Pokhara University

Faculty of Science and Technology

Course Code: WRE 211 (3 Credit) Full Marks: 100

Course Title: Hydraulics (3 – 2 – 2) Pass Mark: 45
Nature of the Course: Theory and Practice Total Lectures: 45 hours
Level: Bachelor/ Year: II/ Semester: IV Program: Bachelor in Civil Engineering

1. Course Description:
This course deals with the study of hydraulic analysis and its application to hydraulic structures
(e.g., pipe network, power turbine, reservoir, dam, spillway, weir etc.) for designing water supply
system, hydropower generation, irrigation channels, flood control and other water-related
infrastructures. Specifically, this course discusses: different flow phenomena; governing laws,
applications for closed conduit flow, and open channel flow systems.

2. General Objectives:
Overall objective of this course is to enable students to analyze flow characteristics in pipe flow
as well as in open channel flow systems, which aims to impart the concept of hydraulic
phenomena in water resources engineering and their application in the field of civil engineering.
3. Methods of Instructions:
Lecture, Tutorial, Discussion, Readings and Practical works

4. Course Contents
Specific Objective Contents
 Understanding concept of laminar and Unit 1: Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes
turbulent flow in pipes (6 hrs)
 Enable to understand and derive 1.1 Introduction to pipe flow, Reynolds
relationships for shear and velocity experiment and flow based on Reynolds’
distributions in pipe flow number
 Enable to derive equations for 1.2 Laminar flow: Steady-uniform-
estimation of major (frictional) loss in incompressible flow in a circular pipe; Shear
pipe flow stress and velocity distribution; Loss of
head due to friction (Hagen-Poisseuille
equation)
1.3 Turbulent flow: Shear stress
development; Prandtl’s mixing length theory;
Velocity distribution; Loss of head due to
friction (Darcy- Weisbach equation)
1.4 Hydrodynamically smooth and rough
boundaries; Nikuradse’s experiment,
Variation of friction factor with Reynolds
number; Resistance for commercial pipes;
Colebrook-White equation; Use of Moody’s

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 diagram

 Understanding and calculation of Unit 2: Pipe Flow Systems (9 hrs)

various minor losses associated with 2.1 Introduction to pipe system (fittings,
pipe flow bends, valves); Minor head losses in pipes
 Understanding of simple and complex (losses in sudden enlargement, sudden
pipe flow networks; and their contraction, exit loss, entry loss, losses due
comparative advantages and to sudden obstruction, losses in bends and
disadvantages losses due to different fittings); HGL and
 Understanding and calculation of TEL lines
various flow variables in simple and 2.2 Three types of pipe flow problems
complex pipe network systems and their solution
2.3 Pipe Line System (Pipes in series and
parallel): Dupuit's equation, concept of
equivalent pipe length/diameter in series and
parallel; Concept of economic diameter of
pipes
2.4 Siphons: Definition, application,
conditions for continuous supply, different
type of problem in siphon (simple and trial &
error)
2.5 Pipe network solution by Hardy-
Cross method for single and double loops of
pipe networks

 Understanding concept of unsteady Unit 3: Water Hammer in Pipes (4 hrs)

flow and water hammer phenomena, 3.1 Basic concept of unsteady flow;
 Enable to compute the rise in pressure Water hammer, its causes & effects in pipes
due to water hammer, and 3.2 Velocity of pressure wave in a rigid
 Enable to understand the necessity and pipe; Propagation of pressure wave; pressure
working of a surge tank variation with time at different sections
3.3 Water Hammer due to gradual and
sudden closure of valve for the cases of rigid
and elastic pipes; Equations of pressure rise
for water hammer

 Understand how flow in open channels Unit 4: Open Channel Flow (3 hrs)
differs from pressurized flow in pipes 4.1 Introduction; Difference between
 Learn the different flow regimes in open channel and pipe flows
open channels and their characteristics 4.2 Types of open channel flows: steady
& unsteady; uniform & non-uniform flows
(gradually, rapidly and spatially varied
flows); Sub-critical, critical and super critical
flows
4.3 Classification of open channels
(natural and artificial channel, prismatic and

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 non-prismatic channel, rigid boundary and
mobile boundary channel);
Geometric properties of open channels
(depth, flow area, top width, wetted
perimeter, hydraulic radius, hydraulic mean
depth, bed slope, hydraulic or energy slope,
water surface slope), Shapes of open channel

 Describe concept and conditions of Unit 5: Uniform Flow in Open Channels (6

uniform flow and conditions in open hrs)
channel, 5.1 Conditions of uniform flow in a
 Explain equations for handling of prismatic channel, expression for shear stress
uniflow problems in open channel on boundary of channel, velocity and shear
 Explain conditions and formulae for stress distribution in open channel and mean
designing efficient channel sections velocity
5.2 Fundamental equations of uniform
flow: Manning's equation and Chezy's
equation, relationship between Chezy's
coefficients (C), Manning's and Darcy's-
Weisbach co-efficient
5.3 Factors affecting manning’s
roughness coefficient.
5.4 Conveyance, section factor and
hydraulic exponent for uniform flow
computation
5.5 Determination of normal depth,
velocity and slope
5.6 Design of economic channel sections
(rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal and
circular)

