BUILDING SYSTEMS AND SERVICES

ELECTRICAL

NISHTHA SAH
(MID 1ST YR)
Terminology and architectural symbols as per (NBC/NEC) for electrical Installations in buildings.

• Capacitor — A system of two conductors (plates) separated over the extent of their surfaces by an insulation
medium which is capable of storing electrical energy as electrical stress.
• Conductor — A substance or body which allows current of electricity to pass continuously.
• Electrode — A conducting element used for conveying current to and from a medium.
• Electric Circuit — An arrangement of bodies or media through which a current can flow.
• Electric Current — The movement of electricity in a medium or along a circuit. The direction of the current is
accepted as opposite to that of the motion of negative electricity.
• Current Using Equipment — Equipment intended to convert electrical energy into another form of energy,
for example, light, heat or motive power.
• Portable Equipment — Equipment which is moved while in operation or which can easily be moved from
one place to another while connected to the supply.
• Hand-held Equipment — Portable equipment intended to be held in the hand during normal use, in which
the motor, if any, forms an integral part of the equipment.
• Stationary Equipment — Either fixed equipment or equipment not provided with a carrying handle and
having such a mass that it cannot easily be moved.
• Current Using Equipment — Equipment intended to convert electrical energy into another form of energy,
for example, light, heat or motive power.
• Portable Equipment — Equipment which is moved while in operation or which can easily be moved from one
place to another while connected to the supply.
• Hand-held Equipment — Portable equipment intended to be held in the hand during normal use, in which
the motor, if any, forms an integral part of the equipment.
• Stationary Equipment — Either fixed equipment or equipment not provided with a carrying handle and
having such a mass that it cannot easily be moved.
• Fixed Equipment — Equipment fastened to a support or otherwise secured in a specific location.
• Generator — A machine for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• Electric Motor — A machine for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• Switch-fuse — A switch in which one or more poles have a fuse in series in a composite unit.
• Fuse-switch — A switch in which a fuse-link or a fuse-carrier with fuse-link forms the moving contact of the
switch.
• Circuit-Breaker (Mechanical) — A mechanical switching device capable of making carrying and breaking
currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified time and breaking currents
under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of a short-circuit.
• Circuit — An arrangement of conductor or conductors for the purpose of conveying energy and forming a
system or a branch of a system.
• Apparatus — Electrical apparatus including all machines, appliances and fittings in which conductors are
used for of which they may form a part.
• Room Height — The vertical distance measured from the finished floor surface to the finished ceiling surface.
Where a finished ceiling is not provided, the underside of the joints or beams or tie beams shall determine
the upper point of measurement for determining the head room.

ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS
SOURCE: NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE
SOURCE:Electricity Flowchart | TEPCO
Electrical panel (LT & HT) Distribution boards
Electrical panel is used for power supply receiving from one source and distribution into many outgoing source.
Many type circuit breaker are used for making and breaking power supply in the electrical Panel. Meters are
used for parameters measuring and energy consumption. Indictors are also used for availability of power
supply, breaker on, off and trip etc.
Types of Electrical Panel:
Electrical panel are used for power supply distribution center. Power
supply is received from one source and distributed into many
sources.

• HT Panel for high voltage :

HT panel is used for distribution of 11 KV / 33 KV power supply. The
HT power supply is received from GO switch and distributed to the
transformer.
Important Components of HT Panel:
1- Measuring Meter.
2- Protection relays.
3-Annunciator Panel:
4- Indicators:
5- Circuit Breaker:
LT Panel for low voltage:
LT panel is used for distribution of 415 volt power supply. The LT power supply is received from two source, one
source is received from transformer outgoing 433 volt supply and other source is received from DG
synchronization panel. The LT panel power supply is distributed to the many feeders.

Important components of LT panels

1. Measuring meters.
2. Indicator and Selector switches
3. Protection relays
4. Circuit Breaker
 BUS BARS
Bus-bar used in substations are usually bare rectangular cross-section bars. Aluminum is used for the construction
of bus bars as it has several advantages over copper such as higher conductivity on a weight basis, lower cost for
equal current capacity, and excellent corrosion resistance.
1. Single bus bar arrangement:
This is the simplest arrangement consisting of a single
set of bus bars for the full length of the switchboard
and a set of generators, transformers, and feeders.​

2) Single bus bar arrangement with bus

sectionalization
This bus bar is sectionalized by a circuit breaker and
isolating switches so that a fault on one part .

