EPSILON 1

USER GUIDE
EPSILON 1
USER GUIDE

EDITION NOTICE: 4022 339 20675, April 2021

This is the original publication of Edition 5 of this document, to be used with the
Epsilon 1 instrument.

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DISCLAIMER
Although diligent care has been used to ensure that the information in this material is
accurate, nothing herein can be construed to imply any representation or warranty as
to the accuracy, correctness or completeness of this information and we shall not be
liable for errors contained herein or for damages in connection with the use of this
material. Malvern Panalytical reserves the right to change the content in this material
at any time without notice.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
© 2021 Malvern Panalytical. This publication or any portion thereof may not be copied
or transmitted without our express written permission.

Malvern Panalytical Ltd. Malvern Panalytical B.V.

Grovewood Road, Malvern, Lelyweg 1, 7602 EA Almelo,
Worcestershire, WR14 1XZ, The Netherlands
United Kingdom

Tel. +44 1684 892456 Tel. +31 546 534 444

Fax. +44 1684 892789 Fax. +31 546 534 598

info@malvernpanalytical.com
www.malvernpanalytical.com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Intended use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Recommended skill levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Chapter 2. Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Introduction to safety aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 Authorized personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Safety guarantee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.3 Alerts and labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Safety standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Malvern Panalytical's approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 User responsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4.1 What to do in case of an emergency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 General hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.1 Ionizing radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.2 Toxic material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.3 Flammable material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6 Safety measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.1 HT keyswitch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.2 X-RAYS lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.3 Double independent safety loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.4 Xsafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.7 Safe use of the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.7.1 Location of alerts and hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Chapter 3. System description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.2 Location of components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.3 Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.1 Power button and indicator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.2 HT keyswitch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.3 Mains power switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 Optical path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5 Small spot analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Chapter 4. Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1.1 Guided self installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1.2 Installation by Malvern Panalytical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 Unpack the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.1 Examine the external impact indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3 Install the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4 Let the instrument become stable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.4.1 Do an X-ray leakage test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Chapter 5. Operate the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.2 Switch on the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.3 Switch off the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.4 Do a gain measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5 Go to Advanced mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Chapter 6. Measure samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

6.1 Measurement overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.2 Sample types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.3 Sample loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Chapter 7. User maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.2 Test of the safety integrity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.3 Clean the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.4 Replace the dust filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.5 Replace the foil on the measuring position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.6 Consumable materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Chapter 8. Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.2 Instrument does not switch on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.2.1 Replace the mains power fuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.3 HT generator does not switch on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8.3.1 Reset Xsafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8.4 Open the lid locks when the instrument has no power. . . . 45

Chapter 9. Disposal instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

9.1 WEEE Directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.2 Hazardous substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.2.1 Beryllium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.2.2 X-ray tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
9.2.3 Detector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
This User Guide gives a description of the hardware and instructions that are related to
safety, operation, user maintenance and disposal of these systems:

• 9430 048 00111 Epsilon 1 10 W with Ag anode X‑ray tube

• 9430 048 00111 Epsilon 1 10 W with V anode X‑ray tube
• 9430 048 00111 Epsilon 1 15 W with Ag anode X‑ray tube for small spot analysis

Read this User Guide together with the Epsilon 1 Quick Start Guides.

For more information, refer to the Epsilon 1 Help that is supplied with the software.

1.2 Intended use

The Epsilon 1 instrument together with the Epsilon software is designed to do routine
X‑ray measurements and analyses over a long period of time.

It is expected that the system will mostly be used by laboratory or factory personnel.

The system must not be used for purposes other than intended.

If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection
provided by the equipment may be impaired.

1.3 Recommended skill levels

The system may be operated by personnel with various skill levels. A person may only
operate the system after adequate training is received for the required skill level.

The skill levels are:

Standard user

• Does not need in-depth knowledge of X-ray theory or applications.

• Must have knowledge of the visible hardware, such as how to switch the
instrument on/off and how to load and unload a sample.
• Must be able to follow instructions on how to measure samples using applications
and how to execute pre-defined tests.
• Works in the software in Standard mode .

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Advanced user

• Must have a thorough knowledge of the analysis process.

• Must have enough knowledge of the hardware to know the limits of what can or
cannot be done when using the system.
• Must know how to set up and maintain applications.
• Must know how to develop applications for specific application areas.
• Must have enough knowledge to set up and maintain the system, both hardware
and software.
• Responsible for maintaining the password mechanism, global variables (names of
filters and targets, global compound database, monitors, etc.).
• Must have an understanding of the function of the main aspects of the analysis
procedure including but not limited to applications, monitors and sample lists.
• Works in the software in Advanced mode .

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CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

2.1 Introduction to safety aspects

Read this chapter before you start to use your instrument.

This chapter helps you to maintain and operate the analytical X‑ray instrument in
accordance with very high safety standards. It gives you information on how to keep
the instrument in a safe condition and how to prevent accidents. It is important that
you read this information to know the safety aspects of the Malvern Panalytical
instrument.

