TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

V.I.E.A.T. ANITA, KIM 1 G.T.U.

TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
A Zero-Energy Building (ZEB), also known as a Net Zero-Energy building, is a structure with
net zero energy consumption, which means that the total amount of energy used by the building
on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renewable energy generated on the site or, in other
definitions, by renewable energy sources offsite, using technology such as heat pumps, high
efficiency windows and insulation, and solar panels.
Buildings have a significant impact on both energy consumption and the environment.
Commercial and residential buildings consume nearly 40% of primary energy and roughly
70% of electricity in the US. ZEB is not a single product or technology, but rather a collection
of closely integrated evolving.
1.2 DEFINITION OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
A zero-energy building is one that has zero net energy consumption, meaning that it uses
roughly the same amount of energy annually as is produced on the property by renewable
sources. As a result, zero-energy buildings emit fewer greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
overall than comparable non-ZEB buildings.
1.3 OVERVIEW OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
The advancement of new energy and construction technologies and techniques played a major
role in enabling the development of modern zero-energy buildings. These include low-
emissivity, highly insulating triple and quadruple-glazed windows, high-efficiency heat
pumps, high-efficiency solar panels, and highly insulating spray-foam insulation. Academic
research has also made significant improvements to these innovations by gathering precise
energy performance data on experimental and traditional buildings and providing performance
parameters for complex computer simulations that predict the effectiveness of engineering
designs.

Intelligent buildings can be integrated into smart grids. Several benefits of these structures
include the following: Including renewable energy sources, Vehicle-to-grid integration, also
known as plug-in electric vehicle integration, Putting zero-energy ideas into practice.

V.I.E.A.T. ANITA, KIM 2 G.T.U.

TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

In addition to being ecologically friendly and producing more energy than is actually
consumed, zero energy buildings also have a conventional appearance and many techniques to
reduce their energy usage.
Zero energy buildings are reasonably priced, designed for families with average incomes, and
also very healthful. The modern world is all about economic construction and cost.
These homes generate more energy than their occupants use at the end of the year. stops the
hefty summer utility bills. The building industry is raised to entirely new heights by these
homes.

1.4 PURPOSE OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

 To help in energy crisis issue
 Decreases the Consumption of Energy.
 Reduces global warming and greenhouse gas emissions (carbon emissions).
 Decreases Dependence on Fossil Fuels.
 Safeguards the Environment for Next Generations.

1.5 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ZERO ENERGY

BUILDING
Advantages
 Protection against future increases in energy prices for building owners.
 A more comfortable interior thanks to more consistent temperatures.
 A reduced need for energy.
 A lower total cost of ownership as a result of increased energy effectiveness.
 A lower net monthly living expense overall
 Reduced additional expenses.

Limitations
 The initial investment may be higher
 Insufficient knowledge or expertise to construct ZEBs
 ZEBs might not lower the necessary power plant capacity.
 The house envelope can only be used to capture solar energy in areas that are exposed
to the sun.

V.I.E.A.T. ANITA, KIM 3 G.T.U.

TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

 The embodied energy, heating and cooling energy, and resource consumption are
higher than necessary in the absence of an optimized thermal envelope.

1.6 IMPACT OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

Figure: -1.1 Impact of Zero Energy Building

1.7 AIM OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

 The aim of zero energy building is to maximize energy efficiency.
 Reduce the energy bills and charges

1.8 OBJECTIVES OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

 To design energy efficient buildings.
 Reduce energy consumption. Reuse the natural resources to produce energy through
the modern technology by implementing sustainable strategies in buildings.

1.9 KEY ELEMENTS OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

Key elements of ideal village as listed below.
 Energy-Efficient Home Design Sanitation Facility
 Renewable Energy Resources

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

 Backup Energy Storage Systems

 Energy Monitoring Systems
 High-Performance Insulation
 Air Sealing
 Double-Pane Windows
 Energy-Efficient Appliances
 Hybrid Water Heater
 Energy-Efficient HVAC

V.I.E.A.T. ANITA, KIM 5 G.T.U.

TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
To understand this topic we need to conduct literature survey. Some of the research paper
on Zero Energy Building are as listed below.
2.1.1 RAJAN KUMAR JAYSAWAL, SUPRAVA CHAKRABORTY, D.
ELANGOVAN, SANJEEVIKUMAR PADMANABAN, 2022, “CONCEPT OF NET
ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS (NZEB) - A LITERATURE REVIEW” In this paper
they analysis explains the viability of the NZEB. By building NZEBs instead of
conventional ones, energy for buildings can be generated by own and can reduce the energy
crisis, and the country’s environmental emissions. The guidelines to be followed for the
NZEB has been studied and the following the NZEBs’ benefits has been concluded. ●
Reduction in energy consumption which reduces the energy crisis. ● Carbon emission
reduction which reduces the environmental pollution. ● Energy cost will be very low or
near to zero, also generate revenue by selling extra energy. This paper has presented how
to show improvement on energy efficiency, optimize the comfort of occupants and reduce
dependency on both the grid and the municipal supply of potable water by the means of
implementation of sustainable policies. Consequently, the investigation discusses the
question of load match and grid interaction at building level, taking into account on-site
energy usage and generation and has analysed the contribution of solar PV and compare
the generation of electricity in buildings with the demand for the buildings. In the context
of climate change, the scarcity of energy supplies and the decline in global energy use,
energy efficiency are discussed. Similarly, various applications for smart systems are
discussed. (Cleaner Engineering and Technology 11 (2022) 100582).
2.1.2 AMIT KUMAR SHARMA, RAJU RANJAN KUMAR, 2020, “REVIEW
PAPER ON ZERO ENERGY BUILDING” In this paper they study about zero energy
building and defined term zero energy building and explained Passive Solar Design,
Renewable Energy Resources, Sun as Renewable Source of Energy, Wind as Renewable
Source of Energy. Also, they study on ZEB in India. (Volume: 07 Issue: 12 | Dec 2020)

V.I.E.A.T. ANITA, KIM 7 G.T.U.

TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

2.1.3 ELENA PERLOVA, MARIIA PLATONOVA, ALEXANDR GORSHKOV,

XENYIYA RAKOVA, 2015, “CONCEPT PROJECT OF ZERO ENERGY
BUILDING” In this paper they have produced a series of studies. It corresponds to
identifying and practical application of a body of architectural and planning solutions to
reduce the heat loss through the building of the building envelope. Also, they suggested
following architectural techniques in order to improve the energy efficiency of the designed
building, which are the subject of this paper: 1) the optimal building orientation to the side
of light with the prevailing wind direction during the winter in order to neutralize the
negative impact of climate change on the building and thermal balance 2) maximum
glazing north-western facades and blank walls on the low-light scenes sides of the light
(according to the results of measurements), 3) the form of the building is characterized by
a reduced coefficient of compactness. This goal has been achieved by reducing the area of
external walling by eliminating irregularity facade projections, the West and other
"architectural openings."‚ 4) the presence of the vestibule at the entrance, this avoids the
additional heat loss, 5) pent roof on a low-light side would contribute to reducing of the
number of cold bridges. (Procedia Engineering 100 (2015) 1505 – 1514) (Available online
at www.sciencedirect.com)
2.1.4 KOMAL J. WALDIYA, SUMEET S. SOLANKI, PIYUSH D. PRAJAPATI,
2022, “NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING: A CASE STUDY OF PADRA TALUKA
OF VADODARA DISTRICT” In this paper residential building is built up through net
zero energy and water building concept. All the planning, designing and construction work
carried out under expert civil engineer, structural engineer and construction contractor. All
the construction work done by using advanced construction technologies for achieving and
demonstrate that an existing building is able to achieve net energy. Also, data show in this
paper like during design of water storage tank for rainwater harvesting data such as number
of people in household, per capita water requirement, average annual rainfall of the city,
period of water scarcity, type and size of catchment, etc. are required. Data such as per
capita water requirement, average annual rainfall of the city, period of water scarcity is
taken from Indian Meteorological Department and Water Resources Information System
(WRIS) web site, Municipal Corporation, and other Government authorities. (Volume 10
Issue II Feb 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com)

V.I.E.A.T. ANITA, KIM 8 G.T.U.

TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

2.1.5 V. SUMATEJA REDDY, 2016, “NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

MOVEMENT IN INDIA - AN OVERVIEW” In this paper she studies on Deference
between Zero Energy Building and Green Building and Design Strategy for Net Zero
Energy Buildings. Also, study on Advantages and Disadvantages of NZEB and
Barriers/Challenges. (2016 IJSRSET | Volume 2 | Issue 5 | Print ISSN: 2395-1990 | Online
ISSN: 2394-4099)
2.2 NEEDS OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

 Reduced energy costs

 Increased comfort for occupants
 Positive environmental impact
 Reliable and affordable operations
 Improved energy security

V.I.E.A.T. ANITA, KIM 9 G.T.U.

TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

CHAPTER 3

BUILDING MATERIAL FOR ZEB

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

CHAPTER-3 BUILDING MATERIAL FOR ZEB

3.1 BUILDING MATERIAL FOR ZEB
Solar photovoltaic panels integrated into the roof and solar hot water panels mounted on the
roof provide energy for a zero-energy house. It's time to reconsider building energy use. The
sun provides us with more than enough energy to meet our needs for electricity, and we can
use alternative energy sources and building materials to power our buildings. In order to
achieve the necessary efficiency, you must select the appropriate material. To construct
efficient ZEB building required material as listed and described follows.
3.1.1 GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
The primary structural component of a zero-energy house is gluing laminated timber, which
has a lower carbon footprint than steel and concrete. This lowers the structure's overall weight
and minimizes damage from natural disasters.

Figure: -3.1 Glue Laminated Timber

3.1.2 GREEN ROOF
Over the house you have a green roof with local plants, it’s used as part of insulation as well
as cooling system, water is stored on roof in small tanks which is used to water the plants.

V.I.E.A.T. ANITA, KIM 11 G.T.U.

TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

Figure: -3.2 Green Roof

3.1.3 HOLLOW BLOCKS WITH CONCRETE
The hollow blocks used to build the house's walls are filled with concrete. Block is an excellent
insulator and an antibacterial mixture of wood and concrete. Inside the blocks, insulation is
present to stop energy loss. To create walls that manage moisture and provide insulation
simultaneously, hollow blocks are filled with concrete that contains 50% fly ash instead of
Portland cement and smaller reinforcing bars.

Figure: -3.3 Hollow Blocks with Concrete

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

3.1.4 PU FOAM INSULATION

They place a cloth on the roof, create a space between it and the roof, and then blow foam
beneath the cloth, causing it to expand inward and take the shape of a cave. Because foam has
insulating qualities, the air beneath roofs cools off during the summer. As an alternative, the
roofing system's dark-colored metal panels absorb heat just like any other dark color during
the winter. There is a vapor barrier above the foam on the roof, and there is approximately 1.5
inches of air space above that.

Figure: -3.4 PU Foam Insulation

3.1.5 RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
Using a rainwater harvesting system, water from the roof is collected via a downspout and
stored outside the home based on the owner's storage capacity. The cost of purchasing water
from an outside source can be avoided by using the collected water for landscaping and other
household uses in addition to drinking.

Figure: -3.5 Rain Water Harvesting System

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

3.1.6 SOLAR INTEGRATED ROOF PANELS

Hot water is provided by solar-integrated roof panels, but occasionally excessive heat from the
sun can cause the water to become unsafe to use. To mitigate this, a system is installed in each
sanitary fixture to combine hot and cold water. Similar to this, when the sun sets too low, there
is a shortage of hot water. To ensure that the water is safe to use, hot water is stored in reserve
and blended with cold water. A lot of caution is required to operate the installed gas-operated
water heater, which turns on and off automatically. Push buttons are installed in the kitchen
and bathrooms. Simply press the button whenever you want hot water, and a circulating system
will bring it from a storage area to the bathrooms and kitchens. It then cools the hot water to
the desired temperature at the destination, such as the washbasin, shower, or bathtub, and
anywhere else in the house where it is needed.

Figure: -3.6 Solar Integrated Roof Panels

3.1.7 GREEN PLASTER
A unique, environmentally friendly plaster is used to plaster the walls in order to preserve a
comfortable level of humidity within the home. This plaster is able to absorb moisture from
the air. The cooling system also serves as a dehumidifier; if the relative humidity in the house
needs to be lowered, the variable speed fan will begin to send less air through the blowers
farther into the house, resulting in low humidity.

V.I.E.A.T. ANITA, KIM 14 G.T.U.

TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

Figure: -3.7 Green Plaster

3.1.8 HVAC SYSTEM IN ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS
A chiller system, which either heats or chills water, cools the air in HVAC systems. The house
is then chilled as a result of the water being sent through low-pressure copper tubes to coils
that are cooled with chilled water and linked to blowers at different locations. There are 1.5-
ton and 2-ton compressors outdoors occasionally; they are both factory-charged with
refrigerant. Each compressor has a chiller system attached to it. Therefore, when there is only
one family, the 1.5- or 2-ton compressor operates automatically based on the weather. If the
house needs more chilling, such as for a function, both compressors begin operating
simultaneously to chill the house.

