1

Handouts
DRRR process chemical reaction takes place.
Oxygen is released and serves as an
oxidizing agent for combustible materials.
THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE TRIANGLE
LC: Recognize elements of the fire triangle in Without an oxidizing agent like oxygen
different situations (DRR11/12-IIe-f-37) there will be no fire even if heat and fuel
are present
Fire is considerably a friend, but once fire
is not controlled it could be one of our greatest The theory of fire extinguishment is based on
enemies. Irresponsibility may lead to disaster, and removing any of the elements in the fire triangle
everything may change as fast as a split of a to suppress the fire.
second. Based on the Bureau of Fire Protection 1. REMOVING THE HEAT. The goal here is to
(BFP), an average of 42 fire incidents were lower the temperature which is usually
recorded from year 2013 to 2017. accomplished by adding water as an
extinguishing agent. Other extinguishing
Ancient Greeks considered fire as one of agents include chemical and mechanical
their major elements like water, earth and air. foams.
Unlike water, earth and air, fire is known to be just 2. REMOVING THE FUEL. In most cases,
an event that happened when matter changes removing the fuel from the fire is not a
from one form to another. practical way of extinguishing fire except
when dealing with flammable liquid fires,
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the valves can be shut off and storage vessels
exothermal chemical process of combustion, pumped to safe areas to help eliminate the
releasing heat, light, and various reaction supply of fuel to the fire.
products. This diagram below demonstrates the 3. REMOVE THE OXYGEN. Air is mainly 21%
fire triangle. oxygen, and this is sufficient to support
combustion in most fire situations.
Removal of the air or oxygen can be
accomplished by separating it from the
fuel source or by displacing it with other
gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and
steam. Examples of separation would be
foam on a flammable liquid fire, a wet
blanket on a trash fire, or a tight-fitting lid
on a skillet fire. Foam does not only lower
temperature but also remove oxygen.

Fire Hazards: Concepts and Causes

LC: Analyze the different causes of fires
(DRR11/12-IIe-f-38)

Analyze the Different Causes of Fire

1. Fuel is any material that can be burned Fire may start due to natural cause or
such as solid, liquid, or gas. Combustion human-made incidents.
takes place when fuel is converted into
gaseous state as moisture is removed. This Natural causes of fire such as:
happens when vapor is escaping from any A. Lightning that strikes any combustible
combustible material. material which can set trees on fire that
2. Heat is an energy that flows through might eventually result to forest fire or
object. Enough amount of heat would free wildfire. This is the most common natural
the vapor from solid and liquid forms of cause of fire.
fuel. The lowest temperature needed to B. Volcanic activities could also cause fire.
form an ignitable mixture in air near the During volcanic activity, it spews hot
surface of the liquid is called the flash gases, ash and lava and when these hot
point. The higher the flashpoint, the more materials get in contact with flammable
difficult it is to ignite the material. The materials it might start a wildfire.
ignition of fire to solid and liquid fuels C. Spontaneous combustion is another
varies. Most solid combustible materials natural cause of fire. This happens when a
ignite immediately. Other solid hydrocarbon substance unexpectedly
combustible materials take time to ignite create fire without apparent cause.
due to its density Pyrophoric substances ignite
3. Oxygen is an element, estimated 21% of it spontaneously in air at or below 54˚C or
can be found in the air. During combustion within 5 minutes after getting into contact
 2

with air. Examples of pyrophoric Precautionary Measures and Proper Procedures

substances are iron sulfide, plutonium, and in Addressing a Fire Incident
uranium. LC: Observe precautionary measures and proper
procedures in addressing a fire incident
Human-made causes of fire (DRR11/12-IIe-f-39)
are those products of human errors or
machine failures. Wildfires or forest fires caused 1. Cooking Safety
by human activities such as machinery sparks Cooking is the #1 cause of home
when cutting logs in the forest, cast-away fires, and unattended cooking is the top
cigarette butts in dried grasses and sometimes contributing factor (Bitonio 2013). Since
due to kaingin or even arson (human inflicted fire kitchen is the most used part of the house
by directly setting the area to burn). and is most vulnerable to fire, it is very
Housefire is a fire incident that is generally important to know the most appropriate
caused by human and machine error. actions to be done when kitchen fire starts.
Many cooking fire injuries occur
The following are common causes of housefire: when people respond to kitchen fires with
1. Cooking equipment. Pots and pans can be inappropriate actions.
overheated when a person gets distracted
while cooking or leaves cooking These are the following things to do and not to
unattended. This is the most common do in dealing with cooking fire:
cause of housefire.
2. Heaters. Portable heaters can cause fire Things to do to prevent cooking fire:
when it is placed near objects that can - Do not leave your cooking unattended.
easily burn like curtains and laundry - Keep handles of pots and pans turned in.
clothes - Do not put anything that catches fire near
3. Smoking in bedrooms. A cigarette that is your stove or burner.
not put out properly can cause fire as the
cigarette butts can continuously burn in a Things to do to control cooking fire:
few hours. It can also immediately cause - Cover the fire by placing a lid over the pan.
fire when get in contact with flammable - Turn off the burner or stove.
materials. - In case of oven fire, turn off the heat and
4. Candles. It is not actually a hazard but keep the door closed.
when left unattended it can easily burst - In case of microwave fire, unplug the
into flames and cause fire. power source and keep the door closed
5. Curious children. Kids can sometimes
cause fire out of curiosity, so they wanted 2. Cigarettes
to see what would happen if they set fire Cigarettes are the leading causes of
to an object. fire deaths in city, state, and national level
6. Faulty wiring. Homes with insufficient (Bitonio 2013). The fire victims include not
wiring can cause fires from electrical only the smokers but their families, friends
hazard. Signs that you can observe if you and neighbors. Mostly, cigarette fires are
have faulty wirings are: lights dim if you due to improper disposal of cigarette butts
use another appliance; for an appliance to that are still lit. Normally, it will start
work, you have to disconnect another; and outdoor then spread out until it reaches
fuse blow or trip the circuit breaker some structures nearby. In some cases,
frequently. house fire due to cigarettes is caused by
7. Barbeques. This is a great outdoor activity human negligence like falling asleep while
or one of the famous street foods in the smoking or smoking near flammable
Philippines. Avoid doing this activity near materials.
tablecloths, trees or even plants.
8. Flammable liquids. Petrol, kerosene or Fires from smoking material can be
other methylated substances are the most prevented by following these tips:
common flammable liquids found at home
that can cause fire if not properly stored. - Do not smoke in bed or anywhere that you
Always store in cool, dry place. might fall asleep.
9. Lighting. Lamp shades and light fittings - If you smoke, do it outside.
can build heat if they are very close to light - Do not discard cigarettes in potted plants,
bulbs. Too much heat can eventually ignite landscaping vegetation or bark dust – they
the materials and result to fire incident. can easily catch fire.
- Use a deep, sturdy ashtray or a non-
combustible container that cannot be
tipped over.
 3

