njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk;

f.ngh.j. (c/j)

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk; 12
(2018Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)

rpq;fs nkhopfs; jpizf;fsk;

nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : info@nie.lk
njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk;
juk; - 12

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

Kjw; gjpg;G : 2018

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ISBN

rpq;fs nkhopfs; jpizf;fsk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : info@nie.lk

gjpg;G:

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

 gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s Njrpa fy;tpf;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltijAk; nghJj; Nju;r;rpfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;jiyAk;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mg;NghJ ,Ue;j tpla cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l fiyj;jpl;lj;ij etPdkag;gLj;jp> vl;L Mz;L fhy tl;lj;jpw;fhf>
Nju;r;rpfs; rhu;e;j fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; KjyhtJ fl;lk;> 2007 ,y; Njrpa fy;tp
epWtfj;jpdhy; ghlrhiyfspd; Muk;g> ,ilepiy gpupTfspy; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;
gl;lJ. Ma;T %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;l tplaq;fisAk; fy;tp njhlu;ghf gy;NtW
jug;gpdu; Kd;itj;j NahridfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L elhj;jg;gl;l
fiyj;jpl;l epahapg;Gr; nra;Kiwapd; ngWNgwhf fiyj;jpl;l tl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk;
fl;lj;ij fy;tp Kiwikapy; mwpKfQ; nra;Ak; gzp 2015 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;j epahapg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ rfy ghlq;fsJk; Nju;r;rpfis

mbj;js kl;lj;jpypUe;J cau; kl;lk; tiu xOq;F Kiwahf fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F
fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; epiyf;Fj;Jr; Nru;khdKk; ntt;NtW ghlq;fspy;
xNu ghl tplak; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Kd;itf;fg;gLtij ,ad;wtiu Fiwj;jy;>
tpla cs;slf;fj;ij tiuaiwg;gLj;jy;> eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w khztu;
Neakhd fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;wpid jahupg;gjw;fhf fpilahd Nru;khdKk; gad;
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mrpupau; ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpLjy;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapy; ntw;wp

fukhf <LgLjy;> tFg;giw fzpg;gl P ;bidAk; kjpg;glP ;bidAk; gaDs;sthW
gpuNahfpj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;Fjy; Nghd;w
Nehf;Fld; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;b mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. tFg;giwapy;
ngupJk; tpisjpwd; kpff; Xu; Mrpupauhfr; nraw;gLtjw;F ,e;j topfhl;b Jizahf
mikAk;. khztuplj;Nj Nju;r;rpfis tsu;gg ; jw;fhf jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfisAk;
nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; Mrpupau;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlE}y;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s
ghltplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd mjpf RikNaw;wk; ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bfspy;
mlf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdNt ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b %yk; cr;rg;gad; ngWtjw;F
fy;tp ntspalP L
; j; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s ghlE}y;fisAk; ,tw;Wld;
rkhe;jukhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhdjhFk;.

epahapf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lq;fs;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;bfs;> Gjpa ghlE}y;fs;

Mfpatw;wpd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk; Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tpf; Nfhyj;jpypUe;J
tpLgl;L khztu; ikaf; fy;tpf; Nfhyj;ijAk; ngupJk; nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j
fy;tpf; Nfhyj;ijAk; Kd;ndLg;gjd; %yk; Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; Njitahd
Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; nfhz;l kdpj tskhf khztu; rKjhaj;ij
tpUj;jp nra;jyhFk;.

Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpidAk; Mrpupau; topfhl;biaAk; jahupf;Fk; gzpapy;

gq;fhw;wpa Njrpa fy;tp epWtf fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rigapdJk;> jhgd
NguitapdJk; rfy tsthsu;fspdJk; mu;gg ; zpg;igg; ngupJk; ghuhl;Lfpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp. uP. V. Mu;. N[. FzNrfu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk.
ii
 gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg; gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.
kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ve;j xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;
mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg;
gz;gLj;jpg; Gj;Jyifg; gilg; gjw;Fkhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk;

trjpfSk; fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;>
topfhl;bfs;> trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpjJ
; iwapw;
Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.

,yq;if> etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika
kWrPu ikg;G fspD}lhf vl; L Mz; LfSf; n fhUjlit ,w; i wg;g Lj;j g;g Lk;
fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bfs; jahupf;fg;gL
fpd;wd.

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikia Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk;
gprfhJ mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis
mz;kpg;gjw;fhff; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk;
mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjyspgg ; jw;
fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp khztUk;
ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf
mikAk; xU rhjdkhd ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; md;W
vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;gpy>; Njrpa epiyg; guPlr

; fu;fshy; vjpug
; hu;ff
; g;ngWk;
milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy;
trjp nra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; kjpg;gplg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f
nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,t;thrpupau;
topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp. tz. khk;Gy;nfhl Rkdujd Njuu;

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk.

iii
 fiyj;jpl;lf; FO

mDkjp kw;Wk; MNyhrid: fy;tp mYty;fs; rig> Njrpa fy;tp

epWtfk;

,izg;ghf;fk;:
gP.uP.vk;. uj;dhaf: rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> rpq;fs nkhopfs;
jpizf;fsk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>
k`ufk.

ghl epGzj;Jt xj;Jiog;G

Nguhrpupau;. Rde;j kN`e;jpu : jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;> fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;.

Nguhrpupau;. Mupauj;d vJfy : rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau;> fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;.
Nguhrpupau;. fky; tNynghl : Nguhrpupau;> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;.
Nguhrpupau;. jpnahNlhu; gpudhe;J : Nguhrpupau;> ,yq;if jpwe;jg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp. k`Pk; nkd;B]; : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> ,yq;if jpwe;jg;
gy;fiyf; fofk;.
fyhepjp. bA+lu; tPurpq;` : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> =ghyp> nfhOk;Gg;
gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp. v];. uFuhk; : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.
vk;. V. v];. `upd; re;jpu : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> = [atu;jdGu
gy;fiyf;fofk;.
vOj;jhsu; FO (ntspthup)
tp[ahee;j &grpq;` : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;
mUz nyhF ypad : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;
jk;kpf gz;lhu : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;
[P.uP. kJgh\pdp : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> ,yq;if jpwe;jg;
gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jptq;fp mNgtu;jd tpf;fpukrpq;`: rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> ,yq;if jpwe;jg;
gy;fiyf;fofk;.
kp`pup FkhuNf : Mrpupau; Nrit> Gdpj NgJW kfh
tpj;jpahyak;> n`huiz.
gpurd;d tpky #upah : Mrpupau; Nrit> njhlk;nfhy;y
kfhtpj;jpahyak;> gpgpy.
,e;jptu [a [aNrfu : Mrpupau; Nrit> Mde;jh kfsPu;
tpj;jpahyak;> Nfhl;il
nraw;wpl;lf; FO
vk;. Mu;. lg;s;A. kj;Jk :
gzpg;ghsu;> rpq;fs nkhopfs; jpizf;fsk;
gP.uP.vk;. uj;dhaf :
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> rpq;fs nkhopfs;
jpizf;fsk;
fyhepjp. thtpd;Nd gQ;Qhee;j Njuu; : cjtp tpupTiuahsu;> rpq;fs nkhopfs;
jpizf;fsk;
jkpohf;fk;
gP.v];. Nkh`d; : Mrpupau; Nrit> `Tg;Ng jkpo; tpj;jpahyak;>
f`tj;ij.
Mu;. re;jpuNkhfd; : Mrpupau; Nrit> tl;ltis j.k.tp. tl;ltis.

iv
 cs;slf;fk;

gf;fk;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp i

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp ii

fiyj;jpl;lf; FO iii

1.0 njhlu;ghly; fw;ifapd; Muk;gKk; gutYk; 01 - 15

2.0 njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gil 16 - 31

3.0 mbg;gilj; njhlu;ghly; tiffs;> ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; khjpupfs; 32 - 57

4.0 ghuk;gupa ClfKk; ntFrd ClfKk;> etPd ClfKk;> r%f

ClfKk; 58 - 86

5.0 gz;ghl;L uPjpahd tpsf;fk;> Clfj;jpd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; mjd;

nry;thf;F 87 - 103

6.0 Clf tpsq;fwpTk; Clf tpku;rdKk; 104 - 145

v
1. njhlu;ghly; fw;ifapd; Muk;gk; kw;Wk; tPr;R

Nju;r;rp : 1.0 njhlu;ghly; fw;ifapd; Muk;gk;> tPr;R> mjd;

Jiwrhu; gpd;Gyk; kw;Wk; mjidf; fw;gjd;
mtrpak; Kjyhdit gw;wpa mwpTld; nraw;
gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 1.1 Jiwrhu; ghlkhfj; njhlu;ghly; fw; i fapd;

Muk;gk;> tPrR
; > mjidf; fw;gjd; mtrpak; Kjyhd
tw;iw ,dq;fz;L Kd;itg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Jiwrhu; ghlkhfj; njhlu;ghly; fw; i fapd;

Muk;gk; gw;wpj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
T
• njhlu;ghly; fw;ifapd; tPrR
; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
AF
• njhlu;ghly; fw;ifapid Xu; ghlkhff; fw;gjd;
mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
mwpKfk;:
DR

njhlu;ghly; Xu; mbg;gil kdpjr; nraw;ghlhFk;. egu;fSf;fpilNa njhlu;G

fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F kdpju;fSf;Fj; njhlu;ghly; mj;jpahtrpakhfpwJ.
czu;Tfs;> vz;zq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; mwpT Kjyhdtw;iwg; gupkhw;wpf;
nfhs;jy; vd;gJ> njhlu;ghly; vd;gjd; vspa tpsf;fkhFk;. Muk;g r%fq;fspy;
,Ue;j kdpju;fs; gy;NtW xypfs;> rkpf;iQfs;> FwpaPLfs; Kjyhdtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhz;l jfty; gupkhw;wk; njhlf;fk;> rk fhyj;jpy; ntFrd
Clfk; kw;Wk; vz;rhu; (b[pl;ly;) njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;g rhjdq;fs; Kjyhd
tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jfty; gupkhw;wk; tiu njhlu;ghly; Jiw
tp]j; uP zkile;Js;sJ. etPd Afj;jpy;> cyfk; xU FLk;gkhfr; RUq;Fk; tz;zk;
khDl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; tYg;ngw;Ws;sd. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; njhlu;ghlypd;
tsu;r;rpNaahFk;.

njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;bd; tpUj;jpNahL ntFrd Clfq;fs; cs;slq;fyhd

gy;NtW cau; njhopDl;gr; rhjdq;fs; topNa epfOk; vy;iyaw;w jfty;
cUthf;fk;> gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; guty; Mfpad jdp egu;fsJ vz;zk;> elj;ij
NghyNt jdpeguJ rKf ,ilj; njhlu;GfspYk; <w;wpy; KOr; r%fj;jpYk; ghupa

1
jhf;fj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. mj;jhf;fk; mD$ykhdjhfTk;> gpujp$ykhdjhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Clfq;fs; %ykhf vy;iyaw;W ntsptUk; jfty;fs; kw;Wk;
ntt;NtW khjpupfs; Clhf tpiuthf ntsptUk; jfty;fs; ,y;yhky; xU
kdpjdhy; r%fj;jpy; tpidj;jpwdhd gpui[ahfr; nraw;glKbahJ.

mNjNghy;> jfty; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpypUe;J xU kdpjidj; jLg;gJk; ,ayhj

fhupakhFk;. jdpkdpj tpUj;jp Nghd;Nw> r%f tpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd jftiyg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; mtrpakhFk;. ,jw;F mtrpakhtJ Clfq;fs; topNa
ntspahFk; jfty;fis tbfl;b> Njitahd jfty;fis kl;Lk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
kjpEl;gk; MFk;. Clfq;fs;; cUthf;F k; khiafspypUe;J ajhu;j;jj;ij
NtWgpupj;jwpaj; Njitahd Clf tpsq;fwpT kw;Wk; tpku;rduPjpahd ngWeuhfr;
nraw;glj; Njitahd kjpEl;gk; Kjyhdtw;why; kdpjd; KOikailag; ngwy;
Ntz;Lk;.

And];Nfh mikg;gpdhy; 1982 Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l F&d;nty;l;

gpufldj;jpy; Clfj;jpd; vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fspypUe;J rpWtu;fs; kw;Wk;
T
,isQu;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F> Clf tpsq;fwpT
kw;Wk; tpku;rd uPjpahf Clfj;ij EfUk; kjpEl;gk; vd;gtw;NwhL rpWtu;fspilNa
AF
gilg;ghf;fr; rpe;jidiaAk; tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; fUj;Jk; cw;W Nehf;fg;
gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ghlrhiyfspy; Muk;gg; gpuptpypUe;J khztu;fSf;F
Clff; fy;tp toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W And];Nfh mikg;G gupe;Jiu nra;jJk;
,jd; fhuzkhfNtahFk;.
DR

njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk; vDk; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fs;

Clf tpsq; f wpT> kjpEl; g k; kw; W k; tpku; r duP j pahf Clfj; i j EfUk;
mwpthw;wYld; nraw;wpwd; kpff; njhlu;ghLeuhf ,Ug;gNjhL> rpwe;j gpui[ahfTk;
,Ug;ghu;fs;. mjw;F Vw;w tifapy; ghltplaq;fs; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ghltpjhdj;jpy; RUf;fkhff; Fwpgg
; plg;gl;l tplaq;fs; ,q;F tpgukhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

Jiwrhu; ghlkhfj; njhlu;ghly; fw;if Muk;gkhd tpjk;> mjd; tsu;r;rp>

njhlu;ghly; fw;ifapid ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpy; mwpKfk; nra;jik
kw;Wk; ,g; ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mtrpak; vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;gJ
,t; myfpd; %yk; epfOk;. ,jd; %yk; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd mbg;gilia
khzt> khztpaUf;F toq;Fjy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

2
ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

njhlu;ghly; fw;ifapd; Muk;gk;> tPrR

; kw;Wk; mjidf; fw;gjd; mtrpak;

• njhlu;ghlYf;Fk; khDl ,ilj;njhlu;GfSf;Fk; ,ilNa gpupf;f Kbahj

gpizg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cyfpy; kdpjd; Njhd;wpa fhyk; njhl;Nl khDlj;
njhlu;ghlYk; Muk;gkhfpaJ.
• Muk;g r%fj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpjd; jdJ vspa Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gy;NtW rkpf;iQfs;> xypf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp
Muk;gpj;j njhlu;ghly;> ,d;iwa mstpy; cau; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gf;
fUtpfs; Clhf epfOk; rpf;fyhd nrad;Kiwahf khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
• njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rp> ntFrd Clfq;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;
Clfq;fs; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpd; ,ay;G Mfpad njhlu;ghly;
fw;if Xu; Jiwrhu; fw;ifahfj; Njhw;wk; ngwTk;> Mokhff; fw;fTk;
T
gpujhd fhuzq;fshfpd.
• njhlu;ghly; fw;ifapd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhtJ> kdpjdJ mDgtq;fspd;
AF

ikag; Gs;spahfj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij Muha;tjhFk;.

• ,q;F kdpj mDgtk; vd;gJ> jfty; cUthf;fk;> gupkhw;wk;> jfty;
cs;thq;fypd;NghJ kf;fs; ntspf;fhl;Lk; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fs; ahit
DR

vd;gtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;tjhFk;.
• njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ kdpj r%fj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj Njhw;wk; ngw;wnjhd;W
vd;wNghjpYk; mjid Xu; Jiwrhu; ghlkhff; fw;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; epiyg;ghL
cUthfpaJ 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapNyahFk;.
• njhopDl;gg; Gul;rp> Kjyhk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jq;fs; fhuz
khfj; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Jupj khw;wq;fs; ntFrd
Clfq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp kw;;Wk; gutypy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpd. ,e;
epiyik njhlu; ghly; fw;i f gw; wpa Mu; tj;i jAk; mtrpaj;i jAk;
mjpfupj;jJ.
• cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Nghu; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;gjw;Fk;>
gupkhw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfq;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; kf;fSf;fhf
kfpot+l;ly; kw;Wk; jfty; toq;fTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; kdepiyia kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; tz;zk;
Clfq;fs; %ykhfg; nghOJNghf;fspf;Fk; njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfq;fs;>
jpiug;glq;fs;> nra;jpg;gj;jpupiffs;> ghly;fs; Mfpad gak;> gPjp> ghYzu;T
Kjyhd fUg;nghUl;fis ikag;gLj;jp mjpfk; ntspte;jd.

3
• ,f; fhyg;gFjpapy;> tzpf Nehf;fj;NjhLk; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
vz;zj;NjhLk; Clf cupikahsu;fshy; kw;Wk; murpay; jiytu;fshy;
ntFrd Clfq;fs; tiuaiwapd;wpg; ghtidf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• ,t;tidj;J topfshYk; Clfq;fshy; r%fj;jpy; $u;ikahd jhf;fq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy;> epGzu;fs; njhlu;ghly; Jiw gw;wpa fw;ifapy; <Lgl
Kide;jdu;.
• 1920 fspy; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Nju;rr ; pfisg; ngw;wpUe;j epGzu;fs; mf;fhyg;
gFjpapy; ntFrd Clfq;fs; kdpjd; kPJk; kdpjd; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpw;fpil
apyhd njhlu;gpYk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gijj; jk; Muha;r;rpfs;
%yk; ep&gpj;jdu;.
• njhlu;ghly; ghlk; “njhlu;ghly; fw;if” vDk; jdpj; Jiwahf tsu;tjw;F
Kd;du;> khDl tpQ;Qhdk;> r%f tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;
Mfpa %d;W Jiwfspy; cs;slf;fg;ngw;w Xu; gpupthff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
• r%f tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwapy; rhu;s;]; N`hu;ll ; d; $yp> murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;
Jiwapy; Nthy;l;lu; ypg;kd;> kw;Wk; fy;tp tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwapy; N[hd; ^tp
Mfpa mwpQu;fs; Kd;itj;j fUj;Jf;fs;> Ma;Tf; fw;iffs; Mfpad
T
njhlu;ghly; fw;iffs; Xu; Jiwrhu; ghlkhfj; jw;fhyj;jpy; tsu;r;rp ngw
mbj;jskhfpd.
AF
DR

rhu;s;]; N`hu;ll; d; $yp Nthy;l;lu; ypg;kd; N[hd; ^tp

(1864 – 1929) (1889 – 1974) (1859 – 1952)
Charles Horton Cooley Walter Lippmann John Dewey
• rhu;s;]; N`hu;ll; d; “$yp r%f mikg;G” (1909) vDk; Nfhl;ghl;lhf;
fj; i jAk; > Nthy; l ; l u; ypg; k d; “ kf; f s; fUj; J ” (1922) vDk;
Nfhl;ghl;lhf;fj;ijAk;> N[hd; ^tp “kf;fSk; mtu;fsJ Kuz;ghLfSk;”
(1927) vDk; Nfhl;ghl;lhf;fj;ijAk; toq;fp Kd;itj;j fUj;Jf;fs;
njhlu;ghly; fw;ifj; Jiwia tpUj;jp nra;jd.

• kdpjj; njhlu;Gfis cUthf;Fk;> nfhz;L nry;Yk; kw;Wk; mjid

tpUj;jp nra;Ak; fUtp njhlu;ghlyhFnkd rhu;s]
; ; $yp $wpdhu;. mj;NjhL
,t; mwpQu;fs; %tUNk kdpjdJ r%f tho;tpy; Kf;fpakhd ikag;Gs;sp
njhlu;ghlyhFnkdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.

4
 • khWgLk; kw;Wk; tsu;rr ; pailAk; Clfj; njhopDl;gk; gz;ghl;by; Vw;gLj;Jk;
jhf; f k; kw; W k; njhlu; g hly; > [dehafk; kw; W k; kf; f s; Mfpa
fhuzpfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; r%f Kuz;ghLfs; gw;wp ,t;twpQu;fs; NkYk;
fUj;Jj; njuptpjj ; du;. ,f; fUj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghliy Xu; Jiwrhu; ghlkhff;
fw;gjw;fhd mbj;jskhfpd.

• mjd; gpd;du;> njhlu;ghly; fw;if Xu; Jiwrhu; ghlkhf khw;wk; ngWtJ

INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; mnkupf;f epGzu;fspd; topfhl;ly;fSld; mnkupf;fhit
ikag;gLj;jp epfo;ej
; J. ,jd;NghJ> njhlu;ghly; fw;if kw;iwa fw;iffspy;
cs;slq;fg; ngWk; Xu; ghlkhf ,y;yhJ jdpj; Jiwahf tsu;r;rp
ngw;wJ.

• 1933 njhlf;fk; 1945 tiu N[u;kdpapy; fhzg;gl;l pl;yuJ Vfhjpgj;jpa

Ml;rpapy>; me;ehl;Lg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l epGzu;fs;
mjpfk; Ngu; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; ,ize;jdu;. mtu;fs; mnkupf;fg;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fis ikag;gLj;jpj; njhlu;ghly; Jiw gw;wpa Ma;Tfspy;
<Lgl;ldu;.
T
• `Nuhy;l; B yh];nty;> Nfu;l; nytpd;> Nghy; vg;. y]hu;];ng/y;l;> fhu;s;
Itu; N`ht;yz;l>; tpy;gu; ~;uhk;> N[hu;[; nfg;du; Mfpa mwpQu;fshYk;>
AF

Fnshl; ~dd; kw;Wk; nthud; tPtu; Mfpa nghwpapayhsu;fspdhYk;

njhlu;ghly; fw;iff;fhd Jiwrhu; mbj;jskplg;gl;lJ.
DR

`Nuhy;l; B yh];nty; Nfu;l; nytpd; Nghy; vg;. y]hu;];ng/y;l; fhu;s; Itu; N`ht;yz;l;
(1902 – 1978) (1890 – 1947) (1901 – 1976) (1912 – 1961)Harold
D. Lasswell‘ Kurt Lewin Paul F. Lazarsfeld Carl Iver Hovland

tpy;gu; ~;uhk; N[hu;[; nfg;du; Fnshl; ~dd; nthud; tPtu;

(1907 – 1987) (1919 – 2005) (1916 - 2001) (1894 – 1978)Wilbur
Schramm George Gerbner Claude Shannon Warren Weaver

5
• 1940 fspy;> Nguhrpupau; tpy;gu; ~;uhk; mtu;fshy; njhlu;ghly; fw;ifia
Xu; Jiwrhu; ghlkhf epWTk; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mNjNtis>
ntFrd Clfg; ghlrhiyfs;> njhlu;ghly; Muha;r;rpf; $lq;fs;
epWTjy; kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; Gjpa fw;ifg; gpupTfs; Muk;gpj;jy;
vd;gd epfo;e;jd.
• Kjy;Kiwahfj; njhlu;ghly; fw;ifia Xu; Jiwrhu; ghlkhff;
fw;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ rpf;fhNfh ,ypNdhap]; gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpyhFk;.
• 1960 fspd; Kw;gFjpapy;> r%f tpQ;Qhdk;> murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;>
cstpay; tpQQ ; hdk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy nkhop Mfpa tplajhdq;fSf;Fs;
cs;slq;fg;ngw;w njhlu;ghly; fw;ifapid Xu; RahjPdf; fw;ifnewp
ahff; fw;Fk; Kaw;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ntFrd Clfq;fshy; ntspaplg;gLk; jfty;fs; kw;Wk; ntFrd Clfr;
nraw;ghLfs; kf;fs; tho;f;ifapd; midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfspYk;
jhf;fj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij 60>70 fhyg;gFjpfspy; njhlu;ghly;
Jiwrhu; epGzu;fs; Ma;Tfspd; %yk; ep&gpj;jdu;.
T
• Fwpg; g hf> njhiyf; f hl; r p Clfk; rpWtu; f spilNa Vw; g Lj; J k;
jhf;fj;ijg; gw;wp Nguhrpupau; tpyg; u; ~;uhk; kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fof Ma;thsu;
AF
fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfs; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; mjpfk; fye;Jiu
ahlg;gl;ld.
• Nguhrpupau; tpy;gu; ~;uhk; njhiyf;fhl;rp Clfk; gw;wp Nkw;nfhz;l
KjyhtJ Ma;twpfi ; fapy>; rpWtu;fspd; r%fj; njhlu;Gfs; eyptile;j
DR

ikf;Fk; njhiyf;fhl;rpfF ; k; ,ilNa njhlu;G cz;L vdf; $wpAs;shu;.

ngw;NwhUld; Kuz;gLk; rpWtu;fs; jk; Fog;gepiyiag; Nghf;fpf;
nfhs;sTk;> kdf;ftiyiaj; jPuf ; ;fTk; njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfisg;
ghu;itapLfpd;wdu; vd;gijAk; mtu; jdJ mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
• ngy;rpy;Ntdpahg; gy;fiyf;fof Ma;thsu;fshy; td;KiwAs;s kw;Wk;
td;Kiwaw;w fhu;l;^d; epfo;r;rpfisr; rpWth; FOf;fs; ,uz;bw;Fg;
ghu;itapl toq;fp Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;T> Nguhrpupau; tpy;gu; ~;uhkpdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;it cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ.
• ,q;F> ngy;rpy;Ntdpahg; gy;fiyf;fof Ma;thsu;fs;> td;KiwAld;
$ba fhu;l;^d; epfo;r;rpfisr; rpWth;fs; ghu;itapLtjhy; mtu;fSs;
%d;W Kf;fpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.
- Jd; g fukhd tplaq; f s; njhlu; g hd rpWtu; f sJ Ntjid
Fiwtiljy;.
- rpWtu;fs; mtu;fs; thOk; #oy; kw;Wk; cyifg; gw;wpa mr;rj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.
- kw;wtu;f Sld; Ntiyfspy; <LgLk;NghJ Mf;f pukpg;GlDk;>
tpiuthf Kuz;ghLfspy; <LglTk; rpWtu;fspilNa Mu;tk;
mjpfupj;jy;.

6
• Clfq;fshy; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;
Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l ikapdhy; njhlu; g hly; fw; i fj; J iw NkYk;
tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.
• 1960 kw;Wk; 1970 fspy; ntFrd Clfq;fshy; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
jhf;fq;fs;>1980 kw;Wk; 1990 fspy; vz;rhu; (b[pl;ly;) njhopDl;g
Clff; fUtpfspd; gad;ghL> kw;Wk; rkfhyj;jpy;> Gjpa Clfq;fs;>
r%f Clfq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; nraw;ghL Mfpad njhlu;ghly;
fw;ifj;Jiwapd; gug;ig mjpfupj;jd.
• njhlu;ghly;Jiw NeubahdJ vd;gijg; NghyNt> mJ cldbahdJk;
$l. njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rpNahL Mjpfhyk; njhl;Lj;
njhlu;ghly; fw;ifj; Jiw tpUj;jpngw;wJ. mNjNghyNt> jw;NghJk;>
,dptUk; fhyq;fspYk; ,g;ghlk; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rp>
Gjpa njhlu;ghly; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; Nghf;Ffs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpdhy; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g
khWgLk;.
• njhlu;ghly; fw;ifj; Jiwapy; ,t;tpay;G gw;wpa mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;j
T
Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> mtw;why; njhlu;ghly; fw;ifj; Jiw Kd;Ndhf;fpr;
nry;y cyf kw;W k; ru;tNjr mstpy; gy;NtW re; ju; g;g q;f s;
AF
cUthfpAs;sd vd;gijAk; mwpTWj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• njhlu;ghly; fw;ifj;Jiw gw;wpf; fw;gjhy;>
- cyf kw;Wk; ru;tNjr mstpy; njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiw kw;Wk;
Clfr; nrad;Kiw gw;wpa mwpT.
DR

- tpku;rduPjpahf Clfj;ij EfUk; Mw;wy;.

- mtrpakhd> nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; Mw;wy;.
- Ma;T kw;Wk; tpku;rduPjpahd rpe;jid.
- Clf tpsq;fwpT.
- rpwe; j> xOf;f khd kw;W k; tpidj; jpwdhd khDl ,ilj;
njhlu;Gfs;.
- r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; mjpf gq;fspg;G.
- gilg;ghf;f uPjpahd rpe;jid kw;Wk; Clfj; jfty; cUthf;fk;.
- mgptpUj;jprhu; kw;Wk; [dehaf rpe;jidahy; epiwthd gpui[
ahfj; jpfoj; Njitahd mwpT> jpwd;> Mw;wy; kw;Wk; gof;f
tof;fq;fs;.
- ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa mwpT.

Mfpad xU kdpjDs; cUthFk; / tpUj;jpailAk;.

7
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;:

1. njhlu;ghly; fw;ifapd; Muk;gk; kw;Wk; Jiwrhu; fw;ifahf mjd; Muk;gk;

gw;wp tpgupf;Ff.

2. njhlu;ghliy Xu; Jiwrhu; fw;ifahff; fw;gjd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Ff.

3. njhlu;ghly; Xu; Jiwrhu; fw;ifahf tsu;rr; p ngWtjpy; Clfr; nraw;ghLfs;

jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wpa fPo;f;fhZk; juTfisj; jpul;Lf. mtw;iwg;
nghUj;jkhd Kd;itg;G Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Kd;itf;f.
 ifj;njhopy; kakhjy; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; tsu;r;rp
 Kjyhk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu;fs; kw;Wk; Clfr; nraw;ghLfs;
 ntFrd Clfj;; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; mjd; jhf;fk;
 fzpdp cs;slq;fyhd vz;rhu; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gf; fUtpfspd;
tpUj;jp

4. njhlu;ghly; Jiw> fw;ifj; Jiwahf tsu;r;rpailaj; JizGupe;j Nkw;fj;

T
Nja kw;Wk; fPioj;Nja mwpQu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ gzpfs; gw;wpa
AF
mwpf;ifiaj; jahupf;f.
DR

8
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 1.2 ,yq;ifapy; njhlu;ghly; ghlj;ij mwpKfk;
nra;jy; kw;Wk; mjw;Fg; gpd;Gykhf mike;j
fhuzpfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg;ngWthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,yq;ifapy; njhlu;ghly; ghlj;ij mwpKfk;

nra;jy; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.

ghlj;jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLf.

• ,yq;ifapy; njhlu;ghly; ghlj;ij Kjd;Kjy; mwpKfk; nra;jJ nj`ptis

fdp~l; gy;fiyf;fofk; (Junior Campus) MFk;. 1968-1969 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,jopay;
T
(Journalism) vDk; ngaupy; mq;F Xu; fw;ifnewp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• “,jopay;” vDk; mf;fw;ifnewpf;fhd ghltpjhdj;ijj; jahupj;jJ fyhepjp
AF
vl;tpd; Mupajhr mtu;fshFk;.
• mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; fy;tp mikr;ruhff; flikahw;wpa I.vk;.Mu;.V. <upanfhy;y
mtu;f s; ,jw;fhf Kk;K ukhfr; nraw;gl;lhu;. mg; ghlnewp ,uz;L
tUlq;fspd; gpd;du; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
DR

• 1971 Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; njhopy;rhu; fw;ifnewpfis

mwpKfk; nra;Ak;NghJ> njhlu;ghly; fw;if gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
• mjd;gb> 1973 ,y;> fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; “ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly;
fw;ifg; gpupT” vDk; ngaupy; Gjpa fw;ifg;gpupnthd;W Kjd;Kjyhf
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ,jd;NghJ> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FOthy; epakpf;fg;gl;l
Nguhrpupau; tpky; jprhehaf;f> Nguhrpupau; Rde;j kNfe;jpu> Nguhrpupau;
vk;.gP. Mupaghy> Nguhrpupau; vjpuptPu ruj;re;jpu> fyhepjp vl;tpd; Mupajhr
kw; W k; B.rp.uzJq; f Mfpa epGzu; f shy; ,jw; f hd Kd; n dLg; G
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
• Nguhrpupau; tpky; jprhehaf;f> Nguhrpupau; Rde;j kNfe;jpu MfpNahu; ghlj;ijf;
fw;gpf;Fk; Kjy; tpupTiuahsu;fshfpdu;. ntspthup tpupTiuahsu;fshf>
fyhepjp vl;tpd; Mupajhr> fyhepjp gpaNrhk Nkjp];> B.gP. ep`hy;rpq;f>
Nf. [ajpyf;f> k`fk Nrfu> lg;spA. B. mkuNjt> B. rp.u zJq;f kw;Wk;
gparpup Fzuj;d Mfpa epGzu;fs; nraw;gl;ldu;.

