My Concept Sheet

th
CLASS-10
Science
 Science
Chemical Reactions and Equations 1
Acids, Bases and Salts 3
Metals and Non-Metals 7
Carbon and its Compounds 10
Life Process 12
Control and Coordination 17
How do Organisms Reproduce 20
Heredity 22
Our Environment 25
Light – Reflection and Refraction 27
Human Eye 29
Electricity 33
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 36
 My Concept Sheet
CHEMISTRY
th
CLASS-10
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
th 1

Chemical Reactions and Equations

1. Chemical Reactions-
The transformation of chemical substance into a new chemical substance by making and breaking of
bonds between different atoms is known as Chemical Reaction.
2. Signs of a Chemical Reaction-
These factors denote that a chemical reaction has taken place- change of state of substance,
change of color of substance, evolution of heat, absorption of heat, evolution of gas and evolution of light.

3. Chemical Equation-
The representation of chemical reaction by means of symbols of substances in the form of formulae
is called chemical equation. E.g. - H2 + O2 H2O

4. Balanced Chemical Equation-

A balanced chemical equation has number atoms of each element equal on both left and right sides
of the reaction.
*Note- According to Law of Conservation of Mass, mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction. To obey this law, the total mass of elements present in reactants must be equal to
the total mass of elements present in products.

5.Types of Chemical Reactions-

1. Combination- When two elements or one element and one compound or two compounds combines
to give one single product.
2. Decomposition- Splitting of a compound into two or more simple products.
3. Displacement- It takes place when a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal.
4. Double displacement- Reactions in which ions are exchanged between two reactants forming
new compounds are called double displacement reactions.
5. Precipitation- The insoluble compound called precipitate forms in this reaction.
6. Exothermic- Reactions which produce energy are called exothermic reaction. Most of the
decomposition reactions are exothermic.
7. Endothermic- Reactions which absorb energy are called endothermic reaction. Most of the
combination reactions are endothermic.
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8. Oxidation- Gain of oxygen or removal of hydrogen or metallic element from a compound is
known as oxidation.
9. Reduction- Addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen from a compound is called reduction.
10. Redox- A chemical reactions where oxidation and reduction both take place simultaneously
are also known as redox reaction.
Eg - NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

6.Corrosion-
Metals when attacked by oxygen, water, acids, gases, present in air changes its surface which is
called corrosion.

7. Rusting-
When iron reacts with oxygen and moisture forms a red substance
called rust.

8. Rancidity-
Oils and fats when get oxidized on exposure to air show a change
in taste and smell.
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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Acids, Bases and Salts

Syllabus
Their definitions in term of furnishing of H+ and OH- ions, General properties, examples and uses,
Concept of pH scale (Definition relating to logarithm not required), Importance of pH in everyday life;
Preparation and uses of Sodium hydroxide, Bleaching powder, Washing soda and Plaster of Paris.

Facts that Matter

Acids : Acids are sour in taste, turn blue litmus to red, dissolve in water to release H+ ions.
E.g., vinegar, hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid.
• Reaction with Metal
Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas
e.g., 2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2
• Reaction with Metal carbonate
Acid + Metal carbonate Salt + CO2 + H2O
e.g., 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
• Reaction with Metal hydrogen carbonate
Acid + Metal hydrogen carbonate Salt + CO2 + H2O
e.g. HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + H2O + CO2
• Reaction with Metallic oxide
Acid + Metal oxide Salt + Water
e.g. 2HCl + CuO CuCl2 + H2O
• Acids in water:
Acids produce H+ ions when dissolved in water. H+ ions cannot exist alone. They combine with
water molecule(H2O) to form H3O+ (hydronium ions). It conducts electricity.
• Decrease in H30+ ions concentration per unit volume results in formation of dilute acids.
• It is a highly exothermic reaction.
Acids when dissolved in water release large amount of heat. If water is added to concentrated acid then
the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause bums. Hence to avoid burns acid must be
added drop wise into water with constant stirring. So that the heat generated spreads over in water.
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Strong Acids release more H+ ions HCl
Weak Acids releases less number of H + ions acetic acid

Bases
Bases are bitter in taste, turns red litmus to blue and when dissolved in water releases
OH– ions; e.g., NaOH and KOH.

