[CHAPTER 01]

Introduction:
Productivity is the quantity of work produced over a given period of time. It is linked to
the ability of this person to produce a standard quantity of products, services or results as
described in the job description.... There are two types of production (or productivity ): animal
production and plant production

[ANIMAL AND CROP PRODUCTION]

[ANIMAL PRODUCTION]
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1/ Animal production:

Animal production is the set of techniques related to the farming of animals and from
which they produce various products for consumption.

2/ Livestock farming:

Livestock farming is the set of activities that ensure the multiplication of animals,
often domesticated, sometimes wild, for human use. It is also the set of agricultural
operations whose purpose is to ensure the reproduction of animals and their maintenance
for their use (work, leisure) or their products (meat, milk, leather, etc...). in general livestock
farming includes activities such as breeding, feeding, and caring for the animals.

2.1/Livestock products are:

• The animals themselves (young for herd growth, restocking animals for hunting or fishing
areas, companion animals).

• Animal products for human (or animal) consumption: meat, fish, shellfish, milk, eggs,
honey.

• Non-food products: hair, wool, leather, feathers, down, fur, horns, silk, etc.

• By-products: manure, slurry, etc.

• And for work: draught animals, police dogs, and hunting dogs, etc.
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Livestock farming is most often applied to domestic animal

species. But not exclusively. Wild animals are also raised,
[Description]
Ex: minks.
• Cattle farming: concerns raising
2.2/ Types of farming:
cows.
There are several types of farming:
• Sheep farming: concerns raising
sheep.

• Goat farming: concerns raising

goats.

• Horse breeding: concerns raising

horses.

• Poultry farming: concerns raising

birds.

• Dog breeding: concerns raising

dogs.

• Cat breeding: concerns raising

cats.

• Breeding of fur animals such as

minks, foxes, rabbits....

• Beekeeping: concerns raising bees.

• Fish farming: concerns raising

fish.

Breed: A population of animals with common morphological characteristics that is

recognized as a breed by the administration, by a breeders’ association, or by other groups
of people.
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Long before the appearance of the science that is now called “Genetics,” animal
breeding had been practiced by humans following intuitive criteria, less efficient than the
scientific ones, but criteria that had provided success along many generations of selection.
Darwin himself was impressed by the achievements of farmers, and artificial selection was
a source of inspiration for his theory of evolution.

“We cannot suppose that all the breeds were suddenly produced as
perfect and as useful as we see now them; indeed, in several cases, we
know that this has not been their history. The key is man’s power of
accumulative selection: nature gives successive variations; man adds
them up in certain directions useful to him. In this sense he may be said
to make for himself useful breeds ".

C. DARWIN
(On the origin of species (1859, p. 30))

[CROP PRODUCTION]

[INTRODUCTION]
With the growing world population, it is critical to have enough food grains and vegetables
to feed them. The traditional methods to cultivate plant crops is not sufficient to produce enough
food grains and vegetables, hence the use of modern technology is required. It allows plant breeders
or farmers to make precise genetic changes in plants to impart beneficial traits, which include size,
yield, color, taste, and appearance.

For centuries, farmers and plant breeders have labored to improve crop plants. Traditional
breeding methods include selecting and sowing seeds of the strongest and most desirable plants to
produce the next generation of crops.
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[PLANT PRODUCTION]
Plant production is the set of techniques related to the cultivation of plants (plants, vegetables, fruits, etc.)
from which they produce various consumer products.

1/ The different products from plant production: The plant production sector includes a
multitude of productions, including:

1.1 Cereals:
Cereals are flooded in southern Algeria because of underground water. Durum wheat
is the most represented cereal ahead of barley and bread wheat. Production varies widely
depending on rainfall in the north, east and west.

Note: Algeria able to achieve self-sufficiency within two years.

An example of this is at the level of Adrar Province. June 2022, the production of durum
wheat was equivalent to 55 quintals per hectare, with an increase in investment over
previous years by an estimated 25%. The state's agricultural development departments
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expect another increase of 35% due to the expansion of the reclaimed areas by more than
1,500 hectares.

1.2/ Market gardening crops:

Market gardening, or vegetable market gardening is the cultivation of vegetables and

some fruits. They have experienced significant development in recent years. Algeria’s total
production increased up to 9.5 million in 2011, an increase of 58%.

