Clarifier

5.4.
Bak Pengendap (Clarifier)

A. Kriteria Perencanaan
 Waktu detensi (td) = 1,5 – 2,5 jam
 Diameter bak = 3 – 60 m
 Kedalaman bak (H) = 3 – 4,9 m
 Faktor porositas = 0,02 – 0,12 0,05 – 0,12
 Overflow rate
Average = 30 – 50 m3/m2.hari
Peak = 80 – 120 m3/m2.hari
 Weir loading rate = 125 – 500 m3/m.hari
 Bottom slope = 1/16 – 1/6 mm/mm
 Flight speed = 0,02 – 0,05 m/menit
(Sumber : Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment & Reuse 4th
Edition.hal 398)
 Bilangan Reynold (Nre) untuk Vh = <2000 (laminer)
 Bilangan Reynold (Nre) untuk Vs = <1 (laminer)
 Bilangan Froude (Nfr) = >10-5
 Kemiringan plate settler = 45° – 60°
(Sumber : Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment & Reuse 4th
Edition.hal 375)
 Diameter inlet well = 15% - 20% diameter bak
 Ketinggian inlet well = 0,5 – 0,7m
 Kecepatan inlet well = 0,3 – 0,75m/s
(Sumber: Metcalf & Eddy, Waste Water Engineering Treatment & Reuse, 4th Edition,
halaman 401)
 Konsentrasi solid = 4% - 12%
 Massa jenis air (ρ), T (30ºC) = 0,996 g/cm³ 1
 Viskositas kinematic (v) = 0,8394 x 10-6 m²/s 13)
 Viskositas dinamik (μ) = 0,8004 x 10-3 N s/m²
(Sumber: Reynolds, Tom D. dan Paul A. Richards. 1996. Unit Operations and
Processes in Environmental Engineering 2nd edition, hal 762 (Appendix C). Boston:
PWS Publishing Company)
 Spesific gravity sludge (Sg) = 1,005
 Spesific gravity solids (Ss) = 1,02
(Sumber: Metcalf & Eddy, Waste Water Engineering Treatment & Reuse, 4th Edition,
hal 1456)
B. Direncanakan
 Menggunakan 1 bak sedimentasi berbentuk circular
 Debit air limbah = 1100 m3/hari ≈ 0,013m3/s
 Kedalaman bak (H) =3m
 Diameter inlet well = 20% diameter bak
 Suhu air limbah = 30ºC
 Massa jenis air, T (30℃) = 996,3 kg/m3
 Viskositas kinematik (v) = 0,8039 x 10-6 m2/s
 Viskositas dinamik (𝜇) = 0,8363 x 10-3 N.s/m2
 Over flow rate = 40 m3/m2.hari
 Waktu pengurasan = 3 hari
 Menggunakan V notch untuk outlet sedimentasi, kemiringan = 90º
 Jarak antar V notch = 30 cm =0,3 m
 Freeboard = 20%
 Massa jenis sludge = sg x massa jenis air
= 1,005 x 996,3 kg/m3 = 1001,3 kg/m3
C. Perhitungan
1. Zona Settling
 Luas Surface Area (A)
Q
A =
OFR
3
1100m /hari
= 3
40 m /hari
= 27,5 m2
 Diameter (D)
D =
√ 4A
π
=
√ 4 x 27 ,5 m2
3 , 14
= 5,92 m ≈ 6 m (memenuhi syarat Diameter 3 – 60 m)
r =3m
 A koreksi = ¼ π D2
= ¼ x 3,14 x 62
= 28,26 m2
 Cek Over Flow Rate
Q
OFR =
A
3
1100m /hari
= 2
28 ,26 m
= 38,92 m3/m2.hari (memenuhi syarat Average OFR 30 – 50 m3/m2.hari)
 Diameter Inlet Well
Din well = 20% x D
= 20% x 6 m
= 1,2 m
 Volume Bak Clarifier
V = ¼ π D2 x H
= ¼ x 3,14 x (62) x 3 m
= 84,78 m2
V
Cek td =
Q
2
84 , 78 m
= 3
0,013 m /s
= 6521 detik ≈ 1,8 jam (memenuhi kriteria td 1,5 – 2,5 jam)
 Kecepatan Pengendapan Partikel (Vs)
H
Vs =
td
3m
=
6521 s
= 0,00046 m/s
 Diameter Partikel (dp)
dp =
√ Vs x V x 18
g x (ss −1)
=
√ 0,00046 m/s x (0,8039 x 10−6 m2 / s)x 18
= 0,00184 m
9 ,81 m/ s2 x(1 , 02−1)
 Cek bilangan Nre untuk Vs