• Reaction with Metal

Base + Metal Salt + H2
e.g., 2NaOH + Zn Na2ZnO2 + H2
This reaction is possible only with reactive metals like sodium and potassium.
• Reaction with non-metallic oxide
Base + Non-metallic oxide Salt + H2O
Bases in water Bases produce OH– ions when dissolved in water. Bases soluble in water are called
alkalis. It conducts electricity.
• Decrease in OH– ions single concentration per unit volume results in formation of dilute bases.
• It is a exothermic reaction.
To make basic solution, base must be added drop wise into water with constant stirring, so that the heat
generated spreads over in water.

Indicators
Indicators are those substances which tell us whether a substance is acidic or basic by change in
colour. For e.g., litmus solution.
• Olfactory indicators: Those substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media are called
factory indicators. For e.g., clove, vanilla, onion.
• Natural indicators: Turmeric, litmus (obtained from lichen)
• Synthetic indicators: Methyl orange, phenolphthalein.
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Indicator Acids Bases
Strong Base give more OH– ions NaOH
1. Red litmus Remains Turns
Weak Base gives less OH– ions NH4OH Red Blue
2. Blue litmus Turns Red Remains
Blue
3. Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink
4. Methyl orange Red Yellow
PH Scale

For water or neutral solutions : pH = 7

For acidic solutions : pH < 7
For basic solution : pH > 7

Salts
A salt is a combination of an anion of an acid and a cation of a base.
Examples – KCl, NaNO3 ,CaSO4, etc.
Preparation of Sodium hydroxide
Chemical formula – NaOH
Also known as – caustic soda
Preparation (Chlor-alkali process):
Electrolysis of brine (solution of common salt, NaCl) is carried out.
At anode: Cl2 is released
At cathode: H2 is released
Sodium hydroxide remains in the solution.

Bleaching powder
Chemical formula – Ca(OCl)Cl or CaOCl2
Preparation – Ca(OH)2(aq)+Cl2(g) CaOCl2(aq)+H2O(l)
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Baking soda
Chemical name – Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Chemical formula – NaHCO3
Preparation (Solvay process):
a. Limestone is heated: CaCO3 CaO+CO2
b. CO2 is passed through a concentrated solution of sodium chloride
and ammonia:
NaCl(aq)+NH3(g)+CO2(g)+H2O(l) NaHCO3(aq)+NH4Cl(aq)
Uses:
1. Textile industry
2. Paper industry
3. Disinfectant
Washing soda
Chemical name – Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Chemical formula – Na2CO3.10H2O
Preparation: sodiumcarbonate can be obtained by heating baking soda;
recrystallisation of sodium
carbonate gives washing soda.
Na2CO3+10H2O Na2CO3.10H2O
Uses
1. In glass, soap and paper industries
2. Softening of water.
Plaster of paris
Chemical name – calcium sulphate hemihydrate
Chemical formula – CaSO4. ½ H2O
Preparation:

Uses– cast for healing fractures.

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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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Metals and Non-Metals

Elements are classified into two basic categories, metals and non-metals.

Before giving the definition of metal and non-metal, we must know some important terms:
(i) Malleability: Ability of an element due to which it can be beaten with hammer into thin sheets.
(ii) Ductility: Ability of an element due to which it can be drawn into wires
(iii) Sonorous: Property of an element to produce sound when it is struck with a hard substance.
(iv) Brittleness: Property of an element to break easily into pieces on hammering or stretching.

Ductility
Malleability

Sonorous
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Reactivity Series
The series in which metals are arranged
in the decreasing order of reactivity,
it is known as Reactivity Series.