- Before throwing away butts or ashes, The following are the safety tips on how to
douse in water or sand. prevent candle fire from happening.
- Never smoke in a home where oxygen is - Use candle holders that are stable to
used. prevent the candle from falling into the
floor or near something that is flammable
3. Electrical Safety or easily burn.
Electrical problem is one of the - Keep candles at least 12 inches away from
causes of structure fires and fire deaths. anything that can burn.
Fire incidents due to electrical wiring are - Blow out candles when you leave the room
caused by faulty wiring and faulty or go to bed; avoid the use of candles in
equipment or appliances rooms where people may fall asleep.
- Never burn a candle if medical oxygen or
Fires caused by electric can be prevented by the any flammable substance is nearby
following appropriate actions.
- Avoid overloading outlets. One outlet is to 5. Spontaneous Combustion
one high-wattage appliance at a time. Spontaneous combustion happens
- Don’t use an extension cord with a major when a material can produce or
appliance like television, air conditioner accumulate its own heat and can cause
and refrigerator. Plug it in a major power increase in temperature without drawing
outlet. heat from its surroundings. If the material
- In case a fuse blows or a circuit breaker reaches its ignition temperature, it will
trips often, light became dim, or outlets or start to burn without any source of fire and
switches became heated, call a qualified that is called spontaneous combustion.
electrician to inspect and fix the problem. Examples of materials that are prone to
- Before using a lamp bulb check the box or spontaneous combustion include: oily
label first; the wattage of the bulb should rags, hay, and other agricultural products
match the recommendation set by the (Bitonio 2013).
lamp manufacturer. In house fires, oily rags are the
- Power strips with circuit breakers can be most common item ignited by
useful tools to temporarily plug several spontaneous combustion and the garage
items into an electrical outlet, but if used is the most common area of fire origin
incorrectly they can cause a fire. The use of (Bitonio 2103). Oily rags left clumped
power strips and multi-plug outlets together can heat up and catch fire. To
increases the draw of electricity through prevent these fires at home, store oily rags
your home's wiring. Before creating in non-combustible (e.g. metal) container
additional electrical demand, ensure that with lid closed. Prior to disposal, soak rags
your wiring is in good repair and capable in water then spread them out in a safe
of carrying the additional load (Bitonio outdoor area to dry.
2013). There are different types of fire and
- Make sure your home has ground fault should be controlled differently when
circuit interrupters (GFCIs) in the kitchen, trying to extinguish. Some chemicals that
bathroom(s), laundry, basement, and can extinguish one type of fire can cause
outdoor areas, to reduce the risk of electric violent reaction when used with other
shock (Bitonio 2013). types. One good example is, when fire is
- Arc-fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs) should caused by faulty electrical wirings, water
be installed in your home to protect and foam could create some explosions or
electrical outlets, and prevent fires due to can increase the intensity of fire.
arcing (Bitonio 2013).
- Do not place extension cords under
carpets or mattresses because it will heat
up and cause fire.
- Do regular checking of electrical cords and
replace immediately if damaged.

4. Candle Safety
During brown out or power outage,
candles are the most popular source of
light because it is always available even in
sari-sari stores.
 4

The table below shows the classification of fire Normally fire exit signs show rapidly walking man
and their respective sources and symbols. and an arrow. However, some fire exit signs just
show ‘fire exit’ text in lower case letters.
Blue fire safety signs are used to indicate
a mandatory action or a must do action. These
blue signs mean that you need to do the
appropriate action for your safety. Blue fire safety
signs are circular in shape and feature a white
graphic or white text.
Red fire safety signs are used to indicate
prohibition, or you must not go on that location
because it might pose danger or harm. It also
signifies the location of fire equipment and
supplementary information. When it means
prohibition, it is circular with a red border, white
background, and black image.
Fire equipment signs are square with red
background and white images and are used to tell
Before using a fire extinguisher, examine you where to find the location of fire-fighting
the label first to determine whether it can be used equipment.
to the class of fire you are dealing with.
SAFETY SIGNS
Types of Fire Extinguisher
1. Water and Foam – only used to put out
class A fires
2. Carbon Dioxide – can be used to put out
class B and C fires
3. Dry Chemical – can be used to put out
class A, B and C fires
4. Wet Chemical – can be used to put out
class A and K fires
5. Clean Agent – also known as halogenated
extinguishers, can be used to put out
class A, B and C fires
6. Dry Powder – only used to put out class RESPONSE PROCEDURE DURING A FIRE
D fires INCIDENT
7. Water Mist - can be used to put out class LC: Apply basic response procedures during a
A and C fires fire incident (DRR11/12-IIe-f-40)

The table shows the summary of classes of fire Common Fire Related Hazards
that can be extinguished by a particular chemical
The main causes of fire in the workplace are:
extinguisher.
1. Electricity – neglect or misuse of wiring can
lead to short circuits
2. Rubbish and waste material – fire is likely
to spread through accumulated waste
3. Smoking – carelessly discarded cigarette
butts or lit matches are one of the major
causes of fire
4. Cooking – kitchens provide opportunities
for fire to start and materials on which it
can feed
5. Heating appliances – portable heaters are
a threat when placed beside combustible
Fire safety signs furniture or fittings
Fire safety signs are color coded for easier 6. Combustible materials including -
identification and determination which is flammable liquids, glues and solvents are
mandatory, and which should be avoided. It is all liable to combust unless stored and
very important to be knowledgeable or to be used properly
familiar with the color and the corresponding 7. Arson or wilful fire-raising.
meaning of the picture presented.
Fire exit signs are colored green and white
as this color combination means a safe condition.
 5