3) Main and transfer bar arrangement:

This arrangement is done where the loads and
continuity of supply are to be done.
4) Double bus double breaker arrangement:
Two circuit breakers are employed for each circuit. This
type of arrangement doesn’t require any bus coupler.
3) Main and transfer bar arrangement:
This arrangement is done where the loads and continuity
of supply are to be done. This provides additional
flexibility, continuity of supply and allows periodic
maintenance without total shutdown.
4) Double bus double breaker arrangement:
Two circuit breakers are employed for each circuit. This
type of arrangement doesn’t require any bus coupler.
5) Sectionalized Double Bus Arrangement
Duplicate bus bars are used with the main bus bar in
sections connected through a bus coupler. Any section
can be isolated for maintenance.
6) One –and –a Half Breaker Arrangement
This arrangement is the improvement of the Double bus
double breaker arrangement and reduces the number
of circuit breakers.
7) Mesh arrangement
Circuit breakers are installed in the mesh formed by the
buses.
 EARTHING
Earthing is a process to discharge and transfer the charge into the earth through a very low resistive wire. We can
find it in our surroundings as it requires for utilizing power for domestic purposes. Normally for domestic purposes,
we use a single-phase ac supply, and an earthing for completion of the circuit through transferring of charge. The
wire used for earthing is copper and aluminum.
PIPE EARTHING
In this type of earthing a galvanized steel perforated pipe is buried inside the earth. There is a
certain depth of earth. And this depth depends upon the condition of the soils.

PLATE EARTHING
In plate earthing the transferring of charge occur in such a way that the amount of charge
which have transferred strike on this plate and then this plate split all those charges inside the
earth.

STRIP EARTHING
In this type of earthing a strip of thin plates uses to transfer the charge. It’s a little much costly
because of the construction in strips. So this type of earthing doesn’t use on a wide scale.

Advantages of Earthing

• It prevents from overcurrent flowing in the circuit, in case of overcurrent flow in the circuit then it transfers
the excess current to the earth.
• It prevents damaging the appliances or catching fire in the circuit. In case of any fault occur in the circuit then
it prevents from causing any serve damages.
• It prevents lightning. In case if lighting occurs, then if an earthing rod is placed on the roof of the building
vertically upward the lightning will strike on it instead of the building and then that high voltage will go inside
the earth.
ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEM

Electrical Wiring is a process of connecting cables and wires to the related devices such as fuse, switches, sockets,
lights, fans etc to the main distribution board is a specific structure to the utility pole for continues power supply.

Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System

In this method of wiring, connections to appliances are made through joints. These
joints are made in joint boxes by means of suitable connectors or joints cutouts.
This method of wiring doesn’t consume too much cables size.

Loop-in or Looping System

This method of wiring is universally used in wiring. Lamps and other appliances are
connected in parallel so that each of the appliances can be controlled individually.
Different types of electrical wiring systems

Cleat Wiring
This system of wiring comprise of ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires (occasionally, sheathed
and weather proof cable) braided and compounded held on walls or ceilings by means of
porcelain cleats, Plastic or wood.

Casing and capping wiring

The cables used in this kind of wiring were either VIR or PVC or any other approved
insulated cables. The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The casing is
made up of a strip of wood with parallel grooves cut length wise so as to accommodate VIR
cables. The grooves were made to separate opposite polarity.

Batten Wiring (CTS cable tyre sheathed or T R S Tough rubber sheathed)

Single core or double core or three core TRS cables with a circular oval shape cables are used
in this kind of wiring. Mostly, single core cables are preferred. TRS cables are chemical proof,
water proof, steam proof, but are slightly affected by lubricating oil.

Lead Sheathed Wiring

The type of wiring employs conductors that are insulated with VIR and covered with an outer
sheath of lead aluminum alloy containing about 95% of lead. The metal sheath given
Conduit Wiring

Surface Conduit Wiring

If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring. in this wiring
method, they make holes on the surface of wall on equal distances and conduit is
installed then with the help of rawal plugs.

