How To Test A Three

How to Test a Three-Phase Motor with a Megger?
We use megger to test the insulation level of all the electrical equipment like motor, transformer,
cable, insulator, etc. The value of insulation resistance is expressed in kilo-ohm, Mega-ohm.
The megger consist a DC generator & Ohm meter.
The insulation deteriorates with change in the operating temperature, environment conditions,
aging, etc. Therefore, it is must to check the insulation quality periodically to ensure healthiness
of the electrical equipment.
Insulation resistance test of the motors
 We must first check the megger leads for any physical damage.
 Check the continuity of the megger lead. We can check the continuity of leads while
megger is ON. The zero resistance shows the leads are not open.
 Wiring of the test set up must be OK.
 Check tightness of all the connections.
 Barricade the area where megger test is being performed.
Steps of Performing Megger Test on Motor
 Disconnect the motor from the supply source, and discharge the stator by shorting all the
terminals with ground.
 Connect the megger leads between one stator terminal and motor body.
 Apply twice of the motor operating voltage between one phase and motor body. If Motor
rated voltage is 440 volts, apply voltage 880 volts. We should test the older motor at less
voltage (about 80% of the twice of operating voltage).
 Set the Megger voltage at as defined in step no.3 & press test button on megger. Note
down the insulation resistance value.
 If the megger reads zero, it shown that winding is earth. Pl notes that if Megger value is
zero, it means any of the three winding of stator may be earth. The motor stator is in star
or delta configuration. Therefore, there is no need to test the Megger value (IR value) at
different points of the connection terminal.
 If the insulationresistance value is higher.if 440 volts motor has IR value more than 1
Mega-ohm and above, it means motor winding insulation is good.
 After megger test of motor, we must connect the winding to earth in order to discharge
the buildup voltage of winding.
This is the way we can test a three-phase motor with a megger.
How to test SCR using Multimeter?
For troubleshooting of the electronic card especially the power circuit diagram, knowledge of
SCR testing with the simplest method is a must. The first thing we should know about the leads
of SCR- anode, cathode, and gate. The SCRs are available in different packages To-92, stud
base, discrete plastic, and press pack, and each package has a different pin configuration. For
SCR leads configuration identification, the components data sheet is the best source.
How to Identify the terminals of the SCR
Now, for understanding, we take the SCR TO-92 package for reference.
Identify the terminals of the Multimeter
 Using a P-N junction diode, we can find out the polarity of the multimeter leads. Junction
diode is unidirectional and diode has low resistance in forward biasing and high
resistance in reverse biasing.
 Now, connect the multimeter leads to the anode and cathode of the diode. If the
multimeter reads low resistance then the multimeter lead connected to the anode of the
diode is positive lead and the other lead is negative.
 If ohmmeter reads high resistance then it shows the reverse bias state of the diode. In this
condition, the lead connected to the anode is the negative lead of the multimeter and
the lead connected to the anode is the positive lead of the multimeter.
 Generally, the positive lead of the multimeter has its connection in the red socket of the
multimeter.
Procedure to Test the SCR with the help of Multimeter
1. Keep the multimeter in ohm mode.

2. Connect the positive lead of multimeter to an anode of SCR and negative lead of multimeter
of cathode lead.
3. As per step No. 2, SCR is in forward blocking mode. The SCR does not conduct. In this
condition, the SCR must show infinite resistance and there will be no continuity buzzer.
4. If the resistance of the SCR is high then theSCR is OK as per this test.
5. The SCR if shows continuity in step No.3, the SCR is short circuit and SCR is defective.
6. If SCR passes in step No.3, Further we test it for its gate circuit functionality.
7. Connect the positive lead of the multimeter to the anode terminal and the negative lead of
the multimeter to the cathode of SCR.
8. Now, connect the gate through a wire to the anode. If you recall this is the forward
conduction mode of the SCR. The SCR must be turn on. The resistance measured across
anode and cathode should be zero. If resistance is zero, it means SCR is in conducting mode.
We can say SCR is OK.
9. When the gate lead is removed from the anode, conduction may stop or continue depending
on whether the ohmmeter is supplying enough gate current to keep the device above
its holding current level. If SCR keeps conducting then it is the latching condition of SCR.
Difference between Copper Loss and Iron Loss
The copper loss and iron loss in the transformer are types of electrical losses that take place in
the core and winding of the transformer. The iron loss occurs due to variation of flux density in
the transformer core and copper loss occurs due to I2R in the transformer winding.
The transformer is a static piece of equipment and there are no moving parts in it. Therefore, the
mechanical losses in the transformer are almost nil.
What is loss? If we input X energy to a transformer and if we get X energy at the output, then the
transformer is 100% efficient, which means there are no losses. However, the output cannot be
equal to the input; it is always less than the input. The reason for less output is the losses. During
the power conversion process, some of the energy is lost and in reality, the transformer cannot be
100 % efficient.
Iron Loss in Transformer
1. Hysteresis loss
2. Eddy current loss
What is Hysteresis Loss in Transformer?