9
• ,jw;Fr; rkkhf> 1972 ,y;> = [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; “,jopay;”
vDk; bg;Nshkhf; fw;ifnewp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. xU tUlj;jpd; gpd;du;
mf;fw;ifnewp ,ilepWj;jg;gl;lJ.
• aho;gg; hzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupau;fs; f.ifyhrgjp> fh. rptj;jk;gp
MfpNahuhy; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;JiwapD}lhf “,jopay” mjd; mq;fkhf
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• mj;NjhL> 1960 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l ,yq;if xypgug;Gf;;
$l;Lj;jhgdk; kw;Wk; Vupf;fiu (Nyf;`T];) epWtdq;fspd; %ykhfj;
njhopy;rhu; Clftpayhsu;fSf;fhd gapw;rpnewpfs; elhj;jg;gl;ld.
• jw;fhyj;jpy; njhlu;ghly; fw;if njhlu;ghd ghlnewpfs; fsdpg; gy;fiyf;
fofk;> = [atu;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fofk;> nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof =ghsp tshfk;> u[ul;l gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpwe;j
gy;fiyf;fofk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof jpUNfhzkiy tshfk; kw;Wk;
aho;gg; hzg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Mfpatw;wpy; eilngWfpwJ.
• ,yq;ifapy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gy gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; tpahgpj;jpUf;Fk;
,f; fw;ifnewpg; gl;lg;gbg;G> bg;Nshkh> nghJg; gl;lk;> rpwg;Gg; gl;lk;>
T
gl;lg;gpd; gbg;G kw;Wk; KJkhzpf; fw;if vdg; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; tpUj;jp
ngw;Ws;sJ.
AF
• Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jhy; 2006Mk; Mz;by; Kjd;Kiwahf 10 Mk; juj;jpYk;>
2007 Mk; Mz;by; 11 Mk; juj;jpYk; njhFjpg; (Basket) ghlq;fSs; xU
ghlkhf “njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;if” ghlk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l
NjhL> 2008Mk; Mz;L f.ngh.j cau; juj;jpy; fiyg; gpuptpy; Xu; ghlkhf
DR

,g; ghlk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

• jw;NghJ> njhlu;ghly; fw;iffs; kw;Wk; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila Jiwfs;
,izAk; tz;zk; jkpo;> Mq;fpy> rpq;fs nkhopfspy; gpuNahf uPjpahd
kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd ghlnewpfs; gyTk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fspdhy;
elhj;jg;gLfpdw ; d. ,jd;%yk; njhlu;ghly; fw;ifj; Jiwapd; njhopy;tha;gG
;
mjpfupj;jikAk; fz;$lhfpwJ.
• midj;Jj; njhopy;Jiwfspd; ntw;wpf;Fk; njhlu;ghly; mj;jpahtrpak;
vd;gjhy; mJ gw;wpa fw;if jw;fhyj;jpy; mtrpakhdJk; gpuNahrdkhdJk;
$l.

10
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;:

1. ,yq;ifapy; njhlu;ghly; fw;if mwpKfk; nra;jik gw;wp tpgupf;Ff.

2. ,yq;ifapy; njhlu;ghly; fw;ifj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;

mjidf; fw;gjd; mtrpaj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.

3. ,yq;ifapy; njhlu;ghly; ghlk; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> ntFrd

Clf epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;iw Ma;T nra;f. mjd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l jfty;
fisf; nfhz;L ePq;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,izaf;$ba Njrpa> ntspehl;Lf;
fw;if newp> tpla mwpit tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s cjTk; tsq;fs;> egu;fs;>
epWtdq;fs; gw;wpf; fw;f.

4. ,yq;ifapy; njhlu;ghly; fw;if tsu;tjw;Fj; JizGupe;j jkpo;> rpq;fs

epGzu;fs; gw;wpf; fw;f.
T
AF
DR

11
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 1.3 njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;ifapid Xu;
Jiwrhu; ghlkhff; fw; g jd; mtrpaj; i j
tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs; : 1. njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;ifg; ghlj;ij

mwpKfk; nra;tu;.
2. njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;ifg; ghlj;ijg;
gpd;gw;Wtjd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj;jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLf.

• Kd;gs;spapypUe;J gy;fiyf;fof kl;lk; tiuAk; (Primary School to

University)KjpNahu; fy; tpapYk; Clff; fw; i ffs; Muk; g pf; f g; g l; L
T
mtw;wpw;Fj; JizGupa Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf And];Nfh mikg;gpdhy;
1982 Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l F&d;nty;l; gpufldj;ij ikag;gLj;jp - 2006
AF
Mk; Mz;by; 10 Mk; juj;jpYk;> 2007 Mk; Mz;by; 11 Mk; juj;jpYk; njhFjpg;
(Basket) ghlq;fSs; xU ghlkhf njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;if
ghlk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lNjhL> 2008 Mk; Mz;L f.ngh.j cau; juj;jpy;
fiyg; gpuptpy; Xu; ghlkhf ,g; ghlk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
DR

• “Clff; fy;tp” vd;gJ gy;NtW JiwfisAk; ,izj;jthwhd gue;j XU

JiwahFk;.
• Clff; fy;tp vd;gJ xU egiu Clf tpsq;fwpTld;$ba xUtuhf khw;Wk;
nrad;K iwahFk;. Clff; fy; tp> midj;J Clfq;f isg; gw;w pAk;
mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;Jk;.
• midj;J Clfq;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ rydg; glq;fisf; nfhz;l
jpiug;glk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> xspgg
; jpT ehlh MfpaitAk;> xyp Clfq;fSf;F
cupj;jhd thndhyp> xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l ghly;fs; MfpaitAk;> mr;R
Clfq; f Sld; njhlu; G ila gj; j pupif> rQ;r pif> Rtu; g ; gj; j pupif
MfpaitAk;> Gjpa vz;rhu; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; midj;J
Clfq;fSkhFk;.
• And];Nfh mikg;G> ghlrhiyfspy; Kjyhk; juj;jpypUe;J “njhlu;ghly;
kw;Wk; Clff; fw;if”ghlj;ij toq;f Ntz;Lnkdg; gpdt ; UkhW tiuaWj;jJ>
“,jd; %yk; r%fj;jpw;F mr;R Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fis
tpku;rduPjpahf Efuj; Njitahd mwpT> Mw;wy;> kdg;ghq;F Mfpatw;iw

12
 tpUj;jpnra;af; $baNjhL> mJ tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpAkhFk;.
Clff; fy;tp toq;Ftjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rpfspy; Clfj;
jahupg;Gfs; gw;wpa tptuzk;> gilg;ghf;f uPjpahd cs;slf;fq;fis ,ly;>
ntFrd Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk;> tpidj;jpwdhf Clfj;ij Efu;jy;>
nraw;gL ngWeuhf Clf epfo;r;rpfspy; ,izjy; Mfpa tplaq;fisAk;
cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.”
• And];Nfh mikg;gpdhy; ghlrhiyg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Clff; fw;ifia
,izf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ,f; fhyg;gFjpapy; (1980) Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ> ,J>
ntFrd Clfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; rpWtu;fs; kw;Wk; ,isQu;fspilNa
Vw;gLj;jpa ghjfkhd jhf;fk; mjpfupj;jjd; fhuzj;jpdhyhFk;.
• jw;fhyj;jpy; vz;zpylq;fhj Clfj; njhopDl;gf; fUtpfs; %yk; epfOk;
tpiuthd jfty; gupkhw;wk;> vy;iyaw;w kw;Wk; tprpj;jpukhd Clf khjpup>
mstplKbahj Clfg; ghtidapdhy; Clfj;jpypUe;J kdpjiu gpupg;gjw;Fg;
gjpyhf> vr;rupj;J kl;Lg;gLj;jYf;Fj; Njitahd cupa mwpit mtuplj;Nj
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; nghJf; fUj;J cUthfpaJk; ,g; gpufldj;jpd;
gpd;duhFk;.
T
• Clff; fy;tp vDk; gue;j tplaj;jpd; %yk; tpku;rduPjpahf Clfj;ij
Efuj; Njitahd El;gKk; mjd;% yk; Clf tpsq;fwpit tpUj;jp
AF
nra;tjw;fhd topfhl;lYk; toq;fg;gLk;.
• “njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;if” ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSk;>
,g; ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fSk; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; njhlu;ghly;
kw;Wk; Clff; fw;ifg; ghlk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;dzp gw;wp
DR

mwpe;jpUj;jy; kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.

• f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpw;fhd “njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;if” ghlk; ,U
gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
1. njhlu;ghly;
2. Clff; fw;if
• ,q;F “njhlu;ghly;” vDk; gpuptpy;> njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk;>
njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gilr; nraw;ghLfs;> gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; tiffs;>
khjpupfs;> njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd fhuzpfs;> kw;Wk; mtw;iwg;
gpuNahfpf;fj; Njitahd jpwd;fs;; Mfpait mtjhdpf;fg;gLk;.
• “Clff; fw;if”; vDk; gpuptpy;> Clfk; gw;wpf; fw;wy;> gpd;gw;wy;> Clfj;jpd;
,ay;G> cs;slf;fk;> tuyhw;Wg; gupzhkk;> kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfis ,zq;fhz;g
NjhL> Clfk; jdpegupy;> r%fj;jpy;> gz;ghl;by; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fKk;
fw;fg;gLk;.
• njhlu;ghly; khDl ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;j mtrpakhd fUtpahFk;.
Mifahy;> njhlu;ghly; jpwd; midtuplj;jpYk; fhzg;glNtz;ba> tpUj;jp

13
 nra;ag;glNtz;ba xd;W vd mtjhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• Clff; fw;ifapd; %yk; tpku;rduPjpahf Clfj;ij Efuj; Njitahd
mwpT> kjpEl;gk; toq;fg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; Clf tpsq;fwpT tsUk;.
• Muk;g r%fq;fspy; tho;e;j kdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa xyp> rkpf;iQ> FwpaPLfs;
njhl;L ntFrd Clf tsu;r;rp> rkfhyj;jpy; vz;rhu; njhopDl;g Clff;
fUtpfs; tiu tsu;r;rpngw;w njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwfs; r%fj;jpy;
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.
• rpwe;j njhlu;ghLeiug; NghyNt> rpwe;j gpui[ahfTk; jpfo mtrpakhd
njhlu;ghly; mwpTk;> tpku;rduPjpahf Clfj;ij EfUk; jpwDk; rpWtu;fsplj;Nj
tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
• mjdbg;gilapy; njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;ifg; ghlj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wtjd;
mtrpaj;ij
 njhlu;ghly; jpwd; tpUj;jp
 Clf tpsq;fwpT
 tpku;rduPjpahd Clfg; ghtid
 mtrpaj;jpw;Nfw;w nkhopg; ghtid
T
 Clfk; kw;Wk; gz;ghL gw;wpa mwpT
 Clfj;jpd; jdpkdpj kw;Wk; r%fj; jhf;fk;
AF
 jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; kjpEl;gk;
 Clf xOf;fnewp kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
 rpwe;j gpui[ahf mgptpUj;jpapy; gq;fhw;wy;
 gilg;ghf;fuPjpahd njhlu;ghly; jpwd;
DR

Mfpa fhuzpfSf;$lhff; fw;wy; mtrpak;.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;:

1. njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;ifg; ghlj;jpy; mtjhdpf;fg;gLk; tplag;

gug;Gfis tpsf;Ff.

2. njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;ifg; ghlj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wtjd; mtrpaj;ij

tpku;rduPjpahf tpgupf;Ff.

14
 mUk;gjq;fs;

F&d;nty;l; gpufldk; - Grunwald Declaration

Clff; fw;iffs; - Media Studies
Clff; fy;tp - Media Education
njhlu;ghly; - Communication

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;

1. Dissanayake, Wimal, Human Communication, Colombo, Lakehouse Investments PLC,

1977

2. De Fleur and Dennis, Understanding Mass Communication, Boston, USA, Houghton Mifflin
Company, 1991.
T
3. James Waston and Anne Hill, A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies,
India,Universal Book Stall, 1991
AF

4. Rogers, Everett M., A History of Communication Study, New York: The Free Press. 19
DR

15
2. njhlu;ghly; mbg;gil

Nju;r;rp : 2.0 njhlu;ghly;> mjd; ,ay;G> mbg;gilf; $Wfs;

kw;Wk; gzpfs; gw;wpa tpku;rduPjpahd mwpTld;
mtw;iw md;whl tho;fi ; fapy; njhlu;ghly; gzp
fis ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;wg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 2.1 njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; : njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd ,dq;fz;L mjd;

mu;j;jj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
T
ghlj;jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
AF
fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLf.

njhlu;ghliy ,dq;fhzy;

• njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ jfty; gupkhw;wkhFk;.

DR

• khDlj; njhlu;ghly;> kdpj r%fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; NghyNt kpfg; gioikahdJ.

• njhlu;ghly; vkJ md;whl tho;f;ifAld; njhlu;Ggl;lJ.
• kdpju; vd;w tifapy; ehk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rpe;jid> njhLif> Nfl;ly;>
ghu;jj; y;> fijj;jy;> mDgtpj;jy;> thrpj;jy;> vOJjy;> kfpot+l;Lk; nraw;ghL
fspy; <LgLjy; Mfpa midj;Jk; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth
njhlu;ghlYld; njhlu;Ggl;lit.
• kdpjd; kw;Wk; r%fj; njhlu;gpd; mbg;gilj; njhlu;ghlyhFk;.
• njhlu;ghly; eypTw;why; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila midj;Jf; $WfSk;
ghjpg;gile;JtpLk;.
• rpwe;j njhlu;ghly; fhzg;gLkplj;J mJ kdpj - r%f Kuz;ghLfisf;
fisAk;.
• mjdhy;> njhlu;ghly; gw;wp Nehf;Fjy;> fw;wy; kw;Wk; gapw;rp nra;jy;
Mfpad mtrpakhFk;.
• njhlu;ghly; vd;gjd; mu;j;jkhtJ> “mwpe;jij mwpag;gLj;jy;” vd;gjhFk;.
• Mq;fpyj;jpy; “Communication” vDk; nrhy; “nghJthdjhf;Fjy;” vd;W
mu;jj; g;gLtNjhL> mJ “Communis” vDk; mbr;nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhw;wk;ngw;wJ.

16
• jkpopy; njhlu;ghly; vd;gjd; mu;j;jk; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghL
vd;gjhFk;.
• rpq;fsj;jpy; “rd;dpNtjda” vd;gjd; mu;j;jk; “ed;whfj; njupag;gLj;jy;”
vd;gjhFk;.

• rhjhuz njhlu;ghly; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jfty; toq;fTk;> ngwTk; Ik;Gyd;

fisNa gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;.

• kdpjd; cUthf;fpa nkhop %ykhf kpfTk; rpf;fyhd jfty;fisAk;

fUj;Jf;fisAk; gupkhw;w ,aYkhAs;sJ.

• nkhopapd; Njhw;wj;NjhL> fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfspd; jd;ikAk;

ePl;rpiag; ngw;wJ.

• vOj;J tsu;rr
; pNahL Mtzg;gLj;jy;> ghJfhj;jy; KjyhditAk; ,aYkha;
mike;jJ.

• njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpapd; tpisthfj; jfty; gupkhw;wk; Jupj

T
kile;jJ.
AF
• ntFrd Clfq;fspd; tUifAld; vz;zpiwe;j jfty;fis mjp tprhyg;
ngWeu;fSf;F xNu Neuj;jpy; Jupjkhff; flj;jf;$bajhaike;jJ.
DR

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;:

1. nghUs; tpsq;Fk; tz;zk; njhlu;ghly; vDk; gjj;ij tpsf;Ff.

17
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 2.2 njhlu; g hlypd; ,ay; i g tpsq; f p mjidj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 24

fw;ww; NgWfs; : njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;ig tpgupg;ghu;.

ghlj;jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhf ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLf.

njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;Gfs;

njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;ig tpsq;fpfn

; fhs;tjw;F mjd; jdpjJ
; tkhd gz;Gfs; my;yJ
nghJthd gz;Gfisg; guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;ig mwpe;J
nfhs;sf;$ba rpy gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iwr; rw;W tpsf;fkhff;
fye;JiuahLtJ gaDs;sjhf mikAk;.
T
• njhlu;ghly; Fwpf;Nfhisf; nfhz;lJ.
ahNjDnkhU Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ehk; njhlu;ghlypy; <LgL
AF
fpdN ; whk;. jftnyhd;iw toq;Fjy; my;yJ ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> Mu;tj;ijg;
g+u;jj; p nra;jy;> kw;Wk; kfpot
; +ll
; k; ngWjy; Kjyhd Nehf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghlypd;
gpd;Gykhff; fhzg;gLtJ ntspg;gilahfpwJ. jftiy toq;FNthUk;>
jftiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;NthUk; njhlu;ghlypd; Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wpa Nghjpa
DR

njspTld; ,Ue;jhy; mj; njhlu;ghly; ntw;wpailAk;. khwhf> Kuz;ghLfs;

fhzg;gLNkahdhy; rpf;fy; epiy cUthFk;.

• njhlu;ghly; FwpaPl;Lg; ghtidAilaJ.

njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ Xu; FwpaPl;Lr; nrad;KiwahFk;. jfty; cUthFtJ
FwpaLP fs; %ykhfNtahFk;. ,jd;gb> nrhy;> rkpf;iQfs;> milahsq;fs;>
Kj;jpiufs;> Fwpg;Gfs;> tiuglq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;> vOj;Jf;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ>
xypiaAk; FwpaPlhfNt fzpg;gplNtz;Lk;. ntt;NtW nghUl;fs;> egu;fs;>
,lq;fisg; NghyNt> kpfTk; rpf;fyhd czu;Tfs;> fUj;Jf;fs; Nghd;w
jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;s ,yFthapUg;gJ njhlu;ghly; vDk; jfty;
gupkhw;wr; nrad;Kiwapd; %yNkahFk;. vdNt> ehk; FwpaPLfisj; njupT
nra;Ak;NghJ kpf mtjhdj;Jld; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;>
FwpaPLfspy; jtWfs; ,Ue;jhy; mJ NtW fUj;Jf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

18
• njhlu;ghly; re;ju;g;g #o;epiyfSf;F ,iathdJ.
vg;nghOJk; #o;epiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl njhlu;ghly; epfOk;.
,jd; %yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ njhlu;ghly; epfOk; ,lk; my;yJ #oyhFk;.
njhlu;ghly; gzp kw;Wk; re;ju;g;gk; Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapy; Neubj; njhlu;G
fhzg;gLfpwJ. re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;whw;Nghy; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghL epfo
Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> Xu; kuz tPl;ilr; re;ju;gg ; khf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;>
me; epfo;tpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapNy njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWtij ,q;F
Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,q;Nf re;ju;g;g #o;epiy vd;gJ ngsjPf #oiy khj;jpuk; Fwpg;gpLtjpy;iy.

Vnddpy>; rpy re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; egu;fs;> ,lq;fs;> gz;ghL> njhopyf
; s; vd;gdTk;
re;ju;g;g #o;epiyf;Fs; mlq;Ffpd;wd.

• njhlu;ghly; Xu; nrad;KiwahFk;.

njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ vg;NghJk; khwhky; fhzg;gLk; xd;wy;y. mJ fhyj;NjhL
Nru;e;J khw;wj;jpw;F cl;glf;$banjhd;W. mjdhNyNa njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa
T
fw;ifahdJ Vida fw;iffis tpl NtWgl;lJ. vdNt> njhlu;ghly;
gw;wpa fw;ifapd;NghJ gy;NtW fhuzpfisg; gw;wpAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;tJ
AF
mtrpakhFk;.

vy;yhj; njhlu;ghly; re;ju;gg

; j;jpYk; Xu; nrad;Kiw ,lk;ngWk;. cjhuzkhf>
vOj;J %ykhd njhlu;ghliy vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. mjpy; gy;NtW
DR

gbKiwfs; cs;sd. mr;nraw;ghL njhlu;ghfr; rpe;jpj;jy;> jahu;nra;jy;>

jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;> kPzL ; k; vOJjy; Nghd;w xOq;FKiwfisf;
fle;j gpd;Ng ,Wjpg; ngWNgw;iwg; ngwyhk;. ,t;thW Vida vy;yhj;
njhlu;ghly;fspYk; mjDld; njhlu;Gila xU nrad;Kiwiaf; fz;fhzpff ;
KbAk;.

• njhlu;ghly; gytpjkhdit.
njhlu;ghlypd; tiffs; kw;Wk; tbtq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk;
njhlu;ghlypYs;s gy;tifikia milahsk; fz;Lnfhs;s KbAk;.
Xt;nthU njhlu;ghly; tiffSk; tbtq;fSk; ntt;NtW #o;epiyfspy;
khw;wq;fSf;Fk; nkhopngau;gG; fSf;Fk; cl;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. Ngr;Rj;
njhlu;ghliyf; fhl;bYk; vOj;Jj; njhlu;ghlypd; gz;Gfs; NtWgl;ld.
Mspilj; njhlu;ghliy tpl FOj;n jhlu;ghly; NtWgl;lJ. Ngr;Rj;
njhlu;ghlyhdJ kjk;rhu; #o;epiyapy; xU tpjkhfTk;> murpay; #o;epiyapy;
NtW tpjkhfTk; mikAk;.

19
 njhopDl;gj;jpd; tUifAld; njhlu;ghlyhdJ gy;NtW khw;wq;fSf;F
cl;gl;Ls;sik njspthfpwJ. MSs; njhlu;ghly; Kiwiaj; jtpu;jJ ;
Vida rfy njhlu;ghly;KiwfSk; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpahy; fhyj;Jf;Ff;
fhyk; khw;wkiltJ jtpu;f;f KbahJs;sJ. ehk; ifahSk; ntt;NtW
njhlu;ghly; fUtpfs;> mtw;wpd; NtWghLfs;> mit GJg;gpff; g;gLk; tpjq;fs;
Fwp;j;Jj; njspthf Muha;tjd; %yk; ehk; ,jid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.
gz;ghL - njhlu;ghlypy; NtWghLfs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;.
ntt;NtW ehLfspYk; ntt;NtW r%fq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; gz;ghLfs;
kw;Wk; Jizg;gz;ghL;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; fhzf;fpilf;Fk; njhlu;ghly;rhu;
gy;tifikfis Muha;tjd; %yk; ,jid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.

• njhlu;ghlyhdJ xU top kw;Wk; ,U topfisf; nfhz;lJ.

njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wnkd Kd;G $wpNdhk;. vdNt> mjpy;
jfty;fisg; ngWtJ NghyNt> jfty;fis toq;Fk; nraw;ghLk; eilngWk;.
,g; gupkhw;wj;NjhL njhlu;Gila ,U gFjpapdUk; rpwg;ghf ,aq;Ftjd;
%yk; cau; gpujpgyid vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;. ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
T
njhlu;ghlyhdJ ,U topg;Nghf;fpy; eilngWtijf; fhzyhk;. Mdhy;>
xU topg; Nghf;fpyhd njhlu;ghly; eilngwhJ vdf; $wptpl KbahJ.
AF

• njhlu;ghly; Xu; rf;jp.

mwpT Xu; rf;jp vd;gJ %j;Njhu; thf;F. mwpT vd;gJ jftNy. mwpT
cz;lhtjw;Fj; jfty; njhlu;ghly; Kjd;ikahf cs;sJ. mjd;gb>
DR

njhlu;ghlyhdJ mwptpd; kPJ fl;likf;fg;gLk; rf;jpapd; mbg;gilahFk;.

mNjNghy;> rf;jp kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtj;jpwf
; pilapy; gpupf;f Kbahj neUq;fpa
cwT fhzg;gLfpwJ. xU jiytUf;Fj; jdJ FOtpduJ xj;Jiog;Gf;
fpilf;fhjtplj;J mtuJ jiyikj;JtKk; tPzhf NeupLk;. vdNt>
jiyikj;Jtj;ijg; ngw> jhq;f> Vw;W elf;f xj;Jiog;G> tpUg;G ntWg;Gfis
nty;y Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F> jiytu; rpwg;ghfj; njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLgtuhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhNyNa> njhlu;ghly; rf;jp kpf;fJ vd;fpd;wdu;. rkak;>
fy;tp> murpay;> tzpfk; vd vj;JiwapYk; ,e;epiyNa ntspg;gLfpwJ.

vy;yh tpjq;f spYk; njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs; rf;jp cUthFtjw;f hd

gpd;dzpiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;ff; fhuzkhf cs;sd. MSs; njhlu;ghlyhdJ
ju;f;f uPjpahd rpe;jid tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> Mspil kw;Wk; FOj; njhlu;ghly;fs;
jdpg;gl;l nghJ cwTfspd; tpUj;jpf;Fk;> ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; Gfo;>
gpurpj;jk; kw;Wk; Gyf;fhl;rp cUthfTk; NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. ,it mjpfupg;Gr; nra;tjd;> Fiwtjd; mbg;gilapy;
rf;jp fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpwJ.

20
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

1. njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;Gfis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.

2. ePu; tpUk;Gk; Clfj; jftnyhd;iwj;; njupT nra;J> mjpy; njhlu;ghlypd;

,ay;GfNshL njhlu;Gila mk;rq;fs; fhzg;gLk; tpjj;ij Muha;f.

T
AF
DR

21
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 2.3 njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilf; $Wfisg;
gFg;gha;tu;.

ghlNtisfs; - 18

fw;ww; NgWfs; - • njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilf; $Wfis

,dq;fz;L Kd;itg;ghu;.
• njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilf; $Wfisj;
jdpj;jdpNa tpsf;Fthu;.
• njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;il tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F
mbg;gilf;$Wfs; gw;wpa mwpT mtrpak; vd;gij
mwpe;J mJ njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis
ntspapLthu;.

ghlj;jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

fPNo toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfspd;gb ghlj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jf.

T
njhlu;ghlypd; $Wfs;
AF

njhlu;ghliy tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mjid ntw;wpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;J

tjw;Fk; mjd; nraw;ghl;bd; cs;shu;e;j $Wfs; vitnad;w njspthd mwpT
mtrpakhdjhFk;. mjidg; NghyNt> mjd; $Wfs; njhlu;ghlypd; cau;
DR

jd;ikf;F ve;jstpy; gq;fspgG

; r; nrYj;Jfpdw
; d vd;gijAk; mwpej
; pUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mijf; fhl;bYk; ,f;$Wfs; njhlu;ghff; fw;Wf; nfhs;gtw;iw md;whlj;
njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghLfspy; nraw;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.

njhlu;ghly;; nrad;Kiwapy; kpf Kf;fpakhd $W vJ vd;gjpy; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thwpUg;gpDk;> gpujhdkhd 9 $Wfisg; gw;wp ,q;;F
fye;Jiuahlyhk;.

1. njhlu;ghLeu;

,d;Ndhu; gpuptpdNuhL jfty;> fUj;Jf;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs;

Mfpatw;iwg; gupkhw;Wgtu; njhlu;ghLeu; Mthu;. xU jdp egu; kl;Lky;y
FO> mikg;G> epWtdk; $l njhlu;ghLeuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. njhlu;ghly;;
nrad;Kiwiaf; fzprkhff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpwd; jftiy mDg;Ggtuplk;
fhzg;gLk;.

22
2. FwpKiwahf;fk;

,J vy;yhj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghLfspYk; epfOk;. ,jid khDlj;

njhlu;ghly; %yk;; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ vspJ. vkJ cs;sj;jpy; vOk; fUj;J>
czu;T vd;gtw;iw ,d;ndhUtu; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; xU jftyhf khw;w
Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt> FwpKiwahf;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

3. jfty;

njhlu;ghLeu; kw;iwa gpuptpdu;f;Fg; gupkhw;Wk; tplak; “jfty;” MFk;.

mJ fUj;jhfNth> Nfhl;ghlhfNth> vz;zf;fUthfNth cUg;ngwyhk;.
jfty; vg;NghJk; FwpaPLfs; %yk; cUthFk;. FwpaPLfs; gytifg;gLk;.
mtw;iwf; ftdkhfj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;> FwpaPL jtwhf
,Ug;gpd; jfty;; jtwhfp tpLk;.

4. Clfk;
T
njhlu; g hLeupd; ,lj; j pypUe; J vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g Lk; ,lj; j pw; F j; jfty;
AF
nrd;wiltJ Clfj;jpd; %ykhFk;. rhjhuzkhf md;whlj; njhlu;ghlypy;
Ik;nghwpfNs Clfq;fshfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; fz;(ghu;j;jy;) kw;Wk; fhJ
(Nfl;ly;) Nghd;witNa ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
DR

5. ngWeu;

njhlu;ghLeu; jdJ jftiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;gG

; ld; xUtUf;F
mDg;Gthu;. jftiyg; ngWgtu;fs; gyuhf ,Ug;gpd; mtu;fisg; ngWeu;
$l;lk; vd;Nghk;. njhlu;ghlypy; jfty; toq;Feiug; NghyNt> jftiyg;
ngWgtUk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwhu;.

6. FwpKiwatpo;g;G

,J> vy;yhj; njhlu;ghlypYk; ,lk;ngWk;. ,jid khDlj; njhlu;ghly;

epfOk; tpjj;jpd; %yk;; Gupe;J nfhs;tJ vspJ. vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
jfty;fs;FwpaPLfSld; $bajhfNt cs;sd.jftypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sij
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F mf; FwpaPLfis vkf;Nfw;w nkhopeilapy; khw;wpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mJNt FwpKiwatpo;g;G vdg;gLfpwJ.

23
7. gpd;D}l;lk;

njhlu;ghLeu; jftiy toq;fpa gpd; mjidg; ngWgtu; mJ njhlu;ghf

mtjhdpf;ff;$bathwhd xU vjpu;tpidiaj; njhlu;ghLeUf;F toq;F
thuhapd;> mJNt gpd;D}l;lk; MFk;. njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpia
mwpeJ
; nfhs;sg; gpdD
; }l;lk; cjTk;. fpilf;fg;ngWk; gpdD
; }l;lj;jpwF
; mikaj;
njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

gpd; D }l; lk; Neu; kw; Wk; vjpu;k iwahfTk; miktJld;> gpd;D }l;l k;
fpilf;fg;ngWk; fhyj;jpd;gb mJ tpiuthdjh my;yJ jhkjkhdjh vdTk;
milahsg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

8. ,iur;ry; / ,ilA+W

jfty; toq;FeuplkpUe;J jfty; ngWeUf;Fj; jfty; gazpf;Fk;NghJ

mjw;F ,ilA+whf mikgit “jilfs;” vdg;gLk;. jilfs; ,uz;L
T
tifg;gLk;.
• Clfj; jil/Clfj;NjhL njhlu;ghd jil - Clfj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
AF
,ilA+Wfshy; ,j; jil Vw;gLk;.
• fUj;Jj; jil- jftypd; fUj;ijg; ngWeuhy; rupahd Kiwapy; gpupjj; wpa
Kbahj epiy.
,t; ,U tpjj; jilfSf;Fg; Nkyjpfkhd jilfs; rpy E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;
DR

gl;Ls;sd. mit R+ow; jil> njhopDl;gj; jil> clypaw;; jil> csk;rhu;

jil vd;gdthFk;.

9. mDgtf; fsk;
xU egUf;Fs;s Kd;dDgtq;fs; ,jd; %yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. jfty;
toq; F eUf; F k; ngWgtUf; F khd Kd; mDgtg; gpd; d zp xNu
khjpupahdjhfTk; cau;thdjhfTk; fhzg;gbd;> njhlu;ghly; ,yFthdjhf
mikAk;.

10. re;ju;g;gk; / R+oy;

,jd;%yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ njhlu;ghly; eilngWk; R+oy; mikg;G MFk;.

R+oy; NeubahfNt njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. rpwg;ghfj;
njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLk; njhlu;ghLeu; vg;NghJk; jdJ njhlu;ghlYf;F
Vw;wthW R+oiy khw;wpf; nfhs;thu;. R+oy; nghUe;jhjjhf ,Ug;gpd; gy;NtW
rpf;fy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f NeupLk;.

24
11. jhf;fk;

vy;yhj; njhlu;ghlypYk; VNjDnkhU jhf;fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;. mj;jhf;fk;

ntt;NtW tpjq;fspy; mikayhk;. rpy nghOJfspy;> kdg;ghq;F my;yJ
elj;ijapy; khw;wj;ij cUthf;FtJ njhlu;ghlypd; tpisthf vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;
glyhk;. khwhf> NtW re;ju;gg ; q;fspyM
; jha Nehf;fj;ijf; nfhz;L epfo;tjhf
,Uf;fyhk;. vJ vt;thNwh> njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpj;jd;ik
jPuk
; hdpff
; g;gLtJ vjpug
; hu;jj
; jhf;fj;ijg; ngw;whu;fsh ,y;iyah vd;gjpNyNa
ahFk;.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk:;

1. njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; gpujhd $Wfisg; ngaupLf.

2. mf;$Wfisj; jdpj;jdpNa tpsf;Ff.

T
3. njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F mg; gpujhd$Wfs;
vt;thW cjTfpd;wd vd;gij cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
AF
DR

25
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 2.4 njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd tiutpyf;fzg;
gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs; : njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tiutpyf;

fzq;f@lhf tpsf;Fthu;;.

ghlj;jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

fPNo toq;;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfspd;gb ghlj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jf.