Concealed Conduit wiring

If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it is called
concealed conduit wiring. In other words, the electrical wiring system inside wall, roof or
floor with the help of plastic or metallic piping is called concealed conduit wiring.
Metallic Conduit:
Metallic conduits are made of steel which are very strong but costly as well.

• Class A Conduit: Low gauge conduit (Thin layer steel sheet conduit)​
• Class B Conduit: High gauge conduit (Thick sheet of steel conduit)​
Non-metallic Conduit:
A solid PVC conduit is used as non-metallic conduit now a days, which is flexible and easy to bend.
Size of Conduit:
The common conduit pipes are available in different sizes genially, 13, 16.2, 18.75, 20, 25, 37, 50, and 63
mm (diameter) or 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 2 inch in diameter.
In conduit wiring, steel tubes known as conduits are installed on the surface of walls by means of pipe hooks
(surface conduit wiring) or buried in walls under plaster.
In Conduit wiring system, The conduits should be electrically continuous and connected to earth at some suitable
points in case of steel conduit. Conduit wiring is a professional way of wiring a building. Mostly PVC conduits are
used in domestic wiring.

Types of Conduit

• Metallic Conduit
• Non-metallic conduit

Metallic Conduit:
Metallic conduits are made of steel which are very strong but costly as well.
There are two types of metallic conduits.
• Class A Conduit: Low gauge conduit (Thin layer steel sheet conduit)
• Class B Conduit: High gauge conduit (Thick sheet of steel conduit)
Non-metallic Conduit:
A solid PVC conduit is used as non-metallic conduit now a days, which is flexible and easy to bend.
Size of Conduit:
The common conduit pipes are available in different sizes genially, 13, 16.2, 18.75, 20, 25, 37, 50, and 63 mm
(diameter) or 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 2 inch in diameter.
ELECTRIFICATION AND SAFETY

• Excessive Load: One of the most common causes of overcurrent is simply overloading a circuit. This
happens when the total electrical load connected to a circuit exceeds its designed capacity. Examples include
plugging too many appliances into a single outlet or running too many devices on a circuit.

• Short Circuits: A short circuit occurs when there is a low-resistance path between two conductors, causing
a rapid and excessive flow of current. This can result from damaged insulation, exposed wires, or
loose connections. Short circuits are particularly dangerous and can lead to electrical fires.

• Ground Faults: Ground faults occur when an unintended electrical connection is established between a
live conductor and the ground (earth). This can happen due to damaged insulation or faulty equipment.
Ground faults can lead to overcurrent situations and pose safety hazards.

• Equipment Malfunctions: Malfunctions within electrical equipment, such as motors, transformers,

and appliances, can cause overcurrent. This can be due to internal faults, mechanical issues, or electrical
problems within the equipment itself.

• Power Surges: Sudden and temporary increases in voltage, known as power surges or voltage spikes, can
cause overcurrent in circuits. These surges can result from lightning strikes, utility grid fluctuations, or
switching events.
SWITCHES

• A Switch is a device which is designed to interrupt the current flow in a circuit. In simple words, a Switch can
make or break an electrical circuit. Every electrical and electronics application uses at least one switch to
perform ON and OFF operation of the device.
Mechanical Switches are physical switches, which must be activated physically, by moving, pressing, releasing, or
touching its contacts.
Electronic Switches, on the other hand, do not require any physical contact in order to control a circuit. These are
activated by semiconductor action.
Single Pole Single Throw Switch (SPST)
•This is the basic ON and OFF switch consisting of one input contact and one output contact.
•The contacts of SPST can be either normally open or normally closed configurations .

Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT)

•This switch has three terminals: one is input contact and remaining two are output contacts.
•This means it consist two ON positions and one OFF position.

Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST)

•This switch consists of four terminals: two input contacts and two output contacts.
•It has only one ON position

Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT)

•This is a dual ON/OFF switch consisting of two ON positions.
•It has six terminals, two are input contacts and remaining four are the output contacts.
Push button switch
It is a momentary contact switch that makes or breaks connection as long as pressure is applied (or
when the button is pushed).

