REVIEWER!!!

FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3

ORDER OF IDEAS IN The first skill area

involves acquiring a
WRITING ACADEMIC TEXT writing system,
which may be
➢ What is the main idea of the paragraph? alphabetic (as in Supporting
➢ How was the main idea supported? Cite specific European languages) detail 1
sentence/s. or
➢ What does the last sentence signify? nonalphabetic (as in
➢ How were the ideas arranged? many Asian
languages).
EXAMPLE: The second skill area
Writing is a complex sociocognitive process requires selecting the
involving the construction of recorded messages on appropriate grammar
paper or on some other material, and, more recently, and vocabulary to Supporting
form acceptable detail 2
on a computer screen. The skills needed to write
sentences and then
range from making the appropriate graphic marks, arranging them in
through utilizing the resources of the chosen paragraphs.
language, to anticipating the reactions of the Third, writing
intended readers. The first skill area involves involves thinking
acquiring a writing system, which may be alphabetic about the purpose of
(as in European languages) or nonalphabetic (as in the text to be Supporting
many Asian languages). The second skill area composed and about detail 3
requires selecting the appropriate grammar and its possible effects on
vocabulary to form acceptable sentences and then the intended
arranging them in paragraphs. Third, writing readership.
involves thinking about the purpose of the text to be Because of these
composed and about its possible effects on the characteristics,
intended readership. One important aspect of this writing is not an
innate natural ability
last feature is the choice of a suitable style. Because Conclusion
like speaking but has
of these characteristics, writing is not an innate to be acquired
natural ability like speaking but has to be acquired through years of
through years of training or schooling. training or schooling
– (Swales & Feak, 1994, p. 34).
Writing is a complex GENEREAL – SPECIFIC ORDER
sociocognitive process ➢ deductive approach
involving the ➢ broad observation of topic (MAIN IDEA) –
construction of specific information (SUPPORTING DETAILS)
recorded messages on Generalization
paper or on some
other material, and,
more recently, on a
computer screen.
General
The skills needed to
–
write range from
Specific
making the
appropriate graphic
marks, through
Thesis
utilizing the resources
Statement
of the chosen
language, to
anticipating the
reactions of the
intended readers.
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GENERALIZATION rats in a lab experiment and the aisles as a maze
➢ introduce topic designed by a psychologist. Most of the rats--
➢ simple picture of a topic customers, I mean--follow a routine pattern,
➢ can be supported by research or evidence strolling up and down the aisles, checking through
my chute, and then escaping through the exit hatch.
But not everyone is so dependable. My research has
STRUCTURE FOR GENERALIZATION revealed three distinct types of abnormal customer:
I. COMMONLY USING THE PLURAL the amnesiac, the super shopper, and the dawdler. .
• Computers have transformed the way human . ."
lives.
II. SINGULAR + DEFINITE ARTICLE EXAMPLES:
• The computer has transformed the way human ➢ for support and illustration
lives. ➢ strengthen the argument
➢ helps readers to understand the point
• for instance, for example
THESIS STATEMENT • such as, e.g.
➢ major point that the author wishes to make • particularly, especially (to give a focus)
about the subject • a case in point (for single examples)
➢ analogous with topic sentence (for paragraph)
➢ controlling idea of the essay
➢ gives direction DEFINITIONS:
➢ Sentence
EXAMPLE: • term, genus, differentia
➢ Extended
Poor: I want to share
some thoughts with Poor: The Decline of • comparative and contrastive
you about our space Baseball • derivation
program. • examples
• analogy
Better: Since the space
Better: Baseball, once a
program has yet to
national pastime and
provide the American
even an addiction, has SUPPORTING DETAILS
people with any
lost its popularity ➢ Relevant and focused
substantial, practical
because of the new
returns, it is a waste of ➢ Provide sufficient information
interest in more violent
money and should be • Facts
sports.
dissolved. • Statistics
• Example

