, where
they will be able to get proper guidance and information at one place, managing product
status, checking product ratings and reviews, viewing bidding details etc. Visitors can also
provide suggestions, post news, inventing new things, etc. This application serves as a unique
and safe for agricultural marketing.
PROJECT SCOPE:

Overview

Agriculture plays a vital role in India but today the people involved in agriculture are of a
lower class and face a lot of trouble in their day to day life. In India about 15% of GDP is
from agriculture. Income generation is one of the biggest causes of Farm Suicide in India.
Due to lack of awareness of advanced techniques it leads farmers to poverty. Even after all
the hard work done by the farmers, in today's market the farmers face problems by
intermediate persons, which leading to poverty of farmers. Hence direct sales between
farmers and customers as to be introduced and an application to guide farmers in all aspects,
current market value of different products, total market value and profitability of products
sold, access to new e-learning farming techniques, various agricultural related issues and an
in-house view of various agricultural government strategies including agricultural
compensation schemes. This application assists farmers by ensuring greater profits by selling
there products directly to customer. So that there is transparency between the farmer and the
customer.

Objectives:

The objective of this system is to analyze and mainly assist farmers, thereby Restaurant
owners, Buyers , Courier Companies, Delivery Agencies, Vegetable Vendors get proper rates
for the vegetables, so that farmers can sell there crops without intervention of middle men
and gets profits.Development of Databases and Information Systems to provide online
services and information access services through the services described above. Strengthening
of Stakeholders like Government Authorities, Researchers, Education and Extension, farmers
and other service providers such as Public Information Centers. Creation of information
which assist farmers to sell there product with grater profit. An effective way to enhanced
communication system former, merchant,and visitors.

This web-based program will assist farmers to know more about market information. Farmers
can get better knowledge since the system developed is user friendly. It motivates farmer’s to
cultivate quality products so that customer are satisfied with the service. Overall this system
is faster, secure and comfortable. The proposed system can guarantee to keep the records are
safe and privacy which is stored in the database. It is very helpful, reliable and performs well
functional. Also, this system helps keep track on farmers .

Deliverables:

These deliverables collectively aim to empower farmers with the tools, resources, and
opportunities needed to improve their livelihoods, increase profitability, and mitigate
challenges faced in the agriculture sector. Through direct sales and access to market
information and modern farming techniques, the application seeks to create a more equitable
and sustainable agricultural ecosystem in India.
Direct Sales Platform: Development of an online platform or mobile application enabling
direct sales between farmers and customers, bypassing intermediaries. User-friendly interface
for farmers to list their products, set prices, and manage orders.

Market Information: Integration of features providing real-time information on current

market values of different agricultural products. Access to historical data and trends to help
farmers make informed decisions about crop selection and pricing.

Profitability Analysis: Tools for farmers to track total market value and profitability of
products sold, including cost analysis and revenue projections. Reports and dashboards
displaying key performance indicators to assist farmers in optimizing their operations.

E-Learning Farming Techniques: Development of e-learning modules or resources covering

advanced farming techniques, best practices, and modern technologies. Interactive content
such as videos, tutorials, and quizzes to enhance learning effectiveness.

Agricultural Issue Resolution: Integration of features allowing farmers to access information

and resources related to common agricultural issues such as pest control, irrigation methods,
and soil management. Collaboration tools for farmers to seek advice from experts or peers
and share their experiences and solutions.

Government Strategy Insights:Inclusion of information and updates on various agricultural

government schemes and policies. Guidance on eligibility criteria, application processes, and
benefits available to farmers through agricultural compensation schemes.

Transparency and Trust Building: Implementation of features ensuring transparency in

transactions between farmers and customers, including order tracking, payment processing,
and customer feedback mechanisms. Building trust and credibility through transparent
pricing, product quality assurance, and responsive customer service.

User Support and Training: Provision of user support services, including tutorials, FAQs, and
troubleshooting guides to assist farmers in using the application effectively. Training
programs or webinars on utilizing the platform's features and maximizing profitability
through direct sales.

Continuous Improvement and Updates: Commitment to ongoing development and

enhancement of the application based on user feedback, market dynamics, and technological
advancements. Regular updates to address bugs, add new features, and improve overall user
experience and satisfaction.

Marketing and Promotion: Development of a marketing strategy to promote the application

among farmers, customers, and relevant stakeholders. Utilization of digital marketing
channels, social media campaigns, and partnerships to increase awareness and adoption of the
platform.
Constraints:

 Limited access to smartphones, internet connectivity, and digital literacy among certain
segments of the farming community may hinder widespread adoption of the application.

 Many farmers operate on tight budgets, limiting their ability to invest in smartphones or
data plans necessary for accessing the application. Additionally, the cost of implementing
and maintaining the application may pose financial challenges.

 Infrastructure Challenges: In rural areas, inadequate infrastructure such as electricity

supply and network coverage may affect the reliability and usability of the application.

 The application needs to be accessible in local languages to cater to the diverse linguistic
and cultural backgrounds of farmers across India.

 Fluctuations in market prices, demand for agricultural products, and other external
factors may impact the profitability and success of direct sales through the application.

Assumptions:

 It is assumed that there is a demand among farmers to bypass intermediaries and sell
their products directly to customers, thereby increasing their profitability.

 Farmers are assumed to be open to adopting new technologies, provided that they are
user-friendly, accessible, and offer tangible benefits.

 It is assumed that the government may provide support or incentives to promote the
adoption of digital solutions in agriculture, potentially mitigating some of the financial
constraints.