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa mbg;gil mwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s> mJ njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;

fzq;fs; ngupJk; cjTk;. gy;NtW mwpQu;fSk; epWtd mikg;GfSk; Kd;itj;
T
Js;s tiutpyf;fzq;fspy; rkepiy fhzg;ngwhj NghJk;> mtw;wpD}lhff;
AF
$wg;gLk; Kf;fpa> mbg;gilf; fhuzpfspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; njhlu;
ghliyg; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tpsf;fq;fis milayhk;.

1. njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa `Nuhy;l; B yh];n ty;y pd; (Harold D. Lasswell)

DR

tiutpyf;fzk; - 1948

“ahNjDnkhU egu;> ahNjDnkhU tplaj;ij> ahNjDnkhU Clfj;jpD}lhf>

ahNjDnkhUtUf;F> ahNjDnkhU tpisit Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhff; $Wjy;
njhlu;ghlyhFk;.”

Source: Harold D. Lasswell, ‘The Structure and Function of Communicationin Society’,

Lyman Bryson, ed., The Communication of Ideas, Harper & Row, New York, 1948

2. \dd; kw;Wk; tPtupd; (Shannon and Weaver) tiutpyf;fzk; - 1949

“Xuplj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l my;yJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l jfty; mt;thNwh
my;yJ mjw;Fr; rkkhdjhfNth NtnwhU ,lj;jpy; kPz;Lk; cUthf;fg;
gLtNj njhlu;ghlyhFk;.”
Source: Shannon & Weaver, W. The Mathematical Theory of Communication,
Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1949

26
3. tpy;gu; ~;uhkpd; (Wilbur Schramm) tiutpyf;fzk; - 1954
“jfty;fs; mlq;fpa FwpaPLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,U rhuhUf;F
kpilapy; xNukhjpupahd my;yJ xUkpj;j kdepiyia Vw;gLj;JtNj
njhlu;ghlyhFk;”.
Source: Bittner, John R., Mass Communication: An Introduction, U.S.A., 1986

4. njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa rhu;s;];.vr;.$ypapd; (Charles Horton Cooley)

tiutpyf;fzk; - 1909
“kdpj cwTfisg; NgZtjw;Fk;> tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; Jiz
GupAk; rfy FwpaPLfisAk;> mtw;iw ehl;Lf;F ehL gug;Gtjw;Fk;> fhyj;jpd;
gpizg;GfspypUe;J mg;ghy; nfhz;L mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLk;
fUtpNa njhlu;ghlyhFk;”.
Source: Dissanayake, Wimal, Human Communication, Colombo, Lake House Investments
PLC, 1977

5. xf;];Nghl; mfuhjpapd; tiutpyf;fzk;.

T
“fUj;J> Mw;wy; vd;gtw;iwg; Ngr;R my;yJ vOj;J my;yJ FwpaPl;bd;
%yk; Kd;itg;gJ> ntspgg ; Lj;JtJ my;yJ gupkhw;WtNj njhlu;ghlyhFk;”.
AF
Source: The Oxford Dictionary, Eighth Edition, Oxford University, Delhi, 1990

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;:
DR

1. njhlu;ghly; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzq;fs; %yk; tpsf;Ff.

2. njhlu;ghly; gw;wp NtW mwpQu;fshy; $wg;gl;l Ie;J tiutpyf;fzq;fisj;

Njb vOJf. mtw;wpd; %yk; njhlu;ghliy tptupf;Ff.

27
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 2.5 njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gilr; nraw;ghLfis njspT
gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtis : 24

fw;ww; NgWfs; : njhlu;ghlypd; gzpfis / Nehf;fq;fis

cjhuzq;fs; fhl;b tptupg;ghu;.

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPNo toq;;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfspd;gb ghlj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jf.

njhlu;ghlypd; gzpfs; / Nehf;fq;fs;

njhlu;ghlypd; %ykhf ehd;F gpujhd gzpfs; / Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpdw

; d
vdj; njhlu;ghly; xU Jiwrhu; fw;ifahf tsu;r;rpaile;j fhyg;gFjpapypUe;Nj
T
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd>
AF
1. jfty; toq;Fjy;
2. mwpTiu toq;Fjy; / fy;tpa+l;Ljy;
3. J}z;lw; nraw;ghL
4. kfpo;t+l;ly; / nghOJNghf;fspj;jy;
DR

,g; gzpfs; / Nehf;fq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; jdpj;jdpNa tpgupf;f KbAk;>

vdpDk;> rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mit xd;Nwhnlhd;W neUq;fpa njhlu;igAk;
ntspf;fhl;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> mwpTiu toq;Fk;; gzpapd; NghJ jfty;
toq;Fjy;> nghOJNghf;fspj;jy; Mfpa gzpfSk; cld; epfOk;. vdpDk;>
,g; gzpfisj; jdpjj ; dpNa tpgupgg
; jd; %yk; Mokhd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwyhk;.
,jd;NghJ> rhjhuz njhlu;ghly; epfo;Nt fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;>
ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; gw;wpg; gpd;G fye;JiuahLjy; crpjkhdjhFk;.

28
1. jfty; toq;Fjy;

rfy njhlu;ghly; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Fiwe;j kw;Wk; $ba mstpy; jfty;

gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. jfty; toq;Fk; gzp rpwg;ghf epfo;tJ mj;
jfty; ek;gfj;jd;ikAld; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;NghNjahFk;. Kftupiaf;
$Wjy;> nghUnshd;wpd; tpiyiaf; $Wjy;> Ntiynahd;Wf;F tpzz ; g;gpfF
; k;
NghJ vkJ Ratpguf;Nfhitia ,izj;jy;> tPjp rkpf;iQfs; %yk;
thfdq;fis epWj;Jjy; kw;Wk; nrYj;Jjy; Nghd;wd jfty; toq;Fk;
re;ju;g;gq;fshff; nfhs;sg;glyhk;.

njhiyNgrpg; ngau;g;gl;bay;> tFg;giw khztu; ngau; tpguk;> g+Nfhs

tiuglk;> Nfypr; rpj;jpuq;fs; Kjyhdtw;wpd; %yKk; jfty; toq;Fk; gzp
epfo;fpwJ. vdNt> jfty; toq;Fk; gzp ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; epfo;tJ
njspthfpwJ. rkfhyj;jpNy> jfty; toq;fyhdJ Mjhak; <l;liy Nehf;fhff;
nfhz;L nraw;gLtJk; mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhAs;sJ.
T
2. mwpTiu toq;Fjy; / fy;tpa+l;Ljy;
AF
,q;F jfty; toq;Fk; gzp ,lk;ngw;w NghjpYk; mijAk; fle;J elj;ij
khw;wj;ij vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; NtW xU gzpAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;>
,q;F rhjhuz jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjpYk; ghu;ff ; epWtduPjpahd
my;yJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jfty;fisg; gupkhw;Wk; gzp epfo;fpwJ. fzpdpiag;
DR

gad;gLj;jpf; fbjk; vOJk; Kiw gw;wp ePqf

; s; ,d;DnkhUtUf;Ff; fw;gpfF
; k;
re;ju;gg
; j;ij cjhuzkhff;nfhs;Nthk;. ,q;F jfty; toq;FtJ khj;jpukd;wp>
fzpdpapd; $Wfs;> mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wpAk; tpgupg;guP ;fs;.
,t;tpgupg;G KiwahdnjhU KiwapNy epfOk;. ,J mwpTiu toq;Fjy;
my;yJ fy;tpa+l;Ljy; vd miof;fg;gLk;. tpupTiu> nrayku;T> fye;
Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; ghly;fs; %yk; epfo;tJ mwpTiu toq;Fjy; my;yJ
fy;tpa+l;Ljy; vDk; gzpNaahFk;.

3. J}z;lw; nraw;ghL

xUrpy jfty;f s; xUtuJ vz;zk; kw;Wk; elj;i japy; khw;wj;i j

Vw;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sd. mjhtJ> kdg;ghq;F my;yJ
elj;ijrhu; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jy; me;Nehf;fkhFk;.,JJ}z;lw; gzp vdg;gLk;.
md;whl tho;tpy; ahNjDnkhU nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ kw;wtu;fspd; gq;Fgw;wiyg;
ngWtjw;fhf ehk; mtu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ J}z;Lk; gzpapy;

29
 <LgLNthk;. J}z;ly; gzpia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l jfty;fs; vkJ
vz;zj;jpw;fpzq;f vk;khy; jahupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fshff; fhzg;gLk;. Ngr;R>
vOj;J> fl;Gy Kd;itg;G Kjyhd cghaq;fs; ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
mNjNghyNt> re;ju;gg
; k;> Njitfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Vida
Kf;fpa fhuzpfspYk; mtjhdk; nrYj;jp Kd;itj;jhy; mj; jfty;
ntw;wpfukhdjhf mikAk;. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf tu;j;jf tpsk;guq;fisf;
$wyhk;.

4. kfpo;t+l;ly; / nghOJNghf;fspj;jy;

njhlu;ghly; gzpfspy; nghOJNghf;fspj;jy; kpf Kf;fpanjhU gzpahFk;.

njhlu;ghlYld; nghOJNghf;F ,izAk;NghJ mJ ,dpikahd xU
mDgtkhfpwJ. Nkw;$wg;gl;l midj;Jr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; kfpot+l;ly; /
nghOJNghf;fspjj; iy cl;Nru;jj
; hy; mj; njhlu;ghly; Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhfTk;>
Mu;tk;kpf;fjhfTk; mikAk;. njhlu;ghlypy; eifr;Ritiar; Nru;g;gJ Xu;
cj;jp> mJ xU rpwe;j njhlu;ghLeUf;Fupa Mw;wYk; $l. ,UtUf;fpil
T
apyhd njhlu;ghlypYk;> FOf;fSldhd njhlu;ghlypYk;> vOj;J%yj;
njhlu;ghlypYk; ,t;thw;wiyj; jpwk;gl cgNahfpf;fyhk;. Ntiyg;gS
AF
mjpfKs;s ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,g;gzp vkf;F Xa;itAk; epk;kjpiaAk;
toq;FfpwJ. vt;thwhapDk;> njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ ,jd; tiuaiwfs; gw;wpa
njspTld; <LgLjy; ed;W.
DR

 ntFrd Clfq;fspd; tUifAld; njhlu;ghlYk; tpupthf;fk; ngw;wJ.

mjp tprhyg; ngWeu; FOtpw;Fj; jfty; toq;Fjy; rhj;jpakhdJ.
,J> ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ntFrdj; njhlu;
ghlypd; gzpfs; / Nehf;fq;fs; fPNo fhzg;gLfpdw
; d. ehd;fhk; ghlj;jpy;
ntFrd Clfq;fs; gw;wpa gFjpapy; ,g; gzpfs; / Nehf;fq;fs;
tpupthf tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 fz;fhzpj;jy;
 tpsf;fkspj;jy;
 ,ilj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jy;
 r%fkakhf;fy;

30
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;:

1. njhlu;ghlypd; gzpfs; gw;wp cjhuzq;fSld; tpgupf;f.

mUk;gjq;fs;

mDgtf; fsk; - Field of Experience

fy;tp - Education
nghUl;Nfhly;; - Interpretation
FwpKiwahf;fk; - Encoding
ngWeu; - Receiver
,ila+W - Noise
jfty; toq;Fjy; - Providing Information
Clfk; / topKiw - Channel
J}z;ly; - Persuasion
gpd;D}l;lk; - Feedback
jhf;fk; / tpisT - Effect
T
FwpKiwatpo;g;G - Decoding
nghOJNghf;F - Entertainment
AF
njhlu;ghLeu; - Communicator
njhlu;ghlypd; tiutpyf;fzk; - Definitionof Communication
njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;G - Nature of Communication
njhlu;ghlypd; nraw;ghLfs; - Functions of Communication
DR

#oyikT - Context
jfty; - Message
r%fkakhjy; - Socialization
,ilj;njhlu;G - Correlation
fz;fhzpg;G - Surveillance

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;:

1. Dissanayake, Wimal, Human Communication, Colombo, Lake House Investments PLC,

1977
2. Bittuer, John R. Mass Communication: An Introduction, U.S.A, 1986
3. Charles, Wright R., Mass Communication, New York, 1971
4. James Waston and Anne Hill, A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies, India,
Universal Book Stall, 1991
5. Narula, Uma, Mass Communication Theory and Practice, New Delhi, 1994

31
3. mbg;gilj; njhlu;ghly; tiffs;> tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; khjpupfs;

Nju;r;rp : 3.0 njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; khjpupfs; gw;wpa

Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd mwpTld; mtw;iwr; re;ju;g;
gj;jpw;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.1 njhlu;ghly; tiffs; gw;wpa mwpTld; mtw;iwr;

re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 30

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • njhlu;ghly; tiffisg; ngaupLthu;.

• njhlu;ghly; tiffis ntt;Ntwhfg; ngaupLthu;.
• njhlu;ghly; tiffs; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd
fUj;Jf;fis gpuNahfk; nra;tjd; %ykhfj;
njhlu;ghliy ntw;wpfukhdjhf;f KbAk; vd
T
czu;e;J nraw;gLthu;.
• MSs; njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; nraw;
AF
ghl;ilg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
• Mspilj; njhlu; g hly; vd; w hy; vd; d vd
tpsf;Fthu;.
• xOf;fkhd Kiwapy; Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypy;
DR

<LgLthu;.
• flik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gld; r%fj; njhlu;ghlypy;
<Lgl Ntz;b ajd; mtrpaj;i j ,dq; f z;L
mjd;gb nra;gLthu;.
• FO my;yJ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghlypd; tbtq;fs;
kw;Wk; mjd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfis mwpe;J mtw;iw
Kd;itg;ghu;.
• r%fj; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd ,dq;fz;L
mjd;gb nraw;gLthu;.
• nghJrdj; njhlu; ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd
tpsf;Fthu;.
• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd tpgupgg
; hu;.
• nka;epfu; njhlu;ghlypd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; mjd;
nraw;ghl;il mwpe;J mtw;iw Kd;itg;ghu;.
• njhlu;ghly; tiffspd; gpuNahf mtrpaj;ij
kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwidg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

32
ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f; fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

njhlu;ghly; tiffs;

1. MSs; njhlu;ghly; (Intrapersonal Communication)

2. Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; (Interpersonal Communication)
3. FO my;yJ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; (Group Communication)
4. nghJrdj; njhlu;ghly; (Public Communication)
5. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; (Mass Communication)
6. nka;epfu; njhlu;ghly; (Virtual Communication)

• njhlu;ghly; tiffs; vd;gJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; “Types of Communication” vd

mu;j;jg;gLk;.

• njhlu;ghly; tifaPl;Lf;F mbg;gilahf miktJ> njhlu;ghly; nraw;

ghl;by; <LgLk; egu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; mjd; ,ay;GkhFk;.
T
AF
1. MSs; njhlu;ghly; (Intrapersonal Communication)

• xUtu; jd;NdhL Nkw;nfhs;Sk; njhlu;ghly; MSs; njhlu;ghlyhFk;.

midtUk; jk; kdNjhL njhlu;Ggl;L njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLtu;.
DR

• vkJ Ik;nghwpfshd nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp Mfpatw;wpd;

%yk; ngwg;gLk; CW> Rit> xsp> ehw;wk;> Xir> Kjyhd J}z;ly;
fSf;Fj; Jyq;fy;fis toq;Fjy; ,q;F Kjd;ikg;gLk;.
• kdpju;fsJ kdr;rhl;rp> jdpg;gl;l mDgtk;> jdpg;gl;l mtrpak; kw;Wk;
vz;zq;fs; Mfpad jk;khy; jk;Ks; tpku;rpf;fg;gly; ,q;F epfOk;.
• gy;NtW %yq;fs; %yk; vkf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngWk; jfty;fis mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L vk;Ks; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;W fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;. ,J
epfo;tJ MSs; njhlu;ghly; %ykhFk;. ,j; njhlu;ghly; kdpju;fs;
KbTfis Nkw;nfhs;sj; JizGupAk;.
• Ra vz;zf;fU (Self-Concept) cUthf MSs; njhlu;ghly; Jiz
GupAk;.
• xUtuJ kdjpy; eilngWk; njhlu;ghly; vd;gjhy; Ntw;W egu;fspd;
jiyaPL fhzg;glhJ.
• MSs; njhlu;ghlypy; xUtuJ kdtypik Kf;fpag;gLk;.
• Gyf;fhl;rp (Perception) MSs; njhlu;ghlypy; Kf;fpakhdnjhd;W.

33
 • rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; MSs; njhlu;ghliy kdpjuJ elj;ij kw;Wk;
Njhw;wj;jpYk; $lf; fhzyhk;.
• MSs; njhlu;ghlypd; gad;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW>

1. MSik tpUj;jpf;F
2. Ra vz;zf;fU (Self-Concept) tpUj;jpf;F
3. rpe;jid tsu;r;rpf;F
4. epidtpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
5. jPuk
; hdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;s
6. tpku;rdj; jpwd; tsu;r;rpf;F
7. gilg;ghf;fj; jpwd; tpUj;jpf;F

2. Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; (Interpersonal Communication)

• Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ rpy kdpju;fspilNa

jfty; gupkhw;wk; nra;tjhFk;. (Defleur and Dennis, 2002)
T
• ,Utu; my;yJ mjpfsthNdhupilNa epfOk; njhlu;ghly; Mspilj;
AF
njhlu;ghlyhFk;. (Berger, Charles.R., 2008)
• Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; rpy kdpju;fspilNa epfOk; NghJ mq;Nf
fhzg;gLk; ,U egu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; njhlu;ghly; N[hb / ,Utu;
njhlu;ghly; (Dyadic Communication) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
DR

• gy;NtW Njitfisg; g+u;jj ; p nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; md;whlk; njhlu;ghlypy;

<LgLk; kdpju;fs; mjpf Neuk; Mspilj; njhlu;ghliyNa
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,j; njhlu;ghly; fPo;f;fhZk; tpjq;fspy; epfOk;>
• NeUf;F Neu; epfOk; Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; - Face-to-Face Communication.
• fUtpfs; JizAld; epfOk; Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; - Machine Aided
Communication.
• ,j; njhlu;ghlypy; njhlu;ghLeiug; NghyNt ngWeUk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij
tfpg;ghu;.
• Mspilj; njhlu;ghliy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;
cUthfpd;wd.
• Mspilj; njhlu;ghliy NeUf;F Neu; epfo;j;Jk;NghJ tha;nkhoprhu;
kw;W k; tha;n khoprhuhj; jfty;f isg; gupkhwyhk;. ,jd;N ghJ>
,ila+Wfs; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;.
• me;epNahd;dpa tpsf;fj;Jld;> xOf;fnewp jtwhJ njhlu;ghlypy;
<Lghl;lhy; ,U jug;gpdUk; tpidj;jpwDld; $ba gyd;fis milayhk;.

34
 • Mspilj; njhlu;ghlypd; gad;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW.
1. kpfTk; ,yFthf ,ilr; n raw; g hl; L j; njhlu; g hlypy; (Interactive
Communication) <LgLk; Mw;wy;.
2. Vida njhlu;ghly;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ J}z;ly; nraw;ghL mjpfk;
fhzg;gly;.
3. ,ilj; njhlu;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;a ,aYjy;.
4. vspjpy; me;epNahd;d pag; Gupe;Jzu;itAk; ek;gpf;i fiaAk; cWjp
nra;ayhk;.
5. kpfTk; mjpfkhd Mo;guptpw;F (Empathy) ,lkspj;jy;.

3. FO my;yJ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly; (Group Communication)

• Fwpj;jnthU FOtpdu; Xu; Nehf;if ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L xd;whf

,ize;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; njhlu;ghly; FO my;yJ $l;Lj; njhlu;ghly;
MFk;.
• ,q;F FO vdg;gLtJ Fiwe;jsT vz;zpf;ifahNdhuhFk;. mjhtJ
T
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;l r%fkhFk;. FOtpy;
AF
xUtNuhnlhUtu; ,yFtpy; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lglyhk;.
• mjdhy; Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; Nghd;w neUf;fKk;> ntFrdj;
njhlu;ghly; Nghd;w J}uKk; FOj; njhlu;ghlypy; fhzg;glhJ.
• FOtpy; fhzg;gLk; egu;fs; xUtiunahUtu; mwpe;jtu;fshfTk;>
DR

mwpahjtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLtu;.
• re;ju;gg
; j;ij rupahfj; jpll
; kpLtjd; %yk; FOj; njhlu;ghliy ntw;wpfu
khdjhf;fyhk;. ,jd;NghJ njhlu;ghLeu; gpd;gw;wNtz;ba tpjpKiwfs;
rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd>
• Kd;dhaj;jk;.
• Fwpf;Nfhisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
• tha;nkhoprhuhj; njhlu;ghly; topKiwfs; gad;gLj;jy;.
• gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jy;.
• ntspr;rtPl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL.
• ftu;r;rpahd Ngr;R.
•
ngWeiu ikag;gLj;jpa njhlu;ghly;.
•
ngWeuJ gpd;D}l;ly; gw;wp mtjhdj;Jld; ,Uj;jy;.
•
Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;.
•
xOf;fnewp.
•
flik kw;Wk; nghWg;G vd;gdthFk;.
• FOj; njhlu;ghlypd; gad;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW>

35
  r%fg; nghJg; gzpfspd; gad;gly;.
 gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Nahridfis mwpjy;
 jdpegu; njhlu;ghly; jpwd; tpUj;jpf;F cjTjy;
 gq;Fgw;Wk; egu;fspd; vjpu;tpid kw;Wk; gpd;D}l;ly;fis mwpaKbjy;
 mwpT kw;Wk; tsq;fisg; gfpUk; Mw;wy;

4. nghJrdj; njhlu;ghly; (Public Communication)

• rdf; $l;lj;NjhL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; njhlu;ghly; nghJrdj; njhlu;

ghlyhFk;. nghJf; $l;lq;fs;> tpupTiu kw;Wk; nghJ epfo;r;rpfs;
Mfpad ,jpylq;Fk;.
• nghJrdj; njhlu;ghlypy; njhlu;ghLeu; kw;Wk; ngWeu; MfpNahu;
ghu;i tf;n fl;b a J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk; Fuy; Nfl;f f; $bajha;
,Ue;jhYk; neUq;fpa njhlu;ghly; epfohJ.
• nghJrdj; njhlu;ghlypy; mjpfsT njhopDl;gf; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk;.
T
• nghJrdj; njhlu;ghly; ntw;wpaspf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy;> njhlu;ghLeu;
toq;Fk; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba J}uj;jpy; ngWeu; fhzg;gl
AF
Ntz;Lk;.
• nghJrdj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ ngwg;gLk; gpd;D}l;ly;fSf;fhd rupahd
nghUl;Nfhly;fs; ngWtJ fbdk;. mj;NjhL gpdD ; }l;ly;fSk; jhkjkhd
jhFk;.
DR

• nghJrdj; njhlu;ghly; epfo;tJ tPL> fhupahyak; Kjyhd jdpg;gl;l>

Fwpj;jnthU rpyu; $Lk; ,lq;fspyy;y. Nfl;Nghu;$lk;> nghJkf;fs;
xd;W$lf;$ba ikjhdq;fs; kw;Wk; khehl;L kz;lgk; Kjyhd
,lq;fspyhFk;.
• xU tplaj;ijf; Fwpj;jnthU gpuptpdUf;Fj; njupag;gLj;j> J}z;liy
Vw;gLj;j> kfpo;t+l;l> kfpo;r;rp kw;Wk; cw;rhfj;ij Vw;gLj;j nghJrdj;
njhlu;ghliyg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ck;: Nju;jy; gug;Giu> ,ir epfo;rr ; pfs;
• $bapUf;Fk; gpuptpdUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd cs;slf;fq;fisj; jahupj;jy;
kpfTk; ed;W. cs;slf;fk; xU gpuptpdUf;F kl;Lk; nghUj;jkhdjhf
,Ug;gpd; VidNahuJ ftdk; jpir jpUg;gg;gLk;.
• rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xd;W jpuz;L fhzg;gLk; kf;fs; njhifahYk;
ngWeuJ ftdk; jpir jpUg;gg;gLk;.
• nghJrdj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ ngWeu;fs; gy;NtW rdf; FOf;fisr;
Nru;e;jtu;fshapUg;gu;.
• nghJrdj; njhlu;ghlypd; gad;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

36
  Fwpj;jnthU Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf kf;fs; $l;lj;ijj; J}z;lf;$ba
jhapUj;jy;.
 ahNjDnkhU tplak; gw;wpa njsptpid Vw;gLj;j.
 gpujpikfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s.
 ahNjDnkhU fUj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;f.
 gy;NtW gpuptpduJk; mtjhdj;ij ntw;wp ngw.

5. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; (Mass Communication)

• xUtiunahUtu; mwpe;jpuhj tprhy rdf; $l;lj;jpw;F> ntFrd Clfq;

fisg; gad;gLj;jp> xNu jlitapy; jfty;fis toq;Fk; nraw;ghL
ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlyhFk;. (Hiebert,Ungurait,Bohn, 1988)

• njhopy; r hu; njhlu; g hLeu; f s; ,ae; j pu Clfq; f spd; JizNahL>

gue;jstpYk;> cldbahfTk;> njhlu;rr ; pahfTk; tprhykhd> gy;NtWtpjkhd
ngWeu;f; $l;lj;jpw;Fj; jfty; mDg;gp ahNjDk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
nraw;ghL. (Defleur and Dennis, 2002)
T
• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;gLk; ntFrd Clfq;fis ,t;thW
AF
gpupf;fyhk;.
DR

• mjp tprhy rdf; $l;lj;ij xNu Neuk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L jfty;

37
 toq;fg;gLk;.
• nghJthfj; jfty; toq;fg;gLk;> cs;slf;fk; midtUf;Fk; jpwe;jjhff;
fhzg;gLk;.
• ngWeu;fs; gytpjkhdtu;fs; (Heterogeneous). mjdhy; ntFrdj; njhlu;
ghlypd; ngWeu;fs; r%fj;jpy; rpwg;ghd FOtpduhFk;.
• Rhjhuzkhfr; rpf;fyhd> Kiwahd> epWtd Kiw fhzg;gLk;.
• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; rpf;fyhd Xu; nrad;KiwahFk;. ntt;NtW
ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; khjpupfspd; Clhf ,r;nraw;ghl;il vspjpy;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghL gw;wp Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjpupfspy;
Nu vy;ld; `a;gu;l; (Ray Eldon Hiebert), nlhdhy;l; Mu; md;Fnua;l;
(Donald R. Ungurait), Njhk]; lg;spA. Nghd; (Thomas W. Bohn) Mfpa
epGzu;fs; Kd;itj;j HUB khjpup gw;wp ,q;F tpgupf;fg;gLk;.
• jz;zuP ; jlhfk; xd;wpd; NkNy rpW fy;nyhd;iw vwpAk; NghJ> jz;zuP py;
NknyOk; ePuiyfs; jlhfj;jpd; vy;iytiu nrd;W kPs tUtJ Nghy;>
ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghLk; xU ,lj;jpy; Muk;gkhfpr; nrd;W
T
gpdd
; u; gpdD
; }l;lkhfj; jpUk;gp tUk; nrad;Kiw ,q;F tpgupff
; g;gLfpwJ.
• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;by; njhlu;GgLk; ntt;NtW $Wfisg;
AF
gw;wp ,k; khjpupapy; tpgupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. njhlu;ghLeu;fs; (Communicators)
2. FwpKiwfs; (Codes)
3. thapw;fhg;ghsu; (Gatekeepers)
DR

4. ntFrd Clfk; (Mass Media)

5. xOq;fhf;fp (Regulators)
6. tbfl;b (Filters)
7. ngWeu; (Audience)
8. jhf;fk; (Effect)

• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;by; ntFrd Clf epWtdq;fspd;

cupikahz;ik> murpay; gpd;Gyk;> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs; %yk; gy;NtW
tiuaiwfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; ntFrd Clfq;fs; kPJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• gpd;D}l;ly;> Clf tp];juP zk; kw;Wk; ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;by;

Vw;glf;$ba Clfj; jpupG kw;Wk; ,iur;ry; Mfpa fhuzpfs; gw;wp
,k;khjpupapy; tpgupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

38
 jhf; fk;

ngWeu;

tbfl;b

xOq;fhf;fp

ntFrd Clfk;

thapw;fhg;ghsu

FwpKiwfs;

njhlu;ghLeu;fs;
gpd;D}l;lk;

Clf
T tp];jPuzk;

Clfj; jpupG
AF
kw;Wk; ,iur;ry;
DR

1. njhlu;ghLeu; (Communicators)

• ,q;F njhlu;ghLeu; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly;

nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk; mq;fj;jtu;fisahFk;. ,q;F r%fj;jpy; ntt;NtW
kl;lq;fspy; cs;s egu;fisg; Nghd;Nw> epWtdq;fSk; njhlu;ghLeu;
tfpghfj;ij Vw;fyhk;.

2. FwpKiwfs; (Codes)

• FwpaPLfs; vd;W ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;

gLk; FwpaPl;Lj; njhFjpahFk;.

39
3. thapw;fhg;ghsu; (Gatekeepapers)

• thapw;fhg;ghsu; vd;gtu;> vj; jftiyj; njhlu;ghly; nra;tJ> mij

vt;thW njhlu;ghly; nra;tJ vdj; jPuk
; hdk; vLg;gtuhFk;. thapw;fhg;Gr;
nraw;ghl;lhy; Clfj; jfty;fs; jzpf;iff;Fl;gLj;jg;gLk;.

4. ntFrd Clfk; (Mass Media)

• ntFrd Clfq;fs; ,y;yhJ ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; epfohJ. ntFrd

Clfq;fs; vd;gJ jfty;fis toq;Fk; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
fUtp my;y. khwhf> ntFrd Clfk; vd;gJ nghJ kf;fspd;
vjpu;ghu;gG
; fis eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; r%f mikg;ghFk;.

5. xOq;fhf;fpfs; (Regulators)

• Neubahf Clf epWtdq; f Sld; njhlu; G glhtpl; l hYk; > Clf

eltbf;iffSld; njhlu;Ggl;L mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; egu;fs; kw;Wk;
T
epWtdq;fs; cs;sd. mtu;fs; Nkw;n ; fhs;Sk; fl;lisfshy; jfty;fspy;
rpy fl;Lg;ghLfs; epfOk;. cjhuzkhf> mur Mizf;FO> ePjpkd;wk;>
AF
njhopy;rhu; mikg;Gf;fs;> Efu;Nthu; kw;Wk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; FOf;fs;
Mfpad gy;NtW topfspy; ,t; xOq;FgLj;Jk; nraw;ghl;by; njhlu;G
gLk;.
• cyf ehLfs; rpytw;wpd; ntFrd Clf miytupirfisg; NghyNt
DR

Clf epWtdq;fspYk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; tpsk;gu epWtdq;fisAk;

gy;Njrpaf; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fisAk; xOq;fhf;fpfshff; fUjyhk;.

6. tbfl;b (Filters)

• ntFrd Clfj; jfty;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s> Vw;Wf; nfhs;s> kWf;f

my;yJ epidtpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;s ngWeu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; mtu;fspd;
mDgtf; fsk; tbfl;bfs; vdg;gLk;.

7. ngWeu; (Audience)

• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhd ngWeu;fs; gytpjkhdtu;fs; (Heterogeneous)>

xg;gPll
; stpy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahNdhu;> xUtiu nahUtu; mwpe;jpuhj>
cly; rhu;e;Jk; czu;r;rpfs; rhu;e;Jk; ntFrdj; njhlu;ghLeu; kw;Wk;
ngWeu;f; $l;lr; r%fj;jplkpUe;Jk; gpupe;j $l;lj;jtuJ ,izg;ghFk;.

40
 • ntFrd Clfq;fSld; ,izAk; ngWeu; $l;lk; mjp tprhykhFk;.
ePuj
; ; jlhfk; xd;wpy; ePuiyfs; Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ rpwpjhf Muk;gpj;jhYk;
,Wjpapy; gue;jnthU gpuNjrj;jpw;F tprpwpr; nry;Yk;. mJNghy> ntFrd
Clfq;fSld; ,izAk; ngWeu;;$l;lKk; gue;Jgl;Lf; fhzg;gLtu;.
etPd r%fj;jpy; mjpfsT Clf Efu;T fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjdhy; mjd;
%yk; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fSk; vz;zpylq;fhjit.

8. jhf;fk; (Effect)

• ,q;F jhf;fk; vd;gJ ,Utifg;gLk;>

1. r%fj;jpd; kPjhd jhf;fk;.

2. jdpegu; kPjhd jhf;fk;.

• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;by; jhf;fk; Kf;fpakhdNjhL mJ

rpf;fyhd xd;WkhFk;.

9. gpd;D}l;lk; (Feedback)
T
• cldbahff; fpilf;Fk; gpd;D}l;ly;> jhkjkhfpf; fpilf;Fk; gpdD
; }l;ly;>
AF
ngWeu;f; $l;lj;jplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk; gpd;D}l;ly;> my;yJ vz;zpf;if
mbg;gilapy; my;yJ %yjd mbg;gilapy; ntspg;gLj;jy;.
DR

10. Clfj; jpupG kw;Wk; ,iur;ry; (Media Distortion and Noise)

• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;by; Clfj; jpupG kw;Wk; jilfs;

Vw;gl mjpf tha;gG
; fs; cs;sd. ntFrd Clfq;fspd; gy;tifikiag;
nghWj;Jj; jilfs; gytifg;gLk;.