GENERAL TO SPECIFIC ORDER IN

INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHS GENERAL-TO-SPECIFIC ORDER IN BODY
➢ start with a general statement of the main idea in PARAGRAPHS (Sejnost & Thiese, 2007)
a topic sentence 1. The topic sentence should identify a general
➢ specific examples that support or expand on that statement about the subject.
statement, and the paragraph ends with a thesis 2. The writer should choose details that make
statement specific points about the general statement.
3. The writer should make sure the reader can
EXAMPLE: Introduction to "Shopping at the Pig" understand and relate to the specific examples.
[a student's revised classification
essay] EXAMPLE: Body Paragraph in "Time for an
Anthem the Country can Sing" [A
"Working part-time as a cashier at the Piggly Wiggly Student's Revised Argumentative
has given me a great opportunity to observe human Essay]
behavior. Sometimes I think of the shoppers as white
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3
"Clearly, 'America the Beautiful' deserves to be the
national anthem. For years now, it has been gaining
popularity in school assemblies, at official state
functions, and even in our ball parks. The music is
simple, dignified, and--most important--easy to
sing. The lyrics celebrate our history ('O beautiful for
pilgrim feet . . .'), our land ('For purple mountain
majesties above the fruited plain’), the heroes ('Who
more than self their country loved'), and future
('That sees beyond the years'). It is proud but not
warlike, idealistic without sounding silly."

CONCLUSION
➢ this summarizes the essay/paragraph
➢ provides closure for the readers
➢ CHECKLIST
• wraps up essay
• no restatement of thesis argument
• sense of closure
EXAMPLE:
As addressed in the analysis of recent research, the
advantages of a later starting time for high school
students significantly outweigh the disadvantages. A
later starting time would allow teens more time to
sleep--something that is important for their physical
and mental health--and ultimately improve their
academic performance and behavior. The added
transportation costs that result from this change can
be absorbed through energy savings. The beneficial
effects on the students’ academic performance and
behavior validate this decision, but its effect on
student motivation is still unknown. There should be
an in-depth look at the reactions of students to such
a change. This sort of study would help determine
the actual effects of a later start time on the time
management and sleep habits of students.

“It is better to be part of a great whole than to be

the whole of a small part.”
– Frederick Douglass
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3

INTEGRATING ONE’S IDEA ELEMENTS OF PARAPHRASING

1. has a different structure to the original
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM 2. has mainly different vocabulary
3. retains the same meaning
PLAGIARISM
4. keeps some phrases from the original that are in
➢ “It is taking ideas or words from a source without
common use
giving credit (acknowledgment) to the author”
5. e.g. ‘industrial revolution’ or ‘eighteenth century’
– (Bailey, 2011).
SUMMARIZING Common Techniques
➢ condensing lengthy sources into a concise form I. Changing vocabulary by using synonyms:
➢ putting main idea into your own words including • argues = claims
only the big pictures • eighteenth century = 1700s
➢ TIPS: • wages = labour costs
Look for the following:
1. Text Features II. Changing word class:
2. Vocabulary • explanation (n.) = explain (v.)
3. Topic Sentences • mechanical (adj.) = mechanize (v.)
4. Reporter’s Notes • profitable (adj.) = profitability (n.)