Fire Safety Precautions 2. Pop upstairs to retrieve heirlooms,

Good fire safety practice that you should passports and pets.
follow includes: Fire can spread very quickly
1. Keeping your workplace tidy and having a blocking your escape route. Keep that sort
good standard of housekeeping. of stuff on the ground floor.
2. Regularly removing combustible waste, 3. Open doors that have smoke flowing from
including accumulations of dust. the joints.
3. Keeping ignition sources away from Opening the door will add oxygen
combustible material or flammable liquids that will fuel the fire and cause a fireball
and gases; and that could take you off your feet for good.
4. Keeping use of flammable liquids to a A contained fire may burn out for lack of
minimum and closing containers when not oxygen.
in use. 4. Throw water on a chip pan fire.
We all know that water doesn’t mix
Teachers, students, and other school with oil. The burning oil will explode
personnel who are at or near the fire’s point of spreading the fire and engulfing you in the
origin, shall follow the procedures outlined by the process. If you are going to throw anything
R.A.C.E. Fire Response Procedure. make it a purpose made fire blanket or use
- Rescue all stakeholders from direct a class F extinguisher.
danger. 5. Try and escape using an Elevator.
- Alarm by pulling the closest fire station The electric circuits are often the
and reporting the location of the fire. first to blow. Being trapped in an elevator
- Confine the area by closing all doors. in a fire could roast you alive. Always use
- Extinguish the fire if the fire is small. the stairwells.
Evacuate all personnel from the area if 6. Jump from an upstairs window.
instructed to do so by fire officials or The fall could kill you. Use blankets
school authorities. as a rope and throw mattresses out to
cushion the landing or better still use a
What should you do during a fire incident? purpose made escape ladder.
1. Check the door 7. Hide in a cupboard or under the bed.
Check if there is smoke coming Hard enough for the fire service
from under the door or if the door is hot without having to play hide and seek and
to touch. it won’t save you from the smoke and heat.
2. P.A.S.S. 8. Delay calling the Fire and Rescue Services.
To use a fire extinguisher, first Pull Don’t dilly dally. Make them your
the pin in the handle. Aim the nozzle at the first call to action. Seconds save lives.
base of the fire. Squeeze the lever slowly
and Sweep from side to side. School Fire Safety Education
3. Stay low - Educating and preparing students for a fire
Crawl and cover your nose and emergency should be a priority.
mouth. Smoke is toxic and inhaling large - Conduct expected and unexpected
amounts can render you unconscious monthly school fire drills in which everyone
4. Stop, Drop, and Roll participates.
If your clothes caught fire, do not - Inspect exits regularly to ensure stairways,
panic or touch the flame as it could only doors and windows are unblocked and
spread the fire. Stop moving, Drop on the working properly.
ground, and Roll around until the fire is put - Train students on how to respond to a fire
out. alarm during a school fire drill.
5. National Emergency Hotline 911 - Know locations of the fire protection
Nothing is better than being system, fire alarm pulls stations and
prepared. Before fire happens, be aware of sprinklers.
the fire exits in your building and homes. - Make sure every room has a map showing
2 exits.
What you should NOT do during a Fire Incident? - Pair students with specific needs to an
1. Don’t install smoke alarm detectors. adult or classmate for extra assistance.
A smoke detector gives early - Have a predetermined location where
warning of a fire increasing the chances of students know to meet once they exit the
escape. They are so cheap and easy to fit building and practice during a school fire
you can have no excuses drill.
- Have a list to ensure every student is
accounted for.
 6

- Encourage parents to practice home fire FIRE EMERGENCY AND EVACUATION PLAN
drills, and prepare them in the event of a LC. Follow fire emergency and evacuation plans
residential fire. (DRR11/12-IIe-f-41)

On-Campus Fire Safety School nowadays are mandated to conduct

- Cook only in designated areas. monthly fire drills in order to instill awareness
- Keep cooking areas clean and free of among students the danger that a fire incident
clutter. may bring to them and ensure that all of the
- Never leave cooking unattended. stakeholders in school will know what to do in
- In case of a fire inside a microwave, close case of fire.
the door and unplug the unit.
Campus Laboratory Fire Safety What is a fire drill?
- Never leave laboratory experiments or A fire drill is a process of practicing how
pressure containers unattended. an establishment/building would be evacuated in
- Keep flammable gases and chemicals away the event of a fire or other emergencies. The
from heat. purpose of fire drills in buildings is to ensure that
everyone knows how to exit at the fastest and
safest way
Maintaining Your Computer Room to Prevent Fire
There are some things that you can do to
The Conduct of Fire Drills in School
prevent a fire from breaking out— in some cases,
1. Alarm – Fire alarms are signaled.
fire prevention is more powerful than any fire
2. Response – Students will have to be alert
protection system. If you put in place practices
for fire, and smoke.
that all but eliminate any unintentional fire
3. Evacuation – All school personnel and
emergency, you may never have to use your fire
students evacuate, following pre-
suppression system or evacuation plans.
determined ways to the evacuation areas.
1. Keep your computer room free of
4. Assembly – At the designated evacuation
storage—storing combustible materials in
area, students are grouped accordingly.
your computer room can increase the
5. Head Count- When drill participants
chance and spread of a fire. Keep minimal
reached the designated evacuation area,
supplies in the area and store boxes,
teachers-in-charge must check the
packaging, and manuals elsewhere.
attendance of the class to make sure that
2. Inspect power cords—frayed or damaged
everyone is counted in.
power cords increase the risk of fire, as a
6. Evaluation – Evaluation of the drill is
spark could easily ignite the room. Check
conducted to identify problems during the
for damage and have repairs done
drill and how to correct these problems.
immediately.
3. Maintain and clean computer systems—
allowing dust and debris to settle on your Fire Escape Plan
equipment only adds to flammable
materials. Think of dust as kindling.
4. Train employees and display fire
emergency plans—ensuring your
employees know how to respond to a fire
(whether that means proper use of a fire
extinguisher or immediately evacuating to
safety) can save lives and help prevent
further damage.
5. Schedule regular inspection of your fire
protection systems—your life safety and
fire protection systems are only effective if
they are in working order. Schedule
regular inspections with a local,
professional fire protection company, like
State Systems Inc. They can ensure that
your equipment is not only in working
Fire and Emergency Plans
order but that it meets all local and state
Emergency evacuation plans are what
fire codes.
should be developed in order to ensure the most
efficient as well as the safest evacuation time of
all expected residents of a city, region or
structure. An "evacuation time" benchmark for
different conditions and hazards is established.
Such benchmarks can be established by using
 7