Metallurgy
Metallurgy is defined as a process that is used
for the extraction of metals in their pure form.
The compounds of metals mixed with soil,
limestone, sand, and rocks are known as minerals.
Aqua Regia
Aqua regia is the combination of concentrated
hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid
in a molar ratio of 3:1 that is the combination
of 3 parts of hydrochloric acid and 1 part of
concentrated nitric acid.

Refining of Metals
Refining of impure metal is done using electrolytic refining. Impure copper is used as anode and strip of
pure copper is used as Cathode. Acidified copper sulphate is used as electrolyte. When electric current is
passed through this, impure metal from the anode gets deposited in the electrolyte solution, whereas
pure metal from the electrolyte is deposited at cathode. Deposition of insoluble residue formed from
the dissolution of anode during commercial electrolysis.
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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Carbon and its Compounds

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PREFIX : IUPAC Naming of First Ten Alkanes

Homologous Series:
-It is a family of organic compounds having the same functional group in which the formula of successive
members differs by –CH2 group. For example
For alkanes -CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10etc.
For alkenes-C2H4, C3H6, C4H8 and C5H10 etc.
- The chemical properties are imparted by the functional group thus all members have similar chemical
properties. But the members have different physical properties.
- The melting and boiling points increase with increasing molecular mass.

VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON

1.Catenation- Self linking property of carbon atom to form long chain.
2.Tetravalency- Valency of carbon is 4. It forms covalent bond.

Isomerism :-
Carbon compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called isomers.
This property is called isomerism. Ex :- Butane – C4H10 has 2 isomers. They are Normal butane and Iso butane

n Butane Iso Butane

Functional groups-
An atom or a group of atoms which decides the properties of a carbon compound is called a functional group.
My Concept Sheet
BIOLOGY
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CLASS-10
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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Life Process
Life processes
• Constantly exhibit the functions of maintenance and repair in living organisms.
• Some Examples- Digestion, Respiration, Circulation etc.

Nutrition
• Process of obtaining nutrients from the environment i.e. intake of food and then its digestion in the body.
• Two types – Autotrophic (self-sufficient for food) and Heterotrophic (dependent on others for food).

Autotrophic Nutrition
• Synthesis of food by photosynthesis- ‘photo’ means light and ‘synthesis’ means production.
It is the production of food with the help of sunlight.
• Photosynthesis equation-
6CO2+6H2O give C6H12O6+6O2
• Events of photosynthesis are as follows: Absorption of light energy chlorophyll which is the green
pigment and gives energy for activation of reaction. Then the splitting of water into its constituent’s
hydrogen and oxygenleading to the Synthesis of ATP and NADPH2 and finally reduction of
CO2 to carbohydrates.

Heterotrophic nutrition
• Generally take up energy from plants and animals by using them as food.
• Mostly of three types—holozoic, parasitic, and saprophytic.
• Digestion- mechanical and chemical reduction of ingested nutrients which can be then converted to
energy for use.
• Human digestive system- consists of the long alimentary canal that includes mouth, pharynx, oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
• Organs for assistance- pancreas, liver

