Senior High School

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Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Fire Hazard

Compiler/Contextualizer: Vellen G. Delfin

 SECOND QUARTER
Week 4 – Module 4
Fire Hazard
Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of fire
hazards and related concepts.

Performance Standard : The learners develop an emergency preparedness

plan to guide them on what to do before, during
and after a fire incident.

Competency/Code 1. Recognized elements of the fire triangle in

different situations;
2. Analyze the different causes of fires; and
3. Observe precautionary measures and proper
procedures in addressing a fire incident.

Learning Outcome : 1. Share personal experiences about different fire

occurrences in your communities.
__________________________________________________________________________________

What I Know

Instructions. Read each sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is defined as the active principle of burning.

a. Fire c. Sinkhole
b. Map d. Storm surge

2. The following are the elements of fire except ____________.

a. Heat c. Carbon Dioxide
b. Oxygen d. Chain Chemical Reaction

3. Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of fire?

a. Ignition-Growth-Fully Developed-Burnout
b. Growth-Ignition-Decay-Fully Developed
c. Ignition-Fully Developed-Growth-Decay
d. Burnout-Fully Developed-Growth-Decay

4. It is the passage of heat energy through or within a material because of direct

contact.
a. Burnout c. Convection
b. Conduction d. Radiation

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5. What does P.A.S.S. stand for?
a. Pass A Smooth Sugar c. Push-At-Side-by-Side
b. Paper-Are-Squeezed-Smoothly d. Pull-Aim-Squeeze-Sweep

6. Fire is spread through the following except _______________.

a. Burnout c. Convection
b. Conduction d. Radiation

7. Which of the following is not one of the ways of putting out a fire?
a. Exclude oxygen
b. Cool the burning material
c. Break the chemical reaction
d. None of these

8. As a preventive measure of fire, which of the following you should not do in

the kitchen area?
a. Do not store items above the stove top.
b. Never leave your kitchen while cooking.
c. Idle electrical appliances must be plugged.
d. Avoid overloading of outlets and use of worn cords.

9. Which of the following is a purpose of a fire alarm?

a. It is used to extinguish a fire.
b. It alarms when you are asleep during a fire.
c. It serves a guide on where to exit during fire.
d. It alerts you when the fire is still in a controllable state.

10. Which of the following stages of fire can a fire extinguisher control the fire?
a. Decay c. Ignition
b. Fully Developed d. Growth

11. Ordinary combustible or light materials belong to _______ classification of fire.

a. Class A c. Class D
b. Class B d. Class K

12. Which of the following is not a flammable liquid?

a. Coffee c. Paints
b. Floor wax d. Rugby

13. Mr. Lee is considering of having safety measures in his home against fire.
Which of the following should he do as preventive measure?
a. Install a fire alarm.
b. Buy a fire extinguisher.
c. Create and attach an emergency exit plan.
d. All of these

14. Alex wants to prepare their home from fire, so he studied about the common
causes of fire and these are the following except ___________.
a. Lighted cigarette
b. Extinguishing a fire
c. Unattended torch and lighted candles
d. LPG explosions due to poorly maintained tanks

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 15. Ms. D would like to purchase fire extinguisher for her new business, which
type of fire extinguisher should she buy?
a. A type c. ABC type
b. B type d. ABCD type

Lesson

1 Fire Hazard

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o state the positive and negative effects of fire;
o understand the causes of fire; and
o apply preventive measures in dealing with fire hazards.

What’s In

Instructions: Match the following hydrometeorological hazards in Column A to its

description in Column B. Write the letter of your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

Column A Column B

____1. Typhoon a. A storm with thunder and lightning and typically

____2. Thunderstorm also heavy rain or hail
____3. Flashflood b. It is defined as the movement of a mass of rock,
____4. Flood debris, or earth down a slope.
____5. Storm Surge c. It is an intense low-pressure system with a
____6. El Niṅo minimum sustained wind is more than 118 kph.
____7. La Niṅa d. Referred to as the warm phase
e. A flood caused by heavy or excessive rainfall in
a short period of time, generally less than 6 hours
f. Referred to as the cold phase
g. An overflow of water onto normally dry land.
i. The abnormal rise of sea water due to low
pressure and strong winds brought by tropical
cyclones resulting in sea water moving towards
the coastline causing flood in low-lying areas

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 What’s New
Instructions: List as many negative and positive effects of fire and answer the
following questions. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. How many negative effects did you list? How many are positive?
2. Which among the list is the most essential?
3. Which among the list is the worst and why?
4. Why do you think it is important to study about fire hazards?

