Chapter 4-Population-Biology Concepts

Population Biology
Concepts
ka by Katherine Lopez
What is the country with
the most population?
a. China
b. India
c. Philippines
d. Nigeria
What is the country with
the most population?
b. India with 1,428,627,663

What is the country with the
most male population?
a.Philippines
b.China
c.India
d.Brazil
What is the country with the
most male population?
c. India
How Many Babies Are Born Each Day?
a.Around 85,000 babies are born daily

b.Around 35,000 babies are born daily
c.Around 3,085,000 babies are born daily
d.Around 385,000 babies are born daily
How Many Babies Are Born Each Day?
d. Around 385,000 babies are born

daily
How Many Babies Are Born Each Day in the
Philippines?
On the average, 3,987 babies were

born daily,
166 babies born per hour
approximately three (3) babies
born per minute.
Populations and Individuals
Populations Individuals Interactions

A population is a Individuals are the It refers to the
group of individuals basic units of a effects that the
of the same species population, and organisms in a
that live in a their characteristics, community have on
particular area and such as age, sex, one another.
interact with one and fitness,
another. influence the overall
population
dynamics.
Population Biology
Population biology is the study of the dynamics and
interactions of populations, focusing on patterns of growth,
regulation, and distribution.
Population Ecology
Population ecology is the study of populations within
ecosystems, including their size, structure, distribution, and
how they change over time.
Demography
The statistical study of populations and how they
change over time.
Demographic Characteristics of Populations
Natality Mortality Age Structure Sex Ratio

The rate of birth The rate of death The distribution The relative
or addition of or removal of of individuals proportion of
new individuals individuals from a within a males and
to a population. population. population based females within a
on their age. population.
What country has the highest birth rate in the world?
Niger has the highest birth rate in the world, 44.7
births per 1,000 people annually.
What country has the lowest birth rate?

Vatican City has the lowest birth rate in the world, 4.4
births per 1,000 people annually
Which country has the highest death rate?
Bulgaria has the highest death rate in the world.
Which country has the lowest death rate?

Qatar is the country that has the lowest death rate in
the world.
Population Size
Is the number of individuals in the population
World 8,118,835,999 4,079,164,815 4,039,671,184
Philippines 118,857,364 as of Sunday, May 12, 2024

Population Density
Population density refers to the number of individuals
individuals per unit area or volume.
The population density in the Philippines is

394 per Km2 (1,019 people per mi2)
Measuring Population Size
Mark-recapture method
Quadrat Method
This method involves capturing a sample of
A quadrat can be made by staking out an area
animals and marking them in some way, then, the
area with sticks and string or by using a wood,
marked animals are released back into the
wood, plastic, or metal square placed on the
environment and allowed to mix with the rest of
the ground
the population.
Population Growth
Population growth, in population ecology, is a change in the
number of members of a certain plant or animal species in a
particular location during a particular time.
Factors affecting population growth include
1 Fertility
ability of an individual or couple to reproduce through normal
sexual activity
2 Mortality
is the frequency of death in a population.
3 Migration
is the regular, usually seasonal, movement of all or part of an
animal population to and from a given area.
Population Growth Rate
This is the average change in a population over time.
A Positive growth rate indicates a population increase, and a
Negative growth rate indicates a population decrease.

Models of Population Growth
1 Exponential Growth 2 Logarithmic Growth (Logistic Growth)
- occurs when a population grows at - describes a population that initially
a constant rate over time, resulting grows exponentially but then slows
in a J-shaped curve. down as it reaches the carrying
capacity of the environment
resulting in an S-shaped curve.
Example
If there is an absence of natural Example
predators and unlimited A population of tilapia in a controlled
resources, a population of an fishpond will experience logistic growth
invasive species can grow as the fish reach the pond's carrying
exponentially. capacity and their growth rate
decreases.
Models of Population Growth
1 Exponential Growth 2 Logarithmic Growth (Logistic Growth)
J-shaped curve S-shaped curve
Factors Affecting Population Density
1 Density- Dependent Factors 2 Density-Independent Factors
- competition for resources - natural disasters

- Predation - climate change
- competition - human activities
- disease - Temperature
- territoriality. - Rainfall
- reproduction of individuals
Species Distribution
Species Dispersion Patterns
Uniform Dispersion Pattern