Lymph
Lymph is a light yellow fluid somewhat similar in composition to blood plasma. It contains protein
molecules and digested food , which comes from the tissue fluid between the cells
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Nutrition in humans:
• Saliva is secreted by salivary glands located under
the tongue which contains digestive enzymes like
salivary amylase, which break down starch into sugar.
So, digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth
itself.
• Tongue helps in chewing, moistening, rolling and
swallowing of food.
• The food from mouth then goes down the oesophagus,
which is the food pipe to the stomach, through the
movement of walls of oesophagus (peristalsis).
• Stomach mixes the food hence received with various
digestive juices.
• Inner lining of stomach secretes:
• Mucus – protects the lining of stomach from being corroded
by the acid.
• Hydrochloric acid – creates an acidic medium and dissolves
bits of food.
• Digestive juices – break down protein into simpler substances.
The food from stomach eventually moves into the small
intestine.
• Digestion in small intestine: It is the longest part
(about 7.5 m long) of alimentary canal. It is the site
where complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins,
and fats takes place. It gets intestinal juices from
twodifferent glands – liver and pancreas that help in the further
digestion of food.
Liver is the largest gland of the body and secretes bile juice. Bile juice is stored in the gall bladder and
has asignificant role in the digestion of fats.
Pancreas has enzymes that help in total digestion of all food components.
• The digestive tract and associated glands together constitute the digestive system.
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Respiration
• It is controlled by enzymes and energy is released from the breakdown of organic substances.
It is of twotypes that are aerobic and anaerobic.

Aerobic respiration
• Oxidation of food materials by oxygen
• Produces 36 ATP
• The steps followed in cellular respiration
First step- Breakdown of glucose (6C) into pyruvates (3C)
in the cytoplasm.
Second step- Pyruvate is then broken down to CO2 and water
and it takes place in the mitochondria where energy is produced in ATP form.

Anaerobic respiration
• It is the Oxidation of nutrients without using up the molecular oxygen.
• It gives 2 ATPs.
• First step- glycolysis in cytoplasm, 2 pyruvate produced
• Second step- the break down of pyruvic acid into ethanol and water and energy (in yeast) and
• lactic acid and energy (in muscle cells)

Human respiration
• It consists of the nose, pharynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
• Bronchioles then divide into many alveoli which
are sites of gaseous exchange.
• O2 present in alveolar blood vessels is then
transported to various cells of the body.

Hemoglobin pigment present in blood is majorly responsible for transportation of

carbon dioxide and oxygen.
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Transportation
• First and foremost things, a liquid medium is required always for transportation.

Transportation in humans
• Double circulation occurs in human beings
i.e. the blood goes through the heart twice during
each cardiac cycle.
• Blood and lymph are both involved in transportation.
• Components of blood are RBCs, WBCs, platelets,
and plasma.
• Three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins
and capillaries.
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood in them, except one that is pulmonary artery.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood in them, except pulmonary vein.
• Capillaries are very tiny blood vessels — so small that a single red blood cell can barely fit through them.
They help to connect your arteries and veins in addition to facilitating the exchange of certain elements
between your blood and tissues.

The Human heart is divided into four chambers – right auricle, right ventricle,
left auricle, and left ventricle.

Anaerobic respiration
• The Right side of the heart gets deoxygenated blood
from different cells of the body.
• The Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood
from lungs.

Transportation in plants
• Transportation of water is through xylem tissues
• Transport of water occurs due to transpiration pull, root pressure and difference in pressure gradient.•
• Transport of food or translocation takes place through phloem and it requires energy.
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Excretion
• It involves the removal of harmful metabolic wastes from
the body of organisms by various processes.

Excretion in humans
The excretory system consists of- a pair of kidneys, a pair
of ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.
• Nitrogenous wastes such as urea and uric acid are removed.
• Nephron- basic filtration unit.
• Main components of the nephron - glomerulus, Bowman’s
capsule, renal tube.
• The process of Removing of nitrogenous wastes through
artificial kidney is called dialysis.
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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Control and Coordination

Control and Coordination
Systematic working of the various organs of an organism (plants or animals) producing a proper response to
the stimulus is called co-ordination.
Coordination in Plants
Not so elaborate, controlled by phytohormones and external stimulus.

Phytohormones
• Control and coordination in plants is done by phytohormones.
• They are naturally occurring chemical substances which control one or other aspect of growth.
• Auxin – Cell enlargement and differentiation.
• Gibberellins – In presence of auxin, promotes cell enlargement and differentiation.
• Cytokinins – Promotes cell division, opening of stomata, etc.
• Abscisic acid – Closing of stomata, wilting and falling of leaves, etc.
Tropic Movements
• Directional plant growth movement in response to an external stimulus.
• Growth of a plant may be towards the stimulus (positive tropism) or away from it
(negative tropism).
• Phototropism – movement in response to light.
• Chemotropism – in response to chemicals.
• Hydrotropism – in response to water.
• Geotropism – in response to gravity.

