COMPUTER SCIENCE

SUBJECT : COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON (083)

STANDARD : 11 ACADEMIC YEAR : 21 – 22

UNIT : COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATION

S. SHUNMUGA SUNDARAM M.E/CSE

 TOPICS TO BE COVERED
•Computer
•Advantages & Disadvantages
•Components of computer
•Hardware devices
•Software devices
•Function of computers
•Process
•Storage
 BASICS OF COMPUTER
COMPUTER
• ElectroMechanical device
• Data are raw numbers - Meaningless.
• Information is data that has been converted into a meaningful and useful
context.
Advantages of computer
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Huge storage
• Versatility (Adaptability)
• Tirelessness (Diligence)
Disadvantages
• Data security issue
• Computer crimes
• Health risk
• Bad impact on environment if not properly disposed off

COMPUTER COMPONENTS
• Hardware COMPONENTS

• Software

HARDWARE SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
• Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements/parts
• Physical objects & can be touched
 Monitor
 Mouse
 Keyboard
 Computer data storage
 Hard drive disk (HDD)
 System unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and
chips), etc.,
SOFTWARE
• Computer software is the collection of intangible elements
• Invisible objects & can’t be touched
 Operating System (Windows, Linux, Android , IOS etc.,)
 Word Processor (Msword, MsExcel, PDF Editior etc.,)
 Audio/Video Players
 Image Processing software (Pagemaker, Coreldraw, Photoshop etc.,)
 FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

STORAGE
 FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER
Input
 The process of data feeding by the user
Process
 The actual work done in computers
Output
 The result of user’s task
Storage
 The process of saving data
 RECAPITULATION
•Computer
•Advantages & Disadvantages
•Components of computer
•Hardware devices
•Software devices
•Function of computers
•Process
•Storage
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED
•Basic Computer Organization
•Input Unit
•Output Unit
•Processing Unit
•ALU, CU, Registers
•Memory Unit
•Primary Memory, Secondary Memory, Cache
Memory
BASICS COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
Input Unit
A device through which data and programs from the
outside world enter the computer system.
Keyboard
Mouse
Microphone
Camera
Optical Character Reader(OCR)
Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)
Punch Card etc.,
Output unit
A device through which results stored in the
computer memory are made available outside
the computer system.
Monitor
Printers
Plotters
Speakers etc.,
 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
• The main Control Unit and Processing Unit
• It directs, guides, controls and governs the performance of a
computer
CPU

Components of CPU
• Arithmetic and Logical Unit
ALU CU
• Control Unit
• Registers
REGISTERS
Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
• Performs the following
 Arithmetic operations
 Addition (+)
 Subtraction (-)
 Multiplication (*)
 Division (/)
ALU
 Modulo Division (%)
 Logical Operations
 Less Than (<)
 Less Than or Equal to (<=) MEMORY
 Greater Than (>)
 Greater Than or Equal to (>=)
 Not Equal to (!= or <>)
 Equal to (=)
Control Unit (CU)
• Controls the following
 Sequence of Execution
 Flow of execution
 Input devices
 Output Devices the flow of execution
 Allocating Memory
 Deallocating Memory
 Synchronize the Hardware and Software components
Registers
• A small units of data holding places
• Temporarily holding some data for execution
• CPU may store some part of data / address / information
 RECAPITULATION
•Basic Computer Organization
•Input Unit
•Output Unit
•Processing Unit
•ALU
•CU
•Registers
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED
•MEMORY
•MEMORY UNITS
•TYPES OF MEMORY
•PARTS OF MAIN MEMORY
•TYPES OF RAM
•TYPES OF ROM
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED
•MEMORY
• The memory of the computer often called as primary memory
• It is place to store data for execution
• Information and data are in memory is temporary
• Each memory location has unique address
• When the task is performed, it clears the memory
• When the power is Off, everything stored in the memory gets erased
• It cannot be recalled
• Volatile
• Contents of the memory is lost when the computer is shut down
•Memory Units
• An elementary unit of the memory is called a “bit”
• A group of 4 bits known as “Nibble”
• A group of 8 bits know as “Byte”
• Each cell is assigned unique address

Cell-2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Cell-1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
•Memory Units
Unit Short Name Full Name