STAGES OF SUMMARIZING III. Changing word order

1. Read the original text carefully and check any
• the best explanation for the British location
new or difficult vocabulary.
of the industrial revolution is found by
2. Mark the key points by underlining or studying demand factors = A focus on
highlighting.
demand may help explain the UK origin of
3. Make notes of the key points, paraphrasing the industrial revolution.
where possible
4. Write the summary from your notes, re- EXAMPLES:
organizing the structure if needed.
➢ The growth of the car industry parallels the
5. Check the summary to ensure it is accurate and
development of modern capitalism.
nothing important has been changed or lost.
= The rise of the automobile industry matches
the progress of contemporary capitalism.
EXAMPLE: Summarizing
➢ People used to play football bareheaded. After ➢ (In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management
many injuries, players began to use plain, leather
theories helped General Motors to become the
caps. Plastic helmets and masks appeared later.
world’s dominant car company.
Still, many players were getting hurt. To make
= In the 1920s, with help from the managerial
helmets better, designers studied --- theories of Alfred Sloan, General Motors
woodpeckers! Their tough, spongy skulls became dominated the world’s car companies.
the model for modern football helmets.
➢ During football’s early days, many injuries ➢ At the same time, trades unions became
occurred due to little or no head protection. As a increasingly militant in defence of their
result, improved football helmets were designed members’ jobs.
after woodpecker skulls. (summarized). = At the same time increasingly militant trades
unions defended their members’ jobs.
PARAPHRASING
➢ restate information from a source in your own Other Techniques
words and sentence structure 1. Reformulating the sentences.
➢ changing the wording of a text so that it is 2. Combining information from multiple sentences
significantly different from the original source, into one.
without changing the meaning. 3. Leaving out information from the original that is
– (Bullock, Daly-Goggin, and not relevant to your point.
Weinberg, 2008)
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3
4. Using synonyms where they do not distort the Stephen Bailey (Academic Writing: A
meaning. Handbook for International Students)

Introductory Reference
Author Quotation Citation
phrase Verb
QUOTING
‘Inflation
➢ way of weaving someone else’s exact words into
is the one
your own text form of
➢ reproduce the source exactly This view is taxation
as (1974:
➢ Give credit to your source by naming the author widely
Friedman
stated: that can
93).
and including parenthetical documentation at shared; be
the end of your sentence imposed
without
• (in-text citation). legislation’
➢ when the original words express an idea in a
distinctive way
➢ when the original is more concise than your
summary could be
➢ when the original version is well-known.

➢ ELLIPSES … - OMISSION
EXAMPLE:
“Scout, simply by the nature of the work, every
lawyer gets at least one case in his lifetime that
affects him personally. This one’s mine, I guess.
You might hear some ugly talk about it at school,
but do one thing for me if you will: you just hold
your head high and keep those fists down. No
matter what anybody says to you, don’t you let
‘em get your goat. Try fighting with your head for
a change” (Lee 101, 2015) .

“Scout … every lawyer gets at least one case in his

lifetime that affect s him personally. This one’s
mine … You might here some ugly talk about it at
school, but … hold your head high and keep those
fists down … Try fighting with your head for a
change” (Lee 101, 2015).

➢ BRACKET [] – ADDITIONS/CHANGES
EXAMPLE:
Original Text:
“Influenced by Godwin, Mary Shelley developed
a lifelong habit of deep and extensive reading
and research.”

Revised Text:
“Influenced by [her father, William] G odwin,
Mary Shelley developed a lifelong habit of deep
and extensive reading and research.”
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3

REFERENCING: THE APA

STYLE 7th EDITION
APA (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION) STYLE
➢ is most commonly used to cite sources within the
social sciences.
➢ it establishes standards of written
communication concerning:
➢ the organization of content;
➢ writing style;
➢ citing references; and
➢ how to prepare a manuscript for publication in
certain disciplines.

PURPOSE OF APA
➢ provide readers with cues they can use to follow
your ideas more efficiently and to locate
information of interest to them
➢ allow readers to focus more on your ideas by not
distracting them with unfamiliar formatting
➢ establish your credibility or ethos in the field by
demonstrating an awareness of your audience
and their needs as fellow researchers.

FORMAT:
➢ Typed double-spaced
➢ Margins – 1” on all sides
➢ Alignment – flush left
➢ Paragraph indentions – 5 to 7 spaces
➢ On standard-sized paper – 8 ½” x 11”
• While the APA Manual does not specify a
single font or set of fonts for professional
writing, RECOMMENDED FONTS ARE:
sans serif fonts such as
• 11-point Calibri,
• 11-point Arial, and
• 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode
as well as serif fonts such as
• 12-point Times New Roman,
• 11- point Georgia,
• 10-point Computer Modern.
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3
APA TABLES
➢ Label tables with an Arabic numeral and provide
a brief but clear title. The label and title appear
on separate lines above the table, flush-left and
single-spaced.
➢ Cite a source in a note below the table.