The transformer core goes under magnetization and demagnetization process when primary
winding receives alternating voltage. The cyclic reversal of the magnetic core causes heat loss in
the core. The heat loss in the core due to repeated magnetization demagnetization is called
hysteresis loss.
Factors on hysteresis loss depend
1. Maximum flux density

2. Frequency of supply
3. The volume of core material
The transformer hysteresis loss can be reduced by selecting a core material that has lower flux
density and lower weight. The less the area of the BH curve, the less is the hysteresis loss.
Ways of reducing hysteresis loss in the transformer

1. Selecting CRGO core material of less magnetic flux density
2. Operating the transformer at rated voltage and frequency
What is Eddy Current Loss in Transformer?

The flux produced by primary winding travels through the magnetic core. and it links to the
secondary winding. Some part of the flux links to the core and induce voltage of different
magnitude in the core. The difference of voltage causes current to flow from one part of the core
to other parts, The current that circulates between two points of the core is the eddy current. The
core material has certain resistance and energy lost in the core is;
Factors on which eddy current loss depend

1. Maximum flux density in the core
2. Supply frequency
3. The thickness of the lamination
4. Volume of the core material
5. Resistivity of the core material
Ways of reducing eddy current loss in the transformer

1. Operating the transformer at rated voltage and rated frequency
2. Use of thin laminated sheet for transformer core
3. Higher resistivity of the core material
Why Pressure Relief Device (PRD) for Oil Filled Transformer?
Winding of the transformer is housed in the transformer oil tank. The oil is used in the oil filled
transformer for insulation as well as for cooling purpose. In case of the fault inside the
transformer caused by sudden and severe short circuit, the transformer oil gets heated up and
enormous gases are evolved in the transformer tank which cause substantial increase in the
internal pressure develops the pressure in the transformer tank. If the increased pressure is not
vented outside of the transformer tank there may be potential hazard of transformer tank
explosion.
The nominal working pressure of the PRD is 20 kPa to 175 KPa and it can be set in step of 10
kPa. Tolerances are -5 to +7 kPa for 20-90 kPa and +/- 10 kPa for 100-175 kPa.
Polarization Index Test and DAR Test
Polarization index test is 10 minutes to 1 minute’s ratio test of insulation resistance. Similarly,
DAR test is 60 seconds to 30 seconds insulation resistance ratio test.
Polarization Index Test or PI test is conducted on high voltage electrical equipment to ensure
the insulation quality. The polarization index test shows about the dryness and cleanliness of
insulating surface.
Polarization Index Formula
When voltage is applied across insulator the flow of current in the insulator can be broadly
categorized into four categories. There are four components of current decides the polarization
index of insulating materials.
Capacitive Current (IC)
Insulator acts as a capacitor. When the DC voltage is applied to capacitor, it draws high charging
current and when the all the dielectric gets polarized the current reduced to zero. The charging
current decays at exponential rate. In case of generator or motor winding, the charging current
decays at faster rates and it effectively decays to zero in less than 10 seconds. The IR value must
be taken after decay of capacitive charging current for correct measurement of insulation
resistance.
Conduction Current (IR)
This current is due to the flow of electrons between the conducting material and the insulating
material. This is galvanic current through ground wall. Such a current can flow if the ground wall
has absorbed moisture, which can happen on the older thermoplastic insulation systems.
What should be the Minimum PI (Polarization Index) Value?
Interpretation of Polarization
Index results
Condition of item under

PI
test
1 Hazardous
1 – 1.5 Bad
1.5 – 2.0 Doubtful
2.0 – 3.0 Adequate
3.0- 4.0 Good
4 and
Excellent
above
Dielectric Absorption Ratio Formula

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How to Test a Three-Phase Motor with a Megger?

Steps of Performing Megger Test on Motor

How to test SCR using Multimeter?

Identify the terminals of the Multimeter

Procedure to Test the SCR with the help of Multimeter

1. Keep the multimeter in ohm mode.

Difference between Copper Loss and Iron Loss

What is Hysteresis Loss in Transformer?

Factors on hysteresis loss depend

1. Maximum flux density

Ways of reducing hysteresis loss in the transformer

What is Eddy Current Loss in Transformer?

Factors on which eddy current loss depend

Ways of reducing eddy current loss in the transformer

Polarization Index Formula

Capacitive Current (IC)

What should be the Minimum PI (Polarization Index) Value?

Condition of item under

1.5 – 2.0 Doubtful

2.0 – 3.0 Adequate

3.0- 4.0 Good

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