 Farmers are assumed to trust the platform to facilitate transparent transactions and
provide accurate market information, thereby overcoming concerns about intermediaries
and market uncertainties.

 Assumption that collaboration with agricultural experts, government agencies, and other
stakeholders will help address challenges and enhance the effectiveness of the
application in supporting farmers
 CHAPTER 2
CAPSTONE PROJECT PLANNING
Work Breakdown Structure :

This WBS outlines the key components and tasks involved in developing and implementing
the agriculture-focused application, ensuring a systematic approach to achieving project
objectives and delivering value to farmers.

Project Management:

 Define project objectives and scope.

 Develop project plan and timeline.

 Allocate resources and manage budget.

 Monitor progress and address issues.

Research and Analysis:

 Conduct market research on farmers' needs and preferences.

 Analyze existing agricultural practices and challenges.

 Identify technological requirements and constraints.

 Assess regulatory and policy considerations.

Application Development:

 Design user interface and experience.

 Develop backend infrastructure and databases.

 Implement features for direct sales, market information, and e-learning.

 Test functionality and usability.

Content Creation:
 Develop e-learning modules and resources.

 Create content for market information and agricultural issue resolution.

 Translate content into local languages as needed.

 Ensure content accuracy and relevance.

User Support and Training:

 Develop user guides and tutorials.

 Provide customer support channels.

 Organize training programs or webinars.

 Gather feedback for continuous improvement.

Marketing and Promotion:

 Develop marketing strategy and materials.

 Implement digital marketing campaigns.

 Collaborate with agricultural organizations and government agencies.

 Engage with farmers and stakeholders through outreach activities.

Infrastructure Setup:

 Ensure compatibility with various devices and network conditions.

 Establish server infrastructure and data management protocols.

 Secure data transmission and storage.

 Address infrastructure challenges in rural areas.

Monitoring and Evaluation:

 Define key performance indicators (KPIs) for success.

 Monitor usage metrics and user feedback.

 Evaluate impact on farmers' income and livelihoods.

 Adjust strategies and features based on evaluation results.

Time-line Schedule
A project timeline is a visual list of tasks or activities placed in chronological order,
which lets to view the entirety of the project plan in one place.

Sl, Task Name Duration Start Date End Date Assigned

No
01 27/02/2024 04/03/2024

Project 1 Week
management
02 06/03/2024 11/03/2024
Analysis 1 Week
03 13/03/2024 03/04/2024

Design 3 Week
04 04/04/2024 02/05/2024

Developing 4 Week
05 03/05/2024 25/05/2024

Testing and 3 Week

Production
Cost Breakdown Structure
Software and Hardware Costs: Encompasses expenses for software licenses, development
tools, server hardware, networking equipment, and user devices if needed.

Training Costs: Covers development of training materials, facilities for training sessions, and
fees for external trainers if utilized.

Security Measures: Includes costs for security software licenses, audits, penetration testing,
and implementation of security protocols.

Documentation Costs: Encompasses tools for technical documentation, printing and

distribution of user manuals, and expenses related to documentation review.

Testing Costs: Includes testing tools and software, potential external testing services, and
expenses for user interface usability testing.

Implementation Costs: Covers deployment services and user support during the initial rollout.

Miscellaneous Costs: Includes a contingency fund and expenses related to project

management tools and software.

Training and Professional Development:Encompasses continuous training for staff on system

updates and professional development for IT personnel.

Travel and Accommodation (if applicable): Includes expenses related to project meetings,
training sessions, or any necessary travel.
 PHASES in - Farmer social media Cost distribution

Phase1: Strategy Document preparing 3k

Phase2: Higher level design and specification 4k

Phase3: Front end, UI &UX 4k

Phase4: Coding 7k

Phase5: Database designing 4k

Phase6: Testing and maintenance 4k

Phase7: Deployment 7k

Total amount 33k

Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis in project management is a sequence of processes to identify the factors that
may affect a project’s success. These processes include risk identification, analysis of risks,
risk management and control,

Risk Identification
It is the procedure of determining which risk may affect the project most. This process
involves documentation of existing risks.

The input for identifying risk will be

 Risk management plan

 Project scope statement

 Understand and prepare detailed requirement and specifications

 Prepare high level and detailed design specifications of the system
 Prepare Test Plan and Test cases
 Perform unit testing, integration and system testing
 Demonstrate a bug free application after suitable modification if needed.

 Cost management plan

Software Requirement Analysis:25%
Data Base:16%
Front End :17%
Coding : 18%
Testing : 13%
Documentation: 11%

 Schedule management plan

Software Requirement Analysis:1week

Data Base:1week
Front End :2week
Coding : 4week
Testing : 2week
Documentation: 2week

 Human resource management plan

 Activity cost estimates
 Activity duration estimates
 Stakeholder register
 Project documents
 Perform quantitative risk analysis
 Plan risk responses
 Monitor and control risks

Control Risks:Control risk is the procedure of tracking identified risks, identifying new risks,
monitoring residual risks and evaluating risk.

The inputs for this stage includes

 Software Project management plan

  Risk register
 Work performance data
 Work performance reports

The output of this stage would be

 Work performance information

 Change requests
 Project management plan updates
 Project documents updates
 Organizational process assets updates

Conduct Procurement process

Conduct Procurement process involves activities like

 Selecting a seller
 Receiving seller responses
 Awarding a contract

The benefit of conducting procurement process is that it provides alignment of external and
internal stakeholder expectations through established agreements.

