Protective Elements in Power Systems

Protective Elements in
power systems
OBJECTIVE OF POWER SYSTEM
PROTECTION
• To isolate a faulty section of electrical power system from rest of the
live system so that the rest portion can function satisfactorily without
any severer damage due to fault current.
COMPONENTS OF POWER SYSTEM NEEDS TO BE
PROTECTED.
• GENERATORS
• TRANSFORMERS
• BUS-BARS
• TRANSMISSION LINES
Switch Gear
• The apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting the
electrical circuits and equipment is known as switchgear.
They contain :-
• Switches
• Fuse
• Circuit breaker
• Relays etc.
FUSES
• A fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial
device to provide overcurrent protection.
• A fuse interrupts an excessive current so that further damage by
overheating or fire is prevented.
Electrical Fuse
• “An electrical fuse is a weakest part of an electrical circuit which breaks when
more than predetermined current flows through it. “
• If fault occurs in the network, the network current crosses the rated limits.
• This high current may have very high thermal effect which will cause a
permanent damage to the valuable equipment connected in the electrical
network.
• So this high fault current should be interrupted as fast as possible.
• Fuse Wire
• The function of fuse wire is to carry the normal current without excessive
heating but more than normal current when pass through fuse wire, it rapidly
heats up and melts.
Circuit Breaker
• A switching device which can be operated manually as well as automatically
for controlling and protection of electrical power system respectively
• During short circuit fault or any other types of electrical fault these equipment as
well as the power network suffer a high stress of fault current in them which
may damage the equipment and networks permanently.
• For saving these equipment and the power networks the fault current should be
cleared from the system as quickly as possible.
• So for timely disconnecting and reconnecting different parts of power system
network for protection and control, there must be some special type of switching
devices which can be operated safely under huge current carrying condition.
• During interruption of huge current, there would be large arcing in between
switching contacts, so care should be taken to quench these arcs in circuit
breaker in safe manner.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by Overcurrent/overload
or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after
Protective relays detect faults condition.
• The commonly-available preferred values for the rated current are 6 A, 10
A, 13 A, 16 A, 20 A, 25 A, 32 A, 40 A, 50 A, 63 A, 80 A, 100 A and 125 A.
• The circuit breaker is labelled with the
rated current in amperes, but without
the unit symbol "A". Instead, the ampere
figure is preceded by a letter "B", "C" or "D",
which indicates the instantaneous tripping current
Working Principle
• The circuit breaker mainly consists of fixed contacts and moving contacts.
• In normal "on" condition of circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically
connected to each other due to applied mechanical pressure on the moving
contacts.
• There is an arrangement stored potential energy in the operating mechanism
of circuit breaker which is realized if switching signal given to the breaker.
The potential energy can be stored in the circuit breaker by different ways like
by deforming metal spring, by compressed air, or by hydraulic pressure.
• The circuit breaker has to carry large rated or fault power.
• Due to this large power there is always dangerously high arcing between
moving contacts and fixed contact during operation of circuit breaker.
Fuse or Circuit Breaker
Fuses
–Component Protection often Possible
–Replacement required
–Not suitable for high ratings
Circuit Breakers
–Arc Flash Mitigation
–Selective Coordination
–Maintenance Requirements
–High reliability
–Suitable for all ratings
–Costly
RELAYS
• A protective relay is a compact device designed to sense the
abnormal condition and trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected
Protective Relays
• A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the
operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from
the rest of the system.
• The relays detect the abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits by
constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are different
under normal and fault conditions.
Earthing and Grounding
WHAT IS GROUNDING OR EARTHING?
“ To connect the metallic (conductive)
Parts of an Electric appliance or
installations to the earth (ground) is
called Earthing or Grounding “ To
connect the metallic parts of electric
machinery and devices to the earth plate
or earth electrode (which is buried in the
moisture earth) through a thick conductor
wire (which has very low resistance) for
safety purpose is known as Earthing or
grounding.
WHY EARTHING IS IMPORTANT?
• •The primary purpose of earthing is to avoid or minimize the danger
of electrocution, fire due to earth leakage of current through
undesired path and to ensure that the potential of a current carrying
conductor does not rise with respect to the earth than its designed
insulation.
• •When the metallic part of electrical appliances comes in contact
with a live wire, maybe due to failure of installations or failure in cable
insulation, the metal become charged and static charge accumulates
on it. If a person touches such a charged metal, the result is a severe
shock.
BASIC NEEDS OF EARTHING
• •To protect human lives as well as provide safety to electrical devices

and appliances from leakage current.
• •To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If fault occurs on
any one phase).
• •To protect Electric system and buildings from lighting.
• •To serve as a return conductor in electric traction system and
communication.
• •To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation systems.
POINTS TO BE EARTHED
• •Earth pin of 3-pin lighting plug sockets and 4-pin power plug should be efficiently and
permanently earthed.
• •All metal casing or metallic coverings containing or protecting any electric supply line
or apparatus such as GI pipes and conduits enclosing VIR or PVC cables, iron clad
switches, iron clad distribution fuse boards etc. should be earthed (connected to earth).
• •The frame of every generator, stationary motors and metallic parts of all transformers
used for controlling energy should be earthed by two separate and yet distinct
connections with the earth.
• •In a dc 3-wire system, the middle conductors should be earthed at the generating
station.
• •Stay wires that are for overhead lines should be connected to earth by connecting at least
one strand to the earth wires.
METHODS OF EARTHING
• Plate Earthing
• In plate earthing system, a plate made
up of either copper with dimensions
60cm x 60cm x 3.18mm (i.e. 2ft x 2ft
x 1/8 in) or galvanized iron (GI) of
dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 6.35 mm
(2ft x 2ft x ¼ in) is buried vertical in
the earth (earth pit) which should not
be less than 3m (10ft) from the ground
level.
METHODS OF EARTHING
Pipe Earthing
• A Galvanized steel and a perforated
pipe of approved length and
diameter is placed vertically in a wet
soil in this kind of system of earthing.
It is the most common system of
earthing. The size of pipe to use
depends on the magnitude of current
and the type of soil. The dimension of
the pipe is usually 40mm (1.5in) in
diameter and 2.75m (9ft) in length
for ordinary soil or greater for dry
and rocky soil. The moisture of the
soil will determine the length of the
pipe to be buried but usually it
should be 4.75m (15.5ft).
Rod Earthing
• A copper rod of 12.5mm (1/2 inch) diameter or 16mm (0.6in)
diameter of galvanized steel or hollow section 25mm (1inch) of GI
pipe of length above 2.5m (8.2 ft) are buried upright in the earth
manually or with the help of a pneumatic hammer.
GROUND & NEUTRAL
• •Ground or earth in a mains (AC power) electrical wiring system is a

conductor that provides a low-impedance path back to the source to
prevent hazardous voltages from appearing on equipment. Under
normal conditions, a grounding conductor does not carry current.
• •Neutral is a circuit conductor that normally carries current, and is
connected to ground (earth) at the main electrical panel. All neutral
wires of the same earthed electrical system should have the same
electrical potential, because they are all connected through the
system ground.

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• •To protect human lives as well as provide safety to electrical devices

• •Ground or earth in a mains (AC power) electrical wiring system is a

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