11. Clf tp]j

; Puzk; (Media Amplification)

• Clf tp];juP zk; vd;gJ ahNjDnkhU fhuzj;jpw;fhf Clfj;jpw;F

mjpf mjpfhuj;ij toq;fyhFk;. mJ xU jdpegu; gw;wpa my;yJ
nghJr; nrad;Kiw gw;wpa my;yJ ghu;it gw;wpa mjpf jhf;fj;ijr;
nrYj;Jk;.

• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;il vspjpy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg; gy;NtW

khjpupfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mk;khjpupfisf; fw;gjd; %yk;
ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwyhk;.

41
 • ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlypd; gad;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW> ,tw;wpd; mu;j;jq;
fisg; gue;jstpy; fhzNtz;Lk;>
1. mwpif (Cognition) / mwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
2. jpirjpUg;gy; (Diversion) / khw;Wj; jpirf;F topg;gLj;jy;.
3. r%f cgNahfj; jd;ik (Social Utility).
4. kPsg; ngwy; (Withdrawal) (Dominic, Joseph, R., 2010)

6. nka;epfu; njhlu;ghly; (Virtual Communication)

• 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf ntFrd

Clf khjpup kw;Wk; cs;slf;f khw;wq;fs; gyTk; ele;Njwpd.
• rkfhyg; g+Nfhsg; Nghf;F kw;Wk; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpr; nraw;ghl;bd;
xU re;ju;g;gkhf nka;epfu; njhlu;ghliy ,dq;fhzyhk;.
• Virtual vDk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypd; jkpo; mu;j;jk; nka;epfu; vd;gjhFk;.
• Virtual communication is defined by the Umea University as,
• The information, communication, and action, mediated by new information
T
technologies, where contents, intentions, or actors may be nonexistent, distorted,
AF
replaced, or created - intentionally or unintentionally.”
• nka;epfu; njhlu;ghly; vd;gjw;F cNkahg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (Umea
University) toq;fpa tiutpyf;fzk;>
• “jfty;> njhlu;ghly;> kw;Wk; nray; Mfpad Gjpa jfty; njhopDl;gj;
DR

jhy; kj;jpa];jk; nra;ag;gLk;. ,q;F> cs;slf;fk;> vz;zk;> my;yJ

ghj; j puq; f s; Mfpad jpl; l kpl; L my; y J jpl; l kplhJ ep[j; j py;
,y;yhjitahfTk;> jpupGgLj;jg;gl;litahfTk;> khw;wg;gl;litahfTk;>
cUthf;fg;gl;litahfTk; fhzg;gLk;”.
• nka;e pfu; njhlu;ghlypd; gpujhd cgfuzk; ,izaj;jskhFk;.
kpd;dQ;ry;
(e-mail), tPbNah khehL (Video Conference), r%f tiyj;jsk; (Social
Networking), kw;Wk; njhlupiz mul;il (Online Chatting) Mfpatw;wpd;
Clfk; ,izaj;jskhFk;. ifj;njhiyNgrpa+lhfg; ngwg;gLk; jfty;
fSk; nka;epfu; njhlu;ghlyhFk;.
• nka;epfu; njhlu;ghlypd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd> mtw;Ws;
rpy gpd;tUkhW>
 jpwikahfj; njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLk; Mw;wy;.
 Fiwe;j nryT.
 ghJfhg;ghdJ.
 xyp-xsp mk;rq;fSld; njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLk; Mw;wy;.

42
  xNu jlitapy; gyUlDk; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lglf;$ba Mw;wy;.
 ngsjPf mbg;gilapy; ,ltrjp Njitg;glhik.

• nka;epfu; njhlu;ghlypd; gad;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW>

 fy;tp eltbf;iffSf;F.
 cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;g.
 tpahghuf; fhupaq;fs; ntw;wpaspf;f> jpwikahfr; nraw;gl.
 gpur;rhu eltbf;iffSf;F.
 gilg;ghf;fuPjpahd nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; rpe;jidia tsu;f;f.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;:

1. jpahdk;> gpuhu;j;jid Kjyhd kdij xUepiyg;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghLfspy;

<Lgl;L cq;fs; kdjpd; elj;ijf;Nfhyj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;f.

2. xU ehspy; ePq;fs; vjpu;nfhz;l Mspilj; njhlu;ghly;fSf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;

T
fis tpgupf;Ff.
AF

3. ghlrhiyapy; fiy epfo;r;rp> Clfj; jpdg; gz;ghl;L epfo;r;rpfis Vw;ghL

nra;Ak; NghJ epfOk; FOj; njhlu;ghly;fis tpsf;Ff.
DR

4. murpay;> rka> ,yf;fpa> nghOJNghf;F> fiy> nghJr;Nrit Nehf;fq;fisj;

jPuj
; ;Jf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLk; nghJrdj; njhlu;ghly;
re;ju;g;gk; xd;wpy; gq;Fgw;wp> mjpy; ngWeiuf; ftu;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa
cghaq;fis Ma;T nra;f.

5. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspy; fhzg;glNtz;ba mk;rq;fSs; njupT

nra;ag;gl;l mk;rq;fis ahNjDk; ,yj;jpudpay; my;yJ mr;R Clfq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jpAs;s tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;f.

6. jdpgg
; l;l Kiwapy; ePqf
; s; mDgtpjj
; nka;epfu; njhlu;ghly; re;ju;gg
; nkhd;iw
tpgupf;Ff.

43
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.2 njhlu; g hly; tbtq; f s; gw; w pa njspTld;
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ntt;NtW njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• njhlu; g hly; tbtq; f s; gad; g Lk; tpjj; i j
cjhuzk; fhl;b tpgupg;ghu;.
• ntt;NtW njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs; gw;wpa mwpTld;
jk; Kd;itg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

• njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs; vd;gJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; “Forms of Communication” vd

T
mu;j;jg;gLk;. ,q;F Kjypy; tbtq;fs; vDk; nrhy;ypd; mu;j;jj;ij njspT
gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
AF
• njhlu;ghlypd; tbtq;fs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd> mtw;Ws;> tha;nkhop>
tha;nkhopaw;w> Ngr;R> nrtpg;Gy> fl;Gy> vOj;J> mspf;if> Kiwrhu;
kw;Wk; Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gd rpy njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fshFk;.
• ,j; njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fis Xu; jpwdhf tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;>
DR

mjd;%yk; rpwe;j njhlu;ghliy tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

1. tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghly; (Verbal Communication)

• ahjhapDnkhU nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; Xir (Sounds), nrhw;fisg;

(Words) gad;gLj;jp eilngWk; njhlu;ghly; tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghly;
MFk;.
• tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypd; gzpfs;>
 fy;tpa+l;ly;> mwpTiu toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; topfhl;Ljy;.
 egu;fSf;fpilNa jfty; gupkhw;wk;.
 kdpjj; njhlu;Gfis tsu;ff ; .
 kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;j.
 kdpj MSikia tpUj;jp nra;a kw;Wk; gy;NtW gzpfis
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s.

44
tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fs;

• xU jftiyr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; Kd;itf;f> njhlu;ghLeu; xUtuplk; tha;nkhopj;

njhlu;;ghly; jpwd;fs; fhzg;glNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. mjw;fhf>
• nkhoptsj;ij tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;sy;.
• jkJ fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fs; mlq;fpa mwpT tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• Kd;dhaj;jk;.
• Kd;itf;Fk; jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;jy;.
• rpwe;j nkhopg; ghtid.
• jdpg;gl;l milahsj;ijAk; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• nghWg;Gld; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

2. tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; (Non-Verbal Communication)

• Ngr;R my;yJ vOj;J nkhopg; ghtidapd;wp xUtu; ,d;ndhUtUf;Fj;

jfty; toq;Fjy; tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghlyhFk;.
T
• tha;nkhopaw;wnjhlu;ghly;>FwpaPLfs; (Symbols)>irifnkhop (Signs) kw;Wk;
AF
cly; nkhop (Body Language) vdtifg;gLk;.

• irif nkhop vd;gjpy;> midj;Jtpjkhd FwpKiwfs;> vz;fs;>

Gifg;glq;fs;> ml;ltizfs;> glq;fs;> Rtnuhl;bfs;> Rtu;r; rpjj
; puq;fs;>
DR

Nfypr; rpj;jpuq;fs;> tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; xypr; iriffs; vd;gd

cs;slq;Fk;.

• vspjpy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $ba kw;Wk; epidtpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;sf;

$ba> cyfk; KOJk; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;Jk; fl;Gy kw;Wk; nrtpg;Gy
iriffs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Gifg;gpbj;jy; jil> Mz; kw;Wk;
ngz; cUtq;fs;> tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs;> xspr; rkpf;iQfs;> Nksr; rj;jk;>
irud; rj;jk;> rpj;jpuk;> Nfypr; rpj;jpuq;fs; Mfpad ,t;tifapd.

• cly; nkhop vd;gJ> Kfj;jpy; ntspff

; hl;lg;gLk; iriffs;> rkpfi
; Qfs;>
mirTfs;> Kj;jpiufs;> eld mirTfs; kw;Wk; mgpeak; MfpadthFk;.
• cly; nkhop%yk; toq;fg;gLk; jfty; ehl;bw;F ehL> r%fj;jpw;Fr;
r%fk; NtWgLk;. cjhuzkhf> ,Utu; re;jpfF ; k;NghJ xUtiunahUtu;
tuNtw;Fk; Kiwia Muha;f.

45
 • rpwe;j njhlu;ghlypy; <Lgl irif nkhop kw;Wk; cly; nkhop Mfpa
tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis tpidj;jpwdhfg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.

3. Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; (Oral Communication)

• tha;%yk; ntspg;gLk; Xir kw;Wk; nrhw;fspd; JizNahL gy;NtW

fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fjy; Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; vdg;gLk;. nkhopiag;
gad;gLj;jp me;epNahd;dpaj; jfty;fs; gupkhw;wg;gLtNjhL md;whlj;
njhlu;ghlypYk; mjpfsT Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWk;.
• tha;nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypYk; Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; NtWgl;lJ. tha;
nkhopj; njhlu;ghlypy; nrhw;fis Xirfshf vOg;gpAk;> vOj;Jf;fshf
vOjpAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy; Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; tha;%yk;
ntspg;gLk; nrhw;fNshL kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly;
xOf;fkhfTk;> ftu;r;rpahfTk;> mu;jj
; j;JlDk; gad;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
• Ngr;R vd;gJ kdpjuhy; tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba xU Mw;wyhFk;.
nrtpkLf;Fk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tJ Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; jpwid
T
Nkk;gLj;Jk;.
• Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly;>
AF
 mbf;fb epfOk;.
 ,aw;ifahdJ.
 kw;wtuhy; ,yFtpy; Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$baJ.
 ngWeUf;Nfw;w nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
DR

 tha;nkhopaw;w njhlu;ghlypd; cjtpfisg; ngwyhk;.

 njhlu;ghLeu;> Kd;itg;gtu; vg;NghJk; njhlu;ghly; epfOkplj;jpy;
fhzg;gLtu;. (Physically Present)

• ngWeu; FOtpw;Nfw;g Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; NtWgLk;. cjhuzkhf>

kjFUkhUld; ciuahLjy;> Foe;ijfSld; ciuahLjy;.

• Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly;> jpwd;fs;> tpsq;fwpT kw;Wk; rpe;jid tpUj;jpf;Fk;

fw;wy; eltbf;iffSf;Fk; mj;jpahtrpakhFk;.

• Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; Mw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhd fhuzpfs; rpy gpd;tUkhW>

 nrtpkLj;jy;.
 thrpj;jy;.
 rpwe;j Ngr;rhsu;fspd; Ngr;Rg;ghzpiag; gpd;gw;wy;.
 Ngr;Rg; gapw;rp.
 jdpnahUtUf;Fg; NgRjy;.

46
  r%fj;jpw;Fg; NgRjy;.
 Fuy; vOg;gp cr;rupj;jy;.
 ntt;NtW tplaq;fisg; Ngr;rpy; Kd;itj;jy;
(cjhuzkhf: ehlf trdq;fs;> mwpf;iffs;).
4. mspf;if (Performance)

• Xu; nraw;ghlhf my;yJ njhopw;Jiwahf VNjDk; ebg;gpy; <Lgly;.

• ebj;jy; %yk; rpw;rpy fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhwyhk;.
• Mjp kdpjdpd; fhyk; njhl;L jw;fhyk; tiu ebg;gpd; %yk; njhlu;ghly;
gzpfs; epiwNtwpAs;sd.
• rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; njhlu;ghliy tpidj;jpwdhd
jhf;Ftjw;F mspf;if Kf;fpak; ngWfpwJ.
• xOf;fkhd Kiwapy; ciuahlypy; <LgLtjpypUe;J kdpj tho;fi ; fapy;
midj;Jj; njhlu;ghly; eltbf;iffSf;Fk; mspf;if mtrpakhFk;.
• cgfuzg; ghtid> XirnaOg;Gjy;> Mil Mguzk; Kjyhdtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp mspf;ifiar; rpwg;ghdjhf;fyhk;.
T
• mspfi; f Mw;wy; tpUj;jpf;Fj; JizGupAk; fhuzpfs; rpy gpdt
; UkhW>
 mspf;ifr; re;ju;gg
; j;ij Ma;T nra;jy;.
AF
 gpd;gw;Wjy;.
 ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspw;Nfw;g mspf;if NtWgLk; tpjj;ij
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
cjhuzkhf: Ngr;rhsu; xUtuJ Ngr;R> Mrpupau; tfpghfk;>
DR

mwptpg;ghsu; tfpghfk;> ebfu; tfpghfk;> tpthjf; FOtpd;

mq;fj;jtu;fspd; ,ay;G.
 ntt;NtW njhlu;ghly; re;ju;gg
; q;fis mspfi
; f top Kd;itj;jy;.

5. vOj;Jj; njhlu;ghly; (Written Communication)

• nkhop kw;Wk; FwpKiwfs; %yk; jfty; Kd;itg;gJ vOj;Jj; njhlu;

ghlyhFk;.
• vOj;Jj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gjw;Ff; fbjk;> mwptpg;Gf;fs;> mwpf;iffs;>
gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs;> Gj;jfq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cjhuzkhff;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• vOj;Jj; njhlu;ghly; gilg;ghf;fuPjpahd Xu; nraw;ghlhFk;.
• vOj;Jj; njhlu;ghlYf;F tpsq;fwpT mj;jpahtrpakhFk;.
• vOj;Jj; njhlu;ghly; %yk; thrpf;ff;$ba kf;fSf;Fj; jfty;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

47
 • Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghlYf;F ,izahf Kiwahd Kiwapy; vOj;Jj;
njhlu;ghliyAk; fl;bnaOg;gyhk;.
• vjpu;fhyg; ghtidf;fhfj; jfty;fisr; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; Mw;wy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• fy;tp> gilg;ghf;fuPjpahd Mtzr; nraw;ghL> epWtdr; nraw;ghLfs;
kw;Wk; ePjpr; nraw;ghLfs; Kjyhd nraw;ghLfSf;F vOj;Jj; njhlu;
ghly; mtrpakhFk;.
• vOj;J rupahd Kiwapy; epfohJ tpl;lhy;> jtwhd fw;gpjq;fs;
cUthFk; mr;rk; cs;sJ.
• Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; Mw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhd fhuzpfs; rpy gpd;tUkhW>
 vOJk; Mw;wiy ,dq;fhzy;.
 tpsq;fwpT Mw;wy;.
 Gj;jfk; thrpj;jy;.
 rupahf> njspthf> Kiwahf vOj;J Mtzq;fis vOJjy;.
 gilg;ghf;fj; jpwd; tpUj;jp.
T
6. nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; (Audio Communication)
AF
• nrtpkLj;jiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xyp Clfq;fspd; VNjDnkhU
xyp tbtj;ijr; nrtpkLj;jy; nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; MFk;.
• Xir my;yJ Fuy;> capUs;s my;yJ capuw;w nghUl;fspd; my;yJ
Clfj;jpd; %yk; ntspg;gLk;.
DR

• ,q;F epfo;tJ> ahjhapDnkhd;iwr; nrtpkLg;gjd; %yk; VNjDk;

jftiyg; ngWtjhFk;. ,aw;if xyp> nraw;if xyp> ,ir> mikjp>
fye;Jiuahly;> ftpij> ghly;> tpupTiu> fij vd;gd ,jpylq;Fk;.
• nrtpgG
; yj; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;NjhL ,ize;jpUg;gjhy; ntt;NtW
tbtq;fspyhd xypf; fUtpfs; ghtidf;F te;jpUg;gNjhL> xypiar;
Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; nraw;ghLfSk; jPtpukile;Js;sJ. ,Wtl;L>
nrtpkLf;Fk; Gj;jfq;fs;> ,irj; jl;L Mfpad ,j;jifa fUtpfshFk;.
• xUtuJ Fuy; %yk; mtuJ cWjp> MSik> Nehf;fk;> rpe;jid>
njhdp Kjyhdit kl;Lky;yhJ cs;shu;e;j tplaq;fisAk; (jpwe;j
jd;ik> Neu;ik) mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
• nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; Mjpkdpjd; fhyk; njhl;L gpugy;akhd
njhlu;ghly; tbtkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• nrtpgG
; yj; njhlu;ghly; Mw;wy; tpUj;jpff
; hd fhuzpfs; rpy gpdt
; UkhW>
 mtjhdj;Jld; nrtpkLj;jy;.
 ntt;NtW Fuy;fis NtWgLj;jpawpjy;.

48
  nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fw;wy;.
 ntt;NtW Xirfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gilg;ghf;fq;fspy; <Lgly;.

7. fl;Gy my;yJ fhl;rpj; njhlu;ghly; (Visual Communication)

• fz;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ghu;g;gjd; %yk; jfty; jpul;bf; nfhs;jy;

fl;Gy my;yJ fhl;rpj; njhlu;ghlyhFk;.
• Mjpkdpjd; fhyk; njhl;L jw;fhyk; tiu njhlu;ghly; gzpfSf;fhff;
fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; gad;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fl; G yj; njhlu; g hly; vd; g jpy; rkpf; i Qfs; > mr; n rOj; J f; f s; >
tiuglq;f s;> epwq;f s;> Neub xspgug; Gfs;> jpiug;glk; vd; gd
cs;slq;Fk;.
• FwpaPLfs; gw;wpa fw;iffs; Semiotics vdg;gLk;.
• jw;fhyj;jpy; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;g tsu;rr ; pNahL fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly;
gpugy;akile;Js;sJ.
T
• ,izaj;jsk;> r%f tiyj;jsk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp Kjyhdtw;wpy;
gilg;ghf;fk; kpf;f tifapYk; ftu;r;rpahfTk; fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly;
AF
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; Mw;wy; tpUj;jpf;fhd fhuzpfs; rpy gpd;tUkhW>
 glq;fis / fhl;rpfis Mo;e;J ghu;j;jy;.
 glq;fis / fhl;rpfis ,dq;fhzy;.
DR

 fy;tp eltbf;iffSf;fhfg; glq;fis / fhl;rpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

 fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; mk;rq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gilg;ghf;fj;jpy;
<LgLjy;.

8. Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; (Formal Communication)

• njhlu;ghLeiuj; njspthf ,dq;fhzf;$ba njhlu;ghly; tbtk;

,JthFk;.
• midj;Jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; mjpfhug+u;tkhf ntsptUk;> nghWg;Gld;
$ba Mtzk; my;yJ ntspaPL.
• mjpfhug+u; t khd mwpf; i f> epidTgLj; j y; f s; (Memo), fbjj;
jiyg;Gf;fs; topahd fbjq;fs; (Letters in Letterhead), tu;jj
; khdp mwpfi
; f
(Gazette Notification), mjpfhug+u;tkhd kpd;dQ;ry; Mfpa vOj;J%y
ntspaPLfs; Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghlYf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; rpy.
• vOj;J%y ntspaPLfs; NghyNt mjpfhug+u;tkhf ntspaplg;gLk;

49
 ntspaPLfSk; Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghlypy; mlq;Fk;. cjhuzk;:; tUlhe;jg;
ghjPL> mur jiytu;fspd; mjpfhug+u;t ntspaL
P fs;> mur epWtdq;fspd;
mjpfhug+u;t Clf ntspaPl;lhsu;fspd; ntspaPLfs;> mikr;ruit
mwptpg;G.
• Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; nraw;gLk; Xu; nraw;
ghL.
• Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; kpfTk; gaDila xU njhlu;ghly; tbtk;.
• Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; gbKiwfs; gytw;Wf;$lhfr; nraw;gLk;.
• Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghlypd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mjpfhug+ut
; Mtzq;fs;
kw;Wk; ntspaPLfisj; NjitNaw;gLk;NghJ Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

9. Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; (Informal Communication)

• jfty; %yj;ijr; ruptu ,dq;fhzKbahj njhlu;ghly; tbtkhFk;.

• mjpfhug+u;tj; jd;ik fhzg;glhJ. (cjhuzk;: tje;jp> milahsq;
T
fhl;lg;glhJ vOjg;gLk;; fbjk;> Cu;tk;Gfs; (gossips))
• mjpfhug+u;t ntspaPLfs;> Kiwrhu; njhlu;ghly; fhzg;glhj re;ju;gg
; q;
AF
fspy; Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; nraw;gLk;.
• Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; Jupjkhfg; gutyilAk;.
• Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; kf;fsJ vz;zk;> kdg;ghq;F> vjpu;g;G
Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;j tha;gG ; toq;Fk;.
DR

• etPdj; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Kiwrhuhj;

njhlu;ghly; kpfTk; ftu;r;rpahfTk; gpugy;akhfTk; eilngWfpwJ.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;:

1. ntt;NtW njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpgupf;Ff.

2. ePqf
; s; tpUk;gpa njhlu;ghly; tbtk; xd;iw my;yJ rpytw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj;
jfty; cUthf;Ff.

50
Nju;r;rpkl;lk; : 3.3 njhlu;ghly; khjpupfs; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;L
uPjpahd fUj;Jf;fisg; gFg;gha;T
nra;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 24

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • njhlu;ghly; khjpupfis ,dq;fz;L

Kd;itg;ghu;.
• njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghL epfOk; tpjj;ij
khjpupf@lhf tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f; fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

T
• njhlu;ghly; gy;NtW Fzhjpraq;fSld; $ba rpf;fyhd xU nraw;ghlhFk;.
AF
njhlu;ghlypd; ,j;jd;ikia mwpe;Jnfhs;sj; njhlu;ghly; khjpupfs;
cgNahfpf; fg;gLk;.
• r%fr; nraw;ghL my;yJ njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;bd; ,ay;ig khjpupfs;
tpgupf;Fk;. ,jd;NghJ nghJthf tiuglq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
DR

• mj;NjhL njhlu;ghly; khjpupfs; %ykhf>

 njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;by; epfOk; tplaj;ijr; RUf;fkhff; fhl;lyhk;.
 jfty; nry;Yk; xOq;iff; fhl;lyhk;.
 njhlu;ghLeu; kw;Wk; ngWeuJ ,ay;G> jpwik kw;Wk; mtu;fs; ngWk;
Kjd;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.
 Clfr; nrad;Kiw epfOk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;lyhk;.
 njhlu; g hlypd; ,ay; G > mtrpak; > re; j u; g ; g k; Kjyhdtw; i w
,dq;fhzyhk;.
Kjyhd tplaq;fs; epfOk;.

• rpf;fy; epiwe;j njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;il vspikahf tpgupf;fg; gy;NtW

JiwfspYk; cs;s epGzu;fshy; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; ,r; nraw;ghL
Muhag;gl;L khjpupfs; gy Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
• njhlu;ghLeu;> ngWeu;> jhf;fk;> njhlu;ghlypd; njhopDl;gr; nraw;ghL Kjyhd
tw;iw ikag;gLj;jp ntt;NtW khjpupfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,q;F njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Neu;top khjpupfs; (Linear Models) kw;Wk;

51
 Neu;topay;yh khjpupfs; (Non Linear Models) kl;Lk; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.
1. Neu;top khjpupfs; (Linear Models)
xU ,lj;jpypUe;J ,d;DnkhU ,lj;jpw;F khj;jpuk; jfty; flj;jg;gly;.

2. Neu;topay;yh khjpupfs; (Non Linear Models)

,q;F njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiw ,Utopg; Nghf;FilaJ. tl;ltbtpYk;>

ntt;NtW tbtq;fspYk; gue;J tpupe;J nry;Yk;. ngWeuJ vjpu;tpid
kw;Wk; njhlu;ghLeiug; Nghy ngWeuJ nraw;ghl;ilg; nghWj;Jk; jftypd;
,ay;G NtWgLk;.

• gpujhdkhd njhlu;ghly; khjpupfs; ehd;F gw;wp ,q;F mtjhdpf;fg;gLk;.

1. mup];Nlhl;by; khjpup
2. `Nuhy;l; B. yh];nty; khjpup
3. Fnshl; ~dd; kw;Wk; nthud; tPtu; khjpup
T
4. \;uhk; - x];Fl; khjpup
AF
1. mup];Nlhl;by; khjpup

• fpNuf;fehl;ilr; Nru;e;j jj;JtQhdpahd mup];Nlhl;by; (fp.K. 384 -

322) vd;gtuhy; Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; jd;ikfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L
DR

vOjg;gl;l Ngr;Rf; fiyAld; njhlu;Gila “upNlhupf;” (Rhetoric – The

Art of Persuasion) vDk; E}ypy; njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa tplaq;fs; fhzg;
gLfpd;wd.

• ,k;khjpupapy; njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; gpujhdkhd Ie;J %yf;

fhuzpfs; gw;wp tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ngr;rhsu; Ngr;R Nfl;Nghu; jhf;fk;

Speaker Speech Audience Effect

re;ju;g;gk;
Occassion

52
• Ngr;rhsu;:
Ngr;r hsu; vd; gtu; jftiy Kd;i tg;gtu; Mthu;. Ngr;r hsu;> jhd;
,yf;Fitj;j ngWeu; FOtpw;F kw;Wk; re;ju;gg
; j;jpwF
; g; nghUj;jkhdtifapy;
jdJ Ngr;irj; jahupf;fNtz;Lk;. mjd; %yk; Nfl;Nghu; kj;jpapy; VNjDk;
jhf;fj;ij my;yJ J}z;liy Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

• Ngr;R:
Ngr;R vdg;gLtJ Ngr;rhsu; Kd;itf;Fk; jfty; MFk;. Ngr;Rf; Nfl;Nghiuj;
J}z;lf; $banjhd;whff; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;. etPd njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk;
vJTk; ,y;yhj mf;fhyg; gFjpapy; $l;lkhfj; njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLk;
NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Ngr;R my;yJ tpupTiu vd;gNj ,q;F Fwpgg
; plg;gLfpwJ.

• Nfl;Nghu;:
Nfl;Nghu; vd;gtu; Ngr;R my;yJ tpupTiuiaf; Nfl;Nghu; Mtu;. ,q;F
Nfl;Nghu; vd;gtu; ke;j ngWeu;fshfr; nraw;gLtu;.
T
AF
• re;ju;g;gk;:
jftiy toq;ff; fhuzkhd re;ju;g;gk; ,jd;%yk; mu;j;jg;gLfpwJ.

• jhf;fk;:
DR

njhlu;ghly; epfo;tJ epr;rapf;fg;gl;l xU Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfthFk;. Nfl;Nghiu

VNjDnkhU fUj;ij Nehf;fpj; J}z;Ltjw;fhfthFk;.

• ,k; khjpupapd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;:

1. Ie;J %yf;$Wfs; gw;wp tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. Neu;top khjpup.
3. vjpu;tpid kw;Wk; gpd;D}l;lk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
4. mf;fhyj; njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwgw;wp kl;Lk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L
tplaq;fs; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. etPd rpf;fyhd njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwia tpgupf;f ,ayhjpUj;jy;.

2. `Nuhy;l; B. yh];nty; khjpup

• mnkupf; f ehl;L murpay; tpQ; Q hdg; Nguhrpupauhd `Nuhy; l; B.

yh];nty;ypdhy; (1902 - 1978) 1948 ,y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fspypUe;J

53
 cUthf;fg;gl;l khjpup MFk;. Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
gpur;rhu Kiwfs; gw;wp yh];nty;ypdhy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• mtu; Kd;itj;j khjpup gpujhdkhf Ie;J fhuzpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1. ahu;? (Who?) – njhlu;ghLeu;
2. vd;d $Wfpwhu;? (Says What?) – jfty;
3. ve;j Clfj;jpy;? (In Which Channel?) – Clfk;
4. ahUf;F? (To Whom?) – ngWeu;
5. ve;jj; jhf;fj;jpw;fhf? (With What Effect?) – jhf;fk;

• ,k; khjpupapd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;:

1. ,J xU Neu;topkhjpup.
T
2. gpd;D}l;ly; kw;Wk; jilfs; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
AF
3. ,jd; khjpup %yk; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;lhy; epfOk; jhf;fk;
mjpfk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. \dd; kw;Wk; tPtu; khjpup

DR

• mnkupf;f ehl;Lf; fzpjNkijfshd Fnshl; \dd; (1916 - 2001)

kw;Wk; nthud; tPtu; (1894 - 1978) Mfpa ,Utupdhy; 1949 ,y;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa ,f;fzpjkhjpup Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
• njhlu;ghlypd; njhopDl;gr; nraw;ghl;by; mjpf mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gl;l
,k; khjpupapy; kdpjd; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuq;fs; %yk; njhlu;ghly; nraw;
ghl;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jhf;fKk; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

54
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l rkpf;iQ
rkpf;iQ
• ,k; khjpupapy; gpujhd fhuzpfs; rpy cs;slq;Ffpd;wd>
1. jfty; %yk; (Information Source)
2. jfty; (Message)
3. nrYj;jp (Transmitter)
4. rkpf;iQ (Signals)
5. jil / ,ila+W (Noise)
6. ngWif (Receiver)
7. NrUkplk; / cr;r];jhdk; (Destination)

• jfty; %yk; my;yJ njhlu;ghLeu; toq;Fk; jfty; ,yj;jpudpay;

nraw;ghl;bw;F cs;shfp ,yj;jpudpay; rkpf;iQahf khw;wg;gLfpwJ.

• ,q;F > jftyhdJ flj;jg;glf; $ba rkpf;iQahf khw;wg;gl;L

T
ngWeuplk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ. jfty; rkpfi; Qahf khw;wg;gl;L gy;NtW
Clfq;fspd; topNa flj;jg;gLk;NghJ ntt;NtW jil / ,ila+WfSf;F
AF
cs;shfpwJ. mit fUj;J my;yJ nkhopuPjpahd jil (Semantic
Noise) kw;Wk; Clfj; jil (Channel Noise) MfpadthFk;.

• ,k; khjpupapd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;:

DR

1. Neu;top khjpup.
2. njhlu;ghlypy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jf; $ba jil / ,ila+W gw;wp
Kjy;Kiw fUj;Jf;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. gpd;D}l;lk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplhik.
4. CLflj;Jk; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nrad;Kiwfs; gw;wpa
tpgupg;Gf; fhzg;gly;.
5. njhopDl;gNehf;fpy; njhlu;ghly; tpgupf;fg;gl;lik.

4. x];Fl; - ~;uhk; khjpup

• tpy;gu; \;uhk; (1907 - 1987) kw;Wk; rhu;s;]; x];Fl; (1933 ,y; gpwg;G)
MfpNahupdhy; ,j; njhlu;ghly; khjpup 1954 ,y; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,t;tpU mwpQu;fSk; r%ftpQ;Qhdj; Jiwiar; Nru;ej ; tu;fs; vd;gjhy;
njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiw gw;wpa r%ftpQ;Qhdg; ghu;itiaj; jkJ
khjpupapy; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

55
 jfty;
Message

Decoding Decoding
FwpKiwatpo;g;G FwpKiwatpo;g;G

nghUl;NfhLgtu; nghUl;NfhLgtu;
Interpreter Interpreter

FwpKiwahf;Fjy; FwpKiwahf;Fjy;
Encoding Encoding

jfty;
Message
T
AF
 ,k; khjpupapy; njhlu;ghLeu; FwpKiwahf;FtuhfTk;> ngWeu; FwpKiw
atpo;g;gtuhfTk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;. njhlu;ghLeUf;Fk; ngWeUf;Fk;
fpilf;fg;ngWk; jfty;fs; mtu;fshy; nghUl;Nfhly; nra;ag;gLk;.
 jfty; %ykhfj; njhlu;ghLeUf;Fk; ngWeUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
DR

fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtNjhL ,UtuJ tfpghfq;fs; khw;wg;gl;Lj; njhlu;ghly;

njhlu;r;rpahf epfOk;.
 ,jd; %yk; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghL Xuplj;jpy; njhlq;fp ,d;DnkhU
,lj;jpy; KbahJ> njhlu;r;rpahf> tl;ltbtpy; epfOk; vd x];Fl;
kw;Wk; uhk; ,q;F njspTgLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
 ,k; khjpupapd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;:
1. ,J Neu;topay;yhj tl;lj; njhlu;ghly; khjpup.
2. njhlu;ghLeu; NghyNt ngWeUk; njhlu;ghlypy; Kf;fpak; ngWthu;.
3. FwpKiwahf;fk;> FwpKiwatpo;g;G kw;Wk; nghUl;Nfhly; Kjyhd
re;ju;g;gq;fis tpgupj;jy;.
4. njhlu;ghly; njhlu;r;rpahd nrad;Kiw.
5. gpd;D}l;lk; ,jpy; cs;slq;FfpwJ.