regulations, simulations (e.g., modeling the flow How to Create a Fire Evacuation Plan for your
of people in a building) and best practices for Household
determining the benchmark. - Plan for everyone
The proper planning is what uses at least - Find two ways out.
a few exits, the so-called “contra-flow lanes” as - Involve children in planning
well as the special technologies in order to ensure - Have a backup plan
fast, complete and full evacuation. It is also - Share with everyone.
important to consider for personal situations as - Practice regularly
they may affect some individual's ability to
evacuate. It may include the alarm signals with KEY CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF
both visual and aural alerts and all the needed DRR
evacuation equipment (e.g., pads, sleds and chairs LC: Discuss the key concepts, principles, and
for disabled people). elements of DRR (DRR11/12-IIg-h-42)
In order to create the right building fire
and emergency plans, the regulations such as RA 10121 provides a comprehensive, all-
building codes can be also used so it can reduce hazard, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and
the possibility of panic. In this way, it may allow community-based approach to disaster risk
the individuals to process the need to self- management through the formulation of the
evacuate having no causing alarm. The right National Disaster Risk Management Framework.
planning can implement a so-called “all-hazards The Act shifted the policy environment and the
approach” meaning that the plans can be reused way the country deals with disasters from mere
for the other hazards that can appear. response to preparedness (Carmela and Ochoa,
Any emergency planning should be 2018).
focused on preventing the emergencies from
occurring as failing that it may be possible to Disaster risk reduction (DRR)
develop a good action plan for mitigating the is a term used for reducing and preventing
effects as well as the results of any emergencies. disaster risks. It is founded on the principle that
In order to reduce or to avoid the significant while hazards are inevitable, its adverse effects
losses to a business, emergency managers should like lost lives and/or destruction of property are
be focused on identifying and anticipating the not. There are steps that we can do to ensure
potential risks in order to reduce their probability reduction of risks. DRR actions can be political,
of occurring. technical, social and economic.
Disasters
are often described as a result of the
Evacuation plans allow us to know where combination of several things: the exposure to a
to go exactly after leaving the school building or hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are
a house that is on fire. It lets all concerned people present; and the insufficient capacity or measures
to know where they should be when evacuation to reduce or cope with the potential negative
happens. consequences.

DISASTER IMPACTS:
- loss of life
- Injury
- Disease
- other negative effects on human, physical,
mental and social well-being,
- damage to property  destruction of
assets
- loss of services, social
- economic disruption and environmental
degradation.

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is the concept

and practice of reducing disaster risks through
analysis and management of the causal factors of
disasters.
It leads to:
- reduced exposure to hazards
- lessening of vulnerability of people and
assets
- effective management of land and the
environment
- improved preparedness for adverse events
 8
Disaster risk reduction usually requires long-
term planning across sectors and must be
integrated into general national and regional
development strategies. DRR strategies usually
begin with plans for assessing the:
- Hazards and risks that threaten the target
area,
- Extent of harm that would occur to
communities and infrastructure,
- Vulnerable people’s capacities to cope
with and recover from possible disasters
(Ochoa, 2018).

Key Principles of DRRM

The key principles of DRR justify why
certain changes must be made and explain the
urgency of creating a DRRM plan. Key principles
should be able to make people realize why
disaster plans must be a priority in every
community especially those that are vulnerable to
hazards. All DRRM are created on the following
premises:
1. Development can either increase or
decrease disaster risk. When development
takes place, disaster risk is always a threat,
but it can be avoided if localities have
effective and functional disaster
prevention and mitigation plans.
2. DRRM policies, laws, and regulations can
save lives if properly and strictly
implemented in the community. Action is
the key component of DRRM. Policies,
laws, and regulations are useless if it is not
properly implemented. Earthquake drills,
fire drills, lock-up drills are very important
not only in schools but also in the
community because the community is the RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF DRR ON
front liner of DRRM. The ultimate purpose ONE’S LIFE
of DRRM is to save lives and properties. L.C: Recognize the importance of DRR on one’s
3. The main objective of DRRM is to build a life (DRR11/12-IIg-h-43)
resilient community. If community
members are well prepared and equipped Awareness is the most important
with sufficient knowledge, the impact of component of education; however, disaster risk
disaster can be lessened (Rimando, R. E. reduction is at its most effective and valuable
2015). state when it invests on individuals and
communities to become important actors in
disaster reduction strategies. Education is the key
to this empowerment.

Disaster Risk Reduction: Why is it important?

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) education is
crucial for all communities living in disaster prone
areas. Asia Pacific Region, where Philippines is
located, is considered as the most disaster-prone
region in the world, facing numerous hazards,
from severe flooding to storms to volcanic
eruptions to tsunamis and earthquakes.

A disaster risk reduction assists us to

consider our emergency response activities in
light of existing and new disaster risks. This
enables us to design or adjust our activities so
that people and communities become safer and
 9
more disaster-resilient, as well as safeguarding
efforts to create and expand enabling conditions Why disaster risk reduction is important during
for sustainable poverty alleviation and and after emergencies:
development. A disaster risk reduction approach helps
us consider our emergency response activities in
Building resilience: Is the main importance of light of existing and new disaster risks. This
disaster risk reduction. disaster risk reduction is enables us to design or adjust our activities so
vital for building a more equitable and sustainable that people and communities become safer and
future. more disaster-resilient, as well as safeguarding
Making investments in prevention and efforts to create and expand enabling conditions
preparedness, including through civil Défense for sustainable poverty alleviation and
exercises, is a necessary part of systematic efforts development.
to increase resilience to disaster. DRR approaches and tools will prevent
relief work from rebuilding the vulnerabilities that
Five priorities identified for action are: made people prone to similar disasters. DRR
1. to ensure that disaster risk reduction is a provides valuable insights into the underlying
national and a local priority. factors of vulnerability to hazards and the features
2. to identify, assess, and monitor disaster of those hazards. It helps us identify and map
risks and enhance early warning systems. local capacities to cope with these hazards.
3. to use knowledge, innovation, and Ultimately, the DRR approach helps us conduct
education to build a culture of safety and effective disaster response while reducing risks
resilience at all levels. that similar disasters will reoccur. It also ensures
4. to reduce the underlying risk factors; and that our emergency response does no harm by
5. to strengthen disaster preparedness for replacing or reinstating critical vulnerabilities.
effective response and recovery at all
levels, from the local to the national. COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS PLAN
LC: Develop a community preparedness plan
Responsibility for disaster risk management (DRR11/12-IIg-h-45)
does not lie with disaster managers alone. It is
rather a concern for everyone - from citizens who Community preparedness is the ability of a
must be empowered to make decisions which community to prepare for, withstand, and recover
reduce risk, to political leaders, government from public health incidents in both the short and
institutions, the private sector, civil society long term; coordinate training and provide
organisations, professional bodies, and scientific guidance to support community involvement with
and technical institutions. (Clark, Helen 2012) preparedness efforts.
Risk communication must be clear and simple. This will give the members of every
In our current times, to communicate risks community the proper training, proper education,
effectively with populations, communities, and resources in preparation for any type of
families, and individuals is essential for everyone disaster. This is the reason why in every barangay,
to be better prepared when disaster and crisis hit. they have a well-trained disaster response team
This is a challenging task, as normally people do who are capable in giving training to their
not want to hear about “dangerous things”. Some constituents. They are trained in identifying and
are afraid of even thinking about the possibility of analyzing the adverse effect of any hazard in their
an earthquake, a tropical cyclone, floods, community.
landslides, tsunamis or even the most common
household hazards, such as fire, hitting their What is a family emergency plan?
homes. One of the most important tools every
Every organization and government engaged individual and family can have to protect
in disaster risk reduction awareness must plan themselves in possible emergencies is a family
and communicate harmonized messages – a key emergency preparedness plan, complete with a
element to avoid confusion. As a consequence, we list of contacts during an emergency.
increase people’s confidence in acting to make In disaster planning, always consider the
themselves safer. It starts with one individual, a worst-case scenario. Family members may not be
family, neighbors, the whole community, a city, a together when a disaster strikes. Line of
country and even the whole region. communications might be cut-off; electrical power
From a development perspective, therefore, supply might be shut-off; Malls, grocery stores
disaster risk reduction is vital for building a more and food provider services like fast-food chains
equitable and sustainable future. Making might also be closed. In this kind of scenario,
investments in prevention and preparedness, families must be ready and be prepared enough
including through civil defense exercises, is a in times of emergencies. In other words, there
necessary part of systematic efforts to increase must be a specific and concrete family emergency
resilience to disaster. plan as to where they meet and what essential
things do they need to bring when they evacuate
 10