Figure: -3.8 HVAC System in Zero Energy Buildings

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

3.1.9 THE WINDOWS OVERHANG

The overhanging windows are designed to shield the windows from the sun's rays in the
summer and to let in sunlight while providing rain protection in the winter. The direction of
the wind informed the design of this system. The house's front porch has a large overhang to
protect the entrance from the sun's heat.

Figure: -3.9 The windows overhang

3.1.10 DOUBLE GLAZING WINDOW

Figure: -3.10 Double Glazing Window

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

In addition to being an excellent insulator, double glazing helps retain natural heat during the
winter. This is a fantastic winter insulation solution for your house. When double glazed
windows are installed, less energy is used to heat or cool a room, which lowers energy bills
and saves money. Increasing the number of glazing layers will result in higher insulation levels
and greater cost savings. When it's a hot summer day, double-glazed windows can retain some
of the light coming through them, making your room feel cooler. It follows that less air
conditioning is needed.
3.1.11 SOLAR FILMS FOR WINDOWS
The application of solar control window film will function to offer a quick, affordable, and
durable fix. In certain situations, solar reflective film can block up to 99% of UV rays without
lowering the amount of light that is visible to the unaided eye.

Figure: -3.11 Solar Films for Windows

There are several grades and varieties of solar control window film, each with a distinct
performance level. Each film has been specifically designed to reflect some of the sun's solar
energy away, preventing the gradual accumulation of excess heat. The film will assist in
preventing the interior temperature from rising to uncomfortable levels by efficiently rejecting
a portion of the heat produced by the sun. It's a retrofit product that is intended to be applied
to windows and existing glazing; typically, the internal face of the glass is where it is applied.

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

CHAPTER-4 METHODOLOGY
4.1 METHODOLOGY

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CONCEPT OF ZEB

MATERIAL STUDY

CALCULATION

CONCLUSION

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

CHAPTER-5 CALCULATIONS
5.1 ELECTRICITY CALCULATIONS FOR ZERO ENERGY
BUILDINGS
SITE ENERGY VS. SOURCE ENERGY
Site energy – This is the energy used on-site, as measured at the meter. For electricity, just
look at the kilowatt-hours you get billed for.
Source energy – This is the energy used on-site plus the energy that went into getting that
energy onto the site. For electricity, it’s the kilowatt-hours you get billed for plus the kilowatt-
hours of energy that are “consumed in the extraction, processing and transport of primary fuels
such as coal, oil and natural gas; energy losses in thermal combustion in power generation
plants; and energy losses in transmission and distribution to the building site.”
Calculating the zero-energy balance
Let's see how the DOE's plan to use source energy as the foundation for zero-energy buildings
turns out. The conversion of site energy to source energy is the first thing you should
understand. You just need to multiply that by the relevant conversion factor. The table below,
which originated from ASHRAE standard 105, is provided in the most recent DOE document
on zero energy buildings.

Figure: -5.1 National Average Source Energy Conservation Factor

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TEAM ID: 521888 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING

That second line is what many people find confusing. For instance, 15 kWh of source energy
are needed to provide 10 kWh of delivered electricity to a household daily. You might therefore
assume that in order to balance the source energy of the electricity supplied, installing
photovoltaic modules on your roof would require you to export 15 kWh of electricity. Using a
fuel like natural gas on-site can be confusing, too, but if you just use the table above, it’s pretty
easy. Let’s put some numbers in an example:
Imported energy

Type Site Energy Factor Source Energy

Electricity 15 kWh 3.15 47.25 kWh
Natural Gas 10 Therms (40 kWh) 1.09 10.00 kWh
Total 57.25 kWh
Qualify as a zero-energy building, this home would have to offset 57.25 kWh of source energy.
Because exported electricity gets multiplied by the 3.15 conversion factor for electricity, that
gives us:
E x 3.15 = 57.25 kWh
E = 57.25kWh ÷ 3.15 = 18.17kWh = 18kWh
5.2 SOLAR PANEL REQUIREMENT

The number of solar panels needed to generate the required AC power is to be calculated. In
the above example, the home requires 18 units per day which is equivalent to 18 kWh. This
means that in 1 hour the solar panel must generate 18000 watts of power.
Thus, if a panel can produce 3 kWh per day of 10 hours than 6 solar panels would be required
to produce 18 kWh. So, for home need 6 Solar panel of having standard size of 65 x 39 inch.
So total area covered 12,675 square inch equal to 8.177403 Square meter.

V.I.E.A.T. ANITA, KIM 21 G.T.U.