A proper traffic signal is to be designed for perpendicular intersection of two roads AB and CD which are 6- Lane

and 4-Lane respectively with required vehicular and 1 pedestrian phase. Assume starting delay of 2 sec, and
Amber period of 4secs applicable in all phases. Consider the movement from A to C as left turn and intersection
characteristics as average. Pedestrian speed is 1.25sec and green time is 10sec with road AB having refuge island
and CD non refuge median of 1m. Radius of right turning traffic lane is 20m. Use the following traffic data
expressed in pcu/hr.
From A B C D
To C B D D A C B D A A C B
Flow 64 450 84 83 435 72 48 379 46 36 381 93

Solution
The road intersection Geometry is as follows
B

C D

The possible solution with zero conflict is 4-phase solution of either Type A or Type B as solved
below –

Lost Time Calculation (Without clearance Red for residual conflicting right turning traffic)
For Pedestrian movement the crossing length for pedestrian is the width of the carriageway. In case of dual
carriageway with median refuge island, the length from one edge of the carriageway to the median refuge, i.e.,
half the carriageway width may be considered.
∴ All red period for pedestrian movement may be calculated as follows
Road AB Road CD
Pedestrian Crossing Width ½ of 6-Lane = 3×3.5 = 10.5m 4-Lane = 4×3.5 = 14.0m
Pedestrian Crossing Time
10.5 14.0
𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 8.4 ≈ 9 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 11.2 ≈ 12 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1.25 1.25
𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
Pedestrian Time
(9+10) = 19 sec (12+10) = 22 sec
[Crossing Time +Green Time]
Design Time for Pedestrian Phase 22 sec.
Starting Delay for 4-vehicular phases = 4×2 = 8 sec
Amber Period for 4-vehicular phases = 4×4 = 16 sec
∴ Total Lost Time (L) = All red for Pedestrian phase + Starting Delay + Amber = 22 + 8 + 16 = 46 sec
Type A Phase Diagram: Green for each approach for each phase
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4

AC + AB + AD CB + CD + CA BD + BA + BC DA + DC + DB
Approach Width: 3-Lanes 2-Lanes 3-Lanes 2-Lanes
Optimum Signal Cycle for Type A (No exclusive Right Turn Lane)
Phase I II III IV
From A C B D
To Left Straight Right Left Straight Right Left Straight Right Left Straight Right
Flow 64 450 84 48 379 46 83 435 72 36 381 93
Correction 16 -- -- 12 -- -- 21 -- -- -- -- --
Flow (Q) 614 485 611 510
Approach Width (w) 10.5 7 10.5 7
Saturation Flow (Sr) 5512 3675 5512 3675
y (Q/Sr) 0.1114 0.1320 0.1108 0.1388
Y 0.493
1.5 × 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 + 5 1.5 × 46 + 5
Optimum Cycle (Co) = = 145.96 ≈ 146 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1−𝑌 1 − 0.493
Effective Green Time 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 146 − 46 = 100 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Eff. Green / phase 0.1114 0.132 0.1108 0.1388
𝑦𝑖 × 100 = 22.6 × 100 = 26.8 × 100 = 22.5 × 100 = 28.2
0.493 0.493 0.493 0.493
𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 = × 𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑖 𝑌 ≈ 𝟐𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒄 ≈ 𝟐𝟕𝒔𝒆𝒄 ≈ 𝟐𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒄 ≈ 𝟐𝟗𝒔𝒆𝒄
[Effective Green + Starting Delay]
Actual Green
25 sec 29 sec 25 sec 29 sec

Type B Phase Diagram: Green for opposite straight and lefts in two phases & for opposite rights in two
phases (with Exclusive Right Turn Lane)
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4

(AC+AB) & (BA+BD) AD & BC (CD+CB) & (DC+DA) CA & DB

Approach Width: 2-Lanes each 1-Right Turn Lane each 2-Lanes each 1-Right Turn Lane each
Optimum Signal Cycle for Type B (Exclusive Right Turn Lane of 20m radius. One lane reduced for straight
& left of all approaches)
Phase I II III IV
From A B A B C D C D
To Left Straight Left Straight Right Right Left Straight Left Straight Right Right
Flow 64 450 83 435 84 72 48 379 36 381 46 93
Correction 16 -- 21 -- -- -- 12 -- -- -- -- --
Flow (Q) 530 539 84 72 439 417 46 93
Approach Width (w) 7 7 R20m R20m 3.5 3.5 R20m R20m
Saturation Flow (Sr) 3675 3675 1672 1672 1837 1837 1672 1672
Q/Sr 0.1442 0.1467 0.0502 0.0430 0.2390 0.2270 0.0275 0.0556
y [Higher /Sr]
Q 0.1467 0.0502 0.2390 0.0556
Y (sum of y) 0.4915
1.5 × 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 + 5 1.5 × 46 + 5
Optimum Cycle (Co) = = 145.53 ≈ 146 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1−𝑌 1 − 0.4915
Effective Green Time 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 146 − 46 = 100 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Eff. Green / phase 0.1467 0.1502 0.239 0.0556
𝑦𝑖 × 100 ≈ 𝟑𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄 × 100 ≈ 𝟏𝟏𝒔𝒆𝒄 × 100 ≈ 𝟒𝟗𝒔𝒆𝒄 × 100 ≈ 𝟏𝟐𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 = × 𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 0.4915 0.493 0.493 0.493
𝑖 𝑌
Actual Green 32 sec 13 sec 51 sec 14 sec
The possible solution with right turn conflict, considering minor right turn in comparison to
straight and left (as also noted from Type B solution earlier) is a 2-phase solution

Lost Time Calculation

Without clearance Red for residual conflicting right turning traffic is similar as above.
In case any Clearance Red for residual conflict prone right turns, all red period for those is to be assumed – say Rc
for each phase and the total is to be added with this Lost time
∴ Total Lost Time (L) = All red for Pedestrian phase + Starting Delay + Amber = 22 + 4 + 8 = 34 sec
[Assuming no residual right turn and associated clearance red]
2-Phase Diagram: Green for each approach for each phase
Phase 1 Phase 2

AC + AB + AD CB + CD + CA
& &
BD + BA + BC DA + DC + DB
Approach Width: 3-Lanes each approach 2-Lanes each approach
Optimum Signal Cycle
(No exclusive Right Turn Lane and right turn having crossing conflict with opposite approach)
Phase I II
From A B C D
To Left Straight Right Left Straight Right Left Straight Right Left Straight Right
Flow 64 450 84 83 435 72 48 379 46 36 381 93
Correction 16 -- 63 21 -- 54 12 -- 35 -- -- 70
Flow (Q) 677 665 520 580
Approach Width (w) 10.5 10.5 7 7
Saturation Flow (Sr) 5512 5512 3675 3675
Q/Sr 0.1228 0.1206 0.1415 0.1578
y [Higher /Sr]
Q 0.1228 0.1578
Y 0.2806
1.5 × 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 + 5 1.5 × 34 + 5
Optimum Cycle (Co) = = 77.8 ≈ 78 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1−𝑌 1 − 0.2806
Effective Green Time 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 78 − 34 = 44 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Eff. Green / phase 0.1228 0.1578
𝑦𝑖 × 44 = 19.3 ≈ 𝟐𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄 × 44 = 24.7 ≈ 𝟐𝟓𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 = × 𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 0.2806 0.2806
𝑖 𝑌
[Effective Green + Starting Delay]
Actual Green
22 sec 27 sec