emergency drills like the quarterly national

Why is a disaster plan important? simultaneous earthquake drills and others.
The goal of disaster preparedness is to The National Disaster Risk Reduction and
lessen the impact of disasters on vulnerable Management Plan 2011-2028 (NDRRMP) sets
populations, to ready an organization for an influx down the expected outcomes, outputs, key
of activity, and to design a coordinated plan that activities, indicators, lead agencies, implementing
reduces the waste of resources, time, and efforts. partners and timelines under each of the four
Through a community preparedness plan, people distinct yet mutually reinforcing thematic areas.
in the community are informed and trained on The goals of each thematic area led to the
how to prepare for a disaster and emergencies to attainment of the country’s overall DRRM vision
avoid panic and to lessen the impact of such as shown below
disaster.
DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DOST)
GOAL: Avoid hazard and mitigate their potential
impacts by reducing vulnerabilities and exposure
and enhancing capacities of communities.
Objectives:
1. Reduce vulnerabilities and exposure of
communities to health hazards.
2. Enhance capacities of communities to
reduce their own risks and cope with the
impacts of all hazards.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS DEPARTMENT OF

THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DILG)
GOAL: Establish and strengthen capacities of
communities to anticipate, cope and recover from
the negative impacts of emergency occurrences
and disasters.
Objectives:
1. Increase level of awareness of the
community to threats and impacts of all
hazards.
2. Equip the community with necessary skills
to cope with the negative impacts of
disaster.
3. Increase the capacity of a community.
4. Develop and implement disaster
preparedness policies and plans.
5. Strengthen partnership among all key
stakeholders.

DISASTER RESPONSE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL

WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT (DSWD)
GOAL: Provide life preservation and meet the
basic subsistence needs of affected population
based on acceptable standards during or
In preparing for an emergency plan, you immediately after a disaster.
need to include the updated contact numbers of Objectives:
you family member, hotline of the barangay, 1. Decrease the number of preventable
municipality or city, PNP and Bureau of Fire deaths and injuries.
Protection, hospitals and other hotline numbers 2. Provide basic subsistence needs of
that can help you during emergency cases. There affected population.
must also an emergency kit at home like the “GO 3. Immediately restore basic social services
BAG” and “First Aid kit”. Put the important
documents of the family inside waterproof DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY
containers. There must also be clear family NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT
evacuation plan indicating the exact place where AUTHORITY (NEDA)
the family will meet if cellphone signals are not GOAL: Restore and improve facilities, livelihood
available. Most importantly, you must join and living conditions and organization capacities
of affected communities and reduce disaster risk
 11

in accordance with the “build back better” - Include also eating and drinking utensils.
principle.
Objectives:
1. Restore people’s means of livelihood and 4. Tools
continuity of economic activities. - Maps with indication of evacuation sites
2. Restore shelter and other installation. and routes
3. Reconstruct infrastructure and other public - Emergency Number to call
utilities. - Whistle
4. Assist in the physical and psychological - Flashlight with extra batteries (or self-
rehabilitation of persons who suffered powered flashlight)
from the effects of disaster. - List of Emergency numbers to call
- Multi-purpose knife
SURVIVAL KITS AND MATERIALS - Matches or lighter and candles
LC: Prepare survival kits and materials for one’s - AM radio transistor with extra batteries or
family and for public information and advocacy self-powered
(DRR11/12-IIg-h-46) - Blankets
- Sleeping bag
Disaster is very unpredictable. Our country 5. Fire starting
is commonly stricken by typhoon, volcanic - Matches
eruption, fires and other disasters, that is why we - Lighter
should be prepared and be aware to what will - Candle
happen next. According to Philippine Red Cross, 6. Light and signaling Instruments
the first 72 hours after a disaster is very crucial. - Flashlight
There might be shortage of food supply and - Mirror
water, and unavailability of electricity and - Whistle
communication. In addition, access to safety 7. First aid kits
services, rescue, clinics, and hospitals may not - Disposable Gloves
also be available. An emergency kit/first aid kit is - Adhesive Strips
very essential in times of disasters. Emergency or - Sterile medical tap
survival kits are things that are commonly found - Thermometer
inside our home like water, flashlight, and hygiene - Adhesive Bandage
kits. Families should be prepared to be - First aid manual
independent and be able to survive for at least 3 - Pain reliever and antibiotics
days or 72 hours. To be able to do this the kits - Anti-diarrhea medication
must be organized and easily to access, it should - Prescription medication (if needed)
be checked every six months to make sure the 8. Personal effects and hygiene kit
items are still in good condition and far from - Extra Clothing (Short and long-sleeved
expirations. shirts, pants, jackets, socks, etc.)
- Undergarments
According to Philippine Red Cross the following - Antibacterial soap
items are essential in a disaster kit: - Toothbrushes
1. Shelter - Toothpaste
- Tents - Comb/ hairbrush
- Sleeping bag - Tissue paper
- Tarp 9. Others
2. Water - Important documents Birth certificates,
- According to Philippine Red Cross, a passport, marriage contract, diploma,
person can survive without food intake for insurance certificates, land titles, etc.
5 days as long as there is water intake. - Keep these in a plastic envelope or any
Prepare clean water in clean airtight waterproof container
containers for washing, drinking, and - Money should be in the form of cash and
cooking: 1 gallon or equivalent of 4 liters loose change (ATM machines may not be
per person per day (1 liter for drinking and working)
3 liters for sanitation) - Prepaid cards
- Stored water must be changed to maintain - Batteries
its freshness, effectiveness and avoid - Emergency charger
contamination. - Clothes
3. Food
- Store only non-perishable food like canned
foods.
- According to Philippine Red Cross, food
should be sufficient for three days
consumption of every family member.
 12