A Malvern Panalytical instrument is fully safe when it is correctly installed and when the
instructions in this User Guide are obeyed during operation.

If the safety information in this chapter does not comply with the related local (national
or regional) rules, always obey the local rules.

2.1.1 Authorized personnel

NOTE: Authorized Personnel = Person who is trained, educated and authorized by the
Malvern Panalytical organization to execute service work to a specified level and
product area.

Procedures given in this User Guide can be done by the user. The installation,
maintenance and repair procedures of the instrument that are not in this User Guide
must only be done by Authorized Personnel .

All repairs, adjustments and alignments to any part of the instrument must obey all
applicable local regulations.

2.1.2 Safety guarantee

The Malvern Panalytical safety guarantee is included when a Malvern Panalytical
instrument is supplied. It remains covered throughout its life when the instrument is
maintained and repaired by Malvern Panalytical service engineers.

WARNING ‑ General Hazard

It is not permitted to make changes or additions to the system if they are not
approved.

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CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

2.1.3 Alerts and labels

Special alerts that relate to the safety of personnel and/or equipment can be found in
this manual. Where it is necessary, alert labels with the applicable symbol are attached
to the instrument.

Obey all instructions in the alerts in the manual and on the labels attached to the
different parts of the instrument.

Alerts in this manual are shown as follows:

DANGER ‑ Electrical Hazard

Shows an immediately dangerous condition which, if not prevented, can result
in death or very serious injury.

(The symbol relates to the specified hazard)

WARNING ‑ Ionizing Radiation

Shows a dangerous condition where there is risk of bad injury.

(The symbol relates to the specified hazard)

CAUTION ‑ General Hazard

Shows a condition that can cause damage to equipment or property, or where
there is a risk of small injury.

(The symbol relates to the specified hazard)

NOTE: Gives the user more information about the procedure or system.

2.2 Safety standards

Malvern Panalytical supplies a Declaration of Conformity with all instruments. The
Declaration of Conformity is a legal statement by Malvern Panalytical that shows that
the responsibilities related to the supplied instrument have been completed. The
customer must keep this document with the instrument for its full life cycle.

Another important declaration for users of analytical X‑ray instruments is the X‑ray
Safety Declaration, which is also supplied with all instruments.

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CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

The instrument complies with the requirements of the Machine Directive 2006/42/EC
and EMC Directive 2004/108/EC and the applicable X‑ray safety regulations.

Refer to the applicable standards, normative documents and directives in the

Declaration of Conformity and the X‑ray Safety Declaration of the instrument.

2.3 Malvern Panalytical's approach

Malvern Panalytical makes and supplies analytical X‑ray instruments that obey the
applicable international product regulations. As a result, Malvern Panalytical complies
with these approaches:

• Specification of the worldwide lowest radiation level: less than 1 µSv/h at 10 cm

distance from the outer surface of the instrument.
• Risk calculations and assessments related to the use of the instrument that show
that the absorbed dose stays easily within the ICRP (International Commission on
Radiological Protection) level for public. This level is 1 mSv/year.
• Overall risk assessment related to the safety of the instrument.
• Instrument design, production and documentation is certified by notified bodies
PTB and/or CSA and/or MET. Refer to the Declaration of Conformity and the X‑ray
Safety Declaration for more information.
• Malvern Panalytical's environmental policy is deployed across the organization.
These steps are taken:
a. Design rules are applied to decrease energy consumption, packaging and
weight.
b. Environmental information is supplied with the instrument for the service
engineers and users.
• Emission of sound, made by the instrument during normal operation, complies
with the requirements of the Machine Directive.
• Moving parts are safe to operate. Precautions have been taking during the
development of the instrument, and there are alert labels on the instrument and
in the manuals.

Organizational requirements such as ISO 9001, ISO 14001, radiation safety board
inspections and audits make sure that these approaches are obeyed.

2.4 User responsibilities

To keep the instrument at the classified safety level, the user has these responsibilities:

1. The user must make sure that the instrument is correctly installed. The user s site
facilities must comply with the specifications in the pre-installation and installation

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CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

information, and comply with the applicable safety requirements. The user is also
responsible for these installation requirements:
a. A correct ground (earth) must be available.
b. The floor or table must be sufficient for the weight distribution of the
instrument.
2. Installation and maintenance must be done by Authorized Personnel.
3. Safety devices must NEVER be bypassed.
4. The user must make sure that persons that use the system are fully instructed in
the safety procedures.
5. The user must make sure that when the system is operated, the applicable local
safety regulations are obeyed.
6. All X‑ray analysis systems must be monitored regularly (based on a local risk
assessment) with a suitable X‑ray radiation monitor.
7. If the instrument is left unattended in a dangerous condition, do as follows:
a. Remove the HT (high-tension) key.
b. Disconnect the instrument from the mains power supply.
c. Attach a DO NOT OPERATE warning notice to all power buttons and mains
power switches or connections.
8. When X‑rays are generated, the fail-safe X‑rays warning lamps must be on. This
lamp must be clearly in view to all persons in the area.
9. In some countries, an X‑rays warning lamp and the international ionizing radiation
sign must be installed on the outer side of the room.
10. After installation or a maintenance/repair procedure is done, the user and the
service engineer must make sure that the safety interlocks operate correctly.
11. A Malvern Panalytical service engineer or application specialist can do a remote
support session on the instrument to troubleshoot, to examine the system after
repair or for application support. Before the remote support session is started,
the user must take precautions to make sure that the instrument can be operated
safely without local intervention.
12. Although the instrument is made and tested to be safe, maintenance is very
important. Information about user maintenance is given in this manual. Other
maintenance must be done by Authorized Personnel.