Toggle Switch
Most of these switches come with two or more lever positions which are in the versions of SPDT,
SPST, DPST and DPDT switch. These are used for switching high currents (as high as 10 A) and can
also be used for switching small current.

Float Switches
Float switches are mainly used for controlling DC and AC motor pumps according to the liquid or
water in a tank or sump.

Joystick Switch
Joystick switches are manually actuated control devices used mainly in portable control equipment.

Rotary Switches
These are used for connecting one line to one of many lines. Examples of these switches are range selectors in
electrical metering equipment.

Slide Switch
FUSES
A fuse is an electric / electronic or mechanical device, which is used to protect
circuits from over current, overload and ensure the protection of the circuit. There
are many types of fuses, but the function of all these fuses is the same.

Construction & Working of a Fuse

A general Fuse consists of a low resistance metallic wire enclosed in a non combustible material. It is used to
connect and install in series with a circuit and device which needs to be protected from short circuit and over
current.​
The working principle of a fuse is based on the “Heating effect of Current” i.e. Whenever a short circuit, over
current or mismatched load connection occurs, then the thin wire inside the fuse melts because of the heat
generated by the heavy current flowing through it. Therefore, it disconnects the power supply from the connected
system.

DC Fuses
In a DC system, when the metallic wire melts because of the heat generated, then Arc is produced and it is
very difficult to extinguish this arc.
AC Fuses
On the other hand, i.e. in the AC system, voltage with 60Hz or 50Hz frequency changes its amplitude from zero
to 60 times every second, so arc can be extinct easily as compared to DC.
• Types of Fuses
Cartridge Fuses

Cartridge fuses are used to protect electrical appliances such as motors, air-conditions, refrigerator, pumps etc,
where high voltage rating and currents are required. They are available up to 600A and 600V AC
D – Type Cartridge Fuse
D-Types fuse contains an adapter ring, base, cap and cartridge. Fuse base is connected to the fuse cap where the
cartridge is inside the fuse cap.
Link type Cartridge fuse
In HRC Fuses, the current flows through the fuse element under normal conditions. In case of a fault, the
high current due to short circuit will be allowed to flow through the fuse for a short but known period of time.

High Voltage Fuses

High Voltage (HV) fuses are used in power systems to protect the transformers, where circuit breakers may
not be able to protect the system. High Voltage fuses are rated for more than 1500V and up to 13kV.

Automotive, Blade Type & Bolted Type Fuses

These types of fuses (also known as spade or plug-in fuses) come in plastic body and two metal caps to fit
in the socket. Mostly, they are used in automobiles for wiring and short circuit protection.

Rewirable Fuses
The most famous kit-kat fuse (also known as rewireable fuse) mostly used in industries and home
electrical wiring for small current applications in Low Voltage (LV) systems.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A circuit breaker is defined as a switching device that can be operated manually or
automatically for controlling and protecting an electrical power system.
Circuit breakers protect electrical circuits from damage caused by overcurrent, short
circuits, or overload. They interrupt the flow of current when a fault occurs and restores it
when the fault is cleared. Unlike a fuse, which needs to be replaced after one operation, a
circuit breaker can be reset and reused multiple times.

Circuit Breakers in Power Systems

Circuit breakers are an essential component of power systems, providing critical protective functions.
The role of circuit breakers in power systems extends to various applications, including power generation plants
transmission and distribution networks, and consumer end utility areas.

Types of Circuit Breakers

According to their installation According to the operating According to the voltage level of
location: mechanism: installation:
1. Outdoor circuit breaker.​ 1. Spring-operated circuit breaker.​​ 1. High voltage circuit breaker.​
2. Indoor breaker. 2. Pneumatic circuit breaker.​​ 2. Medium voltage circuit breaker.​
3. Hydraulic circuit breaker.​ 3. Low voltage circuit breaker.
Main Types of Circuit Breaker

Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)

Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) is widely used and take necessary part in house wiring . They have
the advantage that they can be manually reset without having to replace wire as in the case of the
traditional fuse.
Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)
Residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) is an electrical wiring device that disconnects a circuit whenever it
detects that the electric current is not balanced. Such an imbalance is sometimes caused by current
leakage and in particular, an RCD alone can't detect overload conditions and short circuits.