The input of the conduct procurement process includes

 Project management plan

 Documents for procurement
 Source selection criteria
 Qualified seller list
 Seller proposals
 Project documents
 Make or buy decisions
 Teaming agreements
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 Processor : i3+
 RAM : 4GB
 Hard Disk : 80GB

 Speed : 1.2 GHz+

Technologies used:
Front end technology:

 React JS

Backend server:

 Spring boot
 Java

Database:
 MySQL

CHAPTER 3
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
Description of technology used

Frontend: React.js is a JavaScript library developed and maintained by Facebook. It's

primarily used for building user interfaces (UIs) for web applications. React.js is known for
its simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility, and it has gained widespread adoption in the web
development community. Here are some key features and concepts of React.js:
Backend Development:

Language: Java is chosen for backend development.

Framework: Spring Boot for Java provides a robust and opinionated framework for building
scalable and maintainable web applications. It offers features like auto-configuration,
dependency injection, and easy integration with other Spring projects.

Database Management System:

MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that is widely

used for managing structured data. It is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle
Corporation. MySQL is known for its reliability, performance, scalability, and ease of use,
making it a popular choice for a wide range of applications, from small websites to large-
scale enterprise systems.

File Upload:

Cloud Storage Service: Cloud Storage solutions such as Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage,
or Azure Blob Storage are ideal for storing uploaded question files securely and efficiently.
These platforms offer features for managing permissions, versioning, and data redundancy,
ensuring data integrity and availability.

Deployment:

Cloud Platform: Deployment on platforms like Google Cloud Platform (GCP) provides
scalability, reliability, and flexibility. GCP offers services like Google App Engine, Google
Kubernetes Engine, and Google Cloud Functions for deploying and managing applications
seamlessly. Leveraging cloud-based deployment eliminates the need for managing
infrastructure and ensures high availability and performance.

Testing:
Unit Testing: Using frameworks like JUnit for Java allows developers to write and execute
automated unit tests to ensure the correctness of individual components or modules. JUnit
provides annotations, assertions, and test runners for writing comprehensive unit tests and
verifying the behavior of Java code.

By leveraging these emphasized technologies, you can develop a robust and scalable
automation system for generating question papers in the education sector. These technologies
offer reliability, scalability, and flexibility, enabling efficient development, deployment, and
maintenance of the application.

Description of Hardware devices

Processor:

Pentium 4 or higher: The Pentium 4 processor is a central processing unit (CPU)

manufactured by Intel. It offers capabilities suitable for running basic to moderate computing
tasks. Emphasizing the Pentium 4 or a higher processor indicates the minimum processing
power required for the system.

Speed: 1.2 GHz or higher: The specified speed denotes the clock frequency of the processor,
measured in gigahertz (GHz). A speed of 1.2 GHz or higher ensures adequate processing
power to handle computational tasks efficiently.

RAM (Random Access Memory):

2GB: RAM is a form of volatile memory that the computer uses to temporarily store data and
execute programs. The specified RAM capacity of 2GB indicates the minimum memory
requirement for the system. With 2GB of RAM, the system can handle basic multitasking and
run lightweight applications smoothly.

Hard Disk:
20GB: The hard disk is a non-volatile storage device used to store data permanently. The
specified capacity of 20GB denotes the minimum storage space required for installing the
operating system, applications, and storing user data. While 20GB may seem small by
modern standards, it is sufficient for basic computing needs.

Description of software Products

Operating System:

Windows Distribution: Windows 10 or Windows Server Edition would be suitable choices.

These versions of Windows offer a user-friendly interface and compatibility with a wide
range of software applications.

Backend Development:

Java Development Kit (JDK): JDK is necessary for compiling and running Java code. It
includes the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), which allows executing Java applications, and
development tools such as the Java compiler and debugger.

Spring Boot: Spring Boot is a framework for building Java-based web applications. It
provides features like auto-configuration, which reduces the need for manual setup, and
dependency injection, which simplifies the management of dependencies between
components.

Database Management System:

MySQL Community Edition: MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS)

known for its performance, reliability, and ease of use. It supports SQL queries and is suitable
for storing structured data, such as question data and user information.

File Upload:
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3): S3 is a cloud-based object storage service provided by
AWS. It allows developers to store and retrieve large amounts of data, including files
uploaded by users. S3 provides features like versioning, access control, and durability,
making it suitable for storing question files securely.

Deployment:

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2): EC2 is a web service provided by AWS for
deploying and managing virtual servers in the cloud. Developers can launch EC2 instances
with the desired operating system and software stack, such as Windows and Java/Spring
Boot, and configure them to meet the specified hardware requirements.

Testing:

JUnit: JUnit is a testing framework for Java that is widely used for writing and running unit
tests. It provides annotations and assertions for writing test cases and running them
automatically to verify the functionality of individual components or modules in the
application.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE):

Eclipse: Eclipse is a popular integrated development environment (IDE) for Java

development. It provides features like code editing, debugging, and project management,
making it suitable for developing backend applications with Spring Boot. Eclipse also
supports plugins for additional functionality and integration with other tools.

Programming language
The programming language used in this scenario is Java. Java is a widely-used, high-level,
object-oriented programming language known for its platform independence, robustness, and
versatility. Here's a more detailed description of Java and why it's suitable for the project:

Platform Independence: Java is platform-independent, meaning that Java code can run on any
device or platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. This feature makes Java
ideal for developing applications that need to run on various operating systems, including
Windows, macOS, Linux, and others.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Java is an object-oriented programming language,

which means it organizes code into objects that interact with each other. This paradigm
promotes code reusability, modularity, and easier maintenance. In the context of the question
paper generation project, OOP principles can be applied to model entities such as users,
questions, courses, and subjects.