1bit Bit Binary Digit

4bits 1 Nibble Nibble
8bits 1 Byte Byte
1024B 1KB 1 Kilo Bytes
1024KB 1MB 1 Mega Bytes
1024MB 1GB 1 Giga Bytes
1024GB 1TB 1 Tera Bytes
1024TB 1PB 1 Peta Bytes
1024PB 1EB 1 Exa Bytes
1024EB 1 ZB 1 Zeta Bytes
Types of Memory
•Parts of Main Memory
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read Only Memory)

PRIMARY MEMORY

RAM ROM
•RAM (Random Access Memory)
The memory cells can be accessed for information transfer from any
desired random location.
Data that is required for imminent processing is moved to RAM where it
can be accessed and modified very quickly, so that the CPU is not kept
waiting.
• Volatile
• When the power goes off, the data or information erased from
memory location
• Temporary memory
•Types of RAM
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Static RAM (SRAM)
Dynamic Ram
• Consists of transistors and capacitors that’s capable of storing
an electric charge
• Depending on the switching action of the transistor
• Capacitor can hold either charge ‘0’ or charge ‘1’
• Memory Access time of DRAM is 60 – 70 Nano seconds
• Volatile
Dynamic Ram
• DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM, and it is the most common
type of RAM used in computers.
• The oldest type is known as single data rate (SDR) DRAM
• Newer types is dual data rate (DDR) DRAM. DDR comes in
several versions including DDR2 , DDR3, and DDR4,
• Offer better performance and are more energy efficient than
DDR.
• DRAM consists of a transistor and a capacitor in each cell.
Static Ram
• Consists of flip-flops
• Flip-flops are used for storing one bit information
• No need any special regenerator circuits to retain the stored
data
• The stored information is valid up power off
• SRAM stands for Static RAM
• It is faster than DRAM, but more expensive and bulker, having
six transistors in each cell. For those reasons SRAM is generally
only used as a data cache within a CPU itself
• SRAM is faster than DRAM
Differences between DRAM and SRAM
ROM Memory
• ROM stands for read-only memory
• Data cannot normally be written to it.
• It is a very fast type of computer memory which is
usually installed close to the CPU on the motherboard.
• ROM is a type of non-volatile memory, which means
that the data stored in ROM persists in the memory
even when it receives no power
• For example when the computer is turned off. Data not
lost within the ROM.
ROM Memory
Types of ROM
• PROM
• EPROM
• EEPROM
PROM
• PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only
Memory, a
• It is different from true ROM
• A PROM is manufactured in an empty state and
then programmed later using a PROM programmer
or burner.
EPROM
•EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-
Only Memorys
•Data stored in an EPROM can be erased and the
EPROM reprogrammed.
•Erasing an EPROM involves removing it from the
computer and exposing it to ultraviolet light
before re-burning it. UVPROM

EPROM
EAPROM
EEPROM
•It stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory, and the distinction between
EPROM
•To update program code such as firmware or BIOS
code on an occasional basis
 Differences between RAM and ROM
ROM RAM
• Non-volatile • Volatile
• Fast to read • Fast to read and write
• Usually used in small quantities • Used as system memory to store
• Cannot be written to quickly data (including program code) that
• Used to store boot instructions or the CPU needs to process
firmware imminently
• Relatively expensive per megabyte • Relatively cheap per megabyte
stored compared to RAM stored compared to ROM, but
relatively expensive compared to
secondary memory
 •SECONDARY MEMORY (Auxiliary Storage)
• Secondary storage is non-volatile
• long-term storage.
Without secondary storage all programs and data would be lost
the moment the computer is switched off.
• Solid state storage will retain its contents
SECONDARY Ex. USB memory sticks and solid state drives.
STORAGE • Magnetic devices such as hard disk drives use
magnetic fields to magnetise tiny individual sections
of a metal spinning disk
• Optical devices use a laser to scan the surface of a
SOLID STATE OPTICAL MAGNETIC
spinning disc made from metal and plastic.
STORAGE STORAGE STORAGE
SECONDARY MEMORY Examples
Solid-State Drives
• Hard Disks
• Floppy Disks
Optical Drives
• CD-ROM (CD-R, CD-RW)
• DVD (DVD-R, DVD-RW)
• Blue-ray Disk (BD)
Flash memories
• USB pen / Thumb Drives