10-2 Continuity in Reinforced Concrete

Structures
„ Construction of two cast-in-place
cast in place reinforced concrete
structures is illustrated in Fig 10-1 to 10-3
„ In Fig 10-1, formwork is under construction for beams
and slabs supporting a floor
Chapter 10 „ Once the formwork is complete and the reinforcement
has been placed in the forms as shown in Fig 10-2, the
concrete beams and slabs will be placed in one
Continuous Beams monolithic pour
„ The resulting joins can be seen in Fig 10-3
And One-Way Slabs
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10-1 Introduction
„ In design of a continuous beam or slab it is necessary to
consider several ultimate limit states and several
serviceability limit states

„ For failure states like failure by flexure, shear, bond and

possibly torsion

„ For serviceability states like excessive deflections

deflections, crack
widths and vibrations

Fig 10-1
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 10-2 Continuity in Reinforced Concrete
Structures
„ A frame is said to be a sway frame or an unbraced frame
if it relies on frame action to resist lateral loads

„ Thus Fig 10-4a shows an unbraced frame

„ Fig 10-4b shows a frame that is braced by the shear wall

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Fig 10-2 5 © 2006 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd. 7

Fig 10-4

Fig 10-3
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 10-2 Continuity in Reinforced Concrete 10-3 Moment and Shears in
Structures Continuous Beams
„ Fig 10-5
10 5 illustrates the simplest types of one-way
one way slab „ Continuous slabs
slabs, beams and frames are statically
and beam floor indeterminate structures

„ Slabs without beam are usually referred to as flat slabs „ Three families of procedures for computing moments
or flat plates and shears in such members:
1. Elastic analyses such as slope-deflection, moment distribution
and matrix method
„ Slabs with beams on an approximately square grids are
2. Plastic analyses
referred to as two-way beam and slab system
3. Approximate analyses such as moment coefficients

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10-3 Moment and Shears in

Continuous Beams
„ Largest moments in a continuous beams or a frame
occur when some spans are loaded and others are not

„ Diagrams, referred to as influence lines, are used to

determine which spans should and should not be loaded

„ An influence line is a graph of the variation in the

moment, shear and other effect

„ Fig 10-7 shows the concept of influence lines

Fig 10-5
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 10-3 Moment and Shears in
Continuous Beams
„ Fig 10-8
10 8 illustrates influence lines drawn in accordance
with the Mueller-Breslau principle

„ The loading shown in Fig 10-8b is referred to as an

Fig 10-7 alternate span loading or a checkerboard loading

„ The loading shown in Fig 10-8d is referred to as adjacent

span loading

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10-3 Moment and Shears in

Continuous Beams
„ Two principal methods are used to calculate influence
lines
„ The first method is by placing a 1-kN load successively
at evenly spaced points
„ The second procedure is known as Meuller-Breslau
principle, is based on the principle of virtual work
„ T t l workk done
Total d d
during
i thi
this iimaginary
i di
displacement
l t iis

⎛Δ ⎞
M c = P⎜⎜ B ⎟⎟ (10-1)
⎝ θc ⎠
Fig 10-8
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 10-3 Moment and Shears in 10-3 Moment and Shears in
Continuous Beams Continuous Beams
„ Influence line for shear can be drawn by breaking the „ Using this sort of reasoning requires continuous
structure at the point in question as shown in Fig 10-9 beams and one-way slabs to be designed for the
following patterns:
1. Factored dead loads on all spans with factored partition load
„ The loadings required to cause maximum positive
and factored live load on two adjacent spans
shears are shown in Fig 10-9b and d
2. Factored dead loads on all spans with factored partition load
and factored live load on alternate spans
3. Factored dead and live loads on all spans
„ Following this procedure for the three bay frame as
shown in Fig 10-10