The potato, a highly consumed product, is the most represented species with a
production of 3.8 million tons. Algeria has also recently become an exporter of potatoes.

February, 2023. Only by herself, the province of El Oued (Oued souf), in south-eastern
Algeria, harvested more than 5 million tonnes of seasonal potatoes. It is now witnessing a
significant momentum in the field of export of the agricultural product, which entered the
world last season strongly through the shipments exported in stages towards Europe, with
25 tons of potatoes to be funneled to the Canary Islands in a shipment considered the third
of its kind after those directed to France in early January and over last two days towards
Spain.
the potato product has in fact witnessed a clear abundance this season, with prices
plummeting to below 40 dinars a kilogram.

Exportation of potato Industrial production of potato

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1.3/ Olive growing:

The increase in olive grove areas is one of the objectives of the

country's agricultural development projects.
Even though olive oil is an established ingredient in local cuisine and is
commonly considered a remedy for several health conditions (Mediter-
ranean diet), olive oil quality has never been a priority among most con-
sumers.
Still, high-quality producers, mostly located in the northern or
central regions of the country, are involved in a major project to de-
velop a modern and sustainable olive oil production chain based on in-
ternational standards.

About 130,000 hectares of olive groves are involved in the Program for the Support of Agricul-
ture (PASA), a figure which is expected to increase in the future.
“The olive harvest is a traditional family celebration that brings home many people who live elsewhere during the rest
of the year’’. “Beyond the economic aspects, olives represent a large portion of the local culture in Kabylia [a historical
and cultural region located in Béjaïa and Tizi Ouzou].”

“On top of that, 60 % of the Algerian olive trees are to be found there, and 70 % of the olive oil
production comes from those wilayas”

2024 / Olive Oïl Times.

• Citrus fruits:
The Algerian citrus orchard covers 63,000 ha. Production (mainly oranges,
tangerines, clementines, lemons) was 1.1 million tons in 2011. It was almost entirely for the
Algerian market.

Citrus production increased significantly during the current 2023-2024 agricultural season,
reaching more than 18 million quintals compared to 16 million quintals during the previous
agricultural season thanks to the development of this sector, particularly in the southern
wilayas led by El Oued, El Menia and Ouargla.
According to the statistics of the Algerian investment, the orange has carved out an
area of 54,227 hectares (67.77%), followed by the clementine with 17,263 hectares
(21.57%), the lemon 5,833 hectares (7. 28%) and mandarin 2,577 hectares (3.22%).

2024/ National investment and agriculture.

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• Stone fruits:
Algeria produces stone fruits such as: apricots, cherries, peaches, plums. The latter
are found in most regions of the country except for mangoes which are mainly found in
southern Algeria.

• Hardy fruits:
The most common in Algeria is the prickly pear. Prickly pear production is quite
abundant in the M'Sila province (Algeria) where the arid (dry) climate.

• Date palm cultivation:

Date palm cultivation is the cultivation of the date palm. Date palms occupy an area
more than160,000 ha. They are located in southern Algeria, mainly in the wilayas (regions)
of Biskra, El Oued and Ouargla. Date production is constantly increasing: from 550,000
tons in 2007/2008 it went to about 720,000 tons in 2010/2011, up to more than 800.000
which places the country in sixth place among date producing countries.

2024/ The Algerian chambre of agriculture.

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Influence of environmental factors on plant production:

The effectiveness of the agricultural production of a plant, whether measured in

terms of productivity (total increase in plant biomass per area and time unit) or 4 yield
(biomass harvested per hectare for a given crop) is conditioned by the genetic program of
the cultivated plant, but also by certain factors in the environment in which it is located.

These factors are multiple:

1. Factors involved in photosynthesis: radiation, CO2 content in the air,

water and mineral salts supply...

2. Climatic conditions: Temperature, rainfall...

3. Factors that determine soil quality: Presence of organic matter, water

circulation, presence of mineral salts, root oxygenation...

4. Biotic factors (that is to say related to the presence of other living

beings):

➢ Presence of parasites, insects, plants competing with the plant

concerned, but also mycorrhizal fungi (= root-fungus
associations), bacteria fixing atmospheric nitrogen and
developing nodules on the roots...