2.4.1 What to do in case of an emergency

If an emergency or a possible exposure to radiation from an analytical X‑ray instrument
occurs, do as follows:

1. Switch off the instrument and make sure that it cannot be switched on again.

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CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

2. Take the necessary medical/remedial first aid steps.

3. Do not take steps to correct the fault that caused the accident and/or exposure.

NOTE: If there is an X‑ray exposure incident, calculation of the absorbed dose is

more difficult if the fault is corrected.

4. Put a sign on the instrument to make sure that the instrument will not be used or
changed.
5. You must tell these persons about the emergency:
• The user
• The (Radiation) Safety officer
• The local Malvern Panalytical representative
6. If it is an X‑ray exposure accident and the exposure is more than the level set in
local regulations, refer the exposed person for medical examination.

2.5 General hazards

2.5.1 Ionizing radiation

Protection against ionizing radiation is a safety aspect that is included in the applicable
standards. The basic principle is to decrease the radiation near the instrument to a
level that is as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA principle).

When the instrument is correctly operated within the specifications, the radiation level
at a distance of 10 cm from the outer surface of the instrument is less than 1 µSv/h.

WARNING ‑ Ionizing Radiation

X-rays are dangerous. The instrument generates X-rays which can be
dangerous to health if precautions are not taken.

It is important for the health and safety of the user that the instructions given
in the instrument manuals are obeyed.

Obey local safety regulations.

2.5.2 Toxic material

The instrument can contain materials that can be hazardous to health. A hazardous
substances label is attached to the rear of the instrument. Refer to Figure 2.1.

Unknown samples can contain poisonous material. Take precautions when you touch
unknown samples.

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CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

For more information, refer to the Safety Data Sheets.

Figure 2.1 Hazardous substances label

2.5.2.1 Beryllium

Some items in the instrument contain beryllium (Be).

WARNING ‑ Toxic Material

Beryllium and compounds of beryllium (for example beryllium oxide) are
poisonous.

Do not touch, swallow or breathe in beryllium.

Do not get beryllium on your bare skin. Always wear gloves when you touch
items that contain beryllium.

If there are dust or fumes of beryllium, use a dust mask and protective
clothing.

Disposal of beryllium must obey all applicable local regulations.

Refer to the safety information in this document and the related Safety Data
Sheet for more details.

Safety Data Sheet: (https://uqr.to/epa4)

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CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

2.5.3 Flammable material

WARNING - Flammable Material

The end-user is at all times responsible for treating (the substances or
materials used for fabricating) its samples with all due care and diligence.
Malvern Panalytical cannot be held liable for any damage resulting from the
use of flammable, combustible or other hazardous substances or materials in
(the preparation of) any samples.

2.6 Safety measures

These sections give information about safety measures that are used in the
instrument.

2.6.1 HT keyswitch
All instruments have an HT keyswitch. The removable HT key helps the local radiation
safety officer to control who uses the system.

To prevent unauthorized use of the system, remove the HT key. A normal mains power
is available for other functions.

2.6.2 X-RAYS lamps

The X‑RAYS lamps are on when the instrument generates X‑rays. The X‑RAYS lamps are
part of the safety circuit. If one of the lamps is defective, the HT generator cannot be
switched on and X‑rays cannot be generated.

Only when the instrument senses that all conditions are safe, can the X‑RAYS lamps
come on and X‑rays be generated.

2.6.3 Double independent safety loops

Double independent safety loops are necessary for fail-safe operation of the
instrument. For X‑ray safety, it is important to do a test of these loops regularly. Record
the results of the test.

2.6.4 Xsafe
Xsafe is a safety protection system that gives the user protection against X‑rays. This
system contains an electronic board that permanently monitors switches in the
instrument to make sure that it is safe for X‑rays to be generated.

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CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

The X‑ray tube in an instrument is energized by a high tension power supply. The safety
circuits automatically make sure that the high tension and X‑rays are immediately
switched off if there is a dangerous situation.

To make sure that Xsafe operates correctly, regularly do a test of the operation of the
safety switches.

NOTE: The Epsilon 1 has no visual indication of the Xsafe status.

Additionally, to make sure that all safety issues are sensed, the instrument must be
switched off and on at least once every 14 days as follows:

1. Make sure that the instrument is switched on and no measurement is in progress.

2. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.
3. Wait approximately 3 seconds.
4. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.