56
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

1. njhlu;ghly; khjpupfis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.

2. Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; re;ju;g;gk; xd;iwj; njupTnra;f. ePq;fs; njupTnra;j

mr;re;ju;gg
; j;ij tpUk;gpa ,U khjpupfs; %yk; gFg;gha;Tnra;f.

mUk;gjq;fs;

nka;epfu; njhlu;ghly; - Virtual Communication

MSs; njhlu;ghly; - Intrapersonal Communication
Mspilj; njhlu;ghly; - Interpersonal Communication
FOj; njhlu;ghly; - Group Communication
T
Ngr;Rj; njhlu;ghly; - Oral Communication
ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; - Mass Communication
AF
fl;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; - Visual Communication
tha;nkhopaw;wnjhlu;ghly; - Nonverbal Communication
nghJrdj; njhlu;ghly; - Public Communication
vOj;Jj; njhlu;ghly; - Written Communication
DR

njhlu;ghly; khjpupfs; - Models of Communication

njhlu;ghly; tiffs; - Types of Communication
njhlu;ghly; tbtq;fs; - Forms of Communication
nrtpg;Gyj; njhlu;ghly; - Audio Communication

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;:

1 Berger, Charles R., Interpesonal Communication: The International Encyclopedia of

Communication, New York, Wiley Blackwell, 2008
2. Bittner, John R. Mass Communication: An Introduction, U.S.A, 1986
3. Charles, Wright R., Mass Communication, New York, 1971
4. DeFleur and Dennis, Understanding Mass Communication, 7th Edition, U.S.A, 2002
5. Domimic, Joseph, R., The Dynamics of Mass Communication, 10th Edition, New York,
2010
6. James Waston and Anne Hill, A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies, India,
Universal Book Stall, 1991
7. Mac Bride Sean, Many Voices, One World, United Nations Educational, Scientific and

57
 Cultural Organization, New York, 1980
8. Murphy, Herta A. , Herbert W. Hildebrandt, and Thomas Jane P., Effective Busines
Communications, 7th edition, Mc Graw - Hill, 1997
9. Stewart L., Tubbs and Moss Sylvia, Human Communication, 7th Edition
4. ghuk;gupa Clfk; kw;Wk; ntFrd Clfk;> Gjpa Clfk;; kw;Wk;
r%f Clfk;

Nju;r;rp : 4.0 ghuk;gupa Clfk;> ntFrd Clfk; kw;Wk; Gjpa

Clfk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisf; fye;Jiuahb
mtw;wpd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfis mwpe;J mtw;iwg;
nghUj;jkhd njhlu;ghly; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gad;
gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.1 ghuk;gupa Clfk; vd;why; vd;d vdf; fye;Jiu

ahb mtw;wpd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfisj; njspT
gLj;Jthu;.
T
ghlNtisfs; : 08
AF

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ghuk;gupa Clfk; vd;why; vd;d vdf; fye;

JiuahLthu;.
• ghuk; g upa Clf topKiwfisg; ngaupl; L
DR

tpsf;Fthu;.
• ghuk;gupa Clfj;jpd; mtrpaj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

ghuk;gupa Clfk; gw;wpa mwpKfk;> mjd; cs;slf;fk;> ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk;

gzpfs;

1. ghuk;gupa Clfj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

• ePz;lfhykhff; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspilNa epytpa jfty; gupkhw;wk;>

mwpT> Xa;T kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
te;jJk;> ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;n fhs;sf; $baJkhd tsq;f isg;

58
 gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; ghuk;gupa Clfk;
vd tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ayhk;.

• ,it ghuk;gupa r%fq;fspy; Njhd;wp mjpNyNa nraw;gl;Lk; te;jd.

mNjNghy; ,it ePz;l fhykhff; fpuhkpa r%fq;fspy; njhlu;e;J
fhzg;gl;l> Fwpj;jnjhU topfhl;LeNuh> njhopDl;g rhjdq;fsNjh
gad;ghLfs; ,d;wpa fpuhkpa kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYld; ,lk;ngw;wit
ahFk;.

• khDl tuyhw;wpy;> tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhyj;jpy; xypr; rkpf;iQfs;

(giwnahyp> Fuy; xyp> CJFoy;> $f;Fuy; vOg;Gjy;)> fl;Gy
rkpf;iQfs; (Gif> kuf; fpisfisj; njhq;ftply;> FwpaPLfis ,ly;)
Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj; njhlu;ghliy Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

• ,j;jifa ghuk;gupaj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; gy;NtW gz;ghl;L kw;Wk;

T
#oy;rhu; fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ehl;Lf;F ehL> gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg;
gpuNjrk; NtWgLfpd;wd.
AF

• ghuk;gupa ClfkhdJ #oy; Neakpf;f> vspikahd njhlu;ghly;

KiwahFk;. mjd; gy;NtW rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fhzyhk;. mtw;Ws;
rpy tUkhW.
DR

01. vspa fl;likg;G

rhjhuz kf;fshy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $ba vspa fl;likg;gpidf;
nfhz;L ghuk;gupa Clfq;fs; mike;jpUe;jik ,jd; %yk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fpuhkpa r%fj;ijAk; gz;ghl;L uPjpahd njhlu;G
fisAk; ikag;gLj;jpr; rpf;fyw;wJk;> kpfTk; ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$ba tsq;fisAk; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l vspa
fl;likg;gpidg; ghuk;gupa Clfq;fspy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

02. fUj;Jf;fspd; cs;slf;fk;

ghuk;gupa Clfq;fspy; mit Kd;itf;fg;gLk; Nehf;fq;fSf;F
Vw;g mtw;wpd; cs;slf;fKk; tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;Nehf;fq;
fspy;> Neha;fspypUe;J fhg;ghw;Wjy;> gapu;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;>
ek;gpf;iffs;> nghOJNghf;Ffs;> czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jy;
Nghd;wd mlq;Fk;.

59
 03. nefpo;Tj;jd;ik
re;ju;g;g #o;epiy> mtrpaj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; jftiy
,yFthf cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy; ,jD}lhf ntspgg ; Lj;jg;gLfpdw
; J.
04. gz;ghl;Lr; #oikT
gz;ghl;Lr; #oikT vd;gjD}lhff; fUjg;gLtJ ahnjdpy;>
kuGfs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> fiyawpT Nghd;wd
kdpjdpd; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fshFk;. njhopy;fSf;F Vw;gTk;>
mtrpaj; j pw; F Vw; g Tk; (nghOJNghf; f pid toq; F jy; >
MrPu;tjpj;jy;) ghuk;gupa gz;ghl;Lr; #oikT khw;wkilAk;.

05. Fiwe;j nryT

ghuhk;gupa Clfj;jpy; #oypy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;
tsq;fisf; nfhz;L fUj;Jf;fs; gupkhwg;gLtjhy; xg;gl
P ;lstpy;
Fiwe;j nrytpy; mtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
T
ghuk;gupa Clf Kiwfs;
AF

01. ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;

• kf;fspd; tho;tpaw; Njitfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ehl;lhu;

DR

ghly;fs; cUthfpAs;sd. ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; vd;gJ> fpuhk kf;fs;

kj;jpapy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;w> Mf;fpNahu; ahnudj; njupahj
,yf;fpa tifahFk;. fpuhkpa kf;fspd; tho;fi ; ff; Nfhyk;> tof;fhWfs;>
ek;gpf;iffs;> Njitfs;> Jd;gq;fs;> vjpug
; hu;gG; f;fs; vd;gd ,jD}lhfg;
gupkhwg;gLfpd;wd.

• ehl;lhu; ghly;fisf; fw;Fk;NghJ fpuhkpa kf;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu>

gz;ghL> rka uPjpapyhd jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;j KbAk;. ghuk;gupaj;
njhlu;ghly; Kiwahd ehl;lhu; ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpy tpNrl
mk;rq;fs;>
 tha;nkhop topahfg; Ngzg;gl;L tUgit.
 rhjhuz kf;fspd; tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;Jld; njhlu;Gila vspik
ahd nkhopeil.
 Mf;fpNahu; ahnudj; njupahJ.
 gue;j gpuNjrj;jpy; tpahgpj;jpUj;jy; - fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; Njit

60
 fSf;F Vw;g cUthfpapUj;jy;> gue;Jgl;l tpahgfj; jd;ikiaf;
nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;. kWrPuikg;G> kPSUthf;fk; Mfpa gz;G
fisf; nfhz;lJ.
 ePz;lfhykhf kf;fspilNa ehl;lhu; fiyahf epytp tUjy;.
• cz;ikj;jd;ik> vspik> RUf;fk;> xOf;fk;> Ngr;R tof;F ,ay;Gfs;>
Xir> kf;fspd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fSld; ,ize;j nrhy;yhly;fs;
Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; ghuk;gupaj; njhlu;ghly;
Kiwfspy; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd.
• gy;NtW ehl;lhu; ghly; tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Wf;fhd
cjhuzk; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;> njhopw;ghly;fs;> glNfhl;Lk; ghly;fs;.

02. ehl;lhu; fijfs;

• tha;nkhopahfg; Ngzg;gl;LtUk;> kdpjdpd; mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk;

mwpTiufis toq;Fk; ghuk;gupaj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwahf ehl;lhu;
fijfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
T
• ehl;lhu; fijfspy; gy;NtW tiffs; fhzg;gLfpdw; d. gpwg;Gj; njhlu;ghd
fijfs;> tpyq;Ffs; njhlu;ghd fijfs;> ,iwtd; njhlu;ghd fijfs;>
AF
kuQ; nrbfs; njhlu;ghd fijfs;> mjpraf; fijfs;> G+jq;fisg;
gw;wpa fijfs;> eifr;Ritf; fijfs; vd mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
• ehl;lhu; fijfspy; r%f mwpT cs;slq;fpapUg;gJ mjd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
• mNjNghy;> ehl;lhu; fijfspy; gpuNjr nkhopeil njhlu;ghfTk;
DR

mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. ,J ghuk;gupaj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;whfg;

gpugy;ak; mile;jpUg;gJ fpuhk kf;fspd; nghUshjhu> rka> gz;ghL
eltbf;iffs; gupkhwg;gLtjdhyhFk;.
• mNjNghy;> csj; jpUg;jpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;fhd ,aYikAk;
,jw;F cz;L. mwpitg; gupkhw;Wk; Kiwahf ehl;lhu; fijfs;
Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.

03. fpupiafSk; rlq;FfSk;

• ghuk;gupaj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kw;WnkhU tpNrl

Kiwahf fpupiafs; kw;Wk; rlq;Ffisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,tw;Ws;
Ntg;gpiyf; fpupia> Njff; fpupia> ePu;f; fpupiafs;> gypaply;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• ,jd; Nehf;fq;fshfg; gapu;r;nra;ifia ntw;wpfukhf epiwT nra;J
nfhs;sy;> rpd;dKj;J> ngupa mk;ik Nghd;w njhw;W Neha;fspy;

61
 ,Ue;Jk;> fpuf Njhrq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; kPSjy;> kfpo;r;rpia Ntz;b
epw;wy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

• ,tw;wpy; mspf;if> tpthjk;> ebg;G Nghd;wtw;wpd; Clhfj; njhlu;ghly;

Nkw;n fhs; sg; gLfpd; wJ. jkpo; g; gz;g hl;b w; F mika tlNkhb>
njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs;> fhkd; $j;J> ehl;Lf;$j;J> njUf;$j;J Nghd;w
tw;wpYk; gy;NtW rlq;F Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNtis>
,it ,yf;fpak; rhu;e;j rlq;FfshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

04. ehl;lhu; (fpuhkpa) ehlfq;fs;

• fpuhkpa / ehl;lhu; ehlfk; vd;gJ ahNjDk; fijnahd;iw my;yJ

gy fijfisf; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l fiyak;rkhFk;. Cjhuz
khff; $j;Jf;fs;> nghk;kyhl;lk;> Nfhyk;> nrhf;fup> Ntlk; jupj;jy;
T
Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• fpuhkpa / ehl;lhu; ehlff; fiyapy; rpq;fsg; gz;ghl;by; Nkw;Fg;
AF
gpuNjrq; f spy; gj; j pdpj; nja; t j; j pidg; gpujhdkhff; nfhz; L
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nrhf;fup ehlfKk;> fPoe ; hl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nfhyk;
ehl;lhu; ehlfq;fSk; jkpog ; ; gz;ghl;by; tlNkhb> njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs;>
fhkd; $j;J Nghd;w dTk; Kf;f paj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. gapu; f s;
DR

moptiljw;F upa Neha;f s;> njhw;W Neha;fs; kw;Wk; fpUkpfs;

Nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLk; moptpidj; jLj;J mtw;iwg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;
tjw;Fk;> kdpju;fisg; gPbf;Fk; Neha;fs;> njhw;W Neha;fs; kw;Wk;
fpufNjhrq;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtJk; fpuhkpa / ehl;lhu;
ehlfj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• $j;Jf;fs;; ney; mWtil nra;J #L kpjpj;jy; epiwT nra;j gpd;
fsj;JNkl;il Nkilahff; nfhz;L muq;Nfw;wg;gLk;. ,J fpuhk
kf;fs; Xa;ntLf;Fk; fhyk; vd;wgbahy; fsj;JNkl;il ehlf Nkil
ahff; nfhz;L $j;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nrhf;fup ehlfk; nghOJNghf;Ff;
fUjp muq;Nfw;wg;gLtJ rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
• ,it jtpu Ntlk; jupj;jy; vDk; Kf%b ehlfq;fSk; fpuhkpa ehlf
tifiar; rhUk;. kuj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l> gy;NtW epwq;fs; G+rg;gl;l
Kf%bfis mzpe;J ,e;ehlfk; muq;Nfw;wg;gLk;.
• Ntlk; vd;gJ ebfu; xUtuhy; jupf;fg;gLtjhFk;. ,J rpq;fs nkhopapy;
Nfhyk; vdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; nghUs; xU Ntlj;ij

62
 Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ghq;F vd;gjhFk;.

• ghly; kw;Wk; Xuq;f ciuahly; vd;gd ,q;F Clfq;fshfg; gad;

gLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F fij KOikahf ebj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;. ,uhkhazk;
kw;Wk; kfhghujj;ijAk; jkpopd; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fisAk; mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;l fijfs;> kjp ,uq;fy; fijfs;> Nfhjhk;guf; fijfs;>
“kdNk” ehlff; fij> Cu;f; fij vd;gd ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.
Ntlk; jupj;jy; vd;gJ nghOJNghf;fpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ vdg;
nghJthff; Fwpg;gpl;lhYk;> fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khu;fSf;fhf elhj;jg;gLk;
rlq;F KiwahfTk; ,yf;fpak; rhu;ej ; xd;whfTk; mJ mwpag;gLfpdw ; J.

ghuk;gupaj; njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• mwpT toq;Fjy;.
T
%j;Njhuhy; ,isa jiyKiwf;Fj; Njitahd r%fk; rhu;e;j mwpT
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
AF

• mwpTiurhu; jfty;fis cUthf;f ,aYjy;. kj> xOf;fk;> gz;ghl;Lg;

ngWkjpfSld; $ba Rfhjhu> fy;tp kw;Wk; gy;NtW tho;f;if
mDgtq; f s; Nghd; w tw; i wg; gupkhwpf; nfhs; t jw; f hf ,J
DR

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

• gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhw;wk;.
tof;fhWfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> rlq;Ffs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> fiy> mwpT>
rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; Nghd;wd ghuk;gupa Clfq;fshy;
xU jiyKiwapy; ,Ue;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;Fg; gupkhw;wg;gLk;.

• czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jy;.
kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; Jd;g Jauq;fisAk;> kfpor
; r
; p Nghd;w kNdhepiyfis
ntspgg; Lj;Jk;NghJk; jfty;fisg; gupkhw;wg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapayhf
ghuk;gupa Clfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

• r%fj;jpd; Neu;kiwahd Nghf;Ffis tpku;rpj;jy;.

r%fj;jpd; VNjDk; Neu;kiwahd epfo;T> kdpju;fis tpku;rpf;Fk;
tz;zk; eifr;Rit kw;Wk; Js;sy; czu;Tfs; NkNyhq;Fk; tifapy;

63
 fpuhkpa kf;fSf;F tpopg;Gzu;T toq;Fjy;. cjhuzk; - ehl;lhu;
ehlfq;fspYk; $j;Jf;fspYk; fl;baf;fhud; kw;Wk; tpflftpg; ghj;jpuq;fs;

• nghONghf;fpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.
fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; jkJ nghOJNghf;fpw;fhfg; ghuk;gupa Clfj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. mWtil nra;jy; kw;Wk; ,isg;ghWjy; Mfpa
tw;wpd; nghUl;L ghuk;gupaj; njhlu;ghly;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
ghuk;gupa Kiwapay;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; kdpjd; jdJ #oypy; ,Ue;J
ngw;Wf;n fhs;S k; %yg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fUj;Jf;fisg;
gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;Sjy; ,jd;%yk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

ghuk;gupa Clfq;fs; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; njhlu;ghly; gzpfSk;

,q;F Nehf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Ws;> mwpTiu toq;Fjy;> J}z;Ljy;>
tpku;rdk; nra;jy;> nghUs; Nfhly;> kfpo; l;ly; Mfpa tplaq;fis
mtjhdpj;jy; ed;W.
T
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
AF

1. ghuk;gupa Clfk; vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jf.

DR

2. ghuk;gupa Clfq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidj; njupT

nra;j rpy cjhuzq;fs; Clhf tpsf;Ff.

3. “njhlu;ghliy ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; ghuk;gupa Clf Kiwfisg;

gad;gLj;j KbAk;” ,f;$w;iw cjhuzk; %yk; tpsf;Ff.

64
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.2 ntt;NtW ntFrd Clf tiffis ,dq;fz;L
mtw;wpd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 16

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ntFrd Clfk; vd;why; vd;d vdf; fye;Jiu

ahLthu;.
• ntFrd Clfj;jpd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.
• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; khjpupia cjhuzq;
fSld; tpgupg;ghu;.

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

T
AF
ntFrd Clf mwpKfk;

Nghu; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfis mwpf;ifapLtjw;fhf cyfg;Nghu;f; fhyq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfq;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ntFrd Clfq;fshf tsu;rr ; paile;jd.
DR

Nghu; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; gug;Gtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfq;fs; Kjd;Kjypy;

1922 ,y; N[hd; uP j ; vd; g tuhy; kdpju; f Sf; F upa Clfq; f s; vdg;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ntFrd Clfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjw;Fupa fhuzpahf
mike;jJ njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpahFk;. mjd;gb> ntFrd
Clfq;fshf - gj;jpupiffs;> Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> thndhyp kw;Wk;
njhiyf;fhl;rp Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fyhk;.

ntFrd Clfk; tiutpyf;fzk;

• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghliy ntw;wpnfhs;sf; fhyk; my;yJ ,lj;ij ikag;

gLj;jpj; jfty;fisg; gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; cghak;
ntFrd ClfkhFk;.

65
 • etPd r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd ntFrd Clfq;fshfg; gj;jpupiffs;>
Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp Mfpatw;iw
Nehf;fyhk; vd;. B .GStu; kw;Wk; nldp]; MfpNahu; jkJ “ntFrdj;
njhlu;ghliyg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;“ vDk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
• Xf;];Nghl; mfuhjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;ljd;gb>
“fz;Zf;F vl;lhJ fhzg;gLk; kf;fSf;F Clfj;jpd; %yk; jfty;
toq;fpdhy; mJ ntFrd ClfkhFk;.”
• “ntFrd Clfk; vdg;gLtJ> gue;j gpuNjrj;jpy; gue;Jk; tpupe;Jk;
fhzg;gLk; gy;tpj> fz;Zf;nfl;lhj ngWeu;f;F jfty; toq;Fk;
ClfkhFk;.”
vd;Wk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

ntFrd Clfq;fspd; gz;Gfs;

1. njhopDl;g rhjdg; gad;ghL.

2. tpiuthdJk; njhlu;r;rpahdJkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
3. xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l epWtdf; fl;likg;Gf; fhzg;gLk;.
T
4. njhopy;rhu; njhlu;ghLeu;fs; fhzg;gLtu;.
AF
5. thapw;;fhg;ghsu;fs; gyu; fhzg;gLtu;.
6. ngUe;njhifahd ngWeu;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
7. gpe;jpa gpd;D}l;lk; fhzg;gLk;.
8. ngUk;ghYk; ,yhgj;ij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;lJ.
DR

ntFrd Clfj;jpd; gzpfs;

• nghJthd njhlu; g hlw; gzpfSk; ntFrd Clfq; f s; %yk;

epiwNtw;wg;gLk;. mitahtd: fy;tp toq;Fjy;> jfty; toq;fy;>
J}z;Ljy; kw;Wk; kfpo;t+l;ly; my;yJ nghOJNghf;fpid toq;Fjy;
MfpadthFk;.
• ntFrd Clfq; f Sf; F cupj; j hd rpwg; g hd gzpfs; “ rpy
And];Nfhtpd; gy Fuy;fs; xU cyfk;” vDk; E}ypy; gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd>

Nkw;ghu;it (Surveillance)

r%fj;jpy; thOk; egu; xUtu; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jYk;>

ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; jfty;fs; njhlu;gpy; njspT+l;ly;> r%fj; Njitfs;>

66
mdu;jj
; q;fspd; Nghjhd jfty; jpul;lYk;> cldbahf mit njhlu;gpy; r%fj;ij
mwpT+l;LtJk; Nkw;ghu;it vd;gjpy; mlq;Fk;.

nghUl;Nfhly; (Interpretation)

gy;NtW epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fspd; nghUspid tpsf;Fjy;> tptupj;jy; kw;Wk;

cupa jfty;fs; njhlu;gpy; r%fj;jpd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L
kjpg;gL
P nra;J Kd;itj;jy; Mfpad ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

,izg;ghf;fk; nra;jy; (Correlation)

ntFrd Clfq;fs; Clhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk; nra;jpfs; Clhf egu;fSf;Fk;

epWtdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G fl;bnaOg;gg;gLjy; ,jd; %yk; Fwpg;gplg;
gLfpd;wJ. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlypd; ,izg;ghf;fg; gzp kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhf
T
fhzg;gLtNjhL> r%f epiyepWj;jypidg; Ngzpfn
; fhs;tjw;Fk; ntFrd Clfq;fs;
cjTfpd;wd.
AF

r%fkakhf;fy; (Socialization)
r%fj;jpy; thOk; egnuhUtUf;Fr; r%f tho;tpy; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ
ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba tpjk; njhlu;gpyhd mwptpid ntFrd Clfj;jhy;
DR

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;> r%fk; njhlu;ghd mwpT kw;Wk; ngWkhdq;fis Kd;itj;jy;>

mtw;iw kf;fSf;F toq;Fjy; Mfpa tplaq;fs; Clhf - r%fj;jpd; nghJg;
gpur;rpidfisAk; rthy;fisAk; rupahf ,dq;fz;L nfhs;tjw;F tha;gg ; spj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; ntFrd Clfq;fSf;F cz;L.
• ntFrd Clfj;jpd; gzpfs; njhlu;gpy; gy;NtW epGzu;fs; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;Js;sdu;.
• ntFrd Clfj;jpd; gzpfs; njhlu;gpy; fyhepjp. `Nuhy;l; B. yh];nty;
1. #oiyg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F cWJizahf ,Uj;jy;>
2. #oypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; r%f mq;fq;fis ,izj;jy;>
3. r%f kuGupikfisj; njhlu;e;Jk; gutyilar; nra;jy;
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

• Nguhrpupau; tpy;gu; ~;u; hk; ntFrd Clfq;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba

%d;W gpujhd tfpghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
1. ghJfhtyu; xUtupd; tfpghfk;

67
 2. fye;Jiuahly; rigapd; tfpghfk;
3. Mrpupau; xUtupd; tfpghfk;

• ,tw;iwj; jtpu ntFrd Clfq;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; gzpfs; gy

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 [dehaf r%fj;jpy; ghJfhtyhsupd; ghj;jpuj;jpid epiwNtw;Wjy;.

,jd; mbg;gilf; fUj;J> nghJkf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; gy;NtW mr;RWj;jy;fs;

njhlu;gpy; fupridAld; ,Uj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;F vjpuhff; Fuy; nfhLj;jYk;
MFk;.
,q;F> mur nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
r%fr; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ Ml;rpahsu;fs; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhfr; nraw;
gl;lhYk;> r%f mf;fiwAld; r%fj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;gpidj; jLj;Jf;nfhs;
tjw;fhf ntFrd Clfk; nraw;gLk;.

 rkfhy r%f kjpEl; g j; jpd; rpwg; g pay; G fis mwpe; J nfhs; t jw; F
cjTjy;.
T
ntFrd Clfq;fs; %yk; Gjpa tho;f;if Kiw> Gjpa rk;gpujhaq;fs;>
AF
Gjpa Milazpfs;> Gjpa nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; <LghL kw;Wk; cs;Szu;T
Vw;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> ehl;L kf;fsplk; r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd
etPdj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd czu;tpid Vw;gLj;JtjpYk; ntFrd Clfq;fs;
ngUk; gq;fspf;fpd;wd.
DR

- Neau; f spd; ,uridapid tpupthf; F tjw; f hd nraw; g hLfis

cUthf;Fjy;.
- Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;fhd jfty; kj;jpa epiyakhf khwpAs;sik.
- mwpT tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.

ntFrd Clfq;fis tifg;gLj;jy;

ntFrd Clfq;fs; gy;NtW tiffspy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJ

mr;R Clfk; kw;Wk; ,yj;jpudpay; Clfk; vd;gdNt mitahFk;. mr;R
Clfq;fshf gj;jpupiffs; kw;Wk; rQ;rpiffs; vd;gd fhzg;gLtNjhL>
,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fshf thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gd
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpahy; vz;rhu; (b[pl;ly;) Clfj;jpd;
tUif ntFrd Clfq;fis NtnwhU topapy; tifg;g ; Lj;jr; nra;Js;sJ.

gj;jpupif

68
• gj;jpupif Kjd;Kjypy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ntFrd ClfkhFk;. nra;jpfSld;
$baJ vDk; Kjd;ikf; fUj;Jf; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; gj;jpupiffspy;
nra;jpfSld; tpNrl fl;LiufSk; fhzg;gLk;. gj;jpupif vd;gJ> “nra;jpfisg;
gpugy;ag;gLj;Jk; jhs;” vdr; Rkq;fy mfuhjpapy; (gf; - 629) Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhfg; gj;jpupif gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fs; rpytw;iw tpgupjj
; y;
ed;W.

• Fwpj;j Gtpapay; tyaq;fspy; thOk; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fSf;Fupa nghJ

tpUg;G> ntWg;Gf;fs; mlq;fpa nra;jpfisf; fhl;Lk; ehshe;jk; my;yJ
thuhe;jk; ntsptUk; ntspaPlhFk;. And];Nfh mikg;G> gj;jpupif vd;gij
,t;thW mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ>

“ehshe;j tho;f ;i ff; Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisf; nfhz;l> Fwpj;j

fhyg;gFjpapy; njhlu;e;Jk; ntsptUk;> xd;wpizf;fg;glhj jhs;fspd;
ntspaPlhFk;.”
T
• Mq;fpy nkhopapy; gj;jpupif vd;gJ Newspaper vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
AF
xf;];Nghl; mfuhjp> gj;jpupif vd;gijg; gpd;tUkhW tiuaWf;fpd;wJ>
“nghJkf;fs; Mu;tk; fhl;Lk; nra;jpfs;> tu;jj
; f tpsk;guq;fs;>
,yf;fpaj;NjhL njhlu;Gila tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida
tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp ehshe;jk; my;y J thuhe;jk;
DR

ntspaplg;gLk; mr;rplg;gl;l ntspaPlhFk;”

“gj;jpupiffs; mr;rplg;gl;l ntspal

P htNjhL mit xd;W Nru;ff
; g;gl;l> ,izf;
fg;glhj jhs;fs; mlq;fpa njhFg;ghFk;. mJ ehshe;jk; my;yJ thuhe;jk;
vDk; tifapy; ntspaplg;glyhk;. ,jpy; nra;jpfs;> glq;fs;> tpNrl mq;fq;fs;
kw;Wk; tu;j;jf tpsk;guq;fs; vd;gd cs;slf;fg;gl;bUg;gNjhL ,jw;fhd
tpNrl ngau; xd;Wk; toq;fg;gLk;. (Brown, L. (1993). The New Shoter Oxford
English Dictionary Thumb Index Edition. Volume 1-A-M. London. Oxford University Press:
p.1914)

• ,r; RUf;fkhd tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; tpsf;fk; Nguhrpupau; Rde;j kNfe;jputpdhy;

njhlu;ghly; mfuhjpapy; fPo;f;fz;lthW Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• “Newspaper - ehshe; jk; > thuhe; jk; my;y J thuq; f spd; mbg; gilapy;
nra;jpfis toq;Ftjw;fhf> nra;jpfis toq;Fk; Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff;

69
 nfhz;L Kjypy; njhlq;fpa tpNrl mr;R MtzkhFk;. vdpDk;> fhyj;jpw;F
Vw;gg; gj;jpupif vd;gJ jdpj;Jtkhfr; nra;jpfis kl;Lk; toq;Ftjw;fhd
jdpahd Clfkhf my;yhky; mjw;Fk; Nkyjpfkhd gy;NtWgl;l mk;rq;fis
cs;slf;fpa ntspaPlhf mwpKfkhfpAs;sJ. gj;jpupif njhlu;gpy; Muk;gj;jpy;
toq;fg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs; etPd njhopDl;gq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. etPd ehshe;jg; gj;jpupif my;yJ
thuhe;jg; gj;jpupif xd;W gy;NtW tifahd tpNrl mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fp
As;sJ. Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr nra;jpfSf;F mg;ghy; Gifg;glq;fs;>
Nfypr;rpj;jpuq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> fl;Liufs;> tu;j;jf tpsk;guq;fs;> Mrpupau;
jiyaq;fq;fs;> gilg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wd mjpy; cs;slq;Fk;. gj;jpupiffspy;
gy tiffs; cz;L. rhjhuz jfty;fis toq;Fk; kw;Wk; tpNrl mk;rq;fis
cs;slf;fpa gj;jpupiffisj; jtpu;jJ ; gy;NtW tplaq;fNshL njhlu;Gila
tpNrl gj;jpupiffSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. rpWtu;> ngz;fs;> tpisahl;L>
tpQ;Qhdk;> rpdpkh Nghd;wd mtw;Ws; rpythFk;.” (kNfe;jpu V.rp. (1997)
njhlu;ghly; mfuhjp> nfhOk;G 10. V.rp. nfhlNf kw;Wk; rNfhjuu;fs;. g.
209.)
T
AF
Gj;jfq;fs;

• Gj;jfk; vd;gjw;Fr; Rkq;fy mfuhjpapy; “vOjg;gl;l my;yJ mr;rplg;gl;l

E}y;” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• vOjg;gl;l my;yJ mr;rplg;gl;l my;yJ mr;rplg;glhj my;yJ jhs;fs;
DR

xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izf;fg;gl;l Mtzk; Gj;jfk; vd `uprr ; e;jpu tpN[Jq;ftpd;

kfh rpq;fs mfuhjpapy; 1163 Mk; gf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• etPd ntFrd Clf tuyhw;wpd; Muk;gkhfg; Gj;jfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,it r%fj;jpy; khw;wj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd. ,q;F Fwpg;gplf; $ba tplak;
ahnjdpy;> mf;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l njhopDl;gr; rhjdq;fspd; %yk; ifahy;
vOjpAk; thahy; $wpANk jfty; gupkhwg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> mr;rpae;jpuj;jpd;
tUifahy; mit mr;rplg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fshf ntspte;jd.
• ,jd; ePl;rpahf> murpay; kw;Wk; rkak; rhu;ghd ifNaLfs; kw;Wk; Tracts
(kj;jpa Afj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit) Mfpad mr;rplg;gl;l E}y;fshf
ntspte;jd.
• ,jd;NghJ Kjd;Kiwahf ePjp> mur fl;lis> mur jfty;fs; kw;Wk;
mur rhu;ghd Mtzq;fs; E}y;fshf mr;rplg;gl;ld.
• Gj;jfq;fs; r%f khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhapd.
• njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapd; gadhf ,yj;jpudpay; gj;jpupif
(e - Newspaper) Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jd; %ykhff; fzpdpiaj; jskhff;

70
 nfhz;L nra;jpfs; ntsptUtNjhL> ,yj;jpudpay; nra;jpfisf; (e - Newspaper)
ifj;njhiyNgrp %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; trjpAk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
• gj;jpupifapid ,izaj;jpy; ,izj;jjhy; gj;jpupif thrpf;Fk; KiwAk;
khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

rQ;rpiffs;

• rQ;rpif vd;gJ> thuhe;jk; my;yJ khjhe;jk; ntsptUk; vOj;J %y

Mf;fq;fs; my;yJ Gifg;glq;fisf; nfhz;l xU jdp Mtzk; vd xf;]N ; ghl;
mfuhjp tiuaWf;fpd;wJ.
• rQ;rpif vd;gij And];Nfh mikg;Gg; gpd;tUkhW tpsf;FfpwJ>
“md;whl tho;tpw;F j; Njitahd jfty;f s; mlq;f pa> Fwpf;f g;gl;l
fhyg;gFjpapy; njhlu;eJ
; ntsptUk;> xd;wpizj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;l ntspaPlhFk;”.
• rQ;rpif vd;gJ VNjDk; Jiwapid ikag;gLj;jp my;yJ Fwpjj ; ngWeu;fis
,yf;F itj;Jf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyq;fspy; ntspaplg;gLk; rpW fl;Liufs;
kw;Wk; glf; Fwpg;Gfs; mlq;fpa ntspaPlhFk;. thuhe;j ntspaPLfshf ,J
mwpag;gLk;. rQ;rpif ntspaPlhdJ - khjhe;jk;> ,U khjq;fSf;F xUKiw>
T
fhyhz;L> miuahz;L kw;Wk; tUlhe;jk; vd;w tifapYk; ntspaplg;gl
AF
KbAk;.
• fiy> rkak;> tpisahl;L> tptrhak;> tpQ;Qhdk;> tu;j;jfk;> nghUshjhuk;>
murpay;> kidapay;> gz;ghL kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspy; rQ;rpif
ntspaplg;gLfpd;wJ.
DR

• mr;R Clfk; vd;w tifapy; gj;jpupifNahL xg;gpLk;NghJ rQ;rpiffspy;

NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rQ;rpiffspd; fl;Liufis ePz;lfhyk;
ghJfhj;J itj;Jf;nfhz;L mwptpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. ehshe;j
tplaq;fs; mtw;wpy; cs;slf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.

thndhyp

• thndhyp KjyhtJ ,yj;jpudpay; ntFrd ClfkhFk;. njhopDl;g

tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf xypia ntspg;gLj;Jk; Clfkhf thndhyp Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ. xU ,lj;jpy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; xypahdJ fk;gpfs; ,y;yhJ NtnwhU
,lj;jpy; kPsg; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; nraw;ghL ,q;F ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
• thndhyp vd;gJ nrtpg;Gy ClfkhFk;. ,J Fuypid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ. Fuy; vd;gij kdpjf; Fuy;> rq;fPjk; kw;Wk; Gw xypfs; vd
%d;whfg; gpupf;fg;glyhk;. ,t;nty;yh xypfspYk; tpNrljd;ik xd;W
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• njhiyNgrp kw;Wk; je;jpj; njhopDl;g tsu;rr
; papd; gadhf thndhyp Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ.