Policies of DRRM - The Philippine DRRM Law DRRM Act of 2010 or Republic Act No. 10121 as
RA 10121 and Its Implementing Rules and signed into law on May 27, 2010, provides the
Regulations basic policies and coordination mechanism for
LC: Explain DRR-related laws and policies DRRM through the Disaster Risk Reduction and
(DRR11/12-IIi-j-47) Management Councils (DRRMC) at the national,
regional, and local levels. Section 15 of the law
Global Policy Frameworks specifically indicates the criteria for identifying the
Philippine government policies and lead DRRMC in “preparing for, responding to and
programs for disaster risk reduction and recovering from the effects of any disaster.”
management was anchored to Sendai Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015- 2030, the What are the Salient Features of the DRRM Act?
Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 and According to Disaster Risk Reduction
ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Network Philippines, the following are the salient
Emergency Response. These were formulated to features of the DRRM Act:
reduce the risks during disaster as it gives A. Coherence with international framework
concreate guides for national government, local B. Adherence to universal norms, principles,
government, organizations, communities, and and standards of humanitarian assistance
stakeholders. C. Good governance through transparency
and accountability
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction D. Strengthened institutional mechanism for
2015-2030 DRRM
According to National Economic and E. Integrated, coordinated, multi‐sectoral,
Development Authority, 2020, this was adopted inter‐agency, and community‐based
by UN member states, including the Philippines, approach to disaster risk reduction
in March 2015. The Sendai Framework aims to F. Empowerment of local government units
achieve the following outcome over the next 15 (LGUs) and civil society organizations
years: the substantial reduction of disaster risk (CSOs) as key partners in disaster risk
and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in reduction
the economic, physical, social, cultural and G. Integration of the DRRM into the
environmental assets of persons, businesses, educational system
communities and countries. H. Establishment of the DRRM Fund (DRRMF)
at the national and local levels
Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015 I. Providing for provisions on the declaration
According to International Strategy for of a state of calamity, remedial measures,
Disaster Reduction, Hyogo Framework for Action prohibited acts and penalties
2005-2015, is a world conference on disaster
reduction that was held from January 18-22,
2005 in Kobe, Hyogo Japan. The HFA is a
comprehensive, action‐ oriented response to
international concern about the growing impacts
of disasters on individuals, communities &
national development. Its goal was to
substantially reduced disaster loses in live and in
social, economic and environmental assets of
communities and countries.

ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and

Emergency Response
On December 24, 2009, the ASEAN
Agreement on Disaster Management and
Emergency Response (AADMER) was ratified by
all ten (10) ASEAN member states that include the
National Mandate Strengthening the
Philippines. It focuses on the region’s policy
disaster risk reduction and management system
backbone on disaster management by giving
was anchored to Philippine Disaster Risk
priority to disaster risk reduction, thus enabling a
Reduction and Management Act of 2010 or
more proactive regional framework for
Republic Act No. 10121. It is stated in the law
cooperation, coordination, technical assistance,
that it is the policy of the state to:
and resource mobilization in all aspects of
1. Uphold the people’s constitutional rights
disaster management.
to life and property by addressing the root
causes of vulnerabilities to disasters,
What is the DRRM Act?
strengthening the country’s institutional
According to National Economic and
capacity for disaster risk reduction and
Development Authority, 2020, the Philippine
 13

management and building the resilience of 9. Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the
local communities to disasters including peace process and conflict resolution
climate change impacts. approaches in order to minimize loss of
2. Adhere to and adopt the universal norms, lives and damage to property and ensure
principles and standards of humanitarian that communities in conflict zones can
assistance and the global effort on risk immediately go back to their normal lives
reduction as concrete expression of the during periods of intermittent conflicts.
country’s commitment to overcome human 10. Ensure that disaster risk reduction and
sufferings due to recurring disasters. climate change measures are gender
3. Incorporate internationally accepted responsive, sensitive to indigenous know
principles of disaster risk management in ledge systems, and respectful of human
the creation and implementation of rights.
national, regional, and local sustainable 11. Recognize the local risk patterns across
development and poverty reduction the country and strengthen the capacity of
strategies, policies, plans and budgets. LGUs for disaster risk reduction and
4. Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management through decentralized
management approach that is holistic, powers, responsibilities, and resources at
comprehensive, integrated, and proactive the regional and local levels.
in lessening the socioeconomic and 12. Recognize and strengthen the capacities of
environmental impacts of disasters LGUs and communities in mitigating and
including climate change, and promote the preparing for, responding to, and
involvement and participation of all recovering from the impact of disasters.
sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at 13. Engage the participation of civil society
all levels especially the local community. organizations (CSOs), the private sector
5. Develop, promote, and implement a and volunteers in the government’s
comprehensive National Disaster Risk disaster risk reduction programs towards
Reduction and Management Plan complementation of resources and
(NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen the effective delivery of services to the
capacity of the national government and Citizenry.
the local government units (LGUs), 14. Develop and strengthen the capacities of
together with partner stakeholders, to vulnerable and marginalized groups to
build the disaster resilience of mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and
communities, and to institutionalize recover from the effects of disasters.
arrangements and measures for reducing 15. Enhance and implement a program where
disaster risks, including projected climate humanitarian aid workers, communities,
risks, and enhancing disaster health professionals, government aid
preparedness and response capabilities at agencies, donors, and the media are
all levels. educated and trained on how they can
6. Adopt and implement a coherent, actively support breastfeeding before and
comprehensive, integrated, efficient and during a disaster and/or an emergency.
responsive disaster risk reduction program 16. Provide maximum care, assistance and
incorporated in the development plan at services to individuals and families
various levels of government adhering to affected by disaster, implement emergency
the principles of good governance such as rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact
transparency and accountability within the of disaster, and facilitate resumption of
context of poverty alleviation and normal social and economic activities.
environmental protection.
7. Mainstream disaster risk reduction and
climate change in development processes
such as policy formulation, socioeconomic
development planning, budgeting, and
governance, particularly in the areas of
environment, agriculture, water, energy,
health, education, poverty reduction, land-
use and urban planning, and public
infrastructure and housing, among others.
8. Institutionalize the policies, structures,
coordination mechanisms and programs
with continuing budget appropriation on
disaster risk reduction from national down
to local levels towards building a disaster-
resilient nation and communities.
 14