EXAMPLE:
TABLE 1
Top 3 NBA Season Leaders
Team Points Per Game
Milwaukee Bucks 119.8
Houston Rockets 119.1
Dallas Mavericks 116.8
Note: This data was collected in December
31st, 2019. Retrieved from
https://stats.nba.com/teams/

APA FIGURES
➢ Label figures with an Arabic numeral and
provide a brief but clear title. The label and title
appear on separate lines above the figure, flush-
left and single-spaced.
➢ You might provide an additional title centered
above the figure.

EXAMPLE:
Figure 1
US Primary Energy Consumption by Energy
Source, 2018

TYPES OF DOCUMENTING
➢ in the text of the paper when a source is quoted,
paraphrased, or summarized (in-text citations
or internal referencing)
➢ in an alphabetical list at the end of the paper or
full bibliographic referencing (references).
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3

MAIN REFERENCE SYSTEM IN-TEXT CITATION: TWO AUTHORS

➢ use an ampersand (&) in parenthetical in-text
IN-TEXT CITATION
citations
➢ Cite only works you read and ideas you
EXAMPLE:
incorporated into your paper.
➢ (Guirrez & Castillo, 2020)
➢ Include all sources cited in the text in the
reference list (exception: personal
EXAMPLE:When examining potential climate
communications are cited in the text only).
threats, “Understanding the occurrence and
➢ Make sure the spelling of author names and the
impacts of historical climatic hazards is critical
publication dates in the in-text citations match
to better interpret current hazard trends”
those of the corresponding reference list entries.
(Depietri & McPhearson, 2018,p. 96).
➢ Paraphrase sources in your own words whenever
possible.
➢ Cite appropriately to avoid plagiarism, but do
➢ use the word “and” in narrative in-text citations:
not repeat the same citation in every sentence
➢ Guirrez and Castillo (2020)
when the source and topic do not change.
EXAMPLE:
➢ Write author–date citations according to 7th
According to scientists Depietri and
edition guidelines:
McPhearson (2018),“Understanding the
1. Include the author (or title if no author) and
occurrence and impacts of historical climatic
year.
hazards is critical to better interpret current
2. For paraphrases, it is optional to include a
hazard trends” (p. 96).
specific page number(s), paragraph
number(s), or other location (e.g., section
IN-TEXT CITATION: THREE OR MORE
name) if the source work being paraphrased
➢ List the name of the first author plus “et al.” in
is long or complex.
every citation.
➢ Lin et al. (2019) examined how weather
➢ ONE AUTHOR:
conditions affect the popularity of the bike
• Use the author surname in all in-text
sharing program in Beijing.
citations.
➢ TWO AUTHORS:
➢ EXAMPLE:
• Use both author surnames in all in- One study looked at how weather conditions
text citations. affected the popularity of bike sharing programs,
• Three or more authors: Use only the specifically the Beijing Public Bikesharing
first author surname and then “et al.” Program
in all in-text citations. – (Lin et al., 2019).

➢ Use either the narrative or the parenthetical ➢ In et al., et should not be followed by a period.
citation format for in-text citations.
Parenthetical citation:
➢ Place the author’s name and IN-TEXT CITATION: UNKNOWN AUTHOR
publication year in parentheses. ➢ Use the source’s full title in the narrative citation.
– (Sanchez, 2019, p.9). ➢ Cite the first word of the title followed by the year
of publication in the parenthetical citation.
Narrative citation:
➢ Incorporate the author name into the EXAMPLE:
text as part of the sentence and then According to “Here’s How Gardening Benefits
follow with the year in parentheses. Your Health” (2018)
– According to Sanchez (2019). (“Here’s,” 2018)

Titles:
Articles and Chapters = “ ”
Books and Reports = italicize
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3
IN-TEXT CITATION: ORGANIZATION AS IN-TEXT CITATION: PERSONAL
AUTHOR COMMUNICATION
➢ when citing an organization, mention the ➢ When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc.,
organization the first time you cite the source in include the communicator’s name and the date
either the narrative citation or the parenthetical of communication.
citation, separated by a comma.