71
• thndhyp xypgug;G Kiwahf Muk;gpj;jJ 1914-15 fhyg;gFjpfspyhFk;.
Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd;NghJ> thndhyp ,uhZtj; jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. thndhyp fk;gpapy;yhj; njhopDl;gk; vd;gij tau;y];
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; kpfj; njhiytpYs;s gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk;
jfty; mDg;gyhk;.
• thndhyp gpw;fhyj;jpy; tPl;L Clfkhf khw;wk; ngw;wNjhL> gz;ghl;L
khw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ. thndhyp %yk;; jfty; toq;fy; kw;Wk;
kfpo;t+l;ly; epfo;TfSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

thndhypapd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;

- tpiuthdJ.
- KO tyaj;ijAk; cs;slf;Fk;.
- xU topj; njhlu;ghly; fhzg;gLk;.
- vspikahdJ.
- xNu jlitapNyNa jfty;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf Kd;itf;f
T
KbAk;.
- xt;nthU ngWeu; FOf;fisAk; ,yf;F itj;J epfo;r;rpfis xypgug;g
AF
KbAk;
- ru;tNjr> Njrpa> gpuNjrk; rhu;e;j kf;fs; thndhyp tiyaikg;Gfis
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
- Nfl;ly; Clfk; vd;gjhy; Neaufs; jk; kdq;fspy;; kdf; fhl;rp xd;iw
DR

cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tu;.
- njhiyf;fhl;rpAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ kpfTk; nryT Fiwe;j ClfkhFk;.

njhiyf;fhl;rp

• njhiyf;fhl;rp fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gy ClfkhFk;. fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gy ,ay;Gfs;

njhiyf;fhl;rp gpugykhd Clfkhf tpsq;fTk; kf;fs; kdq;fspy; vspjpy;
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jTk; fhuzkhfpd.
• njhiyf;fhl;rp cyfpd; kpfTk; gpugykhd ntFrd ClfkhFk;. cyfk;
KOtJk; rka> nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;Lg; Nghf;Ffis
cUthf;Ftjpy; ,t;t+lfk; ePz;l fhykhfr; nry;thf;F nrYj;JfpwJ.
• fy;tp Clfkhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,t; Clfj;jhy; cyfpy; [dehaf r%fk;
tYg;ngw;wJ.
• fy;tp toq;fy;> jfty; toq;fy;> kfpo;t+l;ly my;yJ nghOJNghf;fspj;jy;>;
J}z;lw; nraw;ghL Mfpad njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; epfo;fpd;wd.

72
• njhiyf;fhl;rp Clfk; md;whl tho;tpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;JtNjhL> kdg;ghq;F>
mwpT kw;Wk; elj;ijapYk; jhf;fk;; nrYj;JfpwJ.
• rkfhyj;jpy;> njhiyf;fhl;rp ClfkhdJ> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf;
fhuzq;fSf;fhf mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;

- fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gy ClfkhFk;.

- gy;NtW cs;slf;fq;fisAk; tprpj;jpukhd khjpupfisAk; nfhz;lJ.
- jdpg;gl;l> tPl;L kw;Wk; neUf;fkhd Clfk;.
- ftu;r;rpahd Clfk;.
- egupd; KO mtjhdj;ijAk; ngwf;$ba Clfk;.
- rpf;fyhd njhopDl;gj;Jld; $baJ.
- Kiwahd> epWtdk;rhu; epWtdf; fl;likg;GilaJ.
- RNjrpa kw;Wk; Njrpag; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.
T
rpdpkh
AF

• Muk;g fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghu; ,lk;ngw;w fhyg; gFjpapy;

rpdpkh Aj;j jfty; gug;Gtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> njhiyf;
fhl;rpapd; tsu;r;rpNahL rpdpkh Xu; fiy Clfkhfg; gupzhkk; ngw;wJ.
DR

ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; tPr;rpd; iky;fy;fs;

• kdpjd; nkhopia cUthf;fpajpypUe;J ntFrd Clfq;fspd; Njhw;wk;

tiu mjd; tPrR
; njhlu;gpy; MrpupaUf;Fg; Nghjpa tpsf;fk; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;.
• ,t; mwpT ghl myFfis tpsf;Fk;NghJ MrpupaUf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;.
fhy ml;ltiziaj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; gpujhd epfo;Tfs;
gw;wpa g+uz tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwyhk;.
• ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; tPr;rpd; ikw;fy;fs; gw;wpa ml;ltizia cs;ehL>
ntsp ehL vd;W jdpj;jdpahf my;yJ xd;whfj; jahupf;fyhk;. trdq;fs;
NghyNt Gifg;glq;;fisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,jd;NghJ khztuJ gq;F
gw;wiyj; J}z;lyhk;.

73
fhy ml;ltiz (Timeline)

Newspaper

Telephone

Motion Pictures

Radio

Television

Internet
T
1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
AF

ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; khjpupfs;

DR

• ,jd;NghJ HUB khjpupiag; guPl;rpg;gjd; %yk; ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly;;

nrad;Kiwapid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

1. Clfk; vd;gij mwpKfk; nra;f.

2. Clfq;fspd; gzpfis cjhuzq;fSld; tptupf;Ff.

3. “Clfq;fspd; tsu;rr
; pahdJ r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpwF
; kl;Lkd;wp tPor
; r
; pfF
; k;
rPuopTf;Fk; fhuzkhfpAs;sJ”

4. ePu; tpUk;gpa Clfnkhd;Wf;F Clfr; nra;jp xd;iwj; jahupj;J Kd;itf;Ff.

74
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.3 Gjpa Clfk; kw;Wk; r%f Clfq;fis ,dq;fz;L
mtw;wpd; r%fr; nraw;ghLfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;wy; NgWfs; : • Gjpa Clfk; vd;why; vd;d vd ,dq;fz;L

Kd;itg;ghu;.
• Gjpa Clfj; j pd; nraw; g hLfisj; njspT
gLj;Jthu;.
• r%f Clfk; vd;why; vd;d vd tpgupg;ghu;;.
• r%f Clfj; j pd; nraw; g hLfisj; njspT
gLj;Jthu;.

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

T
AF
Gjpa Clfq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;

• Gjpa Clfk; vd;gJ - vz;rhu; njhopDl;gj;Jld; jfty;fis vz;zpkg;gLj;jy;>

xyp> nrhy;> Gs;sptpguk;> fpuh/gpf;];> rpj;jpuk;> tiuglq;fs;> fhnzhspfs;
DR

Nghd;wtw;iwr; Nrfupj;J> kpf ,yFthfg; gpujpnra;J> Fiwe;j nrytpy;

kpfTk; Ntfkhfg; gfpuf;$ba ClfkhFk;. ,t;thwhd Gs;sptpguk;> Xir>
xyp Nghd;w jfty;fisg; G+r;rpaj;jpw;Fk; xd;wpw;Fk; ,ilapy; vz;zpkj;
njhopDl;g Kiwapy; Nrfupj;Jf; fhl;l KbAk;.
• Gjpa Clfq;fs; njhiyNgrp kw;Wk; ,izaj;jsq;fs; Clhfj; Njhw;wk;
ngw;witahFk;.
• njhiyNgrp gpujhdkhff; Fuy; kw;Wk; FwpaPLfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ. fk;gpapilj;
njhiyNgrpfs; jw;NghJ fk;gpapy;yhj; njhiyNgrpfshf khwpAs;sNjhL
,J vz;rhu; my;yJ jpwd; njhiyNgrpj; njhopDl;gk; tiu tpUj;jpaile;
Js;sJ.
• tiyaikg;ghf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis Ntfkhfg; gupkhWtjhNyNa ,izaj;
jsj;jpidg; Gjpa Clfkhff; fUj Kbfpd;wJ. 1960fspy; fzpdpia ikag;
gLj;jpa tpNrl Ma;Tfspd; gpufhuk; tpQQ ; hdj;NjhL njhlu;Gila jfty;fis
xOq;fikj;jy; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj; Jiwfspy; Njitahd jfty;fisg;
gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; vLj;j Kaw;rpapd; ngWNgwhf ,J Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

75
• Gjpa Clfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWtjpy; nghUshjhu> r%f> murpay;> njhopDl;gk;
Nghd;w Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSk; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;sd. ,jpy;
jfty; njhopDl;gj;jpd; ePl;rp Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
• Bk; Ngu;du;]; yP ,dhy; cyfk; KOtJkhd ,izaj;jsk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
NjhL Gjpa Clfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp Jupjk; ngw;wJ.
• njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpapd; Ngwhd ntt;NtW Clfq;fs; xd;wpizjy; kw;Wk;
neUf;fkhjy; Mfpad Gjpa Clfq;fspd; gutYf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd.

Gjpa Clfj;jpd; gz;Gfs;

• Gjpa Clfq;fspy; fhzf;fpilf;Fk; gz;Gfs; rpy>

* vz;zpkg;gLj;jy; - Digitalisation
* tiyaikg;ghjy; - Networking
* ,ilj;njhlu;ghf;fk; - Interactiveness
* kPAiu - Hypertext
* jhdpaq;fp - Automation
T
* juTj;jsk; - Database
* mjpNtfr; nra;jpaDg;Gif - Fastest Messaging
AF

* vz;zpkg;gLj;jy; (Digitalisation)
vz;zpkg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ vz;zpkj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; mk;rkhFk;. vkJ
md;whl tho;fi; fr; nraw;ghLfNshL ,j; njhopDl;gk; ,ize;Js;sJ.
DR

njhopDl;gj;NjhL ,ize;j ,t; cyfpd; mgptpUj;jp vz;zpkg;gLj;jy;

%yk; epWtg;gLfpwJ. ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba tifapy;
jfty;fs; fzpdpkag;gLj;jg;gly; ,jd; %yk; epfo;fpwJ.

* tiyaikg;ghjy; (Networking)
jfty; tiyaikg;Gf;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;GWjy; tiyaikg;
ghFk;. cs;@u; tiyaikg;G kw;Wk; gue;j tiyaikg;G Mfpad
,jd; gFjpfshFk;. gue;j tiyaikg;ghf cyfk; KOtJkhd
,izaj;jsj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

* ,ilj;njhlu;ghf;fk; (Interactiveness)
,Utopj; njhlu;ghly; fzpdp my;yJ njhiyf;fhl;rpia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L nraw;gLk;. jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd mwpTiu toq;fy;>
Jupjkhfj; jfty;fisg; gug;Gjy; kw;Wk; gjpyspj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd;
Nghjhd kdpj ,ilj;njhlu;G ,ilj;njhlu;ghf;fkhFk;.

76
 * kPAiu (Hypertext)
,yj;jpudpay; ,izg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp xU jfty; %ykhf
,d; n dhU jftiy miljy; kP A iuahFk; . ,q; F jfty; f s;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;jpUj;jy; ed;i k juf; $banjhd;whFk;.
cjhuzkhf> VNjDk; XU jftYf;$lhf mjNdhbize;j Vida
jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

* jhdpaq;fp (Automation)
jhdpaq;fp vdg;gLtJ njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj; jfty; gupkhw;Wk;
jhdpaq;fpr; nraw;ghlhFk;. Kd;dwptpj;jypd; gpufhuk; kdpju;fSf;Fj;
jfty; toq;Fk; nrad;Kiw vdTk; ,J mwpag;gLk;.

* juTj;jsk; (Database)
jfty; fsQ;rpak;. fzpdpg; nghwpKiwf;fpzq;fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
,yFthd Kiwapy; jftiyf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;. jftiyj; Njlw;
nghwpfs; %ykhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. gj;jpupif xd;wpd; ,izaj;
T
jsj;jpy; mjd; jfty;fs; Nrkpg;gpy; fhzg;gLk;.
AF
* mjpNtfr; nra;jpaDg;Gif (Fastest Messaging)

Gjpa Clfk; kpfTk; Ntfkhfj; jfty; njhlu;ghly; nra;Ak;. jftiyf;

FwpaPLfshfr; Nrkpj;J mtw;iwj; Njitahd nghOJfspy; ngw;Wf;
DR

nfhs;sTk; gue;j ngWeu;fspilNa Ntfkhfg; gfpuTk; ,aYkhd

jd;ik.

• Gjpa Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ gz;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; ntsp

Mfpatw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;s KbAk;. etPd Clfq;fspy; fhzf;fpilf;Fk;
jftyhf;Fk; Ntfj;jpid tplTk; Ntfkhfj; jfty;fis Gjpa Clfq;fs;
%yk; gupkhwpf;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,jd;NghJ cyfk; KOtjpYk; cs;s
kdpju;fSf;fpilapyhd J}uj;jd;ikikiaf; Fiwj;jy; my;yJ neUf;fkhjy;
epfo;fpwJ.

r%f Clfk;:

• Gjpa Clfq;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd re;ju;g;gkhfr; r%f Clfq;fis

milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,it Gjpa Clfq;f spd; ClhfNt
NknyOe;jitahFk;. jpwd;Ngrp / jpwd;njhiyNgrp kw;Wk; ,izaj;jsk;
vd;gd ,jd; Kf;fpa mq;fq;fshFk;.

77
 • ,jD}lhfg; Gjpa Clf vz;zf;fUf;fs; fl;bnaOg;gl;Ls;sNjhL mjd;
tpNrlkhd Nghf;nfhd;whfr; r%f Clfq;fis (Social Media) ,dq;
fhzyhk;.
• r%f Clfq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;ghtJ> gilg;ghf;fj;jd;ik> cs;slf;fg;
gupkhw;wk;> kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; Mfpad. ,it r%f Clf tiyaikg;Gf;
fspy; epfOk;.
• jdpegu;fs; my;yJ kdpjf; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; gpupf;f Kbahj
njhlu;gpid r%f tiyaikg;Gfs; fl;likj;Js;sNjhL
• mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jgtu;fs; Nkirf; fzpdp> kbf;fzpdp> jpwd;Ngrp /
jpwd;njhiyNgrp (];khu;l; njhiyNgrp)> ,izaj; njhopDl;gj;jpd;
Clhfr; r%f Clfq;fspd; NritfspDs; Eiofpd;wdu;.
• jdpg;gl;l jfty;fisg; gug;g ,aYkhapUg;gJ ,jd; gpugyj;jpw;fhd
fhuzkhFk;.
• r%f Clfq;fs; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fNshL xd;wpize;Js;sd. ,jd;
%yk; cs;sfr; nraw;ghL> xUkpj;jjd;ik> cs;slf;fg; gfpu;T Mfpad
epfo;fpd;wd.
T
AF
r%f Clfq;fspd; tiffSk; mjd; nraw;ghLfSk;

• gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;fhff; FWQ;nra;jp mDg;Gjy;> epow;glq;fisg; gfpu;e;J

DR

nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> mwptpj;jy; kw;Wk; fhnzhspapd; %yk;

fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;f Kbtjd; %yKk; mjd; gzpfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;
gl;Ls;sikia mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. ,t;thW fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s
nraw;ghLfspd; Clhfg; gy;NtW r%f Clf tiyaikg;Gfs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.

• (Facebook) KfE}y;

,J gpurpj;jp ngw;w> Rje;jpu r%f tiyaikg;ghFk;. gaeu;fSf;Fg;

glq;f s; kw;Wk; fhnzhspfisj; juNtw;Wtjw;Fk;> jfty;f is
mDg;Gtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; Vidatu;fSld; njhlu;Gfisf; fl;bnaOg;G
tjw;Fk; Kbe;Js;sJ. ,J cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa r%f tiyaikg;ghFk;.
,jd;%yk; tpahghu> tu;j;jf ehkq;fisAk; Nkd;ikailar; nra;a
KbAk;.

78
 • Twitter Utpl;lu;
;
FWQ; nra;jpfisg; gupkhwf;$ba r%f tiyj;jskhFk;. 140 nrhw;fspd;
%yk; vkJ jfty;fis cyfk; KOtJk; Utpl;lu; Clhfg; gfpu
KbAk;. vy;yhg; gpur;rpjj
; p ngw;w epWtdq;fSk;> gpurpjj
; p ngw;w egu;fSk;
cj;jpNahfG+u;t Utpl;lu; fzf;nfhd;iwg; Ngzpr; nry;fpd;wdu;.

• Linkedin ypq;f;bd;

tu;j;jf r%fj;jpw;fhf tpNrlkhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,izaj;js

khFk;. ,e;j ,izaj;jsj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhtJ> gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fj; jkJ njhopy;rhu;; mwptpd; %yk;
ek;gpf;ifAila egu;fSf;fpilapy; tiyaikg;gpidf; fl;bnaOg;G
tJk; kw;Wk; Mtzkhf;fYf;F tha;gg ; spg;gJkhFk;.
T
• Pinterest gpd;l;u];l;
AF

,izaj;jsj;jpD}lhfj; Njbf;nfhs;fpd;w Gifg;glq;fisg; gfpu;e;J

nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;jYf;fhd topfhl;LjyhFk;. ,jd; NghJ
fhl;rpg;ghu;itf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. glk; xd;wpd; Nky;
mOj;Jtjd; %yk; %yhjhuj;jpw;Fr; nry;yKbAk;. ePq;fs; rg;ghj;Jr;
DR

Nrhb xd;iwg; gw;wpa jftypd; Nky; mOj;Jk; NghJ mJ tpiy

nfhLj; J thq; f g; g l; l ,lk; njspTgLj; j g; g Lk; . ,e; j r%f
tiyaikg;gpidg; gad;gLj;JNthupy; 50 tPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhdtu;fs;
ngz;fNs. ,jd;gb ngz;fspd; tpUg;Gf;Fupa r%f tiyaikg;ghf
,jid Fwpg;gplKbAk;.

• Instagram ,d;];lfpuhk;

glq;f s; kw;Wk; fhnzhspfisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;f hd r%f

ClfkhFk;. KfE}y;> Utpl;lu; Nghd;w gpurpj;jp ngw;w r%f tiyj;jsq;
fSf;F mtw;i w mDg;g KbAk;. ,J epow;;glg; gfpu;Tf;fhf
gad;gLj;jf;$baJ vd;gNjhL ,jid 95 tPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd KfE}y;
ghtidahsu;fs; gad;gLj;JtJ tpNrlkhFk;.

79
• ];ifg;

ikf;Nuhnrhg;l; epWtdj;jpd; cupikapd; fPo; nraw;gLk; ,jD}lhf

Fuy; miog;Gfs;> fhnzhsp miog;Gfs; kw;Wk; FO khehLfis
elhj;j KbAk;.

• itgu;

30 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfspy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ,g; gd;nkhop rhu;e;j

r%f tiyaikg;gpd; Clhff; FWQ;nra;jpfs;> Fuy; miog;Gfs;>
fhnzhsp miog;Gfs; kw;Wk; epow;glq;fis gfpu;e;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
mj;NjhL itgu; ntsp vDk; tpNrl mk;rj;jpd; Clhfg; ghtidahsu;
my;yhj egu;fSlDk; njhlu;G nfhs;s KbAk;.

,tw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf -
T
Whatsapp
AF
QQ

WeChat Qzone
DR

Tumblr Google+

Baidu Tieba Sinaweibo

Snap Chat Vkontakte

Reddit

Nghd;w cyfk; KOtJk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w r%f tiyj;jsq;fs; gyTk;

nraw;gLfpd;wd.

80
r%f Clfq;fspd; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fs;

rhjfkhd jhf;fq;fs;

• cyfk; KOtJk; r%f Clfq;fs; Ntfkhf tsu;eJ

; tUfpd;wd. rpWtu;fs;>
,isQu;fisg; Nghd;Nw ngupatu;fSf;Fk; ,e;j r%f Clfq;fs; cs;sfr;
nraw;ghLfspdN
; ghJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpdw
; d. ,it egu;fSf;Fk; r%fj;jpwF
; k;
gy;NtW tifahd mOj;jq;fisg; gpuNahfpf;fpd;wd.
• gaeu;fshNyNa tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
• ngWeUf;F tpUg;gkhd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
• tpiuthdJ.
T
• gaDs;s tifapy; khw;w paikg;gjw; F k; > Njitaw;w elj; i jfisf;
AF
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,jd;%yk; tha;gG
; s;sJ. ,jd;NghJ r%f Clfq;fspd;
Neu;j; jhf;fq;fs; r%fkakhf;fypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ijf;
Fwpg;gplKbAk;.
• capu;g;ghd ngWeiuf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
DR

• mwptpidg; gupkhw;wpf;nfhs;s Kbjy;.

• xU Clfj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU Clj;jpw;Fr; nry;y Kbjy;.
• cs;slf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghf;fk; nra;Jnfhs;s Kbjy;.
• khztu;fSf;F fljhrpfspy; vOJtjpYk; ghu;ff
; tiyg;g+f;fisg; gad;gLj;j
KbAk;. Mrpupau;f Sf;F mwpT> jpwd;f is tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s
Kbfpd;wik. njhiyepiyf; fw;wy; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;sKbjy;.
• tpahghur; nraw;ghLfspy; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;.
• nghUl;f s; kw;Wk; Nritfis mwpKfk; nra;tjw;F ,yFthdJk;>
vspikahdJk;> nryT Fiwe;jJkhd KiwahFk;. jkJ tu;jj
; f ehkq;fis
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
• egu;fspd; gilg;ghw;wiyg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;s Kbjy;.
• Kuz;ghLfisAk; czu;TfisAk; ntspg;gLj;j Kbjy;.

81
• tpiuthfTk; Fiwe;j nrytpYk; jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;s Kbjy;.
• Njrpa ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpyhd tpthjq;fs;> fye;Jiuahly; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp
nra;Jnfhs;s Kbjy;.

ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fs;

Nkw;$wpatw;Wf;F mjpfkhfr; r%f Clfq;fs; Clhf vjpu;kiwahd jhf;fq;fSk;

Vw;gLfpd;wd.

• kdtOj;jk;> mijupag;gLjy;> jdpikg;gLjy;> jd;Dapu; kha;j;jy; Nghd;w

Mokhd cs - r%fj; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;.
• mq;fj;jtu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l jfty;fs; r%f Clf tiyaikg;Gf;fs; %yk;
NtW egu;fSf;F toq;fg;gly;.
• jdpik (Privacy) my;yJ mfTupik njhlu;ghd gpur;ridfs; Njhw;wk;
T
ngwy;. ,lq;f s; ntspg;gLj;jg;gly; kw;Wk; mDkjp mw;w tifapy;
gadhsu;fspd; fzf;Ffspy; cs;Eiojy;.
AF
• ,izatop (irgu;) jhf;Fjy;.
• td;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; J}z;lg;gLjy;.
• jtwhd jfty; Kd;itj;jy;.
• Nghyp / ngha;f; fzf;Ffis cUthf;Fjy;.
DR

r%f Clfq;fspd; flikg; nghWg;Gfs;

1. jfty; toq;Fjy; /
2. kfpo;t+l;ly; my;yJ nghOJNghf;fspj;jy;
3. fy;tp toq;Fjy;
4. r%fkakhf;fy;

• r%f Clfq;fspd; tuyhw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.

82
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

1. Gjpa Clfq;fs; vd;gij mwpKfk; nra;f.

2. Gjpa Clfq;fspd; flikg; nghWg;Gfis cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.

3. r%f Clfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gijAk; mjd; flikg; nghWg;GfisAk;

njspTgLj;Jf.

4. “rkfhy r%f Clfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhfg; gy;NtW gpur;ridfs;

T
Njhd;wpAs;sd” Muha;f.
AF
5. Gjpa Clfq;fs; %yk; Clfj; jfty; xd;iwj; jahupf;f.
DR

83
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.4 Gjpa Clfk; kw;Wk; r%f Clfq;fisg; gad;
gLj;Jk; Nju;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 12

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Gjpa Clf Mw;wy; kw;Wk; Nju;rr

; piag; gad;gLj;jpj;
jfty; jahupj;J Kd;itg;ghu;.
• r%f Clf Mw;wy; kw;Wk; Nju;r;rpiag; gad;
T gLj;jpj; jfty; jahupj;J Kd;itg;ghu;.

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;F

AF

• Gjpa Clfq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg; gupkhWk;NghJ mtw;iw ehd;F

gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;j KbAk;. mJ njhlu;ghd njspT Gjpa Clf
jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; ,aYikfs; gw;wpa tpUj;jpf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
DR

- Njlw; nghwp xUtuplj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhUtu; tiu epfOk; njhlu;ghly; -

kpd;dQ;ry;
• gyuplkpUe;J gyUf;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; njhlu;ghly; - tiyg;g+f;fs;
• xUtuplkpUe;J ,d;ndhUtUf;Fk;> xUtuplkpUe;J gyUf;Fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLk; njhlu;ghly; - ,izaj;jsk; Clhd fUj;jhly; gyuplkpUe;J xUtUf;F
my;yJ xUtuplkpUe;J ,d;ndhUtUf;F my;yJ xUtuplkpUe;J gyUf;F
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; njhlu;ghly;.
• Gjpa Clf Mw;wy;> Gjpa Clfj; jfty;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; kw;Wk;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
• Gjpa Clfg; gad;ghl;bd;NghJ fhzg;glNtz;ba Nju;r;rpfs;
1. fhl;rp my;yJ glnkhd;iwg; gjptpwf;fk; nra;tJ vt;thW?
2. xU fl;Liuapy; ,izg;G xd;iw ,LtJ vt;thW?
3. fhl;rp my;yJ glnkhd;iwr; nrk;ikahf;fk; nra;tJ kw;Wk; ,izaj;
jsj;jpy; mjidg; gjpNtw;WtJ vt;thW?
4. ,izaj;jsj;jpy; fhnzhsp xd;Wf;fhff; FwpaLP xd;iw toq;fp> gpdd
; u;

84
 mjid kPstbtikg;gJ vt;thW?
5. mj;NjhL fUj;jhly;fSld; njhlu;Gila ,izg;Gfisf; fz;Lgpbj;J
mtw;iw xd;wpizg;Gr; nra;tJ vt;thW? Nghd;w njspTgLj;jy;fs;

• r%f Clfq; f spd; jpwd; f s; kw; W k; ,aYikfisg; gad; g Lj; J k;

,aYikahdJ> Clfj; jfty; xd;iw cUthf;Fk;NghJk; mjidg;
gad;gLj;Jk;NghJk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
• Mtzq;fs; - ngUk;ghyhd r%f Clfq;fs; gy;NtW tu;zq;fis cs;slf;fp
,Ug;gNjhL gy tbtq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,jd; fUj;J r%f
Clfq;fspy; mDg;gg;gLk; Mf;fq;fs; rpwg;ghf miktjw;F tu;zq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpj; njspthd kw;Wk; ftu;r;rpfukhd jfty; xd;iw cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,jd;NghJ nkhopapidg; gad;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpy;
ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• gilg;Gfs;> Neubf; fhnzhsp ciuahly;fs;> thbf;ifahsu; Nrit kw;Wk;
T
jkJ fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;Jj; jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy; Nghd;w
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
AF

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
DR

1. kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;nfhd;wpidj; jahupf;f. mjD}lhfj; jftnyhd;iwg;

gupkhw Mtd nra;f.

2. Mrpupaupd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L Clf r%fq;fSf;fhd tiyg;jj

; sk;
xd;wpid cUthf;Ff.

3. Njlw; nghwpapd; cjtpAld; ntFrd Clfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila Kf;fpakhd

jfty; xd;iw kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;fpd; Clhf MrpupaUf;F mDg;Gf.

85
mUk;gjq;fs;

ntFrd Clfk; - Mass Media

Gjpa Clfk; - New Media
r%f Clfk; - Social Media
ghuk;gupak; Clfk; - Traditional Media

crhj;Jizfs;:

1. Brown, L. The New Shoter Oxford English Dictionary Thumb Index Edition. Volum 1-
T
A – M., Oxford University Press: London, 1993.
AF

2. DeFleur and Dennis, Understanding Mass Communication, Houghton Miffin Company,

Boston, USA, 199.
DR

3. Eldon Ray Hiebert & Others. Mass Media: Newyork, 1987.

4. Joshep R. Dominic, Dynamics of Mass Communication, 2010

86
5. gz;ghl;L tpsf;fk;> Clfj;jpd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; mjd; jhf;fk;

Nju;r;rp : 5.0 gz;ghL vd;gjd; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;W> Clfr;

nraw;ghLfshy; gz;ghl;by; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; kw;Wk;
jhf;fk; gw;wpa mwpTld; tpku;rduPjpapy; nraw;
gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 5.1 gz;ghL> mjd; ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; tpNrl mk;rq;fs;

T vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Ftu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 08
AF
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • gz;ghL vd;why; vd;d vdj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• gz;ghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; tpNrl mk;rq;fs;
gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.
DR

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

mwpKfk;

• gz;ghl;bd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;rr; pAk; khDlj; njhlu;GfspD}Nl eilngw;Ws;sJ

vd;gJ Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;bajhFk;. Vida tpyq;Ffspy; ,Ue;J kdpjidg;
gpupj;jwpAk; gpujhd rhjdk; gz;ghlhFk;.
• gz;ghL vd;gJ ,aw;ifapd; jpupghFk;. gz;ghL mjd; tsu;r;rpapd;NghJ
,aw;if epajpfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;glhJ r%fj;NjhL njhlu;Gila epajpfSf;F
Vw;gNt nraw;gLk;. kdpjd; jdJ r%f kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapid
mjw;Nfw;gNt xOq;fikj;Jf;nfhs;thd;. kdpjdpd; mtjhdj;jpwF
; k; nraw;ghL
fSf;Fk; fPo;gg
; be;J fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtJk; cUthf;fg;gLtJkhd midj;Jg;
ngWjpfSk; gz;ghL vdf; fUjg;gLk;.

