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Lattice Framework

The document discusses wind load factors and pressure coefficients used for structural design. It provides area averaging factors and coefficients for different building shapes. It also discusses calculating wind loads on individual structural elements and cladding units by accounting for pressure differences between faces.

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SajidAliKhan
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21 views

Lattice Framework

The document discusses wind load factors and pressure coefficients used for structural design. It provides area averaging factors and coefficients for different building shapes. It also discusses calculating wind loads on individual structural elements and cladding units by accounting for pressure differences between faces.

Uploaded by

SajidAliKhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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lattice frameworks, and trussed towers (triangular, square, rectangular) a factor of 0.

90 may be used on
the design wind pressure. For circular or near-circular forms this factor may be taken as 1.0. taken as
1.0. For the cyclone affected regions also the factor K, shall be 7.2.2. Area Averaging Factor, K, Pressure
coefficients given in 7.3 are a result of averaging the measured pressure. values over a given area, As the
area becomes larger, the correlation of measured values decrease and vice-versa. The decrease in
pressures due to larger areas may be taken into account as given in Table 4. Table 4 Area Averaging
Factor (K,) (Clause 7.2.2) SLNo. a) i) ii) ili) * ‘Tributary Area (A) . mn Q) s10 25 2100 Linear interpolation
for intermediate values of a is permitted. 7.2.2.1 a) b) Tributary area Overall structure — For evaluating
loads on frames the tributary area shall be taken as the centre to centre distances between frames
multiplied by the individual panel dimension in the other direction together with overall pressure
coefficients. individual elements — For beam type elements, purlins, etc, the tributary area shall be
taken as effective span multiplied by spacing. The effective span is the actual span for mid span and
cantilever load effects; and half the sum of adjacent spans for support moments and reactions. For plate
type elements, the area of individual plates © between supports is. taken as the tributary area. For glass
cladding, individual pane area of glass is the tributary area, 7.3 Pressure Coefficients The pressure
coefficients are always given for a particular surface or part of the surface of a building. The wind load
acting normal to a surface is obtained by muitiplying the area of that surface or its appropriate portion
by the pressure coefficient (C,) and the design wind pressure at the height of the surface from the
ground. The average values of these pressure coefficients for some building shapes are given in 7.3.2
and 7.3.3. Average values of pressure coefficients are given for critical wind directions in one or more
quadrants. In order to determine the maximum wind load on the building, the total load should be
calculated for each of the critical directions shown from all quadrants. Where considerable variation of
pressure occurs over a surface, it has been sub-divided and mean pressure coefficients given for each of
its several parts. In addition, areas of high local suction (negative pressure concentration) frequently
occurring near the edges of walls and roofs are separately shown. Coefficients for the local effects
should only be used for calculation of forces on these local areas affecting roof sheeting, glass panels,
and individual cladding units including their fixtures. They should not be used for calculating force on
entire structural elements such as Area Averaging Factor . (Ka)* Gy 1.0 og 0.8 roof, walls or structure as
a whole. NOTES 1 The pressure coefficients given in different tables have been obtained mainly from
measurements on models in wind tunnels, and the great majority of data available has been obtained in
conditions of relatively smdoth flow. Where sufficient field data exists as in the case of rectangular
buildings, values have been obtained to allow for turbulent flow. 2 In recent years, wali glazing and
cladding design has been a source of major concern. Although of less consequence than the collapse of
main structures, damage to glass can be hazardous and cause considerable financial losses. 3 For
pressure coefficients for structures not covered-here, reference may be made to specialist literature on
the subject or advice may be sought from specialists in the subject. 7.3.1 Wind Load on Individual
Members When calculating the wind load on individual structural elements such as roofs and walls, and
individual cladding units and their fittings, it is essential to take account of the pressure difference
between opposite faces of such elements or units. For clad structures, it is, therefore, necessary to know
the internal pressure as well as the external pressure. Then the wind load, #, acting in a direction normal
to the individual structural element or cladding unit is: - ; . where C,. C,; A Py = = _ = =. NOTES 1 F=(C,.—
Cy) 4 Py external pressure coefficient, intemal pressure coefficient, surface area of structural element or
cladding unit, and design wind pressure. ‘ If the surface design pressure varies with height, the surface
areas of the structural element may be sub-divided so that the specified pressures are taken over
appropriate areas. 2 Positive wind load indicates the force acting towards the -structural element and
negative away from

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