EXAMPLE: Narrative citation:

“The data collected by the Food and Drug B.E. Anderson (personal communication,
Administration (FDA, 2019) confirmed…” January 8,2020) also claimed that many of her
students had difficulties with APA style.

➢ If you first mention the group in a parenthetical Parenthetical citation:

citation, list the abbreviation in square brackets, One teacher mentioned that many of her
followed by a comma and the year of publication. students had difficulties with APA style
(Anderson, personal communication, January
EXAMPLE: 8,2020).
(Food and Drug Administration
[FDA],2019). ➢ Do not include personal communication in the
reference list.

IN-TEXT CITATION: THE SAME LAST

NAMES WHEN CITING A TEXT WITH NO PAGE
➢ Use first initials with the last names. NUMBERS: PARENTHETICAL CITATION
➢ Use any of the following four methods:
EXAMPLE: 1. List the heading or section name
(B. Davis, 2018; Y. Davis,2020) One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale
can help your body out in a number of ways”
(London, 2019, Health benefits of kale
IN-TEXT CITATION: TWO OR MORE section).
WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR AND
PUBLISHED IN THE SAME YEAR 2. List an abbreviated heading or section name
➢ Use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of in quotation marks (if the heading is too
publication to order the references. long)
One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale
EXAMPLE: can help your body out in a number of
Chen’s (2018a) study of bird migration… ways”.
… (Chen, 2018a).
3. List the paragraph number
One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale
IN-TEXT CITATION: TWO OR MORE can help your body out in a number of ways”
WORKS IN THE SAME PARENTHESES (London, 2019,para. 2).
➢ when your parenthetical citation includes two or
more works, order them the same way they 4. List the heading or section name and the
paragraph number
appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-
colon. (;) One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale
can help your body out in a number of ways”
EXAMPLE: (London, 2019, Health benefits of kale
(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 2013) section, para. 2).
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3
CITING INDIRECT SOURCES
➢ If you use a source that was cited in another
source, name the original source in your signal
phrase.
➢ List the secondary source in your reference list
and include the secondary source in the
parentheses.

EXAMPLE:
Moore (as cited in Maxwell, 2009, p.25) stated
that…
= Moore argued that... (as cited in Maxwell,
2003, p.102).

Note: When citing material in parentheses,

set off the citation with a comma, as above.
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3

REFERENCES EDITED BOOK

➢ Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of
➢ HANGING INDENTATION
work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
• All lines after the first line of each entry in
DOI (if available)
your reference list should be indented one-
half inch from the left margin.
➢ EXAMPLE:
➢ Reference list entries should be double- spaced
Smither, J.W. (Ed.). (2008). Performance
and alphabetized by the last name of the first
appraisal: State of the art in practice. Jossey-
author of each work.
Bass.

Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).(1997).