 Understanding concept and derivations Unit 6: Energy and Momentum Principles in

of energy and momentum principles in Open Channel (6hrs)
open channel 6.1 Specific energy, specific energy
 Explain concept and formulae of diagram, critical depth of flow
specific energy; specific force; 6.2 Critical depth computations for all
conditions for critical flow, maximum kind of channel sections (prismatic) and
discharge criteria for critical state of flow
 Explain various applications including 6.3 Alternate depth, depth-discharge
discharge measurement relationship
6.4 Application of energy principle and
critical depth concept: channel width
reduction, rise in channel bed, venture flume
and broad crested weir
6.5 Momentum principle, specific force,
specific force curve, criteria for critical state

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 of flow, conjugate depth

 Explain concept and governing Unit 7: Gradually Varied Flows (GVF) and
equations of gradually varied flow its Analysis (6 hrs)
 Understanding various types of channel 7.1 Introduction to GVF, reasons and
bed slopes and flow profiles examples of GVF
 Enable to compute gradually varying 7.2 Basic assumptions, governing
water surface profiles /dynamic equation and its physical meaning
7.3 Classification of channel bed slopes
(mild, critical, steep, horizontal and adverse)
and Characteristics of flow profiles in
prismatic channels
7.4 Computation of GVF in prismatic
channels by graphical integration, direct step
and standard step methods

 To study the development of rapidly Unit 8: Hydraulic Jump and its Analysis (5
varied flow and hydraulic jump hrs)
 Enable to investigate the rapidly varied 8.1 Characteristics of Rapidly Varied
flow in open channel and compute Flow (RVF)
various hydraulic jump variables 8.2 Hydraulic jump and its uses as an
energy dissipater: jumps in a horizontal
rectangular channel, jump variables
(conjugate depth, height of jump, length of
jump)
8.3 Energy loss in jump
8.4 Classification of the jump based on
the tail water level and Froude number

5. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities

Evaluation System
The internal evaluation of a student may consist of assignments, attendance, term-exams, lab
reports and projects etc. The tabular presentation of the internal evaluation is as follows:

Internal Evaluation Weight Marks External Evaluation Marks

Theory 30 Semester End 50
Attendance & Class Participation 10%
Assignments 20%
Presentations/Quizzes 10%
Internal Assessment 60%
Practical 20
Attendance & Class Participation 10%
Lab Report/Project Report 20%
Practical Exam/Project Work 40%

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Viva 30%
Total Internal 50
Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Students’ Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical
evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End Examination.
Failing to get such score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the Semester-End
Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test, etc. and complete
all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to complete all the
requirements defined for the completion of the course.

6. List of Tutorials
SN
1. Computation of shear stress, velocity, pressure, flow rate, major and minor head losses for
laminar and turbulent flow in pipes
2. Computation of head loss, flow (Q) and size (diameter) in a simple pipe
3. Computation of discharge, head loss, pressure in a siphon
4. Computation of discharge, length, diameter in pipe in series and parallel
5. Computation of head losses and discharge in pipe network using Hardy-cross method
6. Computation of discharge, head losses, elevation in case of three interconnected reservoirs
7. Computation of risk for pipe burst; rise in pressure in pipe for gradual and sudden closure
of valves, time of closure of valves
8. Computation of flow rate, shear stress, velocity, normal depth, slope in open channels
9. Computation of most economical cross-sections for triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal and
circular open channels
10. Computation of Froude number, normal slope, critical slope, flow rate, alternate depths,
specific energy, specific force, critical velocity, critical depths, conjugate depths for flow in
open channels
11. Computation of depth of flow, width reductions, floor rise (height of hump) for critical
flow conditions in open channel
12. Computation of type of flow profiles; characteristics (e.g., depth, distance) for GVF by
direct and standard step methods
13. Computation of jump location, heights, surface profiles for hydraulic jump

7. List of Practicals
SN
1. Reynolds' experiment
2. Head loss in a pipeline
3. Flow through open sluice gate
4. Hydraulic jump analysis in open channel
5. Hump and constricted flow analysis: discharge measurement in open channel (channel

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 width reduction, rise in channel bed and venture flume)
6. Introduction to open-source hydraulic software (e.g., HEC-RAS)

8. Prescribed Books and References

Text Books:
1. Modi, P. N. & Seth, S. M. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. New Delhi: Standard Books.
2. Subramanya, K. Flow in Open Channel. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Bansal, R. K. A text book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, New Delhi: Laxmi
Publications.
References:
1. Chow, V.T. Open Channel Hydraulics, New Delhi: McGraw-Hill.
2. K. G. Ranga Raju. Flow through Open Channel. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd.
3. Jain, A. K. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. New Delhi: Khanna Publication.
4. Kumar, D.S. Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power Engineering. Delhi: S.K. Kataria and Sons.
5. Rajput, R. K. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. New Delhi: S. Chand.
6. Sangraula, D. P. & Bhattarai, P. A text book of Hydraulics.