2.7 Safe use of the instrument

During normal operation of the instrument with all panels in position, there are no
safety risks for the operator.

The next sections show possible safety risks from the instrument during sample
handling.

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CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

2.7.1 Location of alerts and hazards

3
4

1. X-ray beams when 3. Ionizing radiation:

energized X‑RAYS lamp
2. Pinch hazard 4. Toxic material: detector
window contains beryllium

Figure 2.2 Top

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CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

1 1

1. Ionizing radiation: 2. Toxic material: system

X‑RAYS lamp contains hazardous
substances

Figure 2.3 Rear

1 1

1. Toxic material: detector

window contains
beryllium

Figure 2.4 Detector window

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CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction
The Epsilon 1 is a compact energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer to do elemental
analysis of a wide range of samples.

You can control the system with an analytical software package installed on the
Epsilon 1.

3.2 Location of components

7
3
6
4

4 5

1. Touchscreen 5. Measuring position

2. Lid 6. Reference sample
3. Measurement chamber 7. Power button
4. X-RAYS lamps 8. HT keyswitch

Figure 3.1 Top

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CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

2
4 3

1. Protection foil 3. Detector

2. Filter / X-ray tube 4. Clamping ring

Figure 3.2 Measuring position without small spot analysis

5
2
3
4

1. Protection disk 4. Clamping ring

2. Camera 5. Pinhole
3. Detector

Figure 3.3 Measuring position with small spot analysis

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CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

1
2 2

3 3

4
5
6

1. Dust filter cover 4. Connection panel

2. Air inlets 5. Mains power switch
3. X-RAYS lamps 6. Mains power supply connection

Figure 3.4 Rear

1 2

6 5 4 3
1. USB connections 4. HDMI connection
2. Network connections 5. Display port connection
3. Audio connections 6. DC connection, do not use!

Figure 3.5 Connection panel

3.3 Controls
The hardware controls are installed on top and at the rear of the instrument.

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CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

2 4

1. HT keyswitch 2. Power button

Figure 3.6 Controls

3.3.1 Power button and indicator

When you press the Power button, the instrument switches to the ON condition. In this
condition, all instrument systems except the HT supply are in operation.

The instrument is in the ON condition when the green light in the Power button is on.

When you press the Power button again, the instrument switches to the OFF condition.

The instrument is in the OFF condition when the green light in the Power button is off.

3.3.2 HT keyswitch
When you turn the HT keyswitch clockwise, it is possible to do a measurement. When
you start the measurement, the HT generator goes on.

When the HT generator is in the ON condition, the indicators are as follows:

• The X-RAYS lamps on the sides of the instrument are on.

When you turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise, it is not possible to do a

measurement.

The HT keyswitch is also used to reset the Xsafe system. Refer to Section 8.3.1.

If the HT key is removed from the instrument and an unsafe condition is sensed, you
cannot switch the high tension on again.

NOTE: The HT key can be removed and kept in a safe place.

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CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

3.3.3 Mains power switch

The location of the mains power switch is at the rear of the instrument. It is used to
switch the mains power supply to the instrument on or off.

The switch has 2 positions:

• I: Connects the mains power supply to the instrument.

• O: Disconnects the mains power supply from the instrument.

Figure 3.7 Mains power switch

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CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

3.4 Optical path

3
1

1. X-ray tube 3. Detector

2. Sample 4. Filter wheel

Figure 3.8 Optical path

3.5 Small spot analysis

The Epsilon 1 for small spot analysis can be used to measure small objects or small
inclusions in rocks, electronic devices, toys, jewelry or finished products. Regularly and
irregularly-shaped samples can be put directly in the instrument. Sample preparation is
not necessary.

This configuration has a camera to specify the spot on the sample.

24
CHAPTER 4 INSTALLATION

4.1 Introduction
Before you install the system, make sure that the supplies are installed and agree with
the requirements in the Epsilon 1 Technical Specifications sheet.

If it is necessary to move the instrument, refer to the Epsilon 1 Technical Specifications

sheet for the requirements about storage, transport and installation.

If you are not sure, always contact your local Malvern Panalytical representative.

4.1.1 Guided self installation

When the instrument is ordered with the self installation option, the customer will do
the installation and X‑ray leakage test together with a Malvern Panalytical service
engineer via a live video connection.

Instruction videos and a software wizard help the customer through all steps of the
installation. Some steps must be done by the service engineer via remote access to the
instrument.

Before the installation, the customer must have seen the instruction videos and read
the Epsilon 1 User Guide and the Guided Self Installation Instructions.

4.1.2 Installation by Malvern Panalytical

When the instrument is installed for the first time, a Malvern Panalytical service
engineer must do the X-ray leakage test. If the instrument is moved, the X-ray leakage
test is the responsibility of the customer. We recommend that the X-ray leakage test is
done by a person trained in X-ray safety.

WARNING ‑ Ionizing Radiation

X-rays are dangerous. The instrument generates X-rays which can be
dangerous to health if precautions are not taken.