Nastic Movements
• Non-directional movement of a plant part in response to an external stimulus.
• May or may not be a growth movement.
• All parts of the organ of a plant are affected equally irrespective of the direction of the stimulus.
• Thigmonasty – Nastic movement in response to touch of an object.
• Photonasty – Nastic movement in response to light.

Coordination in Animals
Elaborate, very complex and is controlled by neuroendocrine system.
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Endocrine (chemical) Coordination
• Consists of hormones (chemical messengers) regulating biological processes and secreted by
endocrine glands.
• Homeostasis is maintained by hormones by their integrated action and feed back control.
Nervous Coordination
• Neuron forms the fundamental unit.
• Sensory neurons in sense organs receive stimulus and transmit impulses to CNS.
• Motor neurons transmit impulses from CNS to effectors.
• Relay or connector neurons serve as links between sensory and motor neurons.

Nervous System (Human)

• CNS – Consists of brain and spinal cord.
• Brain – Controls various voluntary (walking, riding, running, etc.) and involuntary actions (sneezing,
coughing, etc). Also controls thinking, reasoning, and intelligence.
• Spinal Cord – Controls reflex action.
• PNS – Consists of cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs).
• ANS– Two set of nerves (parasympathetic and sympathetic) supplying visceral organs which are
antagonisticto each other.

Neuron - Is the structural and functional unit of Nervous system. It is an electrically excitable cell in
the nervous system that functions to process and transmit information.
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Human Brain is enclosed in cranium (brain box) and is protected by cerebrospinal fluid which acts as
a shock absorber. Human brain has three major parts or regions: (a) Fore-brain (b) Midbrain (c) Hindbrain

Endocrine Glands and Hormones

Hormones are chemical compounds which help to coordinate growth, development and responses to the
environment. Their characteristics are -
(i) They are secreted by endocrine glands
(ii) Are secreted in small amounts & may act in nearby places or distant places.
(iii) Do not take part in the reaction & are destroyed immediately.
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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How do Organisms Reproduce

Asexual Reproduction in Plants
• Spore formation eg. Bacteria, fungi
• Budding eg. Fungi (yeast)
• Fragmentation eg. Algae, fungi
• Vegetative propagation
(a) Natural method
• By roots eg. Sweet potato
• By stems eg. Ginger, potato
• By leaves eg. Bryophyllum
(b) Artificial method
• Cutting eg. Rose
• Layering eg. Strawberry, lemon
• Grafting eg. Mango, rose.
• Micropropagation eg. Orchids, dahlia

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

• Flower is the reproductive organ.
• It has four whorls – Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecuim.
• Calyx and corolla are accessory parts.
• Androecium - Male reproductive organ producing pollen grains.
• Gynoecium - Female reproductive organ having ovule (egg).
• Pollination – Transfer of pollens from anther to stigma for fertilization.
• Fertilization – Fusion of male and female gametes.
• Double fertilization (Triple fusion and syngamy) – unique events in the embryo sac of ovules.

Asexual Reproduction in Animals

• Fission
(a) Binary fission eg. Amoeba
(b) Multiple fission eg. Plasmodium
• Budding eg. Hydra
• Regeneration eg. Planaria, Hydra
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Sexual Reproduction (Human)

• Human being is heterosexual.
• Reproductive system includes:
(a) Primary sex organs: Testes (males) and ovaries (females).
(b) Secondary sex organs: Genital ducts and glands (males) and
fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina (females).
• Male sex hormone is testosterone and female sex hormones are progesterone and estrogen.
• Puberty is attained at the age of 13 – 14 years in males and 10 – 12 years in females.
• The zygote formed after fertilization develops into embryo which gets implanted in uterus.
• Placenta (a disc-like special tissue) develops between uterine wall and embryo for nourishment
of the embryo.
• Gestation period in humans is 280 days.