Rich Ecosystem: Java has a vast ecosystem of libraries, frameworks, and tools that facilitate
development across various domains. For example, Spring Boot, which is mentioned in the
project description, is a popular Java framework for building web applications. It provides
features like dependency injection, auto-configuration, and built-in web server support,
streamlining the development process.

Scalability and Performance: Java is known for its scalability and performance, making it
suitable for developing enterprise-level applications that need to handle large volumes of data
and users. The language's efficient memory management (via automatic garbage collection)
and multi-threading capabilities contribute to its performance.

Community Support: Java has a vast and active developer community, which means
developers have access to abundant resources, documentation, tutorials, and online forums
for support and collaboration. This community support can be invaluable for resolving issues,
staying updated on best practices, and learning new techniques.

Security: Java places a strong emphasis on security, with features like bytecode verification,
sandboxing, and robust security APIs. These features help mitigate security vulnerabilities
and protect applications from malicious attacks, which is crucial for handling sensitive data
like user information and question papers.

Overall, Java is a versatile and robust programming language well-suited for developing the
backend components of the question paper generation project. Its platform independence,
object-oriented nature, rich ecosystem, scalability, performance, community support, and
security features make it an excellent choice for building reliable and maintainable software
applications.

Frontend: React.js

React.js is a JavaScript library used for building user interfaces (UIs) for web applications. It
is maintained by Facebook and a community of developers. React.js is known for its
simplicity, efficiency, and component-based architecture. Here's an overview of React.js and
its key features:

Component-Based Architecture: React.js follows a component-based architecture where UIs

are divided into reusable components. Each component encapsulates its logic, structure, and
styling, making it easy to manage and maintain complex UIs. Components can be composed
together to build more complex UIs, promoting code reusability and modularity.

Virtual DOM (Document Object Model): React.js utilizes a virtual DOM to optimize
rendering performance. Instead of directly manipulating the browser's DOM, React.js creates
a virtual representation of the DOM in memory. When state or props change, React.js
calculates the difference between the virtual DOM and the actual DOM and efficiently
updates only the necessary parts, minimizing re-renders and improving performance.
Declarative Syntax: React.js uses a declarative syntax, allowing developers to describe how
the UI should look based on the application's state. Developers can focus on writing UI
components and defining their behavior without worrying about low-level DOM
manipulation. This approach leads to cleaner, more maintainable code.

JSX (JavaScript XML): React.js introduces JSX, an extension to JavaScript that allows
developers to write HTML-like syntax directly within JavaScript code. JSX provides a
concise and expressive way to define UI components, combining HTML structure with
JavaScript logic seamlessly.

State Management: React.js provides a built-in state management mechanism that allows
components to manage their internal state. Stateful components can hold and update their
state, triggering re-renders when the state changes. This enables dynamic and interactive UIs
without the need for external state management libraries.

Ecosystem and Community:React.js has a vast ecosystem of libraries, tools, and community
support. Developers have access to a wide range of third-party libraries and tools for
building, testing, and deploying React.js applications. The active community contributes to
ongoing improvements, updates, and best practices.

Backend: Spring Boot Java Spring Boot is a popular Java-based framework for building
enterprise-level web applications. It simplifies the development process by providing out-of-
the-box solutions for common development tasks. Here's an overview of Spring Boot Java
and its key features:
Convention over Configuration:Spring Boot follows the principle of "convention over
configuration," reducing the need for manual configuration. It provides sensible defaults and
auto-configuration, allowing developers to get started quickly without extensive setup.

Dependency Injection (DI):Spring Boot leverages dependency injection (DI) to manage

component dependencies and promote loose coupling between application components. DI
allows developers to inject dependencies into classes rather than creating them explicitly,
making the code more modular, testable, and maintainable.

Spring Ecosystem Integration:Spring Boot seamlessly integrates with the broader Spring
ecosystem, including Spring Framework, Spring Data, Spring Security, and more. Developers
can leverage these modules to address various requirements such as data access, security,
messaging, and caching.

Embedded HTTP Server:Spring Boot includes an embedded HTTP server (e.g., Tomcat,
Jetty, Undertow) that simplifies deployment and eliminates the need for external web servers.
Applications built with Spring Boot can be packaged as standalone JAR files, making
deployment and distribution straightforward.

Actuator:Spring Boot Actuator provides built-in production-ready features for monitoring

and managing applications. It exposes endpoints for metrics, health checks, configuration,
and more, allowing developers to monitor application health and performance in real-time.

Spring Boot Starters:Spring Boot Starters are pre-configured dependencies that streamline the
integration of common technologies and frameworks. Starters simplify dependency
management and configuration, enabling developers to add features like database access,
security, and messaging with minimal effort.
Annotation-Based Development:Spring Boot promotes annotation-based development,
allowing developers to define application components, configurations, and mappings using
annotations. This approach reduces boilerplate code and enhances readability, productivity,
and maintainability.

By combining React.js for the frontend and Spring Boot Java for the backend, developers can
build modern, scalable, and robust web applications with a rich user experience and efficient
server-side functionality.

Description of components in the system

Farmer:

 Registration
To access the application’s services farmers should first register to the ap-
plication.

 Login

Farmers can login by giving username and password and can make use of the
application.
 Post Query

Post anything doubt related to crops and other farmers can give suggestions in comments.