It is important for the health and safety of the user that the instructions given
in the instrument manuals are obeyed.

Obey local safety regulations.

25
CHAPTER 4 INSTALLATION

4.2 Unpack the instrument

NOTE: Keep the original packaging for future transportation.

1. Examine the external impact indicators. Refer to Section 4.2.1.

2. Use a forklift or trolley to move the box on the pallet as close as possible to the
installation location.
3. Open the cardboard box.
4. Remove the cardboard boxes with accessories, the bags with sample cups and
other cardboard parts.
5. Make sure that all the parts are supplied. Refer to the Packing List in the envelope.
If some parts are missing, contact your local Malvern Panalytical organization
immediately.
6. Remove the 4 corner buffers.
7. Open the foil.
8. Lift the instrument from the cardboard box. The weight of the Epsilon 1 is ~ 24 kg.

WARNING ‑ Lifting Hazard

The Epsilon 1 is heavy. It must be lifted by at least 2 persons.

Figure 4.1 Lift the instrument with 2 persons

9. Move the instrument to the final installation location with 2 persons. The
installation location must have a strong surface, for example a table.

NOTE: Keep 20 cm space behind the instrument for the airflow and to connect or
disconnect the mains power supply.

26
CHAPTER 4 INSTALLATION

364
20
0

37
5
395

Figure 4.2 Installation position (mm)

10. Open the lid.

11. Remove the foam block in the measurement chamber.

WARNING ‑ General Hazard

Do NOT touch the detector window. The detector window is fragile.

Figure 4.3 Detector window

The windows of the X-ray tube and detector contain beryllium.

27
CHAPTER 4 INSTALLATION

WARNING ‑ Toxic Material

Beryllium is poisonous. Do not touch or breathe in beryllium.

For more information, refer to the toxic material section in the Safety chapter.

4.2.1 Examine the external impact indicators

1. When the instrument is delivered to your site, examine the crates and/or cartons,
and any impact indicators that are attached to them.

NOTE: If an impact indicator was attached to a crate or carton before shipping,

this is shown on the shipping documents.

2. If an impact indicator is activated or missing, or a crate/carton has visible damage,

do as follows.
a. You can accept the shipment, but record the activated or missing indicator
and any visible crate or carton damage on the delivery document.

NOTE: The recorded results of the impact indicator can help with any damage
claims procedure.

b. Contact Malvern Panalytical's local organization or agent/representative about

the damaged crate and activated or missing indicator the same day.
3. Store the delivery document for future reference.
4. If you have accepted the shipment, make sure that a customer support engineer
of Malvern Panalytical unpacks the instrument and examines it for internal
damage as soon as possible.

4.3 Install the instrument

1. When the instrument is moved to the installation location, let the instrument stay
closed for 1 night to adjust to the new temperature and humidity.
2. Connect the instrument to the mains power supply. The Epsilon 1 is supplied with
a cable for the mains power supply. Only use this cable if it agrees with local
regulations.
Connect the Epsilon 1 to a single phase mains power supply. If you do not obey
the mains power specifications, you can damage the instrument and the warranty
of the instrument or parts of the instrument expires.

28
CHAPTER 4 INSTALLATION

4.4 Let the instrument become stable

It is important that the Epsilon 1 is at a stable operating temperature before you do the
gain measurement. The gain measurement takes a snapshot of the instrument and
this must be done on a stable instrument.

1. Close the lid.

2. Turn the mains power switch at the rear of the instrument to I.
3. Press the Power button to switch on the instrument.
4. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.
5. Do the X-ray leakage test. Refer to Section 4.4.1.

NOTE: We recommend that the X-ray leakage test is done by a person trained in
X-ray safety.

NOTE: If the instrument is installed for the first time, a Malvern Panalytical service
engineer must do the X-ray leakage test.

6. Wait 2 hours until the Epsilon 1 is stable.

7. Do the gain measurement. Refer to Section 5.4.

4.4.1 Do an X-ray leakage test

In the section Malvern Panalytical s Approach, Malvern Panalytical tells that their
instruments agree with the most strict regulations for ionizing radiation: < 1 μSv/h at a
distance of 10 cm from the outside surface of the instrument. Refer to Section 2.3.

An X-ray leakage test is done for each instrument and the X-ray radiation level is
measured before shipment. Our instruments are intrinsically safe when they are
operated and maintained correctly.

But also if it is not necessary in local regulations, Malvern Panalytical recommends that
you do an X-ray leakage test of the instrument regularly. This is specially important
during the installation, when the instrument is moved or when the instrument does
not get maintenance regularly.

Always use a calibrated X-ray radiation survey meter.

29
CHAPTER 4 INSTALLATION

30
CHAPTER 5 OPERATE THE INSTRUMENT

5.1 Introduction

CAUTION ‑ General Hazard

Before you operate the instrument, obey these instructions:

The instrument must be safely in position.

To prevent accidents, the floor around the instrument must be dry and there
must be no dirt or grease.