Mounded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)

A Mounded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) breaker will automatically trip when the current through it
exceeds a pre-determined value. A circuit can be connected or disconnected using a circuit breaker by
manually moving the operating handle to the ON or OFF position.
Some general guidelines for choosing a circuit breaker are:​
• For high voltage applications (> 72.5 kV), they have high breaking capacity and insulation strength.​
• For medium voltage applications (1 kV to 72.5 kV), vacuum or SF6 circuit breakers are preferred, as they
have low arc energy and noise level, and high reliability and durability.​
• For low voltage applications (< 1 kV), air or miniature circuit breakers are preferred, as they have a high speed of
operation and low cost of installation and maintenance.​
MARKET SURVEY

BRAND – SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC (French multinational company that specializes in automation and energy management)

ELECTRICAL PANELS
• Digital ammmeter, voltmetre and frequencemetre

• Supply voltage: 230 V.

• Operating frequency: 50/60 Hz.
• Display by red LED: 3 digits.
• Consumption: 0.3 VA.
• Connection: 2.5 mm² cables.

1. LV switchboard

BlokSet is low voltage switchboard for power distribution and

motor control up to 7000A
2. Modular enclosure

• Weatherproof , Time savings , Connection convenience, ease of handling, and transport.

• Easy to install Ideal for installation of push buttons, sockets, and many other non-modular
switchgear.

3. Prefabricated LV distribution system

System M: Floor Standing

· Available upto 4000A with Icw upto 85kA/1s
· Standard height 2000mm
· Width 300/400/600/600+200/800mm & Depth 400/600/800/1000mm

System L: Wall Mounted (Pak and full kit versions)

· Available upto 630A with Icw upto 25kA/1s
· 8 different heights (from 300mm to 1850mm)
· Width 300/600mm and Depth 235/305mm

1. Miniature circuit breaker

• Nominal current: 0.5A to 63A

• Avoids false insertion of cables and loose termination with Pull up terminals
• Easy Installation: Bi – connect terminals
• Increased service life: Fast Closing mechanism
• Environmentally friendly with 100% recyclable & recoverable materials.
CABLES AND WIRES
Types Of Electrical Wires
There are several types of electrical wires in the market, and each variety is used for a distinct purpose.

NAME USAGE THICKNESS VOLTAGE

PVC wire In electrical equipment 0.8mm , 1.02mm Low or medium voltage
1.5mm to 2.05
Single and multi strand In hanging lights and cctv or areas exposed 1.5mm , 2.5mm, -
wire to climate . Used as telecommunication 4mm
wire.
Flexible wire Domestic and commercial area. 2.59mm , 2.3mm -
Old landline wires ,2.05mm, 1.8mm
Feeder wire For equipment like provide electricity to 1.08mm , 1.1mm Low to high voltage
MCBs 1.21mm
Non metallic coated wire For wiring inside homes 0.8mm , 1.2mm Low or medium voltage

Automotive primary wire Withstand extreme heat so used in 0.8mm to 1.5mm -

automobile and wiring of lamps, tail light
and interiors
Flat cord wires Used in portable moving electrical 0.28mm ,0.3mm -
equipments 0.4mm , 0.6mm
Electrical sockets and switches
Types Of switches

FLUSH MOUNTED LIGHT SWITCHES AND SOCKET

NAME APPLICATION AND BENEFITS

NEO range light switch Light touch buttons equipped with LED backlight,allow users to
locate the switch in a dark environment.
User are able to control manually or through remote also.

ZENcelo Full flat sleek and stylish design. Switch stays in the same
position whether on ON or OFF and can be swiftly operated with
one simple motion.

ULTI Light touch buttons equipped with LED backlight, allow users
to locate the switch in a dark environment. Can be operated
manually or through remote.
Cover plates are available with Brush Silver, Pearl White ,
champagne gold and glass cover plates.
NAME APPLICATION AND BENEFITS
Opale Satin finish and easy to install.
Used in all residential and non -residential building.

AvatorON Sleek design and easy to install and we can find the cover
which matches our interior.
Swiches glows with white flourecent light so easy to find
switch at night

Unica pue Square and sleek design with cover frames made of wood , metal
and glass.