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Fig 10-10

Fig 10-9
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 10-3 Moment and Shears in 10-3 Moment and Shears in
Continuous Beams Continuous Beams
„ As the calculations necessary to derive moment „ The critical shear at this point from the factored live load
envelope in Fig 10-10h are tedious, approximate on half of the span is
moment coefficients are given 0.25wLu ⎛ wu l n ⎞
Vu = ⎜ ⎟ (10-4a)
„ It has to meet the following criteria: wu ⎝ 2 ⎠
There are two or more spans
„ At the middle of the exterior span, we use the larger of
The spans are approximately equal
the shear given by Eq 10-4a and we get
Loads are uniformly distributed
Unit live load does not exceed three times the unit dead load
Beam must be prismatic
⎛w l ⎞
Beam must be in braced frame without significant moments due Vu = 0.15⎜ u n ⎟ (10-4b)
to lateral mode ⎝ 2 ⎠
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10-3 Moment and Shears in 10-3 Moment and Shears in

Continuous Beams Continuous Beams
„ Maximum positive and negative moments and shears „ Usually when girders in a
are computed from one-way slab, beam and

( )
girder system are loaded
M u = Cm wu Cl 2n (10-2) by concentrated, the
appropriate moment
⎛w l ⎞
Vu = Cv ⎜ u n ⎟ (10-3) coefficient from Fig 10-11
⎝ 2 ⎠
is used
1. For negative moment at interior face of exterior
support, for positive moment and for shear, ln = clear
span of the span
2. For negative moment at interior support, ln = average
of clear spans of adjacent span Fig 10-11
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 10-4 One-Way Slabs 10-4 One-Way Slabs
„ One-way slab-and-beam systems having plans similar to „ Thickness is chosen so that deflections will not be a
those shown in Fig 10-6
10 6, are commonly used problem except
p p for very
y heavily
y loaded slabs
„ Occasionally thickness will be governed by shear or
flexure
„ For design purposes, a one-way slab is assumed to act
„ Concrete cover to the reinforcement provides
as a series of parallel independent 1-m-wide strips of corrosion resistance, fire resistance and a wearing
slabs, continuous over the supporting beam surface
„ ACI code gives the minimum covers for corrosion
„ The slab strips span the short direction of the panel as protection in slabs:
shown in Fig 10-12 1. For concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with the
ground; No. 36M bars and smaller, 20mm
2. For concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with the
ground; No. 16M bars and smaller than 40mm

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10-4 One-Way Slabs

„ Reinforcement details for one-way

one way slabs are shown in
Fig 10-13

„ Straight-bar arrangement in Fig 10-13a is almost always

used in buildings

„ Slab reinforcement was arranged by using the bent-bar-

straight-bar arrangement shown in Fig 10-13b

Fig 10-12

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 Fig 10-26
Fig 10-13
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10-5 Continuous Beams 10-6 Design of Girders

„ Three major stages in design for a continuous beam are: „ Girders support their own weight and the concentrated
Design
g for flexure loads from the beams theyy support
pp
Design for shear
Design for bar details
„ It is customary to compute the moments and shears in
the girder by assuming that the girder supports
„ In addition it is necessary to consider the deflection and concentrated loads equal to beam reactions
crack control and in some cases, torsion
„ T reinforce
To i f the
th moments, t slab
l b reinforcement
i f t is
i required
i d
„ Fig 10-26 shows the elastic-moment envelopes to transverse to the girder as shown in Fig 10-27

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 Fig 10-28

Fig 10-27

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10-7 Joist Floors 10-7 Joist Floors

„ Ribbed slabs not meeting these requirements are
„ Long-span floors for relatively light live loads can be g
designed as slabs or beams
constructed
t t d as a series
i off closely
l l spaced, d cast-in
ti
place T-beams with a cross section as shown in Fig
10-28 „ Dimensions of standard removable pan forms are shown
„ Most often, removable metals forms referred to as in Fig 10-28
fillers or pans are used to form joists
„ The principal requirements are that the floor be a „ The bar cutoff given in Fig 10-28d apply if joists fit
monolithic combination of regularly spaced ribs and a requirements
i t off ACI code
d
top slab with
1. Ribs not less than 100mm in width
2. Depth of ribs not more than 3.5 times the minimum web width
3. Clear spacing between ribs not greater than 750mm
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 10-8 Moment Distribution

„ As a continuous beam is loaded beyond its service load

the tension reinforcement will eventually yield at some
section

„ With further loading, this section will deform as plastic

hinge

„ For a uniformly loaded fixed-end beam, the maximum

elastic positive moment is half the maximum negative
moment

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