5.2 Switch on the instrument

1. Connect the instrument to the mains power supply.
2. Turn the mains power switch at the rear of the instrument to I.
3. Press the Power button to switch on the instrument.
4. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.
5. If the instrument was moved, do the X-ray leakage test. Refer to Section 4.4.1.

NOTE: We recommend that the X-ray leakage test is done by a person trained in
X-ray safety.

6. Wait until the temperature is stable.

When you use the instrument for the first time or when the instrument has been
switched off for a long period of time, we recommend a warm-up time of 2 hours.

5.3 Switch off the instrument

1. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.
2. Press the Power button to switch off the instrument.
3. If it is necessary for the instrument to be switched off for a long period of time,
you can also switch off the mains power supply to the instrument.

5.4 Do a gain measurement

When you start the Epsilon 1 for the first time, and at an interval of 24 hours, the
software tells you to do a gain measurement with the reference sample.

31
CHAPTER 5 OPERATE THE INSTRUMENT

1. Make sure that the instrument is stable.

NOTE: The gain measurement takes a snapshot of the instrument and this must
be done on a stable instrument.

2. For instruments with small spot analysis, remove the protection disk.
3. Put 2 fingers under the reference sample holder, push it up and lower the
reference sample holder on the measuring position.

Figure 5.1 Reference sample holder on the measuring position

4. Follow the instructions in the Gain Measurement window.

5.5 Go to Advanced mode

1. On the touchscreen, press <Advanced mode>.
2. Enter the password.

NOTE: The default password is: "Epsilon". The password is case-sensitive.

3. Press OK.

32
CHAPTER 6 MEASURE SAMPLES

6.1 Measurement overview

These steps are necessary to do a measurement:

1. If necessary, put the sample into a sample cup.

2. Open the lid.
3. Put the sample or sample cup on the measuring position.
4. Close the lid.
5. On the touchscreen, press the application.
6. Press Measure in the Easy Measure window.
The progress of a measurement can be monitored on the instrument status bar.
More detailed status information can be seen in the Online status window. The
results are available in the Last result window when the measurement is
complete.

6.2 Sample types

You can measure these sample types with the Epsilon 1:

• Solid samples
These samples must be between 27 and 51.5 mm diameter with a maximum
height of 10 cm.
• Sample without a cup
These samples can be a maximum of 100 x 150 x 120 mm.
• Liquid samples
These samples are usually 5 mL or 10 mL. They must be put in the special P1
liquid cell or 'P2 liquid cell'. The liquid cells must be put in sample holders.
• Loose powders
Loose powders can also be measured in a 'P1 liquid cell' or 'P2 liquid cell'. The
liquid cells must be put in sample holders. For small quantities of the sample
(< 1 g), small mass holders are available.

6.3 Sample loading

You must load samples manually.

33
CHAPTER 6 MEASURE SAMPLES

WARNING ‑ Toxic Material

If you measure unknown or toxic samples, refer to the Safety Data Sheet about
handling instructions.

WARNING - Flammable Material

The user is always responsible to use its samples, and its materials to prepare
these samples, very carefully and correctly.

Malvern Panalytical is not legally responsible for damage that is caused by

flammable samples, or by other hazardous materials in the samples or that
are used when the samples are prepared.

CAUTION ‑ General Hazard

To prevent contamination of the measurement chamber and optical path, obey
these instructions:

Only use sample cups that are approved for use in Malvern Panalytical
instruments.

For liquid cups, make sure that the cup lid is safely in position.

Do not keep temperature sensitive samples in the instrument for a long period.

If a pressed powder sample breaks or a liquid sample leaks in the

measurement chamber or the optical path, immediately switch off the
instrument. Do not clean the contaminated parts. A Malvern Panalytical service
engineer must clean the measurement chamber and the optical path.

34
CHAPTER 7 USER MAINTENANCE

7.1 Introduction
Follow the safety precautions of this User Guide when you do any of these procedures.
Refer to Chapter 2.

WARNING ‑ General Hazard

If the system is in an unsafe condition and you go to a different room, do as
follows:

Disconnect the system from the mains power supply.

Put a warning notice on the instrument.

Remove the HT key.

To do these procedures, it can be necessary to move the instrument from its normal
operating position.

Table 7.1 Maintenance schedule

Maintenance procedure Maintenance interval Reference

Test of the safety integrity 14 days Refer to Section 7.2.

Clean the instrument When necessary Refer to Section 7.3.
Replace the dust filters When necessary Refer to Section 7.4.
Replace the foil on the measuring Minimum 1 time per month Refer to Section 7.5.
position

7.2 Test of the safety integrity

This test is necessary to make sure that the HT keyswitch, Xsafe and safety loops work
correctly and to move the related switches.

1. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.

2. Press the Power button to switch on the instrument.
3. Go to Advanced mode. Refer to Section 5.5.
4. Go to Measure > Manual control.
5. In the X-ray tube field, enter a low kV and μA value. For example, 20 kV, 10 μA.
6. Click Set.