BASIC FORMAT FOR BOOKS Consequences of growing up poor. Russell Sage
➢ Author, A. A.(Year of publication). Title of work: Foundation.
Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name.
DOI (if available)
➢ Author, A. A., Author, B., & Author, C. (Date of
➢ Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:
publication). Title of work in sentence case and
Capital letter also for subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.).
italics: Capitalize first word of subtitle (Number
Publisher. DOI (if available)
of edition, if available). Publishing Company.
➢ EXAMPLE:
Malory, T. (2017). Le mortedarthur (P. J. C.
BASIC FORMAT FOR EBOOKS Field, Ed.). D. S. Brewer. (Original work
➢ Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. published 1469-70).
URL
➢ Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book [eBook
edition]. Publisher.URL
➢ Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED
Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook].Publisher. URL BOOK
(ifapplicable). ➢ Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of
publication).Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F.
F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also
for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher.
DOI (if available)
BOOKS
➢ Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the feminine ➢ EXAMPLE:
middlebrow novel. Pickering & Chatto. Armstrong, D.(2019).Malory and character. In
➢ Brown, E., & Nguyen, T. (2013). Comedy and the M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new
feminine middlebrow novel. Pickering & Chatto. companion to Malory (pp. 144-163). D. S.
➢ Brown, E., Nguyen, T. Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. Brewer.
(2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow
novel. Pickering & Chatto.
➢ Brown, E., Nguyen, T. Miele, D. B., Fujita, K., EDITION
Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. ➢ Author, A. A.(Year of publication). Title of work:
C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition).
Min, D., Zhu,Y., Li,W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Publisher. DOI (if available)
Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., . . . Kim, H.
(2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow ➢ EXAMPLE:
novel. Pickering & Chatto. Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article
in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing
success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3
GROUP AUTHOR ARTICLES IN MAGAZINE
➢ Merriam-Webster. (2008).Braggadocio. In ➢ Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never.
Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Time, 135(17), 20–21.
Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
➢ Bureau of International Organization Affairs.
(2018). U.S. contributions to international ARTICLES IN NEWSPAPER
organizations, 2017 [Annual report]. U.S. ➢ Schultz, S. (2005, December). Calls made to
Department of State. strengthen state energy policies. The Country
Today, 1A,2A.
➢ Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date).Title of
TWO OR MORE WORKS/ SAME YEAR/ article. Title of Publication. URL
SAME AUTHOR
➢ Berndt,T. J.(2004a). Children’s friendships: ➢ EXAMPLE:
Shifts over a half- century in perspectives on Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of
their development and their effects. Merrill 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end
Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 206-223. of America. Washington Post.
➢ Berndt,T. J.(2004b).Friendship and three A’s https://www.washingtonpost.com/entert
(aggression, adjustment, and ainment/music/best-music-of-2019-lana- del-
attachment).Journal of Experimental Child rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of-
Psychology, 88(1),1-4. america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8- 11ea-
a659- 7d69641c6ff7_story.html

ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS
➢ Author,A.A.,Author,B.B.,&Author,C.C.(Year). THESES/DISSERTATION (PUBLISHED) -
Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume PRINT
number(issue number), pages. ➢ Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of
https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral
dissertation/master’s thesis, Name of Institution
➢ Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year).Title Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive
of article. Title of Periodical, Vol.(Issue), page Name.
numbers. DOI
➢ EXAMPLE:
➢ EXAMPLE: Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication
Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P.T. in emergency medical services (Publication No.
(2006). Development and validation of the 3544643) [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue
active empathetic listening scale. Psychology & University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Marketing, 23(2),161-180.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105
THESES/DISSERTATION (PUBLISHED) -
ONLINE
ARTICLES OF JOURNAL ➢ Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or
➢ Berndt,T. J. ( 2002). Friendship quality and thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or
social development. Current Directions in master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding
Psychological Science, 11, 7-10. Degree]. Database Name.
➢ Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and
experience design: Negotiating community- ➢ EXAMPLE:
oriented digital research with service-learning. Duis, J.M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and
Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and related organic chemistry conceptions of
International Engagement, 6(1), 11–16. undergraduate organic chemistry students.
https://doi.org/10.5703/ 1288284316979 (Publication No.3348786) [Doctoral
dissertation, University of Northern Colorado].
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
REVIEWER!!! FROM GRANT AND FRIENDS, PASALAMAT NALANG IN PERSON <3
THESES/DISSERTATION (UNPUBLISHED)
- PRINT
➢ Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of
dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral
dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of
Institution Awarding the Degree.

➢ EXAMPLE:
Samson, J. M. (2016). Human trafficking and
globalization [Unpublished doctoral
dissertation].Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University.

APA
➢ is a complex system of citation, which is difficult
to keep in mind.
➢ When compiling the reference list, the strategy
below might be useful:
1. Identify a type of source: Is it a book? A
journal articles. A webpage?
2. “Mirror” the sample.
3. Make sure that the entries are listed in the
alphabetical order and the subsequent lines
are indented.