 Post Product

Post his products for sale (quantity and price) and merchants can bid to it.

 View Products

Farmer can view his listed products and all bidding.

Send message

 Farmer can send message to bidder.

Merchant:

 Registration
To access the application’s services merchant should first register to the ap-
plication.

 Login

Merchant can login by giving username and password and can make use of the
application.
 View products
View all listed products for sale and see previous bidding's by others

 Bid to products

Merchant bids crops on behalf of farmers.

 Post Query

Merchant can send message to farmer

Visitor:

 View products
 Visitors can view all post and products listed by farmers.

 Login/ Sin-up page

Visitors can register and login by giving username and password and can make use of the
application.
 About us

Can view the Information regarding the application.

 Contact us

Contacts details are available.

Components diagram and required diagram

Systems design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces,
and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. Systems design could be seen as the
application of systems theory to product development. There is some overlap with the
disciplines of systems analysis, systems architecture and systems engineering. The
architectural design of a system emphasizes on the design of the systems architecture which
describes the structure, behavior, and more views of that system.

The purpose of the design phase is to plan a solution of the problem specified by the
requirements document. This phase is the first step in moving from the problem domain to
the solution domain. In other words, starting with what is needed; design takes us toward how
to satisfy the needs. The design of a system is perhaps the most critical factor affecting the
quality of the software; it has a major impact on the later phases particularly testing and
maintenance.

The design activity often results in three separate outputs –

 Architecture design.
 High level design.
 Detailed design.
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Two Tier Architecture

A two-tier architecture is a software architecture in which a presentation layer or

interface runs on a client, and a data layer or data structure gets stored on a server. Separating
these two components into different locations represents two-tier architecture, as opposed to a
single-tier architecture. Other kinds of multi-tier architectures add additional layers in
distributed software design.

Experts often contrast two-tier architecture to a three-tier architecture, where a third applica-
tion or business layer is added that acts as an intermediary between the client or presentation
layer and the data layer. This can increase the performance of the system and help with scala-
bility. It can also eliminate many kinds of problems with confusion, which can be caused by
multi-user access in two-tier architectures. However, the advanced complexity of three-tier
architecture may mean more cost and effort.

An additional note on two-tier architecture is that the word "tier" commonly refers to splitting
the two software layers onto two different physical pieces of hardware. Multi-layer programs
can be built on one tier, but because of operational preferences, many two-tier architectures
use a computer for the first tier and a server for the second tier.

Advantages and Disadvantages

The advantage of the two-tier design is its simplicity. The database session that builds the
two-tier architecture provides all the features in a single session type, thereby making the
two-tier architecture simple to build and use.

The most important limitation of the two-tier architecture is that it is not scalable, because
each client requires its own database session.
Three tier architecture

Three-tier architecture is a client-server architecture in which the functional process

logic, data access, computer data storage and user interface are developed and maintained as
independent modules on separate platforms. Three-tier architecture is a software design
pattern and well-established software architecture.

Three-tier architecture allows any one of the three tiers to be upgraded or replaced indepen-
dently. The user interface is implemented on a desktop PC and uses a standard graphical user
interface with different modules running on the application server. The relational database
management system on the database server contains the computer data storage logic. The
middle tiers are usually multi-tiered.

The three tiers in three-tier architecture are:

Presentation Tier: Occupies the top level and displays information related to
services available on a website. This tier communicates with other tiers by sending results to
the browser and other tiers in the network. The presentation tier contains the UI (User
Interface) elements of the site, and includes all the logic that managers the interaction
between the visitor and the client’s business. (ASP.NET Web Forms, Web User Controls,
ASP.NET Master Pages)

Application Tier: Also called the middle tier, logic tier, business logic or logic tier,
this tier is pulled from the presentation tier. It controls application functionality by
performing detailed processing. The business tier receives requests from the presentation tier
and returns a result to the presentation tier depending on the business logic it contains. (C#
Classes)

Data Tier: Houses database servers where information is stored and retrieved. Data
in this tier is kept independent of application servers or business logic. The data tier is
responsible for storing the application’s data and sending it to the business tier when
requested. (SQL Server Stored Procedures).

System Architecture

Architecture focuses on looking at a system as a combination of many different

components, and how they interact with each other to produce the desired result. The focus is
on identifying components or subsystems and how they connect. In other words, the focus is
on what major components are needed.

Context data flow diagram

It is common practice to draw a context-level data flow diagram first, which shows the
interaction between the system and external agents which act as data sources and data sinks.
On the context diagram (also known as the 'Level 0 DFD') the system's interactions with the
outside world are modeled purely in terms of data flows across the system boundary. The
context diagram shows the entire system as a single process, and gives no clues as to its
internal organization. This context-level DFD is next "exploded", to produce a Level 1 DFD
that shows some of the detail of the system being modeled. The Level 1 DFD shows how the
system is divided into sub-systems (processes), each of which deals with one or more of the
data flows to or from an external agent, and which together provide all of the functionality of
the system as a whole. It also identifies internal data stores that must be present in order for
the system to do its job, and shows the flow of data between the various parts of the system.

Fig:Context dataflow

DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through
an information system. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing
(structured design). On a DFD, data items flow from an external data source or an internal
data store to an internal data store or an external data sink, via an internal process. A DFD
provides no information about the timing of processes, or about whether processes will
operate in sequence or in parallel. It is therefore quite different from a flowchart, which
shows the flow of control through an algorithm, allowing a reader to determine what
operations will be performed, in what order, and under what circumstances, but not what
kinds of data will be input to and output from the system, nor where the data will come from
and go to, nor where the data will be stored (all of which are shown on a DFD).