Reproductive Health
• Birth control prevents unwanted pregnancies.
(a) Barrier methods
(b) Chemical methods
(c) Intrauterine contraceptive device
(d) Surgical method
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are caused by bacteria, protozoa and viruses.
• AIDS is an incurable viral disease.
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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Heredity
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Mendel And His Work On Inheritance
Gregor Johann Mendel started his
experiments on plant breeding and
hybridization. He proposed the
laws of inheritance in living organisms.
Mendel was known as the Father of Genetics

Mendel's Experimental Material

He chose Garden pea (Pisum sativum) as his experiment material because of:
1-Availability of detectable contrasting traits of several characters
2-Short life span of the plant
3-Normally allows self-fertilization but cross-fertilization can also be carried out
4-Large number of seeds produced
Monohybrid Cross
Cross between two pea plants with one pair of contrasting characters is called a monohybrid
cross. Example - a cross between a tall and a dwarf plant (short)
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Dihybrid Cross
A cross between two plants having two pairs of
contrasting characters is called dihybrid cross
Parent ---> Round green x Wrinkled yellow

Sex Determination
Determination of sex of an offspring is known
as Sex determination. Factors responsible
for Sex determination

Environmental and genetic factors are responsible for sex determination

Environmental - In some animals, the temperature at which the fertilized eggs are kept decides the gender.
Example - Turtle
Genetic - In some animals like humans, genders
or individual is determined by a pair of
chromosomes called sex chromosome.

XX - Female, XY - Male
Sex Chromosomes
In human beings, there are 23 pairs of
chromosomes Out of these, 22 chromosomes
pairs are called autosomes and the last pair of the
chromosome that help in deciding the gender of
that individual is called sex chromosome
XX - Female, XY - Male
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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Our Environment
1. Biodegradable substances can be further broken down by the action of bacteria e.g. - paper,
vegetables, clothes etc. On the other hand the substances which can not be further broken down by
the action of bacteria are non- biodegradable substances e.g. - plastics, glass etc.
2. All biotic and abiotic components form the ecosystem. The biotic components are all living organisms.
The non-biotic components are physical factors like air, water, soil, wind etc.
3. The food chain consists of producers, consumers and decomposers. Green plants and algae that make
food by photosynthesis are producers. Organisms that depend upon producers for their food, directly or
indirectly are called consumers. And microorganisms like bacteria and fungi that break down the complex
organic substances in dead plant and animal into simple inorganic substances are called decomposers.
4. The series of organisms that take part in transferring
food energy from producers to consumers to decomposers
is called a food chain. Food chain link with each other to
form food web.

5. Every step of food chain is called a trophic level. There are four trophic levels
(a). I trophic level - producers/autotrophs
(b). II trophic level - primary consumers/herbivores
(c). III trophic level - secondary consumers/small carnivores
(d). IV trophic level - tertiary consumers/large carnivores
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6. Green plants convert 1% of solar energy into food energy. The flow of energy is unidirectional.
7. Ozone is present at a very high level in the
atmosphere. It blocks the UV radiation of sun.
Ozone is a product of UV radiation.

8. At high level in the atmosphere the UV rays split the oxygen molecules to form oxygen atoms.
These combine with oxygen molecules to form ozone. Ozone depletion is a major environmental problem
because it increases the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches Earth's surface,
Which causes skin cancer, cataract and reduces crop production.
My Concept Sheet
PHYSICS
th
CLASS-10

Siddhant 9575649868
Tembhurkar
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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Light – Reflection and Refraction

• Light is a form of energy that produces in us the sensation of sight.
• Reflection of light is the phenomenon of bouncing back of light in the same medium on striking the
surface of any object.