A. National DRRM Councils 17. Coordinate or oversee the implementation

According to National Economic of the country’s obligations with disaster
and Development Authority, 2020, the management treaties
National DRRMC is designated with
policymaking, coordination, integration, B. Regional DRRM Councils (RDRRMC)
supervision, and monitoring and The Regional DRRM Councils
evaluation functions. It is headed by the (RDRRMC) is the regional arm of NDRRMC.
Secretary of the Department of National They are responsible for coordinating,
Defense (DND) as Chairperson, with the integrating, supervising, and evaluating
Secretary of the Department of the Interior DRRM activities of the Local DRRM
and Local Government (DILG) as Vice- Councils. It is headed by the Regional
Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness, the Director of the Office of Civil Defense
Secretary of the Department of Social (OCD).
Welfare and Development (DSWD) as Vice-
Chairperson for Disaster Response, the Functions of the RDRRMC
Secretary of the Department of Science 1. Coordinate, integrate, supervise, and
and Technology (DOST) as Vice- evaluate the activities of the LDRRMC
Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and 2. Ensuring disaster sensitive regional
Mitigation, and the Secretary of the development plans.
National Economic and Development 3. Establish an operating facility to be known
Authority (NEDA) as the Vice-Chairperson as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction
for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery. and Management Operations Center
Other members include other government (RDRRMC).
agencies like DOH, DPWH, DepEd and
many more. C. Local DRRM Councils (LDRRMC)
The Local DRRM Councils shall be
Functions of the NDRRMC known as Provincial or Municipality
1. Develop a NDRRM Framework. Disaster Coordinating Councils. The
2. Create NDRRM Plan (NDRRMP). Barangay Development Council (BDC) shall
3. Advise the President on the status of undertake the powers and functions of the
disaster preparedness, prevention, council at the barangay level. It is
mitigation, response and rehabilitation composed of multi‐sectoral and multi‐
operations. As well as recommend to the agency members. LDRRMCs oversee the
President the declaration of a state of implementation of the Local DRRM Plans
calamity in areas. (LDRRMPs) formulated by Local DRRM
4. Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation. Offices (LDRRMOs).
5. Establish a national early warning and
emergency alert system. Functions of the LDRRMCS
6. Develop appropriate risk transfer 1. Approve, monitor and evaluate the
mechanisms. implementation of the LDRRMPs.
7. Monitor the development and enforcement 2. Ensure the integration of DRR and climate
required by this Act. change adaptation.
8. Manage and mobilize resources. 3. Implementation of forced or preemptive
9. Monitor and provide the necessary evacuation.
guidelines and procedures on the Local 4. Convene the local council.
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Fund (LDRRMF). D. Local DRRM Offices (LDRRMO)
10. Develop assessment tools in coordination LDRRMOs are established in every
with the Climate Change Commission. province under the office of the Governor,
11. Develop vertical and horizontal city under the office of the City Mayor,
coordination mechanisms. municipality under the office of the
12. Formulate a national institutional municipality mayor and Barangay DRRM
capability building program. Committees (BDRRMC) for the barangay
13. Formulate a national agenda for research level, headed by Barangay Chairman. Local
and technology development. DRRM Offices sets the direction,
14. Formulate and implement a framework for development, implementation, and
climate change adaptation and disaster coordination of DRRM programs and
risk reduction and management. activities within their territorial
15. Constitute a technical management group. jurisdictions.
16. Task the OCD to conduct periodic
assessment and performance monitoring
of the member-agencies.
 15
Functions of the LDRRMO B. civil service organizations
1. Set the direction, development, and C. private sector, or
implementation of DRRM programs. D. Local government unit which
2. Design, program, and coordinate DRRM assembled them.
Programs to NDRRMC. 3. Their accreditation and inclusion in the
3. Facilitate and support risk assessment and database are done at municipal or city
contingency plan. level.
4. Consolidate local disaster risk information. 4. They will follow guidelines set by the
5. Organize and conduct trainings. NDRRMC.
6. Operate a multi hazard early warning 5. They are entitled to compensatory benefits
system. and insurance under the guidelines.
7. Formulate and implement a
comprehensive LDRRMP. Education and Training
8. Prepare and submit to the Local According to Implementing Rules and
Sanggunian. Regulation (IRR) of RA 10121, education and
9. Conduct continuous disaster monitoring. training is ruled to:
10. Identify, assess, and manage hazard 1. Integrate in the school curricula of DRR
vulnerabilities and risk. education for both of secondary and
11. Disseminate information and raise public tertiary level of education including
awareness. National Service Training Program (NSTP)
12. Identify and implement cost effective risk whether private or public or formal and
reduction measures/strategies. non-formal, technical-vocational,
13. Maintain database of human resources, indigenous learning, and out of school
equipment, directories, and location of youth courses and programs.
critical infrastructure. 2. Encourage the youth to participate in
14. Develop partnership with the private DRRM activities headed by SK councils
sectors, CSOs and volunteer groups. together with the DRRMCs.
15. Take all necessary steps on continuing the 3. Imposed trainings to the public sector
provision. employees that focus on emergency
16. Organize, equip, train, and supervise local response and preparedness.
emergency team.
17. Respond and manage the adverse effects
of emergencies and carried out recovery
activities.
18. Promote and raise public awareness and
compliance with the act.
19. Serve as secretariat and executive arm of
LRRMC.
20. Coordinate with DRRM activities.
21. Establish network with LGU.
22. Recommend the enhancement of local Declaration of State of Calamity
ordinance relate to the act. According to IRR of RA 10121, it is ruled
23. Implement policies, approved plans and that
program of LRRMC. A. Declaration and lifting of state of calamity
24. Establish Provincial/ City/ Municipality/ by the President
Barangay operation center. - It shall be recommended by National
25. Prepare and submit report on utilization of Council
LDRRM Fund. - It can be a clustered of barangays,
26. Act on other matter that authorized by municipalities, cities, provinces, and
LDRRMC. regions
- International humanitarian assistance may
Disaster Volunteers be necessary.
According to Implementing Rules and B. Declaration and lifting of state of calamity
Regulation (IRR) of RA 1012, the following feature by Local Sanggunian
disaster volunteers. - Issued based on the recommendation of
1. Their mobilization may be undertaken by the LDRRMC
A. government agencies - Based on the result of the damage
B. civil service organizations assessment.
C. private sector, and local government
units. Remedial Measures
2. Their enhancement, welfare, and According to IRR of RA 10121, it is ruled
protection will be the responsibility that the member agencies must mandatorily
A. agencies
 16

