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04 Time Study and Work Measurement

The document discusses methods for engineering and operational analysis, focusing on time study and work measurement techniques. It describes how to determine standard times for tasks by establishing average workers, standard methods and conditions, and accounting for allowances. Various techniques are presented for different task levels and determining personal, fatigue, and delay allowances.

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Hendry Susanto
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13 views

04 Time Study and Work Measurement

The document discusses methods for engineering and operational analysis, focusing on time study and work measurement techniques. It describes how to determine standard times for tasks by establishing average workers, standard methods and conditions, and accounting for allowances. Various techniques are presented for different task levels and determining personal, fatigue, and delay allowances.

Uploaded by

Hendry Susanto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods engineering

and operational analysis (Part 1)


Time study and work measurement
• often used interchangeably.
• Both are concerned with how much time it should take to complete a unit
of work
• Work measurement refers to the techniques that are concerned with
the evaluation of a task in terms of the time that should be
allowed for an average human worker to perform that task

• Time study refers to all of the ways in which time is investigated and
analysed in work situations, whether the work is accomplished by
human workers or automated systems.
Time study and work measurement
• The objective of time study and work measurement:

To determine a standard time for the task


• Standard time for a given task is the amount of time that should be allowed for
an average worker to process one work unit using the standard method and
working at a normal pace.
Methods to set time standard
Work measurement and task hierarchy

• How the work measurement techniques correspond to different


levels in the general task hierarchy.
task hierarchy level Work Measurement Technique

Work sampling

Direct time study/stopwatch time study

Predetermined time system


Prerequisites for valid time standards
• The task is performed by an average worker
• The worker’s pace represents standard performance
• The worker uses the standard method
• The task is performed on a standard work unit
Average worker and standard performance

• An average worker is a person who is representative of those who


perform tasks similar to the task being measured.
• To accomplish the task in the standard time, the average worker
works at standard performance, a working pace that can be
maintained by the average worker throughout an entire work shift
without harmful effects on the worker’s health or physical well-being.

• Two benchmarks of “standard performance”:


• Walking at 3 mi/h (or 4.82 km/h)
• Dealing four hands of cards from a 52-card deck in exactly 30 s
Normal vs standard performance
• Normal performance is often used in place of standard performance.

• Normal performance is 100% pace while the worker is working


An individual work cycle is performed at 100% performance, the time taken is the normal
time for the cycle.

• Standard performance is 100% performance but with the proviso that


periodic breaks are taken and other delays are likely to occur during the shift.
When this allowance is added to the normal time, we have the standard time.
Workers’ performance
Workers’ standard performance
Standard method
• standard method is the procedure that has been determined to be
the optimum method for processing a work unit
• “one best method principle”
• The standard method should include
• Procedure (actions and motions)used by the worker
• Tools used in the procedure
• Equipment
• Workplace layout
• Irregular work elements
• Working conditions
• Setup
Standard input and output work unit
• The time required to accomplish the task is likely to depend on the
condition of the input work unit.
• Therefore this condition must be specified as completely as possible in the
standard method statement.

• The condition of the output work unit must be specified.


• What changes have been made in the work unit as a result of the task
performed on it?
• What is the final state of the completed work unit?
Allowance in time standard
Lost Time in the Workplace

• Work-related interruption • Non-work-related interruption


• Machine breakdown • Personal needs (e.g., restroom
• Waiting for parts, tools, etc. interruption)
• Receiving instructions • Non-work-related talk
• Work-related talk/discussion • Lunch break
• Rest breaks to overcome fatigue • Coffee break
• End of shift cleanup • Smoking
• Personal phone call
Allowance in time standard
To address the interruption issues in workplace:
(1) scheduled break periods during the shift
Scheduled breaks are planned periods set aside during the shift as break time
from work.
The shift is scheduled with breaks to divide the workday into periods of roughly
equal length.

(2) a PFD allowance added to the normal time.


personal time, fatigue, and delay (PFD) allowance factor (Apfd) is determined
for use in converting the normal time into the standard time.
PFD allowance
• Personal time
• Restroom, phone calls, etc.
• Typically 5%
• Fatigue (rest) time
• To overcome fatigue Determined by
• Negotiation 5% - 20%
• Rest formulas
• Delays (unavoidable)
• Usually work-related
• Responsibility of management
• Usually random
PFD Allowance
The fatigue or rest allowance
To compensate the worker for time that must be taken to overcome
fatigue due to work-related stresses and conditions.
The fatigue or rest allowance
• fatigue due to muscular force

• RA can also be calculated from the energy expenditure during


muscular/physical work
(unavoidable) Delay allowance
• Determining the delay allowance is more challenging than
determining allowances for personal needs or fatigue.
• Two techniques are used to collect the data:
• (1) intensive observation over several days
• (2) work sampling.
Contingency Allowances
• Represent unusual problems
• Allowances are provided are usually because of some kind of problem
with the task or the production equipment used to perform it.
Policy Allowances
• Cover special work situations
• Example:
• Machine allowance
• Added to machine-paced portion of work cycle
• worker has no control

Tstd = TNorm (1 + Apfd) + Tm(1+Am)


Other Allowances
• Training
• Time to train other employees
• Learning
• Time depends on practice
• Individual learning
• Organization learning
• Important (omission is primary cause of bad standards)

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