• The two laws of reflection are:

(i) the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal (at the point of incidence), all lie in the same plane.
(ii) the angle of reflection (r) is always equal to the angle of incidence (i)
r= i
• In a plane mirror, the image of a real object is always
(i) virtual,
(ii) erect
(iii) of same size as the object,
(iv) as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.
(v) laterally inverted.
• Absolute refractive index(n) of a medium is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum or air(c) to the
speed of light in the medium(v) i.e.

• Refraction of light is the phenomenon of change in the path of light in going from one medium to another.
• In going from a rarer to a denser medium, the ray of light bends towards normal and in going from a
denser to a rarer medium, the ray of light bends away from normal.
• Snell’s law of refraction,

• No refraction occurs, when

(i) light is incident normally on a boundary,
(ii) refractive indices of the two media in contact are equal.
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• New Cartesian Sign Convention for spherical lenses:

(i) All distances are measured from optical centre C of the lens.
(ii) The distances measured in the direction of incidence of light are taken as positive and vice–versa.
(iii) All heights above the principal axis of the lens are taken as positive and vice versa.
• The linear magnification produced by a lens is

• Power of the combination of lenses

P = P1 + P2 + P3 ...

• Linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is

• For a convex mirror, m is +ve and less than one, as the image formed is virtual, erect and shorter
than the object.
• For a concave mirror, m is +ve when image formed is virtual and m is –ve, when image formed is real.
• According to New Cartesian Sign Convention, for spherical mirror.
(i) All distances are measured from the pole of the spherical mirror.
(ii) The distances measured in the direction of incidence of light are taken as positive and vice–versa.
(iii) The heights above the principal axis of the mirror are taken as positive and vice–versa.

• In spherical mirror, focal length

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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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Human Eye
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
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THE HUMAN EYE & COLOURFUL WORLD

Cornea : The front of the eye is covered by a transparent spherical membrane called the cornea.
Light enters the eye through cornea. Most of the refraction for the light ray entering the eye
occurs at the outer surface of the cornea
Pupil and Iris: The pupil regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting its size.
Iris controls the size of pupil.
Eye lens: The eye lens is a convex lens (converging lens) made of a transparent jelly-like material.
It forms inverted and real image on the retina.
Retina: The inside surface of the rear part of the eye ball where the light entering the eye is focused
is called retina.

Defects of Vision and Their Correction

SHORTSIGHTEDNESS
(MYOPIA)
Eye is not able to see the distant objects

Causes of Shortsightnedness
Decrease of focal length of the eye lens, i.e. the eye lens becomes more convergent.
Elongation of the eyeball, i.e. the increased length of the eyeball.
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LONGSIGHTEDNESS
(HYPERMETROPIA)
Eye is not able to see clearly the nearby objects
though it can see the distant objects clearly.

Causes of Longsightedness
Increase of the focal length of the eye lens, i.e. the eye lens becoming less convergent.
Shortening of the eye ball, i.e. the length of the eye ball has decreased

REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM

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HOW DOES LIGHT GET REFRACTED BY A PRISM?
The angle δ is called the angle of deviation.

DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT

The process of splitting white light into
its seven constituent colours
is called Dispersion of white light.
The band of seven colours formed on a
screen due to the dispersion of
white light is called spectrum of light.

HOW DOES A RAINBOW FORM ?