87
• gz;ghlhdJ kdpjdhy; kdpjdpd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Njitfis
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; eilngWk; njhlu;r;rpahd nraw;ghlhFk;.
Muk;gj;jpy; Culture vDk; nrhy; ,yj;jd P ; nkhopapy; ,Ue;J Njhw;wk; ngw;wNjhL
mJ Cultus vDk; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J gpupe;J te;jjhFk;. gz;ghL vDk;
nrhy;ypd; mbg;gilf; fUj;J - ahNjDk; xd;iwg; gapupLjy;> xOq;fikj;jy;>
tsu;j;jy; vd;gjhfpwJ.
• gz;ghL vd;Dk; gjkhdJ tptrhaj;Jiwapy; (Agriculture) khu;f]; Nghu;rpa];
NfNlh (Marcus Porcius Cato– 234 - 149) vd;gtuhy; Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;lJ. mjd;gpd;du;> cNuhk kf;fs; ,r;nrhy;iy xU milnkhopahfg;
gad;gLj;jpaNjhL> nkhopg; gz;ghL> elj;ijg; gz;ghL vd Muk;gpj;J
kdpjg; gz;ghL tiu mJ ePz;lJ. mNjNghy; cNuhkg; Ngr;rhsUk;>
jj;JtQhdpAk;> Ml;rpahsUkhd khu;f]; ^yPa]; rPru; (Marcus Tullius Cicero
106 – 43) vd;gtuhy; khDl czu;TfNshL njhlu;Gila tifapy; gz;ghL
vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mtu; cs;Szu;T kw;Wk; mwptpd; gz;ghL
vdj; jj;Jtj;ijf; fUjpaNjhL> kdpjdpd; Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; czu;tpid
KOik milar; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; jj;Jtj;Jf;F cz;L vd vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhu;.
T
• gz;ghL vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kiwahf vz;zf;fUthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
17Mk; E}w;whz;by; MFk;. rhKNty; G+ngd;Nlhg; vd;w N[u;kd; ehl;Lr;
AF
rl;lj;juzp> gz;ghL kdpjdpd; nraw;ifahd eltbf;iffspd; tpisT
vd tpsf;fkspj;jhu;.
• gz;ghL vd;gjw;Fg; gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
• Culture vDk; nrhy;iy r%f kw;Wk; khdpltpaypy; Kjd;Kjypy;
DR

gad;gLj;jpatu; ,.gp. nua;yu; (E.B. Tylor) Mthu;. mtu; 1871,y; vOjpa

“Mjpg; gz;ghL” (Primitive Culture) vDk; E}ypy; mjidf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
• nua;yupd; fUj;Jg;gb gz;ghL vd;gJ> “mwpT> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> fiyfs;>
rl;lk;> tpOkpaq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fg;gpuhzp vd;w tifapy;
Vida VNjDk; Kiwfshy; kdpjd; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;s gof;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
Mw;wy;fs; mlq;fpa tpupthd mk;rkhFk;”.
• gp.kypNdht;]f ; p (B. Malinowski) 1944 ,y; ntspapl;l gz;ghl;bd; tpQ;Qhd
uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL (Scientific Theory of Culture) vDk; E}ypy; gz;ghL gw;wpg;
gpd;tUkhW tptupj;Js;shu;.
• fUtpfs;> Efu;Tg; nghUl;fs;> gy;NtW r%fq;fspd; fl;likg;G uPjpahd
gz;Gfs;> khDl vz;zf;fUf;fs;> El;gk;> ek;gpfi
; ffs; kw;Wk; rk;gpujhaq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; Nru;f;ifapd; KOikNa gz;ghlhFk;.
 gz;ghlhdJ rpf;fyhd nraw;ghlhFk;. r%fj;jpdhy; xd;whff; fl;b
itf;fg;gLk; nghJthd ngWkhdq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> r%fr; nraw;
ghLfs;> rl;lq;fs;> fw;gpjq;fs; Nghd;wd gz;ghl;by; mlq;Fk;.

88
 (Dymamic of Mass Communication – 2010)
 etPd fhyfl;lj;jpy; ehfuPfkw;w> kpNyr;rj;jdkhd> ,aw;ifahd>
fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;glhj fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj rf;jpfspd; vjpupilahfg;
gz;ghl;bid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mjw;Nfw;g gz;ghL vd;gJ
GyikahdJk;> fy;tpawpTilaJk;> gapw;rp kpf;fJk; kw;Wk; mwpTG+u;t
kpf;fjhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 gz;ghL> Clfk; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; Mfpa %d;Wk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
,ilj;njhlu;Gila %d;W JiwfshFk;.
 gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; Clfk; vd;w nrhy; ntFrd
Clfj;jpw;Fk;> tuyhw;wpy; KjyhtJ Clfkhd gj;jpupifapidf;
Fwpg; gpLtjw;F k; gad;gLj;j g;gl;lJ. gj;n jhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;b d;
Kd; d iug; g Fjpapy; tpNrlkhd Clfj; n jhlu; G fspd; (mQ; r y; )
JizAld; nra;jpg; gupkhw;wk;> ntspg;gLj;jy;> gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; vDk;
nghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gj;jpupifrhu; tu;j;jf tpsk;guj;jpd;
,ilj; j ufuhf Clf vz; z f; f U gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l J ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpyhFk;.
T
 r%fk;> gz;ghL kw;Wk; jdpegu; Mfpa %d;Wk; NtWgLj;j Kbahj
msTf;Fg; gpizg;Gw;Ws;sd. r%fj;Jf;Nfh jdpkdpjDf;Nfh gz;ghbd;wp
AF
,aq;f KbahJ. toikNghyNt kdpj tho;f;ifapy; gz;ghl;bd;
tfpghfk; eilKiwapYk; Kjd;ik ngWfpwJ. r%fk;> gz;ghL>
njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; jdpkdpjd; vDk; ehd;F $WfSk; ,ay;ghfNt
njhlu;Gw;W ,Ug;gJ kl;Lky;yhJ neUq;f pa nraw;ghl;b idAk;
DR

nfhz;Ls;sd.
 r%fk;> gz;ghL> jdpegu; Mfpa mbg;gilf; $Wfs; jfty;fs; Clhf
,lk;ngWk; r%f ,ilj;njhlu;Gfshy; tYtilfpd;wd.
 jdpegUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Mokhd njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gL
fpdw; d. r%fk; vd;gJ jdpegu;fspd; Nru;fi
; f khj;jpukd;wp mJ Mokhd
,ilj;njhlu;Gfspd; njhFjpfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 jdpkdpjdpd; Njhw;wk;> ,irthf;fk;> ed;dlj;ij> fw;wy; kw;Wk;
gz;Gfspy; mtd;; thOk; r%fk; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. mNjNghy;
jdpkdpj NtWghL> ,d NtWghL> Njrpak; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtk;
vd;gd cupa r%fj;jpd; ,irthf;fj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
,t;thwhd rpf;fyhd r%fj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;Fg; gz;ghL
cl;gl mjd; Vida rhjdq;fSk; mtrpakhFk;. mjpy; - njhlu;ghly;>
fiy> rkak;> murpay;> Xtpak;> rpdpkh> nfhs;if Mfpad cs;slq;Fk;.
xUtifapy; mit r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW ghfq;fshff; fhzg;gLtNjhL
kw;nwhU tifapy; mit r%f epiyg;gpw;Ff;Fg; gad;gLj;jpfn; fhs;sf;

89
 $ba Clfq;fSkhFk;.
 r%fj;Jf;Fk; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G njhlu;r;rpahf
rPuikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. r%fk; rpf;fyhd njhFjp khj;jpukd;wp mJ
njhlu;r;rpahf khw;wkilaf; $baJkhFk;.

 njhlu;rr; pahf khw;wkilAk; r%f epiyikfSf;Fk;> epge;jidfSf;Fk;

jdpegu; gof;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. me;j epiyikfSf;F Vw;w tifapy;
,irthf;fk; milaNtz;Lk;. ,r;nraw;ghlhdJ jdpegu; nraw;ghL
khj;jpukd;wp mJ epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l mwpTG+u;tkhd nraw;ghLkhFk;.
 ,r;nraw;ghNl r%fkakhjy; vd;gjhFk;. mjd; nghUs; - khw;wkil
fpd;w r%f> gz;ghl;L epiyikfSf;Fj; jdpkdpjid ,irthf;fk;
milar; nra;tjhFk;. ,J egnuhUtupd; gpwg;G njhlf;fk; ,lk;ngWk;
nraw;ghlhFk;. mjw;fhf kdpj r%fj;jpd; ngUksT epWtdq;fs;
njhlu;GgLfpd;wd. FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> rka epWtdq;fs;> murpaw;
fl;rpfs;> gy;NtW rptpy; mikg;Gfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> ntFrd
T
Clfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzk; fhl;lyhk;.
 jdpg;gl;l tho;tpy; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; r%fkakhf;fy; nraw;
AF
ghLfs; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; kw;Wk; gy;NtW epiyfspy; ,lk;ngwyhk;.
kdpjd; jhd; thOk; r%fj;jpy; kpfTk; ed;whfTk; ntw;wpfukhfTk;
tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd tho;fi ; ff; Nfhyj;jpid> elj;ijf; Nfhyj;jpid>
cstpay; uPjpahd rhjdq;fis> r%f kjpg;gL P fs; kw;Wk; ngWkhdq;
DR

fis ,jpy; cs;slf;fyhk;. nghJthf rpe;jidiaAk; mwptpidAk;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nrad;Kiwapidr; r%fkakhf;fy; vdf; fUjyhk;.
 r%fkakhf;fy; nrad;Kiw tho;fi ; f KOJk; ,lk;ngw;whYk; kdpjdpd;
tho;f;ifapd; Muk;gg; gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fwpg;ghff; Foe;ijg; gUtk;>
gps;isg; gUtk;> fl;bsikg; gUtq;fspy; ,J njhlu;gpy; tpNrl
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;. Muk;g r%fkakhjw; nrad;Kiw kw;Wk;
mjDld; njhlu;Gila fhuzpfshd (epWtdq;fs;) - FLk;gk;> Kd;gs;sp>
ngupNahu;fs; Mfpa jug;Gf;fshy; jdpegupd; vjpu;fhy MSik kw;Wk;
ghu;itNehf;F Mfpatw;iw xOq;fikg;gjpy; ghupa jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gL
fpdw
; J. mj;NjhL jw;fhyj;jpy; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w ntFrd
Clfq;fSk; MfpadTk; mtw;NwhL cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

1. gz;ghL vd;gij tiutpyf;fzq;fs; Clhfj; njspTgLj;Jf.

90
2. jdpkdpjd;> r%fk; kw;Wk; gz;ghL vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;gpid
cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 5.2 gz;ghl;Lf; fw;ifapd; %yk; gz;ghLfs; ,ilNa

ahd gy; t ifikapid xg; g P l ; l bg; g ilapy;
tpgupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 24

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Clf tsu;r;rpNahL gz;ghL khw;wk; ngw;wik

iaj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• ,g; gz;ghl;bd; gy;tifikapid kw;Wk; tpNrl
,ay;Gfis ntt;Ntwhf tpgupg;ghu;.
T
ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
AF

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

• r%fj;jpy; kdpjdpd; nraw;ghL gytifg;gl;ljhFk;. mj;Jld; mtu;fs;

mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; r%fj;jsj;jpw;F Vw;g nraw;ghLfspd; jd;ikAk; khWgLk;.
DR

,r;nraw;ghLfspd; guk;gNyhL gz;ghL Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

• kdpjdpd; nraw;ghLfSld; njhlu;r;rpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,uz;L gpujhd
Jiwfshf ,aw;ifr; R+oy; kw;Wk; r%fk; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,t;tpuz;ilAk; gz;ghl;by; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
• jw;fhy etPd kdpjdpd; gupzhkj;jpy; Fwpgg ; plL
; f; $wf;$ba gz;ghl;Ltiffs;
gy Njhw;wk; ngw;wpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
 ghuk;gupag; gz;ghL (Traditional Culture)
 ntFrdg; gz;ghL (Mass Culture)
 kughu;e;j (nrt;tpay;) gz;ghL (Classical Culture)
 gpurpj;j gz;ghL (Popular Culture)
 Clfg; gz;ghL (Media Culture)
 G+Nfhsg; gz;ghL (Global Culture)

1. ghuk;gupag; gz;ghL

 ,J cd;djkhd> Gdpjkhd> J}a;ikahd tho;f;ifr; nraw;ghLfspd;

91
 njhFjpahFk;. ,J mbg;gilapy; cd;djkhdJk;> GdpjkhdJkhd
FwpaPl;Lj; njhFjpfspd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ghuk;gupag; gz;ghL> kdpj ,d tuyhw;wpy; Muk;g fhyk; njhlq;fp
jw;fhyk; tiuapy; epytp tUfpwJ. ,J kf;fshNyNa cUthf;fg;gLfpdw ;
mtu;fspd; kdpj r%fj;Jf;F cupj;jhd gz;GfSf;F Vw;gj; Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;s cupa r%fj;jpd; kuGupik MFk;.
 ghuk;gupag; gz;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rpapy; ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlypd; tfpghfk;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ntFrdj; njhlu;ghlYf;Fk; ghuk;gupa r%fj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapy; njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ifj;njhopw; r%fj;jpd; nraw;ghl;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
ghuk;gupa r%fg;gz;ghL etPd r%fg;gz;ghlhf khw;wk;ngWfpwJ.
MfNt - kj;jpa Afj;jpy; gz;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rp epiwTw;W etPd
Afj;jpw;Fg; gpuNtrpj;Js;sJ. etPd Afj;jpy; gz;ghL gpujhdkhf ,uz;L
tpjq;fspy; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. xUGwj;jpy; khDlthjk;> kjpEl;gf;;
nfhs;if> jj;Jtk;> fy;tp Mfpa cau; ngWkhdq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L tsu;r;rpaile;j Muk;gfhyg; gz;ghLk; kWGwk; tpNrlkhf
T
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; ntFrdg; gz;ghLk; r%fj;jpy;
Kjd;ik ngw;Ws;sd.
AF

2. ntFrdg; gz;ghL

 ntFrdg; gz;ghL vd;gJ ghuk;gupa r%fj;jpy; gpujhdkhdJk; Mjpf;fk;

DR

nrYj;jpaJkhd gz;ghlhFk;. ntFrdg; gz;ghl;bw;Fk; ghuk;gupag;

gz;ghl;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; nghJj;jd;ik xd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ntFrdg; gz; g hL nghJkf; f spd; xz; w pize; j nraw; g hl; b d;
tpisthFk;. mJ kf;fspd; cupikapd; xU gpupTkhFk;.
 ntFrdg; gz;ghL ,d NtWghl;i l mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
cUthfpdw ; J. cyfpy; 6000 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,dq;fs; fhzg;gLtJld;
xt;nthU ,dj;Jf;Fk; jdpj;Jtkhd gz;ghLk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gpujhdkhfg; ghuk;gupa r%fj;jpd; gupzhkj;jpd; gy;NtW epiyfspy;
thOk; kf;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; gz;ghLk; ngUthupahd khw;wq;fis
cUthf;fpAs;sd.
 ntFrdg; gz;ghl;il cUthf;fpNahu; mwpag;gLtjpy;iy. ntFrdg;
gz;ghL kf;fspd; <LghL kw;Wk; Njitfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gpujpepjpjJ
; tg;
gLj;Jk;. mJ kf;fspd; Mf;fkhf ,Ug;gNjhL nghJthd ngWkjpAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ntFrdg; gz;ghL Neubahff; r%fr; nraw;ghLfs;
midj;jpYk; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ.

92
  kf;fspd; ehshe;jr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; ntFrdg; gz;ghbw;Fk; ,ilapy;
Neubahd kw;Wk; ,aw;ifahd njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ntFrdg; gz;ghL ghuk;gupa khDlthjg; gz;ghl;bypUe;J mbg;gilapy;
NtWgLfpd; w J. ntFrdg; gz; g hL kdpj r%f gupzhkj; j pd;
tpisthtNjhL mJ ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; mjw;Fg; gpw;gl;l r%fj;jpd;
tsu;r;rpAkhFk;.
 ntFrdg; gz;ghL (Mass Culture) vDk; fiyr;nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; 1957
,y; Nltpl; itl; kw;Wk; Ngdhu;l; nuhrd;Ngu;f; (D. White and B.
Rosenberg) MfpNahuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ntFrdg; gz;ghl;L %yq;fs;> ifj;njhopy;> efu kw;Wk; ntFrd
cw; g j; j pfNshL njhlu; G ilaJ. ntFrdg; gz; g hL mwpTrhu; >
tpOkpak;rhu;> fiyrhu;> kw;Wk; kughu;e;j (nrt;tpay;) gz;ghl;Lld;
xg;gpLk;NghJ kpfTk; fPo; kl;lj;jpYk; Muk;g epiyapYk; fhzg;gLfpdw
; J.
mJ gy ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fSf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;ljd;wp cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;ljhFk;.
T
3. kughu;e;j (nrt;tpay;) gz;ghL
AF
 ntFrdg; gz;ghl;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kughu;ej ; (nrt;tpay;)
gz;ghL Njhw;wk; ,lk;ngWtNjhL> ntFrdg; gz;ghl;bw;F <lhd
cau; xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisAk; mwpT rhu;e;j Mw;wiyAk; kughu;e;j
(nrt;tpay;) gz;ghL nfhz;Ls;sJ.
DR

 kughu;e;j (nrt;tpay;) gz;ghL> kdpj r%fj;jpd; gupzhkj;jpd; gy

kl;lq;fNshL njhlu;GgLtNjhL> mJ cUthf;fg;gLtJ mjw;Fupa
tpNrl mwptpidAk; fiy Mw;wiyAk; nfhz;l egu;fshy; MFk;.
mtu;fSs; Gfo;kpF vOj;jhsu;fs;> fiyQu;fs;> ,irQhdpfs;> eldf;
fiyQu;fs;> rpej
; idahsu;fs; fhzg;gLfpdw
; du;. mt;thf;fq;fs; cau;ej
;
fiyj;JtKk; mofpaw; ngWkhdq;fSk; nfhz;Ls;sNjhL> mtw;wpy;
mwpT kw;Wk; xOf;fk; vd;gd cau; epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.
 r%fk; kw;Wk; kdpj tpUj;jpf;F> mwpthu;e;j kdpjdpd; khDlthjk;>
xUq;fpizg;Gthjj;jpd; cau; ,yl;rpaq;fs; kw;Wk; kdpj tpUj;jpapd;
Muk;gj;jpy; njhlu;r;rpahd gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpa kdpjg; gz;ghl;bd;
tpNrl gpupthf kughu;e;j (nrt;tpay;) gz;ghL JizGupfpd;wJ. mJ
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;> fy;tpapd; kw;Wk; fiyak;rq;fspd; cau; ntw;wpfspd;
gpujpgydhFk;.

4. gpurpj;j gz;ghL

93
  ntFrdg; gz;ghl;by; mjpf kf;fshy; tpUk;gg;gLfpd;w gz;ghlhfg;
gpurpj;j gzghl;ilf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdNt> ntFrd gz;ghl;Lld;
,uz;lwf; fye;Js;s mk;rkhfg; gpurpj;j gz;ghL fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpy
re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; Mass Culture kw;Wk; Popular Culture Mfpa gjq;fs; xNu
mu;j;jj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tPo;r;rpaile;j kughu;e;j (nrt;tpay;) gz;ghl;Lf;F
khw;wPlhf KiwNa ntFrdg; gz;ghLk; kw;Wk; mjd; cg gpupthd gpurpj;j
gz;ghLk; tsu;rr
; pAw;wd.
 gpurpj;j gz;ghl;bd; tpNrl gz;GfSs; - mJ Mokw;w xd;whf
,Uf;fpd;wik> vspikahdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wik> ghupa cw;gj;j pahf
,Uf;fpd;wik> midtUf;Fk; neUf;fkhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wik> kughu;ej ;
(nrt; t pay; ) gz; g hl; b y; fhzg; g Lfpd; w gw; w hf; F iw kw; W k;
fbdj;jd;ikf;Fg; gjpyhf kpjkpQ;rpajd;ikAk; ,yF jd;ikiaAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
 ,g;gz;ghl;bid midtUk; ,yFthf mDgtpf;fyhk;. ,q;F mwpT
T
uPjpahd kw;Wk; tpOkpak; rhu;e;j fiyj;Jtk; mUfp ,Ug;gNjhL ,jidf;
ifahs; N thu; nghJkf; f s; vd; w g bahy; gad; g L j; J tjw ; F k;
AF
fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Fwpj;j ,lk;> Neu-fhyk;> tpNrlkhd ciog;G>
gzk;> mwpT>kw;Wk; fy;tp epiy Mfpad mtrpakpy;iy.
 ntFrd kw;Wk; gpurpj;j gz;ghLfs; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; tu;jj ; f Nehf;fhf
khwpAs;sd. gz;ghl;Lj;Jiw re;ijj;Jiwahf khwpAs;sikahy; mofpay;
DR

uPjpahd ngWkhdq;fs; re;ij tpiyapdhy; tPzbf;;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy;

fiyg;gilg;Gf;fspd; juj;jpd; jiynaOj;jpidj; jPukhdpf;Fk; fhuzpahf
Clfq;fs; khwpapUg;gNjhL Mf;fq;fspd; juj;jpidj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;
epajpfshf mofpay; > fy;t p> khDltpay;> tpOkpaq;f s; vd;g d
fhzg;glhik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhFk;.
 eilKiwapy; ,g;gz;ghl;bd; ];jhgfu;fshfTk;> cw;gj;jpahsu;fshfTk;
,Ug; g tu; f s; rhjhuz mwpT kl; l j; i jf; nfhz; l > ,ilkl; l g;
gilg;ghf;fj;jpwidf; nfhz;l> Mokhd Nehf;fkw;w $l;lj;jpdu; Mtu;.
,t;ntFrd kw;Wk; gpurpj;jkhd gz;ghLfs; ifj;njhopyhf khwpapUg;gNjhL
mjpy; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;wpUg;gtu;fs; tu;j;jfu;fSk; epWtd
cupikahsu;fSk; MFk;.

5. Clfg; gz;ghL
 Clfg; gz;ghlhdJ kdpjg; gz;ghl;Lg; gupzhkj;jpy; kpf mz;ikapy;
Njhw;wk; ngw;w xd;whFk;. Fwpg;ghf 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy;

94
 Njhw;wk; ngw;w gz;ghl;bay; (Culturology) Jiwapd; Foe;ijahf
Clfg; gz;ghL vDk; Jiw Njhd;wp tsu;r;rp ngw;Ws;sJ.
 gz;ghl;by; ntFrdj; njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiw tuyhw;W uPjpahd
jhf;fj;ij toq;FtNjhL> mJ rKfj;Njitapd; kPJ fl;Lz;L> kdpjdpd;
r%fkakhf;fk; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L uPjpahd nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; cjtpahf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
 cyfg;gz;ghl;Lf; fy;tpapy; Foe;ijahd “ Clff; fw;if” vDk;
nrhy;ypd; gad;ghL 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpgg ; Fjpapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
 Clfg; gz;ghL jw;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa mq;fkhFk;. mJ> kdpj
r%fj;jpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpia ntspf;fhl;Lk; gz;ghl;Lg;gpupthFk;.
 Clfg; gz;ghL vd;gJ jfty; rKfj;jpd; gz;ghlhFk;. Clfk; vDk;
vz;zf;fU 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupa vz;zf;fUthtNjhL> ntFrdg;
gz;ghl;bid tpsf;Ftjw;fhfNt mjid Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
 20Mk; E}w;whz;b y; Clfg; gz;ghl;b w;f hd vz;zf;f Uf;fisj;
Njhw;Wtpjj ; tu;fSs; Kd;Ndhbahff; fUjg;gLgtu;> Nthy;ww ; u; ngd;[kpd;
(Walter Benjamin) vd;gtu;. ,tu;> tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; njhopDl;gk;
T
fhuzkhf fiy kw;Wk; Clfj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLk; Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;
fis 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; %d;whtJ jrhg;jj;jpy; vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhu;.
AF
njhopDl;g kPSUthf;fj;jpd; mghu Mw;wy; fhuzkhf %yE}Yf;Fk;
gpujpf;Fk; ,ilapy; epyTk; r%f uPjpahd kw;Wk; mofpay; uPjpahd
NtWghLfs; ,y;yhnjhope;jd.
 ,e;epiyapd; fPo;> Clfj; njhlu;ghly;fspdJk; fiyahf;fq;fspdJk;
DR

rpwg;gpay;G> jdpjJ
; tk;> Njhw;wk;> ,yl;rpak;> epiyahd jd;ik> mofpay;
jd;ik kw;Wk; cau;r;rp Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; khw;wkile;J - mit
nghUs;> Ritaw;Wf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jw;fhy mr;R kw;Wk; thndhyp>
njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;;w ntFrd Clfq;fs; gytw;wpy; ,e;epiyapid
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 kPSUthf;fj; njhopDl;gkhdJ> fiy kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; jfty;fisg;
ghuk;gupa KiwfspypUe;J tpyf;fp> mjd; jdpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; juj;jpid
,y;yhJ nra;J mjidr; rhjhuz xd;whf khw;wpAs;sJ.
 Clfg; gz;ghl;bd; mbg;gil ,ay;ghf miktJ> mJ jdpgg ; l;ltu;fspd;
kfpo;r;rp> Mde;jk;> fspg;G> mDgtk; njhlf;fk; nghJ kf;fspd; Efu;T
tiu gutpr;nrd;Ws;sikahFk;.
 Clfg; gz;ghl;bid tpsq;fpfn ; fhs;tjw;F khu;\y; kf;Y}`d; vd;gtupd;
gq;fspg;G tpNrlkhdJ. mtu; Clfg; gz;ghl;L vz;zf;fUtpid
cUthf;FtjpYk; mjid tsg;gLj;JtjpYk; ghupa gq;fspg;gpid
toq;fpAs;shu;. khu;~y; kf;Y}`d; Kjd;Kiwahf “ClfKk; r%fKk;”>

95
 “ClfKk; gz;ghLk;”>; “ClfKk; njhiyj;njhlu;Gk;”> “ClfKk; mjd;
tiuaiuAk;”> “ClfKk; nra;jpfspd; cs;sPug ; ;Gk;” Mfpa tplaq;fs;;
njhlu;gpy; gue;Jgl;l ghu;itiar; nrYj;jpdhu;.
 mtUila vz;zf;fUtpd;gb> kdpj ehfuPfj;ij %d;W gpujhd
fhyfl;lq;fshf vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;. mit

1. vOj;Jg; gz;ghl;Lf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;>

2. vOj;J - mr;R Clfg; gz;ghl;Lf;fhyk; kw;Wk;
3. fhl;rp / fl;Gyg; gz;ghl;Lf; fhyk; MfpadthFk;.

khu;~y; kf;Y}`dpd; Clfg;gz;ghL gw;wpa vz;zf;fU gue;Jgl;l jd;ikiaf;

nfhz;Ls;sNjhL> kdpjr; nraw;ghl;bw;F Mjhukhf mikAk; midj;J
Clfq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,t;T+lfq;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf tsu;r;rp
mile;J tUtNjhL ,it kdpjdpd; ntspthupahd tpupthf;fk;> guty;
kw;Wk; njhlu;r;rpahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
T
 kdpj cly;> Ik;Gyd;fs;> cs;Szu;Tfs;> kw;Wk; nraw;wpwdpy; Neubahd
njhopDl;gj; jhf;fk; Vw;gLtjw;F ,izahf mit kdpjdpy; ,Ue;J
AF
ePq;fp NtWgl;L kdpjDf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLk; ntspr; rr;jpahfTk;
khwpAs;sd. ,t;thW Clfg; gz;ghl;bd;ghy; kdpjd; Mf;fpukpf;fg;
gl;bUg;gij kf;Y}`d; ‘Amputation’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
 Clfg; gz;ghL jw;fhy cyfpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gzpfSs; -
DR

jfty; toq;fy;>
njhlu;ghly;>
Gyf; fhl;rp cUthf;fk;>
kPSUthf;fk;>
gilg;ghf;fk;>
xUq;fpizj;jy; (Intergration) kw;Wk;
,ilj;jufu; gzp Mfpad mlq;Fk;.
 Clfg; gz;ghL vd;gJ Clfj;Jiwapy; fhzg;gLk; ngsjPf kw;Wk;
jhu;kfP uPjpahd ngWkhdq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;. mNjNghy;> mtw;wpy;
r%fj;jpd; kPSUthf;fj;jpwF
; k; nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; fhuzkhFk; fhuzpfSk;
cs;slq;fpAs;sd.
 Clfg; gz;ghL vd;gJ kdpjidr; r%fkakhf;Ftjw;Fk; r%ff;
fUj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; kdpju;fshy;; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l jfty;
njhlu;G Clfq;fspd; xsp-xypgug;ghFk;.
 kw;nwhUtifapy; Clfg; gz;ghl;bid tpsf;FNthkhapd>; mJ gy;NtW
fz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ehLfSf;F ,ilapYk;> muRf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;F
kpilapYk; njhlu;r;rpahfr; nraw;gLk; jfty; njhlu;G Clfq;fspd;;
96
 Nru;f;ifAkhFk;. Clfg; gz;ghL jfty; gz;ghl;bd; tpNrlkhd
gpupthFk;.

 mjd;gb> Clfg; gz;ghl;by; jfty; cUthf;fg; gz;ghL> jfty;

xyp-xspgug;Gg; gz;ghL> jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd gz;ghL>
jfty;fisf; ifahs;tjw;fhd gz;ghL> jfty; kjpg;gL P njhlu;ghd
gz;ghL> jfty; njhlu;G Clf cUthf;fk; njhlu;ghd gz;ghL
Mfpad cs;slq;Fk;. Clfj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l midj;Jr;
nraw;ghLfSk; Clfg; gz;ghlhFk;.

6. G+Nfhsg; gz;ghL

 kdpj r%f tsu; r ; r pahdJ g+Nfhs epiy tiu nrd; W s; s J.

T
‘G+Nfhskakhjy;’ jw;fhy kdpj tho;tpy; midj;Jj; JiwfspYk;
CLUtpAs;sJ. G+Nfhskakhjy;> G+Nfhs kuG vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fs;
AF
Kjd;Kjypy; 1981 ,y; N[hd; kf;yPd; (John MacLean) vd;gtuhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lNjhL> G+Nfhsg; gz;ghL vDk; fUj;J 1985 ,y;
nuhNgu;lr
; d; (Robertson) vd;gtuhy; mwpKfg;gl;lJ. mwpKfg;gl;lJ.
 G+Nfhskakhjy; vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; xU nghUshjhur; nraw;ghlhFk;.
DR

cw;gj;jpr; rf;jpfSk; cw;gj;jpj; njhlu;GfSk; cyfshtpa uPjpapy;

gutyile;Js;sik> rfy Njrpa kw;Wk; gpuNjr uPjpahd cw;gj;jp
fisAk; kPwpr;nrd;Ws;s gy;Njrpa (Multi National) epWtdq;fspd;
njhopw;ghL cyfk; KOJk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wik> gy;NtW
nghUshjhur; nraw;ghLfis xd;wpize;j tifapy; Kd;ndLj;jy;
Mfpad nghUshjhug; ghu;itapy; G+Nfhskakhjy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
 nghUshjhug; G+NfhskakhjYf;F ,izahf murpay;> gz;ghL> fy;tp>
Clfk; kw;Wk; Mjp kdpjdpd; midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfSk; G+Nfhs
kakhjYf;F cl;gLjy; jw;fhy kdpj r%fj;jpd; gupzhkj;jpd; tYthd
tsu;r;rpg;Nghf;fhFk;.
 kdpj r%f khw;wj;jpd; tpisthfj; jw;fhyj;jpy; cUntLj;Js;s G+Nfhs
Nkd;epiyr; r%fk; (Global Super Society) - mjw;Fupa cau; nghUshuj;jpd>;
cau; gz;ghl;bd;> cau; Clfg; gz;ghl;bd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLjy;
jw;fhyg; G+Nfhs tsu;r;rpapd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
 mjw;Nfw;g> G+Nfhsg; gz;ghL vd;gJ G+Nfhs cau; r%fj;jpd; mwpT

97
 kw;Wk; topfhl;lypd; fPo; cyfpd; midj;J ,dg; gz;ghLfisAk;
mopj;J gutpr; nry;Yk; ntFrd gz;ghNlad;wp Ntnwhd;Wk; my;y
vd;Nw $wyhk;.
 ,g;gz;ghL mbg;gilapy; ghuk;gupa> ntFrd kw;Wk; Njrpa gz;ghl;L
tiffSf;F vjpuhdjhFk;.