What Is It

Have you witnessed a fire? What do you think was the cause of that fire? Some people
would say it is because of faulty wiring, some would say arson and others would give
other reasons that would cause a fire however, do we really know how fire is made
up or do we really even know what a fire is?

According to Republic Act 9514 or also known as the Fire code of the Philippines of
2008, fire is defined as the active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and
light of combustion.
For a fire to occur, three elements/components were
FIRE TETRAHEDRON identified, and these are:

• FUEL – something that will burn

• HEAT – enough to make the fuel burn
• OXYGEN – air

However, in the recent years, a fourth element was

added and this is the CHEMICAL CHAIN
REACTION. It is the feedback of heat to the fuel to
produce the gaseous fuel used in the flame or in
other words, it is the heat necessary to maintain the
Image 1: Gustavb Fire Tetrahedron fire. Take note that, if you remove any of the essential
elements, the fire will be extinguished.

WHAT ARE THE COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE?

• Electrical short circuits and connections

• LPG explosions due to poorly maintained tanks
• Unattended cooking
• Lighted cigarette
• Unattended torch and lighted candles
• Lighted matched and lighters

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STAGES OF FIRE
• Ignition. Fuel, oxygen, and heat join together in a sustained chemical
reaction. At this stage, a fire extinguisher can control the fire.
• Growth. With the initial flame as a heat source, additional fuel ignites.
Convection and radiation ignite more surfaces. The size of the fire increases
and the plume reaches the ceiling. Hot gases collecting at the ceiling transfer
heat, allowing all fuels in a room to come closer to their ignition temperature
at the same time.
• Fully developed. Fire has spread over much if not all the available fuel,
temperatures reach their peak, and resulting in heat damage. Oxygen is
consumed rapidly.
• Decay (Burnout). The fire consumes available fuel, temperatures decrease,
fire gets less intense.

HOW FIRE SPREADS

Fire spreads by transferring the heat energy from the flames in three different
ways.
• Conduction. The passage of heat energy through or within a material
because of direct contact, such as a burning wastebasket heating a nearby
couch, which ignites and heats the drapes hanging behind, until they too
burst into flames.
• Convection. The flow of fluid or gas from hot areas to cooler areas. The
heated air is less dense, and rises, while cooler air descends. A large fire in
an open area produces plume or column of hot gas and smoke high into the
air. But inside a room, those rising gases encounter the ceiling. They travel
horizontally along the ceiling forming a thick layer of heated air, which then
moves downward.
• Radiation. Heat traveling via electromagnetic waves, without objects or
gases carry it along. Radiated heat goes out in all directions, unnoticed until
it strikes an object. Burning buildings can radiate heat to surrounding
structures, sometimes even passing through glass windows, and igniting
objects inside.

FOUR WAYS TO PUT OUT A FIRE

1. Cool the burning material
2. Exclude oxygen
3. Remove the fuel
4. Break the chemical reaction

CLASSIFYING FIRE
Fire classifications based on fuel type:

Class A Class B Class C Class D Class K

ordinary flammable liquid energized combustible cooking

combustible or electrical metals fuels and
light materials equipment oils

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 wood, cloth, petroleum plugged magnesium, frying oil,
paper, rubber, greases, tars, appliances titanium, liquified
and many oils, oil-based and tools zirconium, petroleum
plastics paints, solvents, sodium, gas (LPG)
lacquers, lithium, and
alcohols, and potassium
flammable gases

SAFETY WHAT YOU SHOULD HAVE IN YOUR HOME?