Factors like competition, predation, and disease can act as density-dependent mechanisms to
regulate population size.
Random Dispersion Pattern

Environmental factors such as climate, resource availability, and natural disasters can also
influence population regulation as density-independent mechanisms.
Clumped Dispersion Pattern

The interplay between biotic and abiotic factors can create complex feedback loops that contribute
to the regulation of population size and dynamics.
Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity refers to the maximum number of individuals
in a species that an environment can sustainably support over
the long term. It is determined by factors such as availability of
resources (food, water, shelter), space, and the impact of other
organisms within the ecosystem.
In our rich and diverse
ecosystems, such as the rice
terraces in Banaue, carrying
capacity is a crucial concept for
managing the sustainable use of
resources to support local
communities.
“ The Secretariat has

been informed by independent
experts of the negative impact
on the site and its inhabitants
due to increasing tourism
while the site’s carrying
capacity remains inadequate.”
Human Population Dynamics
1 Birth Rates Migration

3
- the number of live births per - refers to the movement of people
1,000 people in a population per in or out of a specific geographic
year area
Death Rates Economic Factors

2 4
- also known as mortality rate, is - poverty, employment opportunities,
the number of deaths per 1,000 and cost of living
people in a population per year
5 Cultural Factors
- religious beliefs and traditional
values about family size and gender
roles also play a key role.
Impact of
Population
Growth
Applications of Population Biology
Conservation Public Health
Natural Resource Ecological

Management Restoration
Addressing Population Challenges
Education Healthcare Sustainable International

Development Cooperation
Investing in education, Improving access to
especially for women and quality healthcare, Integrating population- Global collaboration and
girls, can help reduce including family planning population-related and the sharing of best
fertility rates and planning services, can considerations into best practices can help
empower populations to support sustainable development policies and help nations address
make informed choices. population growth and and practices can help population-related issues
and better health address the challenges of issues more effectively.
outcomes. challenges of population effectively.
population growth.
1 Current Trends of Population in the Philippines
2 Challenges and Opportunities
Conclusion
3
How can we apply the concept of carrying capacity
to make better environmental decisions?
References:
1.Khan, Sal. Population Ecology: Retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/population-ecology/a/population-size-
density-and-dispersal
2.Huber, H. and Laake, J. (2002). Trends and status of harbor seals in Washington state: 1978-99. In
AFSC Quarterly Report, 1-13. Retrieved from
http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Quarterly/ond2002/ond02feature.pdf.
3. Skalski, J. R., Ryding, K. E., and Millspaugh, J. J. (2005). Figure 7.7. Coastal estuarine harbor seal
abundance in Washington state, 1975-1999. In Wildlife demography: Analysis of sex, age, and
count data. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
4. Population dynamics. (2016, May 5). Retrieved May 5, 2024 from Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_dynamics.
5. National Geographic: Retrieved May 4, 2024 from
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/resource-library-carrying-capacity/
6. Media Title: carrying capacity and exponential versus logistic population growth
Website Name: Encyclopædia Britannica, Publisher: Encyclopædia Britannica
URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/carrying-capacity/images-
videos#/media/1/97118/158213:Access Date: May 7, 2024
7. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/birth-rate-by-country

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Population Biology

b. India with 1,428,627,663

a.Around 85,000 babies are born daily

d. Around 385,000 babies are born

On the average, 3,987 babies were

Populations Individuals Interactions

Natality Mortality Age Structure Sex Ratio

What country has the lowest birth rate?

Which country has the lowest death rate?

Philippines 118,857,364 as of Sunday, May 12, 2024

The population density in the Philippines is

A Positive growth rate indicates a population increase, and a

Negative growth rate indicates a population decrease.

1 Density- Dependent Factors 2 Density-Independent Factors

- competition for resources - natural disasters

Uniform Dispersion Pattern

Random Dispersion Pattern

Clumped Dispersion Pattern

“ The Secretariat has

1 Birth Rates Migration

Death Rates Economic Factors

Conservation Public Health

Natural Resource Ecological

Education Healthcare Sustainable International

2 Challenges and Opportunities

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