Symbols used in DFD’s:

Processes:

A process transforms data values. The lowest processes are our functions without side effects.

Data Flows:

A data flow connects the output of an object or process to the input of another object or
process. It represents the intermediate data values within the computation. It is draws as an
arrow between the procedure and the consumer of the data value. The arrow is labeled with
the description of the data, usually its name or type.

Actors:

An actor is an active object that drives the data flow graph by producing or consuming
values. Actors are attached to the inputs and the outputs of a dataflow graph. In sense, the
actors lie on the boundary of the flow graph but terminate the flow of data as sources and
sinks of data, and so are sometimes called terminators.

Data Store:

A data store is a passive object within a data flow diagram that stores data for later access.
Unlike an actor, a data store does not generate any operations on its own but merely responds
to requests to store and access data.
Fig :Dataflow diagram of merchant
 Fig :Dataflow diagram of farmer

USE CASE DIAGRAMS

Use case diagrams are considered for high level requirement analysis of a system. Use case
diagrams are used to gather the requirements of a system including internal and external in-
fluences. These requirements are mostly design requirements. So when a system is analyzed
to gather its functionalities use cases are prepared and actors are identified. Now when the
initial task is complete use case diagrams are modeled to present the outside view.

Use case:

Use case diagrams are considered for high level requirement analysis of a system. So when
the requirements of a system are analyzed the functionalities are captured in use cases. So we
can say that uses cases are nothing but the system functionalities written in an organized
manner.
 A use case describes a sequence of actions that provide something of measurable value
to an actor and is drawn as a horizontal ellipse.

Actor:

Now the second things which are relevant to the use cases are the actors. Actors can
be defined as something that interacts with the system. The actors can be human user, some
internal applications or may be some external applications.

Associations:
Associations between actors and use cases are indicated in use case diagrams by
solid lines. An association exists whenever an actor is involved with an interaction
described by a use case.

System boundary boxes:

You can draw a rectangle around the use cases, called the system boundary box, to
indicate the scope of your system. Anything within the box represents functionality that
is in scope.
Fig Use case diagram of merchant

Fig Use case diagram of farmer

SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS

The Sequence Diagram models the collaboration of objects based on a time sequence. It
shows how the objects interact with others in a particular scenario of a use case. With the advanced
visual modeling capability, you can create complex sequence diagram in few clicks. Besides, Visual
Paradigm can generate sequence diagram from the flow of events which you have defined in the use
case description. The sequence diagram models the collaboration of objects based on a time
sequence. It shows how the objects interact with others in a particular scenario of a use case. It
depicts the objects and classes involved in the scenario and the sequence of messages
exchanged between the objects needed to carry out the functionality of the scenario.

Lifelines:

A sequence diagram shows, as parallel vertical lines (lifelines), which indicates

different processes or objects that live simultaneously.

Message:

Messages written with horizontal arrows with the message name written above them,
display interaction. The messages are written in the order in which they occur. This allows
the specification of simple runtime scenarios in a graphical manner.

Object/Activation Box/Process:

Activation boxes, or method-call boxes, are opaque rectangles drawn on top of

lifelines to represent that processes are being performed in response to the message.
Fig sequence diagram of merchant
 Fig sequence diagram of Farmer

ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

In software engineering, an entity-relationship model (ERM) is an abstract and conceptual
representation of data. Entity-relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to
produce a type of conceptual schema or semantic data model of a system, often a relational
database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion. Diagrams created by this process are
called entity-relationship diagrams, ER diagrams, or ERDs. A relationship is how the data is
shared between entities. There are three types of relationships between entities

1. One-to-one
One instance of an entity (A) is associated with one other instance of another entity (B). For
example, in a database of employees, each employee name (A) is associated with only one
social security number (B).

2. One-to-Many
One instance of an entity (A) is associated with zero, one or many instances of another entity
(B), but for one instance of entity B there is only one instance of entity A. For example, for a
company with all employees working in one building, the building name (A) is associated
with many different employees (B), but those employees all share the same singular associa-
tion with entity A.

3. Many-to-Many
One instance of an entity (A) is associated with one, zero or many instances of another entity
(B), and one instance of entity B is associated with one, zero or many instances of entity A.
For example, for a company in which all of its employees work on multiple projects, each in-
stance of an employee (A) is associated with many instances of a project (B), and at the same
time, each instance of a project (B) has multiple employees (A) associated with it.
 CHAPTER 4
TEST AND VALIDATION

INTRODUCTION
Testing is the systematic process of assessing a system or its components to determine if they
meet the specified requirements. This evaluation involves comparing actual outcomes with
expected outcomes, uncovering any disparities. In simpler terms, testing involves the
execution of a system to pinpoint discrepancies, errors, or missing elements in relation to the
original intentions or requirements.

Testing is the methodical practice of making impartial judgments about the degree to which a
system or device aligns with, surpasses, or falls short of the stated objectives.
A robust testing program serves as a valuable tool for both the organization and the
integrator/supplier. Typically, it marks the conclusion of the "Development" phase of a
project, establishes the criteria for project acceptance, and signals the commencement of the
warranty period.

PURPOSES OF TESTING

Verification of Procurement Specifications and Risk Management: Firstly, testing ensures

that the product or system aligns with the functional, performance, design, and
implementation requirements outlined in the procurement specifications. Secondly, it plays a
crucial role in managing risks for both the acquiring organization and the system's
vendor/developer/integrator. It helps identify when the work has reached completion,
allowing for contract closure, vendor payment, and the transition of the system into the
warranty and maintenance phase.

