Tarea 5 - Dominguez Castro Rocío

Nombre: Rocío Domínguez Castro
Grupo: 2ª
Tema: Diagrama, estructuras de material de estudio.
Número de tarea: 5
Fecha: 19/03/2024
1. Clasificación de los aceros inoxidables.

La forma más común de clasificar los aceros inoxidables es por la estructura
cristalográfica o microestructura del material, se dividen en 5 familias.
a) Austeníticos (FCC).
b) Ferríticos (BCC).
c) Martensíticos (Tetragonal centrada en el cuerpo).
d) Doble fase o Dúplex (Austeno-ferríticos y Ferríticos-martensíticos).
Los aceros tipo AISI 302 (17% Cr, 8% Ni) y AISI 304 (18% Cr, 8% Ni) se consideran
aleaciones básicas de los aceros inoxidables austeníticos. La composición
particular de estos aceros debido al contenido mínimo de níquel (por lo tanto, un
menor costo) requerido para retener la fase γ a temperatura ambiente; de manera
que para bajos o altos contenidos de Cr la adición de más níquel es requerido [1]
2. Diagrama de fases
Ferrita (α): A bajas temperaturas, las aleaciones de hierro-cromo pueden consistir

principalmente en la fase ferrítica (α). En el diagrama, la región de ferrita se
encuentra en la parte izquierda a bajas temperaturas y bajas concentraciones de
cromo.
Austenita (γ): A temperaturas más altas, la fase austenítica (γ) puede formarse.
Esta fase es importante para los aceros inoxidables, ya que contribuye a la
resistencia a la corrosión. En el diagrama, la región de austenita se encuentra en la
parte derecha a altas temperaturas y concentraciones de cromo.
Zona (α + γ): Entre las regiones de ferrita y austenita, hay una zona llamada "zona
de dos fases" o "zona (α + γ)" donde coexisten ambas fases. La presencia de esta
zona se debe a que la estructura de la aleación puede ser una mezcla de ferrita y
austenita en ciertas condiciones.
Delta Ferrita (δ): En algunas aleaciones de hierro-cromo, especialmente con altos
contenidos de cromo, puede aparecer una fase llamada "delta ferrita" (δ) en
ciertos intervalos de temperatura y composición. Esta fase es una forma de ferrita
con propiedades específicas
3. Composición química del 316L
[1]
4. Propiedades mecánicas del 316L
[1]
5. Microestructura del 316L
[1]
The first visible feature is the curved border of melt pools, which is the typical AM
microstructural characteristic as a consequence of the Gaussian distribution of laser
energy (Figure 4a). It is also clear that the temperature gradients in the direction
perpendicular to the curvedmelt pool borders are intense and accordingly lead to the
formation of amarked directional growth of the dendrites from the melt pool borders
and converging towards the center of the melt pool (Figure 4b). On the contrary, at
the central part of the melt pool, owing to the change of heat transfer mode, equiaxed
dendrites are more likely to form. Regarding the whole section of the deposited
component, as a consequence of the complex heat transfer during the DED process
of this alloy, it is found that the columnar structure growing in the direction of the
maximum thermal gradient dominates in the middle height of the sample, whereas
in the last deposited layers the cellular structure is present This variation in the of
components along the building direction results in the oscillation in the
microhardness values along the building direction [2]
The joint fabricated by FSS filler metal contains solidified ferritic grains (Figure 6)
but, the joint fabricated by DSS filler metal contains solidified austenitic structure in
the ferrite matrix (Figure 7). Hence GTADSS have higher strength when compared
to GTAFSS, because GTADSS has both the austenitic and ferritic matrix. From the
above micrographs the fine grains are displayed in duplex stainless steel filler metal
compared to the ferritic stainless steel filler metal [3]
the microstructure of this steel consists of coaxial
austenite grains with delta ferrite strings. Some
annealing twins are also visible in the
microstructure. In a sense, austenite is the
predominant phase in the BM microstructure of
the steel. In fact, the presence of austenite in the
microstructure of this steel is related to the
presence of a high amount of nickel in the
chemical composition of the steel. Also, as the
steel of this study was prepared under annealed
condition, it can be seen from the micrographs of
Fig. 2 that the austenite grains are coaxial.
However, delta ferrite strings are still stretched
and elongated in the rolling direction. This type of
ferrite is usually formed due to the separation of
ferrite forming elements such as molybdenum
and chromium during the thermomechanical
process,
As can be seen in this figure, the WM
microstructure is austenitic-ferritic. It is consisted
of elongated columnar structure and coaxial
structure as well. In fact, the images indicate that
the WM solidification character in the welding
joint is austenitic-ferritic (AF). And changing the
welding current mode from the continuous to the pulsed mode altered the
morphology of the grains from
the columnar configuration to
the very fine and coaxial one.
Besides, by comparing the
two images of Fig. 3, it can be
realized that the use of the
pulsed current, relative to the
continuous current, has led to
a drastic reduction in the
grain size of the austenitic
WM. This is more evident in
the EBDS images of Fig. 4.
Moreover, by changing the
welding current mode from
the continuous to the pulsed
one, the amount of delta
ferrite decreased, and at the
same time, they were well
dispersed in the
microstructure [4]
[1] Leal Alanis Sergio Alejandro, “CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ACEROS
INOXIDABLES Y ESTUDIO DE SU RESISTENCIA MECÁNICA Y
CONFORMABILIDAD”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San nicolás
de los garza, Nuevo León., 2011.
[2] A. A. Saboori Abdollah, “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI
316L Produced by Directed Energy Deposition-Based Additive Manufacturing:
A Review”, applied sciences, abr. 2020.
[3] P. K. Amudarasan N.V., “Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L Austenitic
Stainless Steels Welded by GTAW”, Adv Mat Res, vol. 849, 2014.
[4] S. M. Reza Tabrizi Taraneh., “Comparing the effect of continuous and pulsed
current in the GTAW process of AISI 316L stainless steel welded joint:
microstructural evolution, phase equilibrium, mechanical properties and
fracture mode”, Elsevier, 2021.

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Nombre: Rocío Domínguez Castro

1. Clasificación de los aceros inoxidables.

Ferrita (α): A bajas temperaturas, las aleaciones de hierro-cromo pueden consistir

3. Composición química del 316L

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