MEASURES

1. Smoke Install smoke alarms in rooms, kitchens and other

Alarm living areas. It ALERTS you when the fire is still in a
controllable state.

2. Fire If ABC or ABCD type of fire extinguisher is available, use it in

Extinguisher the kitchen or workshop area to kill the fire.

3. Emergency An emergency exit plan is highly recommended. Be sure that

Exit Plan all the people in the house know and understand the exit
route and meeting place outside your house. An exit drill can
be done to familiarized in case of fire.

HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER?

Image 1. www. firstcallenvironmental.com

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Fire Hazards: What you should watch out for?

A. Kitchen Area
• Never leave your kitchen while cooking.
• Matches and lighters should be in proper storage and away from children’s
reach.
• Keep your stove clean and grease-free and check your LPG for leaks with
soapy water.
• When frying and your pan bursts into flame, DO NOT douse it with WATER.
Put the lid on or get a wet damp cloth to cover the pan.
• Idle electrical appliances must be unplugged.
• Avoid overloading of outlets and use of worn cords.
• Do not store items above the stove top.
• Keep flammable liquids and other combustible items away from the stove
when cooking.
• Ensure that your smoke alarms are working well and replace batteries at least
every six months.

B. Living Rooms and Bathrooms

• Do not use extension cords as permanent outlets. Make sure that extension
cords are not looped on sharp objects that could cause it to fray.
• Make sure that curtains are away from electric fan blades.
• Do not leave an electric fan switched on when it is not rotating. Clean and oil
them regularly.
• Defective appliances must be fixed immediately. Take extra care when using
a clothes iron or rice cooker. Unplug them promptly after use.
• Never smoke in bed.
• Put out candle lights before going to bed.
• Place a lit candle in a holder. If you have none, place it in the middle of a
basin partly filled with water.
• Keep your place clean at all times. Remove dried leaves, cobwebs, loose
paper, and other easy-burning debris.

C. Storage and Garage Areas

• Keep areas clean and tidy with items properly placed for storage.
• Do not store large quantities of flammable liquids in the house and
basement.
➢ Gas/kerosene
➢ Paints and solvents
➢ Motor lubricants
➢ Floor wax/ liquid polishes
➢ Adhesives (Rugby)
➢ Alcohol products
• Oily rags, newspaper, and other trash must be disposed of in a sage of waste
bag or container.
• Clean up spilled oil and grease from vehicles promptly.
• Plug your power tools straight to the wall socket. Use only heavy-duty
extensions when needed.
• Keep your garage well-ventilated to avoid build-up of fumes and heat from
tools.

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 What’s More

Activity 1 – COMPLETE THE ACRONYM

Instructions: Complete the photo below on how to use a fire extinguisher. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. ___________ 2. ____________ 3. __________ 4. ____________

Activity 2 – Modified True or False
Instructions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write the correct answer if
the statement is incorrect on a separate sheet of paper.

____1. Republic Act 9514 is known as the Fire Code of the Philippines.
____2. Fire is classified according to its heat.
____3. Frying oil and LPG are under Class C.
____4. In the stages of fire, fully developed means the fire gets less intense.
____5. There are four elements in the fire tetrahedron.
____6. Electrical short circuits and connections are the most common
causes of fire.
____7. In putting out a fire, always add a fuel.
____8. If you remove any of the fire elements, the fire would be extinguished.
____9. When frying and your pan bursts into flame, douse it with water.
____10. In using a fire extinguisher, the nozzle is aimed at the top of the fire.

What I Have Learned

What do you know about fire hazards? What should be done to prevent a fire hazard
to happen?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 What I can do
Before and After!
For students who have cellphones/gadgets
Take BEFORE photos of your kitchen area, living room, bedroom and do the
precautionary measures to prevent a fire on those areas, then take the AFTER photos
and explain the changes.
For students who don’t have gadgets, just draw the BEFORE and AFTER changes
in your home on a long bond paper with 1-inch margin each side. Just be specific of
the areas and explain.

Assessment
Instructions. Read each sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following describes a fire?

a. It is defined as active principle of burning.
b. It is characterized by heat and light combustion.
c. It has four elements which include chemical chain reaction.
d. All of these.