Delivering High-Quality, Reliable Software to Customers: Software testing aims to provide

customers with software that is free of bugs and highly reliable. The objective is to prevent
any issues during the software's usage, thus ensuring efficient utilization of the developed
software. Given the significant cost associated with software development, testing is a critical
step to avoid potential losses for customers.

Additionally, testing serves the following purposes:

Analysis of Adherence to Requirements: Testing assesses whether the developed application
aligns with the specified requirements. It focuses on detecting defects or errors in a program,
project, or product based on predefined criteria, which could be outlined in documents like
scope documents or High-Level Design Documents (HLDD).

Enhancement of Application Quality: Testing plays a crucial role in improving the quality of
an application by identifying and rectifying errors. The more errors that are eliminated, the
higher the overall quality of the product. Testing serves purposes such as quality assurance,
verification and validation, and reliability estimation. It involves a trade-off between budget,
time, and quality.

Key factors necessitating testing for an application include:

Reducing Code Bugs: Testing aims to minimize the number of defects in the code, enhancing
the application's reliability and performance.

Delivering a High-Quality Product: Testing ensures that the final product meets quality
standards and performs as expected.

Verification of Requirement Fulfillment: Testing verifies that all specified requirements have
been met, aligning with customer expectations.

Customer Satisfaction: Testing strives to satisfy customer needs by delivering a product that
meets their demands and functions smoothly.

Bug-Free Software: Testing aims to provide software that is free of critical bugs, minimizing
potential disruptions for users.

Earning Software Reliability: By identifying and addressing issues, testing contributes to the
overall reliability of the software.

Preventing User-Detected Problems: Testing helps avoid situations where users encounter
problems while using the software.
Behavioral Verification: Testing ensures that the software behaves as specified,

adhering to the intended functionality.

Validation of User Requirements: It validates that what has been specified matches the actual
desires and needs of the end user.

In essence, testing is a vital phase in software development that serves the dual purpose of
ensuring compliance with requirements and managing risks while delivering a high-quality,
dependable software product to users.

Various methods are employed in software testing, and the following descriptions provide a
brief overview of some of these methods:

BLACK BOX TESTING

Black box testing is a technique that involves testing a software application without any prior
knowledge of its internal workings. Testers operate in a manner where they are unaware of
the system's architecture and do not have access to the source code. Typically, during black
box testing, testers interact with the system's user interface, providing inputs and observing
outputs, without knowing how or where these inputs are processed.

WHITE BOX TESTING

White box testing, also known as glass testing or open box testing, entails a comprehensive
examination of the internal logic and structure of a software's code. To perform white box
testing on an application, the tester must possess knowledge of the code's internal workings.
Testers delve into the source code to identify specific units or sections of code that may
exhibit inappropriate behavior.

GREY BOX TESTING

Grey box testing is a technique that falls between black box and white box testing. In
software testing, the adage "the more you know, the better" carries significant weight when
applying grey box testing to an application. Testers have limited knowledge of the
application's internal workings, and this knowledge can vary. Unlike black box testing, where
testers solely assess the application's user interface, grey box testing allows testers access to
design documents and the database. This additional insight enables testers to better prepare
test data and scenarios when developing their test plans.

These testing methods cater to different levels of knowledge about the software's internal
architecture and logic. Black box testing focuses on assessing functionality without diving
into the code, white box testing delves deep into code-level details, and grey box testing
offers a middle-ground approach with limited knowledge of the internal workings while
having access to key documents and data. Each method serves specific testing needs and
objectives within the software testing process.

Different levels of testing play distinct roles in ensuring the quality and functionality of
software:

UNIT TESTING

Unit Testing is a phase of software testing that concentrates on individual units or

components of a software/system. The objective is to confirm that each unit operates as per
its design.Unit testing is primarily executed by developers (White Box Testing) before
handing over the software for formal testing by the quality assurance team. Developers
employ separate test data from that of the quality assurance team. The key goal of unit testing
is to isolate and demonstrate that individual program parts meet the requirements and
function correctly.

Limitations:

Unit testing cannot detect every bug in an application.

Evaluating every execution path in complex software is not feasible.

There's a constraint on the number of scenarios and test data developers can use to validate
the source code, necessitating the eventual merging of code segments with other units.

INTEGRATION TESTING

Integration Testing is a phase in software testing where individual units are combined and
tested collectively as a group. The main purpose is to identify issues in the interaction
between integrated units.

Integration testing assesses whether combined parts of an application function

correctly when working together. Two common methods for Integration
Testing are Bottom-up Integration Testing, which begins with unit testing and
progressively combines units, and Top-down Integration Testing, which tests
higher-level modulesbefore lower-level ones.
In most comprehensive software development environments, bottom-up
testing is typically performed first, followed by top-down testing. Modules,
each containing related components, are tested individually in the module
testing process.
Integrated System Testing (IST) is a systematic technique for validating the
construction of the overall software structure while simultaneously conducting
tests to uncover errors related to interfacing. The goal is to test the entire
software structure dictated by the design, using unit-tested modules.

SYSTEM TESTING
 System Testing is the subsequent phase of testing that examines the system as
a whole. After all components are integrated, the complete application is
rigorously tested to ensure it meets quality standards. This type of testing is
conducted by a specialized testing team.