massa jenis sludge x dp x Vs
Nre =
Viskositas dinamik(μ)
3
1001, 3 kg /m x 0,00184 m x 0,00046 m/s
= −3
0 , 8363 x 10
= 0,1 (memenuhi kriteria, Nre < 1)
 Jari-jari hidrolis (R)
rxH
R =
r +2 H
3mx3m
=
3 m+(2 x 3 m)
=1m
 Kecepatan Horizontal (Vh)
Q
Vh =
2x π x r x H
3
0,013 m /s
=
2 x 3 ,14 x 3 x 3
= 0,00023 m/s
 Cek Nre untuk Vh
Vh x R
NRe Vh=
v
0,00023 m/s x 1 m
= −6 2
0,8039 x 10 m /s
= 286 (memenuhi kriteria NRe < 2000 laminer)
 Cek Bilangan Frounde (Nfr)
Vh
Nfr =
√g x H
0,000023 m/s
=
√ 9 ,81 m/s 2 x 3 m
= 0,000042 ≈ 4,2 x 10-5 ( memenuhi kriteria, Nfr >10-5)
 Cek Penggerusan/ Kecepatan Scouring (Vsc)
𝛽 = konstanta kohesi untuk partikel yang saling mengikat 0,06
F = Faktor friksi Darcy-Weisbach antara 0,02-0,03
Vsc =
√ 8 x β (Ss−1) x g x dp
F
=
√ 8 x 0 , 06(1 , 02−1) x 9 , 81 m/s2 x 0,00184 m
0 , 03
= 0,024 m/s
(Vsc 0,024 m/s > Vh 0,00023 m/s maka tidak terjadi peng gerusan)
2. Zona Inlet
 Diameter inlet well (D’)
D = 20% x Diameter Bak
= 20% x 6 m
= 1,2 m
 Perhitungan pipa inlet
Q
A =
V
3
0,013 m /s
=
0 , 6 m/s
= 0,021 m2
D =
√ 4A
π
=
√ 4 x 0,021m 2
3 ,14
= 0,16 m ≈ 6 inc
3. Zona Sludge
- Sludge terdiri dari 95% air dan 5% solid
- Volatile solid 60% dengan berat jenis = 1,3 gr/cm3
- Fixed solid 40% dengan berat jenis = 2,5 gr/cm3
 Berat jenis solid

Sg = (60% x Sg Volatile solid) + (40% x Sg Fixed solid)
= (60% x 1,3 gr/cm3) + (40% x 2,5 gr/cm3)
= 1,78 gr/cm3 = 1780 kg/m3
 Berat jenis sludge
Si = (5% x 1,78 gr/cm3 ) + (95% x 0,996 gr/cm3)
= 1,035 gr/cm3 = 1035 kg/m3
 Kadar TSS yang teremoval
TSS re = % removal x kadar TSS
= 70% x 184,5 mg/L
= 129,15 mg/L = 0,129 kg/m3
TSS Effluent = TSSin – TSS re
= 184,5 mg/L – 129,15 mg/L
= 55,35 mg/L
 Lumpur yang dihasilkan
Berat solid = Q x removal TSS
= 0,013 m3/s x 0,129 kg/m3
= 0,00167 kg/s
= 144,89 kg/hari
berat solid
 Volume solid =
ρ solid
144 , 89 kg /hari
= 3
1780 kg /m
= 0,081 m3/hari
kadar air dalamlumpur

 Berat air = x berat solid
kadar padatan dalam lumpur
95 %
= x 144,89 kg/hari
5%
= 2752,96 kg/hari
berat air
 Volume air =
ρ air
2752 ,96 kg/hari
=
996 ,3 kg /m3
= 2,76 m3/hari
 Volume sludge
V sludge = volume solid + volume air
= 0,081 m3/hari + 2,76 m3/hari
= 2,845 m3/hari
 Berat sludge
= volume sludge x massa jenis sludge
= 2,845 m3/hari x 1035 kg/m3
= 2944 kg/hari
 Dimensi ruang lumpur
Direncanakan pengurasan dari clarifier dilakukan setiap 3 hari sekali, dan ruang
lumpur bak sedimentasi berbentuk kerucut terpancung dengan rencana dimensi ruang
lumpur sebagai berikut:
- Volume sludge = 2,845 m3/hari x 3 hari
= 8,53 m3
- Diameter permukaan atas =6m
Jari-jari permukaan atas (R) = 3 m
- Diameter permukaan bawah = 2 m
Jari-jari permukaan bawah (r)= 1 m
Vol ruang lumpur = volume kerucut terpancung
Volume = 1/3 x 𝜋 x H x (R2 + r2 +Rr)
8,53 m3 = 1/3 x 3,14 x H x (32 + 12 +3x1)
H = 0,6 m
 Kedalaman total Clarifier
H total = H settling + H sludge
= 3 m + 0,6 m
= 3,6 m
H total + freeboard = (3,6 m x 10%) + 3,6 m
= 3,96 m = 4 m (memenuhi kriteria H = 3 – 4,9 m)
4. Zona Outlet
 Panjang Keliling Weir
P = 𝜋 x diameter bak
= 3,14 x 6 m
= 18,84 m
 Jumlah V notch Setiap Pelimpah (Weir)
panjang keliling weir
n =
jarak antar v notch
18 ,84 m
=
0,2m
= 94,2 ≈ 94 buah
 Debit air melalui V notch
Q
Qv notch =
n
3
0,013 m /s
=
94
= 0,000138 m3/s
 Tinggi pelimpah setelah melalui V notch (H)
Dengan, Cd = 0,584
Sudut V notch = 90º
8 ϴ
x Cd x √ 2 g x tan x H
5 /2
Qv notch =
15 2
8 90
x 0,584 x √ 2 x 9 , 81 x tan
5 /2
0,000138 m3/s = xH
15 2
0,000138 m3/s = 1,38 H 5 /2
H = 0,025 m
 Luas permukaan saluran pelimpah
Q
A =
v
3
0,013 m /s
=
0 , 3 m/s
= 0,0433 m2
 Dimensi saluran pelimpah
A = W x H , direncanakan W = 2H
0,0433 m2 = 2H x H
0,0216 m2 = H2
H = 0,15 m
W =2xH
= 0,3 m
H total = H + freebord
= 0,15 m + (20% x 0,15 m)
= 0,18 m
 Pipa Outlet
Q
A =
V
3
0,013 m /s
=
0 , 6 m/s
= 0,021 m2
D =
√ 4A
π
=
√ 4 x 0,021m 2
3 ,14
= 0,16 m ≈ 6 inc (disesuaikan dengan pipa pasaran)

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5.4.

Bak Pengendap (Clarifier)

 Cek bilangan Nre untuk Vs

 Berat jenis solid

kadar air dalamlumpur

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