undertake the following remedial measure when with different markings to make it
the state of calamity was declared: appear that the goods came from
A. Imposition of price ceiling on basic another agency or persons or was
necessities and prime commodities as released upon the instance of a
recommended by implementing agency to particular agency or persons; and
the President. c. Making false verbal claim that the
B. Local Price Coordination Council shall goods, equipment or other and
monitor, prevent and control commodity m its untampered original
overpricing/profiteering and hoarding of containers actually came from another
prime commodities, medicines and agency or persons or was released
petroleum products. upon the instance of a particular
C. Programming/reprogramming of funds for agency or persons.
the repair and safety upgrading of public 10. Substituting or replacing relief goods,
infrastructures and facilities. equipment or other aid commodities with
D. Granting of no-interest loans by the same items or inferior/cheaper quality.
government financing or lending Illegal solicitations by persons or
institutions to the most affected section of organizations representing others as
the population. defined in the standards and guidelines
set by the NDRRMC
Prohibited Acts 11. Deliberate use of false at inflated data in
According to IRR of RA 10121 the support of the request for funding, relief
following are the prohibited acts during the goods, equipment or other aid
declaration of state of calamity: commodities for emergency assistance or
1. Dereliction of duties which leads to livelihood projects
destruction, loss of lives, critical damage of 12. Tampering with or stealing hazard
facilities and misuse of funds monitoring and disaster preparedness
2. Preventing the entry and distribution of equipment and paraphernalia.
relief goods in disaster stricken areas,
including appropriate technology, tools,
equipment, accessories, disaster Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
teams/experts Funds
3. Buying, for consumption or resale, from 1. According to IRR of RA 10121 LDRRM
disaster relief agencies any relief goods, Fund must be not less than 5% of
equipment or other and commodities estimated revenue from regular sources
which are intended for distribution to shall be set aside to support disaster risk
disaster affected communities management activities such as, but not
4. Buying, for consumption or resale, from limited to, pre-disaster preparedness
the recipient disaster affected persons any programs (training, purchasing life-saving
relief goods, equipment or other aid rescue equipment, supplies and medicines)
commodities received by them. and post-disaster activities.
5. Selling of relief goods, equipment or other 2. It is the duty of the LDRRMC to monitor
aid commodities which are intended for and evaluate the use and disbursement of
distribution to disaster victims the LDRRMF.
6. Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment or 3. Upon the recommendation of the LDRRMO
other aid commodities intended for or and approval of Sanggunian concerned, it
consigned to a specific group of victims or may transfer the said fund to support
relief agency disaster risk reduction work of other
7. Diverting of relief goods, equipment or LDRRMCs which are declared under state
other aid commodities to persons other of calamity by the LDRRMC.
than the rightful recipient or consignee 4. Quick Response Fund - Quick Response
8. Accepting, possessing, using or disposing Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund is amounting
relief goods, equipment or other aid to Thirty percent (30%) of LDRRMF, that is
commodities not intended for nor allocated for relief and recovery programs.
consigned to him/her 5. Special Trust Fund – unused LDRRMF shall
9. Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, be converted to trust fund for the purpose
equipment or other aid commodities by: of DRRM activities of the LDRRMC within
a. Covering, replacing or defacing the the next five years. Any such amount that
labels of the containers to make it is not fully utilized after 5 years shall be
appear that the goods, equipment or return to the general fund and can be
other aid commodities came from made available for other social services by
another agency or persons; the local Sanggunian.
b. Repacking the! goods, equipment or
other aid commodities into containers
 17
6. LRRMC shall make its reports on utilization
of LRRMF open to public by publication
and posting.

National Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Funds
1. According to IRR of RA 10121, NDDRM
fund should be used for disaster risk
reduction or mitigation, prevention and
preparedness activities. It can be utilized
for relief, recovery, reconstruction and
other work or service in connection with
natural or human- induced calamities that
may occur during the budget year or in the
past 2 years from the budget year.
2. NDRRM fund amount and the recipient
agencies and/or LGUs are based on the
approval of President with the
recommendation of NDDRMC.
3. Quick Response Fund - Thirty percent
(30%) from the NDRRM Fund shall be “Safer, adaptive, and disaster resilient
allocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) or Filipino communities toward sustainable
stand-by fund to the agencies identifies by development” is the vision of NDRRM plan
NDRRMC It will be used for relief and (NDRRMP). All priority areas correspond to the
recovery programs in order that situation structure of the NDRRMC. In addition, NDRRMP
and living conditions of people in hopes to achieve its objectives through the
communities or areas stricken by disasters, utilization and application of each government
calamities, epidemics, or complex agency’s own expertise and capacities. Each
emergencies, may be normalized as priority area is managed and monitored by certain
quickly as possible. government agencies to meet the objectives of
4. All departments, bureaus, offices and the NDRRMP.”
agencies of the government shall submit
their monthly statements on the utilization
of the funds.
5. All departments, bureaus, offices and
agencies of the government are hereby
authorized to use a portion of their
appropriations to implement projects
designed to address DRRM activities in
accordance with the guidelines to be
issued by the NDRRMC in coordination
with the DBM.

NDRMM Plan 2011-2028

It sets that expected outcomes, outputs,
key activities, indicators, lead agencies,
implementing partners, and timelines under each
of the four mutually reinforcing thematic areas of:
1. disaster prevention and mitigation
2. disaster preparedness
3. disaster response; and
4. disaster rehabilitation and recovery
 18

GROUP ASSIGN TOPIC

Group 1
- THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE TRIANGLE
- FIRE HAZARDS: CONCEPTS AND CAUSES
- PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES AND
PROPER PROCEDURES IN ADDRESSING A
FIRE INCIDENT
Group 2
- RESPONSE PROCEDURE DURING A FIRE
INCIDENT
- FIRE EMERGENCY AND EVACUATION
PLAN
- KEY CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS
OF DRR
Group 3
- RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF DRR
ON ONE’S LIFE
- COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS PLAN
- SURVIVAL KITS AND MATERIALS
Group 4
- POLICIES OF DRRM - THE PHILIPPINE
DRRM LAW RA 10121 AND ITS
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND
REGULATIONS