System Testing assesses whether the integrated system/software complies with

the specified requirements. It is crucial for several reasons, including being the
first step in the Software Development Life Cycle where the entire application
is tested, verifying adherence to functional and technical specifications, testing
in an environment similar to the production environment, and validating both
business requirements and application architecture.

System testing aims to have an investigative approach, scrutinizing not only

design but also behavior and user expectations. It goes beyond the boundaries
defined in software/hardware requirements specifications. Other testing
models fall under the umbrella of System Testing.

In essence, these levels of testing progressively ensure the reliability,

functionality, and compliance of software with requirements, from individual
units to the complete integrated system.

ACCEPTANCE TESTING
Acceptance testing, also known as User Acceptance Testing (UAT), is a crucial
phase in the software testing process where a system is evaluated for
acceptability. The primary purpose of this testing level is to assess whether the
system aligns with the business requirements and determine if it's suitable for
delivery. User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is carried out either by end-users or
on behalf of them to ensure that the software functions in accordance with the
Business Requirement Document. UAT focuses on several key aspects:
 Ensuring that all functional requirements are met.
 Achieving all performance requirements.
 Verifying compliance with other requirements such as transportability, com-
patibility, and error recovery.
 Ensuring that acceptance criteria specified by the user are satisfied.
 Arguably, UAT is one of the most critical types of testing because it's
conducted by the Quality Assurance Team, responsible for gauging whether
the application aligns with the intended specifications and meets the client's
requirements. The QA team typically uses predefined scenarios and test cases
to evaluate the application thoroughly.
Additionally, acceptance tests serve as a means to gather insights about the
application's performance, accuracy, and the reasons behind the project's
initiation. These tests aim not only to identify simple issues like spelling
mistakes or cosmetic errors but also to pinpoint any critical bugs that could
lead to system crashes or major errors in the application. By conducting
acceptance tests, the testing team can gain a better understanding of how the
application will perform in a production environment.

REGRESSION TESTING

Regression testing is conducted to assess changes in software behavior

resulting from modifications or additions. Its purpose is to ensure that changes,
even minor ones, do not lead to unexpected issues within the application. The
primary goal is to identify any unintended consequences of alterations, such as
a bug fix potentially causing a new functionality problem or a violation of
business rules.
Regression testing is vital for several reasons:
 It minimizes gaps in testing when changes are made to an application, ensur-
ing that all aspects are thoroughly tested.
 It verifies that changes made, such as bug fixes, do not negatively impact
other areas of the application.
 Regression testing helps mitigate risks associated with software changes.
 By increasing test coverage without extending timelines, it enhances overall
testing efficiency.
 It accelerates the time to market for the product by quickly validating
changes and preventing the introduction of new issues.
Acceptance testing evaluates the system's suitability for delivery and
alignment with business requirements, while regression testing ensures that
 changes in software behavior do not introduce unexpected issues. Both testing
levels are crucial for delivering reliable and high-quality software.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Conclusion
The conclusion of a study or analysis on the impact of social media on farmers would depend
on the specific research objectives, findings, and insights gained from the study. However,
here's a generalized conclusion that could be drawn based on common themes and
observations: In conclusion, social media platforms have emerged as powerful tools for
farmers, offering numerous benefits and opportunities for knowledge sharing, networking,
market access, and community building. Through social media, farmers can connect with
peers, industry experts, and consumers, facilitating the exchange of information, ideas, and
experiences. The widespread adoption of social media among farmers has led to the
democratization of agricultural knowledge, empowering individuals with access to resources,
best practices, and innovative solutions regardless of geographic location or scale of
operation. Social media also plays a vital role in amplifying the voices of farmers, enabling
them to advocate for policy changes, promote sustainable practices, and address challenges
facing the agricultural sector. Furthermore, social media serves as a valuable platform for
agricultural businesses to engage with customers, promote their products, and build brand
loyalty. By leveraging social media marketing strategies, farmers and agribusinesses can
reach new markets, improve customer relationships, and drive sales.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Advanced Data Analytics: Integrating advanced data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI)
technologies into social media platforms can provide farmers with valuable insights and
predictive analytics. This could include personalized recommendations for crop management
practices, market trends, weather forecasts, and pest/disease management strategies based on
real-time data and historical trends.Virtual Farming Communities: Building virtual farming
communities within social media platforms can facilitate deeper collaboration, knowledge
sharing, and peer-to-peer support among farmers. These communities could include forums,
discussion groups, and interactive features tailored to specific crops, regions, or farming
practices.Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): Incorporating AR and VR
technologies into social media platforms can offer immersive experiences for farmers,
allowing them to visualize agricultural landscapes, equipment operations, and farm
management practices in virtual environments. This could enhance training, decision-making,
and troubleshooting processes for farmers.

REFERENCE

 Smith, J. (2021). The Role of Social Media in Empowering Farmers: A Case

Study of Rural Communities in India. Journal of Agricultural Communica-
tion, 15(2), 123-135.
 Smith, John. "The Role of Social Media in Empowering Farmers: A Case
Study of Rural Communities in India." Journal of Agricultural Communica-
tion, vol. 15, no. 2, 2021, pp. 123-135.
 Smith, John. "The Role of Social Media in Empowering Farmers: A Case
Study of Rural Communities in India." Journal of Agricultural Communica-
tion. 2021. https://www.journalofagriculturalcommunication.com/article123.
 Smith, J. (2021). The Impact of Social Media Use on Agricultural Practices:
A Study of Farmers in the United States. Journal of Agricultural Communi-
cation, 25(3), 45-60. https://doi.org/xxxxx