35
CHAPTER 7 USER MAINTENANCE

7. Make sure that the X-RAYS lamps go on.

8. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise to switch off the HT generator.
9. Make sure that the X-RAYS lamps go off.
10. After 5 seconds, turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.

7.3 Clean the instrument

CAUTION ‑ General Hazard

If a pressed powder sample breaks or a liquid sample leaks in the
measurement chamber or the optical path, immediately switch off the
instrument. Do not clean the contaminated parts. A Malvern Panalytical service
engineer must clean the measurement chamber and the optical path.

1. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.

2. Press the Power button to switch off the instrument.
3. Clean the steel sample holder and sample inserts with industrial alcohol. If the
steel sample holder or sample inserts cannot be cleaned, replace them.

CAUTION ‑ General Hazard

Be careful with the sample holders. The bottom of the sample holders is very
thin so you can easily make dents. This changes the distance between the
sample and detector, which has a negative effect on the analysis results.

4. Wait until the alcohol is completely dry before you do a measurement.

5. Disconnect the mains power cable.
6. Clean the outer side of the instrument with a moist cloth.
7. Clean the measurement chamber and reference sample with a lint-free cloth. Do
not clean the optical path.
The windows of the X-ray tube and detector contain beryllium.

WARNING ‑ Toxic Material

Beryllium is poisonous. Do not touch or breathe in beryllium.

For more information, refer to the toxic material section in the Safety chapter.

36
CHAPTER 7 USER MAINTENANCE

CAUTION ‑ General Hazard

When you clean the reference sample, make sure that no material stays
attached to the reference sample or reference sample holder. This changes the
distance between the reference sample and the detector, which makes the
calibration of the instrument less accurate.

8. Connect the mains power cable.

9. Press the Power button to switch on the instrument.
10. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.

7.4 Replace the dust filters

CAUTION ‑ General Hazard

Replace the dust filters of the air inlets regularly. If there is dust on the air
inlets, the fans cannot decrease the temperature of the components and the
electrical circuits can become damaged.

1. Press the Power button to switch off the instrument.

2. Carefully pull the dust filter cover off the rear of the instrument.

Figure 7.1 Remove the dust filter cover

3. Remove the 2 dust filters.

37
CHAPTER 7 USER MAINTENANCE

Figure 7.2 Location of the dust filters

4. Install the new dust filters.

5. Install the dust filter cover.

7.5 Replace the foil on the measuring position

Replace the foil on the measuring position with a minimum of 1 time per month and
also if it is dirty or damaged.

1. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.

2. Press the Power button to switch off the instrument.
3. Open the lid.

WARNING ‑ General Hazard

Do NOT touch the detector window. The detector window is fragile.

38
CHAPTER 7 USER MAINTENANCE

Figure 7.3 Detector window

The windows of the X-ray tube and detector contain beryllium.

WARNING ‑ Toxic Material

Beryllium is poisonous. Do not touch or breathe in beryllium.

For more information, refer to the toxic material section in the Safety chapter.

4. Use laboratory tweezers to remove the clamping ring from the measuring
position.

Figure 7.4 Remove the clamping ring

5. Use laboratory tweezers to remove the foil.

39
CHAPTER 7 USER MAINTENANCE

Figure 7.5 Remove the foil

6. Put the new foil on top the measuring position.

Figure 7.6 New foil on the measuring position

7. Put the clamping ring around the measuring position.

8. Carefully push the clamping ring down.

40
CHAPTER 7 USER MAINTENANCE

Figure 7.7 Push the clamping ring down

9. Remove the paper frame.

Figure 7.8 Remove the paper frame

10. Make sure that the foil is smooth.

41
CHAPTER 7 USER MAINTENANCE

7.6 Consumable materials

Table 7.2 Consumable materials for maintenance

Quantity Description Ordering code

1 Protection foil 9430 500 07221

Set of 5 Dust filters 5322 785 05131

42
CHAPTER 8 TROUBLESHOOTING

8.1 Introduction
This chapter gives the most common problems with the system and their solutions.

If a problem is not in this chapter, or if the solution did not remove it, collect all relevant
information about the problem and contact your local Malvern Panalytical service
organization.

If possible, a Malvern Panalytical service engineer uses remote support to find a

solution for the problem. During a remote support session, your aid can be necessary.
If a remote support session did not remove the problem, a service visit can be
necessary.

8.2 Instrument does not switch on

Table 8.1 Possible causes for instrument does not switch on

Cause Solution Reference

The instrument is not switched on. Switch on the instrument. Refer to Section 5.2.
A fuse has blown in the mains power Replace the fuse. Refer to Section 8.2.1.
supply.

8.2.1 Replace the mains power fuses

There are two 5 A, 250 V slow-blow mains fuses above the mains power supply socket
of the instrument. These fuses must only be replaced by Authorized Personnel.

