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Morphology 2 Allomorphy Rules Inflection Derivation

The document discusses morphology, including allomorphy, derivation vs. inflection, and morphological analysis. It provides examples of allomorphy in English plural and Turkish morphemes. It also covers morphological rules and trees.

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5 views

Morphology 2 Allomorphy Rules Inflection Derivation

The document discusses morphology, including allomorphy, derivation vs. inflection, and morphological analysis. It provides examples of allomorphy in English plural and Turkish morphemes. It also covers morphological rules and trees.

Uploaded by

cowox50150
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Morphology

Allomorphy, derivation versus in ection, morphological analysis

Ling 111 Structure of Language March 12, 2024


Allomorphy

• allomorph
• versions of the same morpheme that occur in di erent forms
depending on the environment in which they occur

• I’d love to read a book over the weekend.

• Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia.


•I’d love to read a book over the weekend.

• Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia.

• Do the meanings of the boldfaced morphemes di er?

• What is the formal di erence between them?

•What determines which form occurs?

ff
Allomorphy

• phonologically conditioned allomorphy - allomorphy that is conditioned by the


phonological environment in which the morpheme occurs (e.g. the surrounding
sounds)

• predictable
• lexically conditioned allomorphy - allomorphy that is conditioned by the root
• not predictable
• lexically conditioned allomorphy
• What kind of allomorphy is demonstrated by the English plural su x?
Singular Plural

(1) [s] book books


cat cats

nap naps

(2) [z] paper papers

dog dogs

meal meals

(3) [ɪz] or [əz] niece nieces

horse horses

eyelash eyelashes
• Transcribe all of the examples in IPA.

• Can you state a generalization about where each of the allomorphs of the
English plural morpheme occurs?
English plural

• [-s] occurs after voiceless segments (except for the sibilants [s], [ʃ], and
[tʃ])

• [-z] occurs after voiced segments (except for the sibilants [z], [ʒ], and [dʒ])

• [-ɪz] occurs after sibilants.


• What are the allomorphs for the Turkish morpheme meaning ‘in/at’?

• Describe the distribution of the allomorphs as generally as possible.


Morphological rules
Morphological rules

•We write morphological rules in order to describe what is going on morphologically in such
a way that someone could use your rule to build new words.

•The productive nature of morphology allows us to predict new forms.


• Similarly to how we write syntactic rules such as “a
sentence consists of a subject and a verb,” a
morphological rule speci es:
• the required and optional components in a well-formed
word of the langauge under consideration
• the order in which they must occur

fi
• Recall the morphological rule we wrote last time for English plural nouns.

Plural Noun → Root Noun + -s

• -s here means plural morpheme


• Of course, -s (plural) occurs in di erent forms, as we have seen.
• To some extents, the phonology takes care of this.
• But, 2 di erences!
1. involves two di erent phonemes, /s/ and /z/

2. is speci c to contexts involving multiple morphemes


fi
ff
ff
ff
1. Involves two di erent phonemes

•Compare a strictly allophonic alternation, such as [th] in top versus [t] in stop.

2. Speci c to morpheme boundary

• pulse /pʌls/ versus pills /pɪlz/.


fi
ff
• sandhi - phonemic alternations that occur speci cally at morpheme boundaries.

• morphophonemics (morphophonology) - the study of how morphological factors


a ect pronunciation
ff
• See handout
Now let’s write a morphological rule for Michoacan Aztec words in this data set.

Attempt 1:

• Word→ no+Noun
• Word→ i+Noun
• Word → Noun + mes…
• (and so on for each word)
• Do these rules give us a general statement about how words are built in
Michoacan Aztec?

• No!
• Question: Why is a list like the one on the previous slide undesirable in
linguistic analysis?
Morphological rule, Version 2

Word → Possessor + Root + Plural

Morphological rule, Version 3

Word → (Possessor) + Root + (Plural)


•
Morphological trees
Drawing morphological trees

• Roots are always directly below a part of speech label.

• All words created by adding a pre x or su x to a root (or stem) are labeled with their part
of speech.

• A xes are added to stems one at a time. That is, no part of speech label has more than
two lines below it (we call these lines branches).
ffi
fi
ffi

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