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Concrete Works

The document discusses concrete works including plain and reinforced concrete. It describes cement types and aggregates used. It provides concrete mix ratios and examples calculating quantities of cement, sand and gravel for concrete pavement, road and column using different mix classes.

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Elvin Asanas
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66 views

Concrete Works

The document discusses concrete works including plain and reinforced concrete. It describes cement types and aggregates used. It provides concrete mix ratios and examples calculating quantities of cement, sand and gravel for concrete pavement, road and column using different mix classes.

Uploaded by

Elvin Asanas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUANTITY SURVEYING

I – CONCRETE WORKS

Plane and Reinforced Concrete


Plain Concrete – an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregates(sand), coarse
aggregates(gravel) and water. The conglomeration of these materials producing a solid mass
is called plain concrete.

Reinforced Concrete – a concrete with reinforcement properly embedded in such a manner


that the two materials act together in resisting forces.

CEMENT

The different types of cement used in construction are:


1. Ordinary Portland Cement
2. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
3. Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement
4. Low Heat Portland Cement
5. Portland Pozzolan Cement
6. High Alumina Cement

AGGREGATES

Aggregates for concrete work are classified into two;


1. Coarse Aggregate such as crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel with particles
retained on a 5mm sieve.
2. Fine Aggregate such as crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or natural sand particles passing
on a 5mm sieve.
The purpose in mixing concrete is to select an optimum proportion of cement, water and
aggregates, to produce a concrete mixture that will meet the following requirement:
1. Workability – fresh concrete shall be workable, meaning, that fresh concrete could freely
flow around the reinforcements to fill all the voids inside the form
2. Strength – the hardened concrete shall be strong enough to carry the design load
3. Durability – the hardened concrete could withstand the conditions to which it is expected
to perform
4. Economy – concrete should be economically produced

CONCRETE PROPORTION

Proportioning concrete mixture is done in two different ways: by weight or by volume method.
The most common and convenient way is by volume method using the empty plastic bag of
cement, or by measuring box for sand and gravel. Measuring aggregates and water by weight
is sometimes used in a concrete batching plant for ready-mix concrete or as specified in the
plan.
CONCRETE MIX RATIO
Mixture Proportion Cement in Bag Sand Gravel
Class 40 kg 50 kg m3 m3
AA 1 : 1.5 : 3 12 9.5 0.5 1.0
A 1:2:4 9 7 0.5 1.0
B 1 : 2.5 : 5 7.5 6 0.5 1.0
C 1:3:6 6 5 0.5 1.0

In actual concreting and masonry work, there are several factors that might affect the accuracy
of the estimate. Some of which are enumerated as follows:
1. Inaccurate volume of delivered aggregates which is very common. Delivery truck should be
measured to check if the volume of aggregates being delivered is exactly as ordered.
2. Dumping of aggregates on uneven ground surface and grass areas reduces the net volume
of aggregates.
3. Improper measuring of the aggregates during the mixing operation. This is common practice
when the work is on its momentum where laborers fails to observe the right measurement of
aggregates being delivered to the mixer.
4. The cement and fine aggregate for grouting concrete joints are mostly overlooked in the
estimating process.
5. Cement waste due to reckless handling and hauling.
6. The pure cement powder used by mason in plastering operations to prevent the plaster from
sliding downward is not considered in estimating.
7. Pilferage of materials. This could be avoided with an effective system of construction
management.
Sample Problems

Problem 1
A proposed concrete pavement has a general dimension of 10cm thick, 3m wide and 5m long.
Determine the quantity of cement in bags, sand and gravel in m3 required using class “C”
mixture.

Solution:
Determine the volume of the concrete pavement
V = 0.1m x 3m x 5m
V = 1.5 m3

Using 40kg cement class “C” mixture, multiply the volume by the values from the table of
concrete mix ratio
Cement: 1.5 x 6.0 = 9 bags
Sand: 1.5 x 0.5 = 0.75m3
Gravel: 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.5m3

Using 50kg cement class “C” mixture, multiply the volume by the values from the table of
concrete mix ratio
Cement: 1.5 x 5.0 = 7.5 bags
Sand: 1.5 x 0.5 = 0.75m3
Gravel: 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.5m3
Problem 2
A rural road 6.0m wide after base preparation requires concreting of one kilometer long. Find
the number of bags of cement, sand and gravel required using class “A” concrete if the slab is
6 inches thick.

Solution:
Determine the volume of the concrete road ( 6in = 0.15m)
V = 0.15m x 6m x 1000m
V = 9000 m3

Using 40kg cement class “A” mixture, multiply the volume by the values from the table of
concrete mix ratio
Cement: 900 x 9.0 = 8,100 bags
Sand: 900 x 0.5 = 450m3
Gravel: 900 x 1.0 = 900m3

Using 50kg cement class “A” mixture, multiply the volume by the values from the table of
concrete mix ratio
Cement: 900 x 7.0 = 6,300 bags
Sand: 900 x 0.5 = 450m3
Gravel: 900 x 1.0 = 900m3
Problem 3
A reinforced concrete column is 5m long and with a cross section of 40cm x 40cm. Determine
the quantity of cement, sand and gravel using class “A” concrete.

Solution:
Determine the volume of the concrete column
V = 0.4m x .4m x 5m
V = 0.8 m3

Using 40kg cement class “A” mixture, multiply the volume by the values from the table of
concrete mix ratio
Cement: 0.8 x 9.0 = 7.2 bags
Sand: 0.8 x 0.5 = 0.4m3
Gravel: 0.8 x 1.0 = 0.8m3

Using 50kg cement class “A” mixture, multiply the volume by the values from the table of
concrete mix ratio
Cement: 0.8 x 7.0 = 5.6 bags
Sand: 0.8 x 0.5 = 0.4m3
Gravel: 0.8 x 1.0 = 0.8m3

Note: For reinforced concrete, the volume of the reinforcement is neglected. The gross
concrete volume will be used in determining the quantity of cement, sand, and gravel.
But for massive structural members reinforced with a considerable amount of steel, I advise
that you consider the volume of reinforcing steel bars to prevent too much excess in the
concrete estimate especially for ready-mix concrete.

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