This colored band is called rainbow. Thus, rainbow is
produced due to dispersion of white light by small
raindrops hanging in the air after the rain.
The rainbow is seen when the sun is behind the
observer.
In Rainbow following processes occurs
- Refraction
- Internal Reflection
- Dispersion

ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION
- Twinkling of stars(planets don’t)
- Stars appear higher
- Advance sunrise (2 min) and delayed sunset(2min)
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
th

Electricity
Current:
I = Q/t,
Where I = Current
Q = Net charge flowing.
t = time
• Unit: The unit of current is Ampere.
Q = Coulomb(C)
I = Ampere(A)
t = Second(s)
1 A = 1C/1s
Potential Difference:
The potential difference between two separate points is defined as the work done to move a
unit positive charge from one point to another.
V = W/Q
The unit of potential difference is Volt
1 Volt = 1 Joule/ 1 Coulomb
• Unit: The unit of potential difference is Volt
1 Volt = 1 Joule/ 1 Coulomb
Ohm’s Law:
Current potential difference
V I
V = I R where, R = Resistance

• Unit: R = Ω(Ohm)
1Ω = 1V / 1 A
• Factors on which resistance depends:
R l, when A and material constant l = length
R l/ A, when l and material constant A = perpendicular cross-section
R l / A,
R = ρl / A, where ρ = resistivity
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• Resistivity:
Resistivity of a substance is equal to the resistance of a unit cube of that substance.
Its Unit is Ω-m.

Equivalent resistance in a series connection:

R = R1 + R2 + R3 + … + Rn

Equivalent resistance in parallel:

1 = 1 + 1 +....+ 1
Rtotal R1 R2 Rn

Heating Effect of current:

Electric energy, Heat = VIt = I2Rt = V2t
R
• Application: Electric iron, toaster, fused wire, etc.
Fused wire: a low-melting point wire connected in series with electric devices for safety.

Electric power:
P = VI = I2R = V2/ R
• Unit: 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106J
1 W = 1V × 1A
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Ohm’ law:
Under constant physical conditions (i.e., constant temperature, pressure etc.), the current flowing
through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the conductor.

• Potential difference (which is measured in Voltage) is the cause of current

(which is measured in Ampere).
• In conductors, flow of electrons constitute current. In a circuit current flow from positive
terminal of the battery to the negative terminal, but electrons travels from negative terminal to
the positive terminal. The negative terminal of a battery is said to be at lower potential and the
positive terminal is said to be at higher potential.

• When a battery is not connected to any circuit, the potential difference across the terminals of
the battery is equal to the EMF of the battery. (EMF = Electro Motive Force). Electromotive force,
also called EMF, (denoted and measured in volts), refers to voltage generated by a battery or by the
magnetic force according to Faraday's Law, which states that a time varying magnetic field will
induce an electric current.
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Class 10 Science Concept Sheet
th

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Syllabus
Magnetic field, Field lines, Field due to a current carrying conductor, Field due to current carrying coil
or solenoid; Force on current carrying conductor, Fleming’s left hand rule. Electromagnetic induction.
Induced potential difference, Induced current, Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, Direct current.
Alternating current; frequency of AC. Advantage of AC over DC. Domestic electric circuits.

Facts that Matter

Magnet has two poles, North pole and South pole. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
Magnetic field: The region around a magnet in which the force of attraction or repulsion produced
by magnet can be detected.

Magnetic field around a straight current carrying conductor:

Magnetic field produced by a conductor at a distance ‘r’ in vacuum is
• Proportional to current (I).
• Inversely proportional to the square of the distance ‘r’.
Direction of field is given by Right Hand Thumb Rule
Magnetic field due to current carrying wire through a circular loop:
Magnetic lines of force are circular near the wire and
become parallel at the middle point ‘M’ of the coil
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Magnetic field produced at the centre is
• Proportional to the current I
• Inversely proportional to the radius ‘r’
Properties of magnetic field lines:
• They do not intersect each other.
• The direction of the magnetic field lines outside the magnet is from north to south.
• The direction of the magnetic field lines inside the magnet is from south to north.
Magnetic field due to current flowing in solenoid:
• Magnetic field produced by a solenoid similar to bar magnet.
• Strength of magnetic field is proportional to number of turns and magnitude of current.
Electromagnets: An electromagnet consists of a long coil of insulated copper wire wound on a soft
iron core.