1. Disconnect the instrument from the mains power supply.

2. Use a flat screwdriver to pull the fuse holder out off the socket.

43
CHAPTER 8 TROUBLESHOOTING

Figure 8.1 Use of a flat screwdriver

3. Remove the fuses from the fuse holder.

4. Put the new fuses in the fuse holder.
5. Push the fuse holder back into the socket.
6. Connect the instrument to the mains power supply.
7. If the fuses blow again, do as follows:
a. Disconnect the instrument from the mains power supply.
b. Contact your local Malvern Panalytical service organization.

8.3 HT generator does not switch on

If the HT generator does not switch on, there is usually a problem in the HT safety
circuit.

Table 8.2 Possible causes for HT generator does not switch on

Cause Solution Reference

HT keyswitch is in the OFF position. Turn the HT keyswitch Refer to Section 3.3.2.
clockwise.
1 or more of the X-RAYS lamps on the Contact your local
corners of the instrument is defective. Malvern Panalytical
service organization.
Xsafe is activated. Reset Xsafe. Refer to Section 8.3.1.

8.3.1 Reset Xsafe

NOTE: The Epsilon 1 has no visual indication of the Xsafe status.

44
CHAPTER 8 TROUBLESHOOTING

When you think that the Xsafe system is activated, do as follows:

1. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.

2. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.
3. Switch on the instrument. Refer to Section 5.2.

8.4 Open the lid locks when the instrument has no power
When the instrument has no power and the lid locks are locked, you cannot open the
lid.

1. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.

2. Remove the dust filters. Refer to Section 7.4.
3. Remove the 2 screws and washers of the touchscreen with a 4 mm Allen key.

Figure 8.2 Remove the screws and washers

4. Carefully move the touchscreen up to remove it.

45
CHAPTER 8 TROUBLESHOOTING

Figure 8.3 Remove the touchscreen

5. Put a curved tool, for example an Allen key, in the holes of the lid locks and pull
the lid locks in the direction of the rear of the instrument. The lid can now be
opened.

Figure 8.4 Location of the lid locks

46
CHAPTER 8 TROUBLESHOOTING

Figure 8.5 Allen key in a lid lock

6. Carefully install the touchscreen.

7. Install the 2 screws and washers.
8. Install the dust filters and dust filter cover.

47
CHAPTER 8 TROUBLESHOOTING

48
CHAPTER 9 DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS

9.1 WEEE Directive

The instrument complies with the WEEE Directive (Waste of Electrical and Electronic
Equipment), identified by this alert symbol on the instrument:

Figure 9.1 WEEE directive alert symbol

The function of the European WEEE Directive is to decrease the quantity of waste from
electrical and electronic equipment, and to decrease the hazardous substances of this
waste to protect human health and the environment.

9.2 Hazardous substances

When you dispose of hazardous materials, obey all applicable and local regulations to
prevent damage to the environment. You can also send the hazardous materials back
to Malvern Panalytical for disposal. Use a recorded shipping method.

On the instrument, the hazardous materials are identified with a label. Refer to Figure
2.1.

If you are not sure about the correct disposal procedure, contact your local
Malvern Panalytical representative.

9.2.1 Beryllium
Some items in the instrument contain beryllium (Be).

WARNING ‑ Toxic Material

Beryllium is poisonous. Do not touch or breathe in beryllium.

For more information, refer to the toxic material section in the Safety chapter.

49
CHAPTER 9 DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS

Refer to the Safety Data Sheet for the disposal procedure: (https://uqr.to/
epa4).

9.2.2 X-ray tube

The window of the Epsilon 3 X-ray tube contains beryllium (Be).

For disposal instructions, refer to the Tube Instruction Manual supplied with the X-ray
tube.

9.2.3 Detector
The window of the silicon drift detector contains beryllium (Be).

50
INDEX

A Does not switch on. . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Alerts and hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 HT keyswitch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 22
Alerts and labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
I
Authorized personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B External impact indicators. . . . . . . 28
Beryllium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 14 X-ray leakage test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Detector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Instrument does not switch on. . . . . 43
X-ray tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
L
C Lid locks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Clean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M
Instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Mains power fuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Mains power switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Optical path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Maintenance schedule. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Consumable materials. . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Measurement overview. . . . . . . . . . . 33
Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cooling system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O
Dust filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Optical path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
D P
Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Power button. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Beryllium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Power indicator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Detector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
WEEE Directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 R
X-ray tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Replace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Double independent safety loops. . 15 Dust filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Dust filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Foil on measuring position. . . . . . . 38
Mains power fuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
E Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emergency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Xsafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
External impact indicators. . . . . . . . . 28
S
F Safety aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Foil on measuring position. . . . . . . . 38 Safety guarantee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Safety integrity test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
G
Safety measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Gain measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Safety standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
H Sample loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Self installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Flammable material. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Skill levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Ionizing radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Advanced user. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Toxic material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Standard user. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Beryllium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Small spot analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Hazardous substances. . . . . . . . 49, 13 Switch off instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
HT generator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch on instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

51
INDEX

U
User responsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

W
WEEE Directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

X
X-ray leakage test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
X-RAYS lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Xsafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 15

52