2. The following are the elements of fire except _______.

a. Fuel c. Helium
b. Heat d. Oxygen

3. Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of fire?

a. Ignition-Growth-Fully Developed-Decay
b. Growth-Ignition-Decay-Fully Developed
c. Ignition-Fully Developed-Growth-Burnout
d. Burnout-Fully Developed-Growth-Decay

4. It is referred to as the flow of fluid or gas from hot areas to cooler areas.
a. Burnout c. Convection
b. Conduction d. Radiation

5. What is the acronym used to easily remember the usage of fire extinguisher?
a. P-U-S-H c. P-A-S-S
b. P-U-S-S d. P-A-S-T

6. Which of the following could be a way of spreading fire?

a. Burnout c. Ignition
b. Decay d. Radiation

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7. The following are ways of putting out a fire except _______.
a. Excluding oxygen
b. Cooling the burning material
c. Breaking the chemical reaction
d. Heating the combustible material

8. As a preventive measure of fire, which of the following you should not do in

the living rooms or bathrooms?
a. Smoke in the couch
b. Put out candle lights before going to bed
c. Make sure that curtains are away from electric fan blades
d. Take extra care when using a clothes iron or rice cooker

9. Which of the following is a purpose of a fire alarm?

a. It is used to extinguish a fire.
b. It alarms when you are asleep during a fire.
c. It serves as a guide on where to exit during fire.
d. It alerts you when the fire is still in a controllable state.

10. When the size of the fire increases and the plume reaches the ceiling, which
of the following stages of fire?
a. Ignition c. Fully Developed
b. Growth d. Decay

11. Which of the following is known as the Fire Code of the Philippines?
a. Republic Act 10055 c. Republic Act 9514
b. Republic Act 9072 d. Republic Act 11491

12. Which of the following is not classified under Class B of fire fuels?
a. Floor wax c. Paints
b. Solvent d. Coffee

13. Jessica would like to have a fire-safety home. Which of the following should
not be a part of the preventive measures that she must observe?
a. Install a fire alarm
b. Buy a fire extinguisher
c. Familiarize the emergency exit plan through fire drill
d. Create an octopus wiring for all the electronics charger and appliances

14. Cebu City always experiences big fires and there are a lot of causes of these
fires. Which of the following is the number one common cause of fire?
a. Lighted cigarette
b Unattended torch and lighted candles
c. Electrical short circuits and connections
d. LPG explosions due to poorly maintained tanks

15. VGD is a new established business, and the owner is looking for a type of fire
extinguisher which can extinguish fire caused by wood, paper to electrical
contact. What type of fire extinguisher should the owner buy?
a. Foam Spray Extinguisher c. Water Extinguisher
b. ABC Powder d. Carbon Monoxide Extinguisher

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 Additional Activity

FEEL FREE TO SHARE

Instructions: On a 1 whole sheet of paper, share your most unforgettable personal
experience witnessing a fire, or in the absence of it, your relative or
friend’s experience. How did you feel? What did you do? What were
your realizations during that time? How did you cope up with the
experience?

References
Bagtasa, Jerry. et al. (2016) Teaching Guide for Senior High School Disaster
Readiness and Risk Reduction Core Subject “Fire Hazards” Commission on Higher
Education. 4th Floor, Commission on Higher Education, C.P Garcia Ave., Diliman,
Quezon City

Dianala, John Dale B. et al. (2017). Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Reader.
“Fire Hazards”. Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources. Ground
Floor, Bonifacio Building, DepEd Complex, Meralco Ave. Pasig City

National Fire Protection Association (2020).All About Fire. Retrieved October 19,
2020 from https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications-and-
media/Press-Room/Reporters-Guide-to-Fire-and-NFPA/All-about-fire#tri
Wikimedia Commons User: Gustavb / CC-BY-SA-3.0 (2006). Retrieved October 19,
2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_tetrahedron.svg

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

▪ Name
▪ Grade and Section
▪ Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission as agreed with your teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you.
4. Return them at the end of the school year.

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