Drainage - System: Area Perimeter 4 1 1 0.013 4

DRAINAGE - SYSTEM
Question - 1 : Determine the size of a circular drain at the outlet of 6 ha drainage area, if the
drainage co-efficient is 1.5 cm and the drain grade is 0.25%. Assume the n value for the drain
materials as 0.013. [ Ap-2023, Oct-2022, ]
Solution : Given,
Assume, Time T = 24 h/day
Area, A = 6 ha=6x104 m2
Co-efficient, Cd = 1.5 cm = 0.015m
Drain grade, S = 0·25%, = 0.0025
Assume, n = 0·013
Let, Dia of Circular Drain = D
𝜋𝐷2
Area 4 𝐷
Hydraulic Radios, R = = =
Perimeter 𝜋𝐷 4
2
1 1
1 𝐷 2 1
From manning's formula, Velocity, V = 𝑅3 𝑆 2 = = 𝑥 ( )3 x (0.0025)2
𝑛 0.013 4
2
= 1.526 D3
Volume A .Cd 6 x 104 x 0.015
Again, Discharge, Q = Volume Per Second = = = = 0.01 m3/s
Time T 24 x 3600
We Know That Discharge, Q = AV

2
𝜋𝐷2
0.01 = x 1.526 D3
4
8
0.00834 = D3
3
D = (0.00834)8
= 0.166 m
= 16.6 cm
= 17 cm (Ans)
Question - 2 : In a tile drainage system, the drains are to be laid with their centers 1.6 m below
the ground level. The impervious layer is 8 m below the ground level. The drainage coefficient is
0.15 cumec/km² and the coefficient of permeability is 0.001 cm/sec. Determine the spacing of
drains to keep the height position of water table to 1.2 m below the ground level.
Solution : Given,
Coefficient of permeability, K = 0.001 cm/sec =0.000001 m/sec

Drainage co-efficient, Cd = 0.15 cumec/km²
S 1
Discharge by Each Drain, q = 0.15 x ( x ) Cumecs/m
1000 1000
= 0.15 x 10-6 S Cumecs/m

Depth of impervious layer below GL, H = 8 m
ht of Drain center above impervious layer, a = 8 – 1.6 = 6.4 m
ht of W.T. above impervious layer, b = 8 – 1.2 = 6.8 m
4K
We Know That, S= ( b 2 – a2 )
q
4 x 0.00001
S= ( 6.82 – 6.42 )
0.15 x 10-6 S
4 x 0.00001
S=√ ( 6.82 – 6.42 )
0.15 x 10-6
= 11.866 m (Ans)
Question - 3 : Sugarcan is grown in a particular area where the ground water table effectively
lies 1.7m below the ground. Determine the vertical location of closed drains below the ground
spaced at 20m. The drainage co-efficient is 0.12 cumecs/km2 hydraulic conductivity is 0.001
cm/s and the impervious layer occurs at 7m below the ground.
Solution : Given,
Drains Spacing, S = 20 m
Coefficient of permeability, K = 0.001 cm/sec =0.000001 m/sec
Drainage co-efficient, Cd = 0.12 cumec/km²
20 1
Discharge by Each Drain, q = 0.12 x ( x ) Cumecs/m
1000 1000
= 2.4 x 10-6 Cumecs/m

Let, Vertical Location of closed drains below GL = h
ht of Drain center above impervious layer, a = (7 – h )m
ht of W.T. above impervious layer, b = 7 – 1.7 = 6.3 m
4K
q
4 x 0.000001
20 = { 6.32 – (7−h)}2
2.4 x 10−6
h = 1.74 m (Ans)
Question - 4 : In a tile drainage system, the drains are laid with their centers 2m below the
ground level. The impervious layer is 10m below the ground level and the average annual
rainfall in the area is 60 cm. If 1% of annual rainfall is to be drained in 24 hours to keep the
highest position of the water table to 1m below the ground, determine the spacing of the
drains. Co-efficient of permeability of the soil is 10-5 m/s.
Solution : Given, Assume, Time T = 24 h/day
Coefficient of permeability, K = 10−5m/sec

Annual rainfall, RA = 60 cm
% rainfall, Rf = 1% of annual rainfall
Let, Spacing Between Drains = S
Rf x RA x (Sx1)
∴ Discharge by Each Drain, q = Cumecs/m
T
1 60
x x (Sx1)
100 100
= Cumecs/m
24 x 60 x 60
= 6.944 x 10−8S Cumecs/m

ht of Drain center above impervious layer, a = 10 – 2 = 8 m
ht of W.T. above impervious layer, b = 10 – 1 = 9 m
4K
q
4 x 10−5
S= ( 92 – 82 )
6.944 x 10−8 S
S = 98.96 m (Ans)
Q-1. What are the advantages of Tile Drains?
Advantages of Tile Drains: Tile drainage helps in increasing crop yields by draining the water or
by lowering the water table in the following manner.
1. Removes the free gravity water that is not directly available to the plants.
2. Increases the volume of soil from which roots can obtain food.
3. Increases air circulation.
4. Increases bacterial activity in the soil, thus improving soil structure and making the plant
food more readily available
5. Reduces soil erosion
6. Reduces and removes toxic substances such as sodium and other soluble salts, which
when present in large concentrations may retard plant growth.
7. Lesser time and labour is required for tilling and harvesting
8. Tile drains permit deep roots development by lowering the watertable, espe- cially during
spring months.
Q-2 : Make a comparison between 'surface drainage' and 'sub-surface drainage'.

Surface drainage
Surface drainage is the removal of excess water from the surface of the land. This is normally
accomplished by shallow ditches, also called open drains. The shallow ditches discharge into
larger and deeper collector drains. In order to facilitate the flow of excess water toward the
drains, the field is given an artificial slope by means of land grading
Subsurface drainage
Subsurface drainage is the removal of water from the rootzone. It is accomplished by deep open
drains or buried pipe drains.
i. Deep open drains
The excess water from the rootzone flows into the open drains. The disadvantage of this type of
subsurface drainage is that it makes the use of machinery difficult.
ii. Pipe drains
Pipe drains are buried pipes with openings through which the soil water can enter. The pipes
convey the water to a collector drain.

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DRAINAGE - SYSTEM

We Know That Discharge, Q = AV

Coefficient of permeability, K = 0.001 cm/sec =0.000001 m/sec

= 0.15 x 10-6 S Cumecs/m

= 2.4 x 10-6 Cumecs/m

Solution : Given, Assume, Time T = 24 h/day

Coefficient of permeability, K = 10−5m/sec

= 6.944 x 10−8S Cumecs/m

Q-2 : Make a comparison between 'surface drainage' and 'sub-surface drainage'.

i. Deep open drains

ii. Pipe drains

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