 G+Nfhskakhjypy; ,lk; n gWtd Mjpf; f r; nraw; g hLfshFk; .

cjhuzkhf> ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; Mjpf;fj;ijf;
nfhz;bUg;gJ G+Nfhs cau; r%fj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w
gy;Njrpa epWtdq;fspd; njhiyf;fhl;rpj; jahupg;GfshFk;. G+Nfhsj;
jfty; gputhfj;jpy; 85 tPjkhdit G+Nfhs cau; r%f epWtdq;fs;
Ie;jpw;F cupj;Jilait vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
 midj;Jj; Njrpa gz;ghLfSk; xNu jd;ikahdjhf (Homegeneous)
,Uj;jy; jw;NghJ G+Nfhsg; gpur;rpidahf khwpAs;sJ.
 cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; ghupa tu;j;jf tpsk;gu epWtdq;fs; gj;jpy;> xd;gJ
epWtdq;fs;; tl mnkupff ; hTf;F cupjJ ; ilait. tu;jj ; f tpsk;guq;fs;
T
%ykhfg; gyte;jkhf Nkiyj;Njag; gz;ghL cyf ehLfspy;
jpzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. “INuhg;gpa juhjuk;”> “Nkiyj;Nja khjpupfs;”> kw;Wk;
AF
“mnkupf;f kak;” Mfpad Njrpa gz;ghl;lk;rq;fshd - rpdpkh>
,yf;fpak;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> rq;fj
P k;> Neub epfo;rr
; pfs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs;
Nghd; w Mf; f q; f spy; CLUtpAs; s d. cyfpd; Gfo; k pf; f 100
jpiug;glq;fspy; 88 jpiug;glq;fs; mnkupf;fj; jpiug;glq;fshtNjhL
DR

cyf ehLfs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfspy; 75

tPjkhdit mnkupf;fh rhu;e;jitahFk;.
 gz;ghl;Lg; G+Nfhskakhjy; %yk; rfy Njrpa gz;ghLfSf;FKupa
czT> nkhopg; gad;ghL> ehfuPfk;> fy;tp>kw;Wk; Njrpa rpe;jid
Mfpad mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfptUfpdw ; d. G+Nfhs ntFrd gz;ghl;bd;
guk;gy; fhuzkhf rfy Njrpa gz;ghLfSk; xNu jd;ikahdjhf
,Uj;jy; cyfg; gpur;rpidahf khwpAs;sJ.
 ,izag; gz;ghl;bd; epajpfSf;F cl;gl;L jw;fhyj;jpy; G+Nfhs>
ntFrd kw;Wk; guhk;gupag; gz;ghl;Lf;Fupa jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fs;
G+Nfhs ntspapy; kwf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

gz;ghl;bilf; fw;wy;

 gdpg;Nghu;f; fhyj;jpy; mjDld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu; VidNahUf;F

mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; xU Clfkhfg; gz;ghl;bidg; gad;gLj;jpf;

98
 nfhz;ldu;. mNjNghy;> mnkupf;f tu;j;jfu;fSf;Fk; murpay;thjp
fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; Vida mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk; gpw ehl;ltu;fs;
kw;Wk; ,dj;jtu;fspd; gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd NjitahdJ 1950fspd; gpd;du; (,uz;lhk;
cyfg;Nghupd; gpd;du;) jPtpukhf czug;gl;lJ.

 mjw;fhf> 1947,y; mnkupff ; murhy; ntspehl;Lr; Nritfs; epWtdq;fs;

(Foreign Service Institutes – FIS) Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. me;epWtdq;fs;> cs;
ehl;Lg; gz;ghL> ,ilg;gz;ghL> gz;ghl;bilj; njhlu;ghly; Mfpa
Jiwfspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; gutYf;F ghupa gzpapid Mw;wpAs;sd.
Fwpgg; hf> gz;ghl;bilj; njhlu;ghly; vDk; vz;zf;fU 1954Mk; Mz;by;
,e;j tifapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhFk;.
 vl;tu;l; b. N`hy; (Edward T. Hall) kw;Wk; N[hu;[; vy;. bNufu; (Jorge L.
Trager) Mfpa Ma;thsu;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;l “njhlu;ghlyhfg; gz;ghL:
khjpupfSk; gFg;gha;Tk;” (Culture as Communication: Models and Analysis)
kw;Wk; vl;tu;l; B. N`hy;l; 1950 ,y; ntspapl;l nksd nkhop (The
T
Silent Language) Mfpa E}y;fs; gz;ghl;bilf; fw;ifj; Jiwapid
NkYk; Mokhf Ma;T nra;jd. gz;ghl;bd; midj;Jr; nraw;ghL
AF
fisAk; Ma;T nra;jy; kl;Lkd;wp gy;NtW gz;ghLfspd; elj;ij
uPjpahd cg njhFjpfis Ma;T nra;jy; njhlu;gpy; gz;ghl;bay;thjpfs;
mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;.
 kdpjd; jd;id cyfpw;F ,irthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F gad;gLj;Jk;
DR

gpujhd fUtpahfg; gz;ghl;bilj; njhlu;ghliyf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

 gz;ghl;bilj; njhlu;ghly; my;yJ fw;if vd;gJ> ,U / gy;NtW
gz;ghLfisr; Nru;ej ; ,df; FOtpdu; xUtNuhnlhUtu; njhlu;ghlypy;
<LgLk;NghJ mtu;fs; njhlu;ghliyg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wpa
fw;ifahFk;.
 kdpjdplj;jpy; ,ay;ghfNt Vida gz;ghLfis mwpeJ ; nfhs;tjw;fhd
Mu;tk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gy;NtW ,df; FOf;fspd; gz;ghl;L uPjpahd
elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd Vw;wj;
jho;Tfis Njbawptjw;Fk;> rpy gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;
jf; f stpy; khw; w kiltJk; rpy re; j u; g ;g q;f spy; xd; W f; n fhd; W
NenujpuhtJk; Vd; vd;gijf; fz;lwpeJ
; ntspgg ; Lj;Jtjw;Fk; kdpjdhy;
Muk;gk; njhl;L Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;Js;sd.
 rpy gz;ghLfis cau;thff; fUJtjw;Fk;> rpy gz;ghLfisj;
jho;thff; fUJtjw;Fk; mtw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; xOf;fnewpfis
,opTgLj;Jtjw;Fk; fhuzkhd gz;ghLfSf;fpilapyhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;

99
 kw;Wk; gy;tifik njhlu;ghd gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fspd; gutYk;
fhzg;ngw;wJ. ,j;jifa gpd;dzpapy; gz;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf Ma;T
nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fSk;> tpthjq;fSk;>
Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; Njhw;wk; ngWjYk; gz;ghl;bilf; fw;ifj;
Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpf;F VJthfpaJ.

 gy;NtW gz;ghLfisf; nfhz;l kdpj r%fj;jpd; gz;ghl;L ntspgg ; hL

fisf; fw;gjd; %yk; kdpjj; njhlu;GfspYk; njhlu;ghly;fspYk;
epyTk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;fz;Lnfhs;s KbAk;.
 njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tsu;rr
; pahy; gz;ghLfs; rhu;ej; Ma;Tfis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. nghUshjhu> r%f> murpay;
uPjpahd eltbf;iffshy; xU gz;ghl;by; thOk; kf;fs; khw;wq;fSf;F
cs;shfpd;wdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf cUthfpAs;s gz;ghl;Lg; Gupjy;
fisAk; Nkhjy;fisAk; Ma;Tnra;J mtw;iwj; jtpuj ; ;Jf; nfhs;tjw;
fhd topKiwahf khw; w q; f Sf; F cs; s hfhjpUf; F k; gy;N tW
gz;ghLfspd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
T
 Nguhrpupau;. Rde;j kNfe;jpu - njhlu;ghly; mfuhjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;ljd;gb>
“Muk;gj;jpy; khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%ftpaypd; gzpahftpUe;jhYk;
AF
mz;ikf;fhyk; njhl;L gz;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd fw;wy; njhlu;ghly;
fw;ifj;JiwapYk; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhlu;ghly; fw;ifj;Jiwapy;
mJ gy;NtW gz;ghLfisr; rkepiyg;gLj;jy; vd mwpag;gLk;.
mf;fw;if gz;ghl;bilf; fw;if vdg;gLk;. ,g;ghlj;Jiw njhlu;ghly;
DR

fw;ifapd; tsu;r;rpahff; fUjg;gLk;. xU gz;ghl;by; epyTk; r%ff;

fhuzpfis Ma;T nra; J mf;f huzpfis Vida gz;g hl;L f;
fhuzpfNshL xg;gpLjy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mjd;gb Fwpj;jnjhU
gz;ghl;bid Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;sg;gl;l mjd;
xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs;> kdpj elj;ijfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
Vida gz; ghl;L f; fhuzpfSld; xg;g pl KbAk;. Fwpj;j njhU
gz;ghl;bdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; tplaq;fs; NtnwhU gz;ghl;bdhy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhik my;yJ me;epakhff; fUjg;gLtijf; fhz
KbAk;.”
 njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tpiuthd tsu;rr ; pNahL ehLfspd; Njrpa
gz;ghLfs; neUf;fbf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpd;
Clhfg; gilg;ghf;fG+u;tkhd Kiwapy;> tprpj;jpukhd khjpupfspy;>
tu;jj; fg; ngWkjpfSld; gy;NtW gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; gupkhwg;gLfpdw ; d.
gy;NtW gz;ghLfs; njhlu;ghff; fw;wYk; tpsf;fk; ngWtJk; tpku;rd
uPjpahd Clfg; gad;ghl;bw;F topfhl;Lk;.

100
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

1. gy;NtW gz;ghLfis mtw;Wf;Nf cupa tpNrl gz;Gfs; Clhfj; jdpjj

; dpNa
tpsf;Ff.

2. njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; Gjpa Nghf;fhd gz;ghl;bilf; fw;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;

jpid cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.

T
AF
DR

101
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;: 5.3. gz;ghl;by; Clfq;fs; nrYj;Jk; jhf;fk; gw;wpa
jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J Kd;itg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 12

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Clfj; jhf;fk; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

• gz;ghl;by; Clfq;fs; nrYj;Jk; jhf;fk; gw;wpa
tpku;rduPjpahd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

• gz;ghL> Clfk; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; Mfpad xd;wpypUe;J kw;waij

NtWgLj;j Kbahj %d;W tplaq;fshFk;. etPd fhyk; tiu gz;ghL
T
kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; vd;gd ghuk;gupa Clfq;fSld; njhlu;gpidg; NgzpaJ
vd;gJ kl;Lkd;wp guhk;gupa Clfq;fis ikag;gLj;jpg; gz;ghL kw;Wk;
AF
njhlu;ghly; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sd vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
• etPd fhyj;jpy; Kjypy; gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. gpd;du;
Gifg;gltpay;> rpdpkh> thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w ntFrd
Clfq;fSk;> gpde ; tPd fhyj;jpy; ,izaj;jsj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
DR

r%f Clfq;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wNjhL gz;ghl;bd; Njhw;wk;> epiyg;G>

nraw;ghL> guk;gy;> nghwpKiw kw;Wk; khjpupapy; ghupa gupkhw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
• jw;fhyj;jpy; ntFrd Clfq;fs;> r%f kdepiy> ntFrd mwpT> r%f
tpQ; Q hdk; > jdpahs; mwpT> gz; g hL Mfpatw; w py; fzprkhdsT
nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. jdpahs; MSikiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy;
ntFrd Clfq;fs; mjpf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
• jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpd; gd;ikj;jd;ik fhuzkhfj; jw;fhyj;jpy; rhjhuz
kdpju;fshy; khj;jpuky;y epGzu;fshy; $l mjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s
Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
• jw;fhy ntFrd Clfq;fs; vd;gJ kdpju;fspd; cs kw;Wk; r%f epiyfspy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tYkpf;f fhuzpfshFk;. Fwpg;ghf ,sk;guhaj;jpdu;>
khztu;fs;; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd; cstpaypYk; mtu;fspd; elj;ijapYk;
mit Vw; g Lj; J k; jhf; f k; tYthdjhFk; . ,j; j hf; f k; Neu; kw; W k;
vjpu;kiwahdJk;> ed;ikahdijg; Nghd;Nw jPajhfTk;> nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJ
Nghd;Nw nraw;wpwd; mw;wjhfTk; cs;sJ.

102
• jfty; njhlu;ghly; nraw;ghl;bd; njhopDl;gf; fl;likg;gpd; msT uPjpahd
kw;Wk; gz;GuPjpahd tsu;rr
; pAk;> tu;jj
; f gd;ikj;JtKk; ntFrd Clfq;fSk;
mjd; cs;slf;fKk; jdpahs; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;bd;kJ P Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpwF
; f;
fhuzkhf mike;Js;sd.
• kdpjdpd; Muk;gk; njhlf;fk; gy;NtW Clfq;fs; jdpegu; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd;
kPJ Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs; r%f mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfNshL ,ize;
Js;sd. mjpy; xt;nthU Clf tifAk; tbtKk; jdpahs; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd;
kPJ Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; mt; Clf tif kw;Wk; tbtj;ijg; NghyNt
gy;NtW Clfq;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfspd; jd;ikf;F Vw;gTk;
khWgLk;.
• ghuk;gupa Clfj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpd; jd;ikia tplTk; ntFrd Clfq;fspd;
jhf;fk; NtWgLfpd;wJ. mNjNghy;> gpd;etPd Afj;jpy; nraw;gLk; Gjpa
Clfq;fspd; jhf;fk; ntFrd Clfq;fspd; nry;thf;fpYk; ghu;ff ; tpNrl
,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ.
T
• ,jw;Fk; Nkyhf> mt;ntht;nthU fhyj;jpYk; fhzg;ngw;w Clfq;fspd;
jhf;fq;fs; khWgLtNjhL xU Afj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW Clfq;fspd;
AF
jhf;fj;jpYk; NtWghLfisf; fhzyhk;. jw;fhy ntFrd Clfq;fspd;
jhf;fj;jpid MuhAk;NghJ gpuNjr> Njrpa> tya> ru;tNjr kw;Wk; G+Nfhsj;
jd;ikfs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ffs; njhlu;gpYk; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
DR

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

1. “Clfk; jdpegu;> r%fk; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;bd; kPJ Neu; kw;Wk; vjpuhd

tifapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ” tpku;rd uPjpahf Muha;f.

103
mUk;gjq;fs;

gz;ghL - Culture
gz;ghl;L tiutpyf;fzq;fs; - Definitions of Culture
guhk;gupag; gz;ghL - Traditional Culture
ntFrdg;gz;ghL - Mass Culture
kughu;e;j (nrt;tpay;) gz;ghL - Classical Culture
gpurpj;j gz;ghL - Popular Culture
Clfg; gz;ghL - Media Culture
G+Nfhsg; gz;ghL - Global Culture
gz;ghl;bilf; fw;iffs; - Cross Cultural Studies
Clfr; nry;thf;F / jhf;fk; - Media Effect
T
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;:
AF
1. Dominic, Joseph, R., Dhynamic of Mass communication, USA, Maee Grow: Hill
(Publisher) 2010
DR

104
6. Clf tpsq;fwpT kw;Wk; Clf tpku;rdk;

Nju;r;rp : 6.0 ntFrd Clfq;fs; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk;

vy;iyaw;wjhd jfty;fspypUe;J r%fg; gpuhzp
vd;w tifapy; jdf;F mtrpakhd jfty;fisj;
njupT nra;J tpku;rd uPjpahf Clfj;ij EfuTk;
Clf tpsq;fwpit tho;f;ifapy; gaDilajhf
khw;wpf;nfhs;sTk; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 6.1 Clf tpsq;fwpT vd;why; vd;d vDk; tpsf;fj;

Jld; Clf tpsq;fwptpd; mbg;gilf;$Wfisg;
guPl;rpg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 35
T
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • tpsq;fwpT vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
AF
• Clf tpsq;fwpT vd;gjd; tpsf;fj;ij tiutpyf;
fzq;fs; %yk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
• Clf tpsq;fwptpd; mbg;gilf;$Wfis tpgupgg
; hu;.
• Clf tpsq; f wptpd; mtrpaj; i j mwpe; J
DR

Kd;itg;ghu;.
• Clf tpsq;fwpT gw;wpa mwpitg; gpuNahfk;
nra;thu;.

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

mwpKfk;
khDlj; njhlu;ghlypy; gpujhd fUtpahf nkhop fhzg;gLfpwJ. nkhop vd;gJ
FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; rkpfi
; Qfspd; xd;wpizg;ghFk;. kdpjd; jdJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;
czu;TfisAk; ntspg;gLj;j nkhopia cgNahfpf;fpd;whd;.

• nkhopia vOJtjw; F k; thrpj; j Yf; F khd Mw; w y; tpsq; f wpT

vdg; g LfpwJ. tpsq; f wpT vd; g jw;F ,j;j ifa vspa tpsf;f k;

105
 fhzg;gl;lNghJk;> jw;NghJ mjd; mu;j;jk; tpuptile;Js;sJ.

• vOj;Jf;fis vOJk; kw;Wk; thrpfF ; k; Mw;wy; tpsq;fwpT vd xf;]N

; ghl;
mfuhjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• gue;j mu;j;jj;jpy; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ> mr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J Mtzq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpr; rpf;fyhd trdq;fis ,dq;fhzy;> mwpe;J nfhs;jy;>
nghUl;Nfhly; nra;jy;> cUthf;Fjy;> njhlu;ghly; nra;jy; kw;Wk;
,yf;fkhf;Fjy; Kjyhdtw;wpw;fhd Mw;wy; vd tpsq;fwpT mu;j;jk;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. (UNESCO-Education Sector – 13, 2004)
• Mjpfhyj;jpy; Ngr;R ty;yikAk;> vOj;Jf;fspd; tUiff;Fg; gpd;du;
vOj;Jf;f is vOjTk; thrpf;fTkhd Mw;wy; tpsq;f wpT vdf;
fUjg;gl;lJ.
• njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpapd; tpisthy; njhlu;ghly; fUtpfs;
gad;ghl;Lf;F te;jjd; fhuzj;jhy; tpsq;fwpT vd;gjd; mu;j;jKk;
gy JiwfSf;$lhf tpuptile;Js;sJ.
• fl;Gy tpsq;fwpT> nrtpg;Gy tpsq;fwpT> fzpdp tpsq;fwpT> jfty;
T
tpsq;fwpT> njhopDl;g tpsq;fwpT kw;Wk; vz;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsq;fwpT
vd;gdTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
AF
• njhlu;ghly; Jiwapy; ,it midj;ijAk; nkhj;jkhf Nehf;Fk;
NghJ “Clf tpsq;fwpT” vdg;gLfpwJ.
DR

Clf tpsq;fwpT vd;why; vd;d?

• Clf tpsq;fwpT vd;gJ> ntFrd Clfq;fs; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; ntt;NtW

jfty;fis thrpjJ ; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd
Mw;wy;> Nju;r;rp kw;Wk; mwpT MFk;.
• Clf tpsq;fwpT xU ghlkhfg; gupzhkk; ngwf; fhuzkhf miktJ
ntFrd Clfq;fspd; gutyhFk;. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du;
Vw;gl;l ntFrd Clfq;fspd; jhf;fk; gw;wp Ma;T nra;j NghJ> Clfj;jpd;
cs;slf;fj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;stjw;fhd Kiwapayhf Clf tpsq;fwpTf;
fw;if Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

tiutpyf;fzk;

1. vkf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;w Clfj; jfty;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk;> Clfj;jpy;

ehk; vt;tsT jq;fpAs;Nshk; vd;gij mwpaTk; JizGuptJ Clf

106
 tpsq;fwpthFk;. vk;khy; kjpEl;gk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtJ vkJ mwpthw;wy;
%ykhFk;. (lg;spA. N[k;]; nghlu;> 1998)
2. “Clf tpsq;fwpT vd;gJ> Clfj;jhy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; jfty;fis EfuTk;>
gFg;gha;T nra;aTk;> kjpgg
; plTk;> gilg;ghf;fk; nra;aTk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
Mw;wy;”. (INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;)
3. Clf tpsq;fwpTf; fy;tp Clfj; jfty;fis tpku;rd uPjpahd rpej ; idAld;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> Rakhfj; jfty;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;;tjw;Fk;
kw;Wk; Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ gw;wpAk; fw;gpg;gjhFk;. ,J 21 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; Nju;r;rpahFk;.
4. Clf tpsq;fwpT vd;gJ>
Clfq;fspy; Eiojy;
Clfq;fis Ma;T nra;jy;
Clfq;fis kjpg;gply;
Clf cs;slf;f cUthf;fk; kw;Wk;
Clfj;jpy; nraw;wpwd; kpf;f tifapy; nraw;gly; MfpadthFk;.
- Njrpa Clf tpsq;fwptpw;fhd Njrpa epiyak;> mnkupf;fh-
T
,q;F Clfk; vdg;gLtJ> jfty;f is xyp-xspgug;G nra;tjw;f hfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; ,d;Ndhud;d ,yj;jpudpay; kw;Wk; vz;rhu;
AF
Clfq;fs;> mr;R Clfq;fs;> glq;fs;> FwpaPLfs; MfpaitahFk;.
5. rkpf;iQ kw;Wk; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jfty;fis cUthf;FtJk;
mtw;iw xyp-xspgug;Gr; nra;tJk; mt;thW xyp-xspgug;gg;gLk; jfty;fis
kPsg; nghUl;Nfhly; nra;tJk; Clf tpsq;fwptpd; gzpfshFk;.
DR

 Clfj; jfty; nrad;Kiwia ,dq;fhZk; Mw;wy;> Clfj; jftypd;

jhf;fj;ij ,dq;fhZk; Mw;wy;> Clfj; jftiyg; gFg;gha;T nra;Ak;
kw;Wk; mjNdhbize;j jpwd;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Mw;wy;> Clfj;
jfty;fis EfUk; Mw;wy;> Clfj; jfty;fis kjpg;gpLk; Mw;wy;
Kjyhdit gw;wpa fw;gpj;jypy; ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpd; Vida Nju;r;rp
kl;lq;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fisf; fw;wy; crpjk;.
 Clf tpsq;fwptpy; %d;W rpj;jhe;jq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Clf
tpsq;fwpT fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtJ> jdpg;gl;l mtjhdk;(Personal Focus)>
mwpTf; fl;likg;G (Knowledge Structure) kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; (Skills) vDk;
%d;W Kf;fpa rpj;jhe;jq;fspd; %ykhFk;. ,k; %d;Wk; Clfq;fs;
gw;wpa kdpju;fspd; mwpit tp];jupg;gjw;F kpfTk; mtrpak;. xUtuJ
jdpg;gl;l mtjhdk; vd;gJ mtuJ rf;jpAk; jpl;lkplYk; MFk;. ,jw;F
mtrpakhd %yg;nghUl;fs; %yk; kjpEl;gf; fl;likg;G cUthf;fg;gLk;.
Mw;wy; my;yJ Nju;rr; p ,jw;Fj; Jizahd fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

107
jdpg;gl;lmtjhdk; : Personal Focus

• jdpgg
; l;l mtjhdk; cUthf;fg;gLtJ vk;ik ,af;Fk; vkJ ,yf;fpdhyhFk;.
mt; ,yf;fpd; %yk; Njitahd jfty;fs; vkf;F toq;fg;gLk;. ehk; vkf;Fj;
Njitahd jfty;fis kl;Lk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tNjhL Njitaw;w jfty;fisg;
Gwf;fzpg;Nghk;. vkJ ,Wjp ,yf;Fg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; fhzg;gLkplj;J>
jfty; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf vk;ik ,af;Fk; rf;jp tYthdnjhd;W vd;why;
mjw;fhd vkJ Kaw;rpfis ehk; Nkw;nfhs;Nthk;. vdpDk; jdpg;gl;l
mtjhdk; typik Fd;wpanjhd;nwd;why;> ,Wjp ,yf;Fg; gw;wpa njspT
,y;yhJNghdhy; mjw;fhf vk;ik ,af;Fk; rf;jpAk; tYtw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
,j;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vk;ikf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; Clfq;fSf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; vd;gNjhL Clfj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jfty; toq;Fk;
nraw;ghLfspd; jhf;fj;jpw;Fk; ehk; Kfk; nfhLf;f NeupLk;.

• vkJ jdpgg; l;l mtjhdk; ,uz;L topfspy; nraw;gLk;. mjhtJ> czu;Tld;

T
kw;Wk; czu;tpd;wp mJ nraw;gLk;. jdpg;gl;l mtjhdk; czu;Tld;
AF
nraw;gLk; NghJ> vkJ njupT nra;Ak; typik mjpfupg;gNjhL jPuk ; hdk;
vLg;gJk; ,yFthf;fg;gLk;. jdpg;gl;l mtjhdk; czu;tpd;wpr; nraw;gLk;
NghJ> vk;khy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jPuk
; hdq;fis vk;khy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahky;
NghtNjhL vkJ mwpTf;fg;ghw;gl;l tifapy; rpy KbTfSf;F Ms;gl
DR

NeupLk;. ,t;tpU topfspYk; vkJ kjpEl;gk; mjpfupf;Fk;. vdpDk;> jdpg;gl;l

mtjhdk; czu;Tld; nraw;gLk; NghJ> vkf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis
kl;Lk; njupT nra;a KbAk;> khwhfr; jdpg;gl;l mtjhdk; czu;tpd;wpr;
nraw;gLk;NghJ Clfj;jpd; jhf;fk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.

• Clf tpsq;fwpT vd;gJ njhlu;r;rpahf epfOk; xd;W> mJ xU ,lj;jpy;

Kw;Wg;ngwhJ. Mjyhy;> Clf tpsq;fwpit tpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; jdpgg
; l;l
mtjhdj; i j mjpfsT gad; g Lj; j Tk; gz; G j; juj; j py; Fiwthd
Clfq;fsplkpUe;J vk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; vk;khy; KbAk;.

108
mwpTf; fl;likg;G : Knowledge Structure

• mwpTf; fl;likg;G vd;gJ kdpju;fspd; kdq;fspy; cs;slq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;

jfty; nghjpahFk;. mwpTf; fl;likg;G> Rakhf my;yJ vNjr;irahff;
fpilf;Fk; xd;wy;y. khwhf> mJ kpfTk; mtjhdkhf> kpfTk; rupahff;
fl;bnaOg;gg;glNtz;ba xd;W. mwpTf; fl;likg;gpy; rhjhuz jfty;fs;
khj;jpuk; fhzg;glhJ> mit cUthFtJ jpl;lkpl;l tifapy; njupT
nra;ag;gl;l Fwpj;j jfty;fspD}lhfNt. mt;thwhfj; jfty;fis tbfl;l
vkf;Fj; jpwd;fs; mtrpak;. ,j; jpwd;fs; fUtpfshf khw;wk; ngWk;.

• ,j; jpwidg; gad;gLj;jpj; Njitahd jfty;fisj; njupT nra;J Njitaw;w

jfty;fisg; Gwf;fzpfF ; k; Mw;wy; vkf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ. Clfj; jfty;fspy;
vkf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis khj;jpuk; njupTnra;Ak;NghJ mit vkf;Nf
cupj;jhd jfty;fshf khWtNjhL vkJ mwpTf; fl;likg;gpd; xU ,lj;jpy;
mit Njf;fg;gLk;. vk;kplk; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fspy; xU ,izg;G ntspg;gLk;.
T
mj;NjhL> ,j; jfty;fs; ehk; NkYk; jfty;fisj; Njbawpa vk;ikj;
J}z;Lk;. xUtpjkhd tiuglk; Nghd;W vkf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis
AF

,j; jfty;fs; vkf;F toq;Fk;. vq;F jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ?> vt;thW

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ?.

• mwpTf; fl;likg;ig cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sj; JizGuptJ “jfty;” MFk;.

DR

vdpDk; midj;Jj; jfty;fSk; mwpitf; fl;bnaOg;gj; JizGupahJ.

rpy jfty;f s; epr; r akw; w > Mokw; w> vNjr; i rahd jfty; f shFk; .
cjhuzkhf> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfspd; ngau;fs;. Clf epfo;r;rpfs;
gw;wpa xUtuJ mwpT me;epfo;r;rpapd; ntspahu;e;j my;yJ NkNyhl;lkhd
jfty;fshd xypf; Fwpg;Gfs;> ghly;fspy; ,irf;fg;gLk; tupfs;> mjpy;
gq;Fgw;Wk; fjhghj;jpuq;fs;> mtu;fsJ ngau;fs;> tjptplk; gw;wpaJ vd;why;
mtuJ Clf tpsq;fwpT kpfTk; FiwthdJ. Vndd;why;> mj;jifa
jfty;fs; %yk; fpilg;gJ “vJ?;” vDk; Nfs;tpf;Fupa gjpy; khj;jpuNk.
Mdhy; kpf Kf;fpakhd jfty;fs; fpilg;gJ “vt;thW?;” “Vd;?”; Kjyhd
Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;gjd; %ykhFk;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> “vt;thW?” “Vd;?” vDk;
Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;gjw;F Kd;du; “vJ?” vDk; Nfs;tpf;Fupa gjpy; fpilf;fg;
ngWtJ mtrpak;.

109
• md;w hl tho;t py; jfty; kw;W k; mwpT Mfpad xUkpj;j fUj;i j
ntspg;gLj;Jk;. vdpDk; mt;tpU nrhw;fSk; Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lit. jfty;
gbg;gbahf khw;wkilfpwJ. mwpT ahNjDk; khjpupf; $lhf> Kiwahd
topapy;> njhlu;e;J fhzg;gLk; mu;j;jKs;s kw;Wk;; tpiykjpg;gw;w xd;whf
mikfpwJ. FwpaPLfspy; cs;shu;e;J fhzg;gLk; jfty; ,Ug;gJ kdpjdpd;
kdjpyhFk;. fpilf;fg;ngWk; jfty; %yk; kdpju;fs; nghUl;Nfhly;fs;
nra;tNjhL mt;thW nghUl;Nfhly; nra;ag;gl;l tplak; mwpthf khw;wk;
ngWk;.

• jfty; cUthf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ fhuzpfs; %ykhFk;. gyiffs; nfhz;l

fl;llj;ij ehk; tPL vd;W $wkhl;Nlhk; mJNghy> ntWkNd fhuzpfs;
khj;jpuk; mwpthff; nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ. mwpTf;Ff; fl;likg;nghd;W
mtrpak;. mJNghyNt fUj;ij tpsq;;fpf; nfhs;s trdq;fSf;fpilNaahd
njhlu;ig mwpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;. jfty; vd;gJ xU %yfhuzpahff;
fhzg;gLk;> fw;gid nra;jhy; mk; %yfhuzpiaf; nfhz;L ahNjDk;
T
xd;iw epuk; hzpfF
; k; Mw;wy; fplL
; k;. cau; Clf tpsq;fwpTila xUtUf;Fj;
jftiy mwpthf khw;Wk; jpwd; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;.
AF

• njhlu;ghly; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; “jfty;” kw;Wk; “mwpT” gw;wp

Nehf;Fk;NghJ fPo;f;fhZk; tiutpyf;fzk; gaDilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
,t; tiutpyf;fzk; jftYld; njhlu;GilaJ. mjhtJ> jfty; (Message),
DR

ep&gpf;fg;gl;l jfty; (Factual Information), r%fj; jfty; (Social Information)

Mfpait. FwpaPLfs; vd;gJ vkf;Fj; jfty;fis toq;Fk; cgfuzkhFk;.
FwpaPLfspy; jfty; mlq;fpAs;sJ. FwpaPLfis toq;fj; njhiyf;fhl;rp>
thndhyp> ,Wtl;L> ,yj;jpudpay; jl;L> Gj;jfk;> rQ;rpif> gj;jpupif> ,izaj;
jsk;> ciuahly;> tFg;giw tpupTiu Kjyhd gy;NtW Clfq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

• FwpaL
P fspy; ,Utifahd jfty;fs; fhzg;gLfpdw
; d> mjhtJ> ep&gpff
; g;gl;l
jfty; kw;Wk; r%fj; jfty; Mfpait. jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; jfty; vd;gJ
xOq;fikf;fg;glhj> fUj;Jj; njspthff; fhzg;glhj xd;whFk;. r%fj;
jfty;fspy; fhzg;gLk; midj;J tplaq;fSk; cz;ik vd cWjpg;gLj;j
KbahJ. ,jdhy;> r%fj; jfty;fs; gz;Gj; juk; Fiwe;jit vdTk;
$wptpl KbahJ. r%fj; njhlu;Gfis kw;Wk; gjpy; nraw;ghLfis Ma;T
nra;tjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jfty;fs; r%fj; jftypy; mlq;Fk;.
cjhuzk; - Mil myq;fhuk; gw;wpa jfty;> ehfupfkhd Kiwapy;
ciuahLtjw;fhd mwpTiu> tpisahl;Lj; njhlu;ghd mwpTiu> cly;

110
 MNuhf;fpaj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhd mwpTiu Mfpad r%fj; jftypy; mlq;Fk;.
• Clf tpsq;fwpT vDk;NghJ gy JiwfspypUe;Jk; mwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;t
; J
gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> Clfj; jhf;fk;> Clf cs;slf;fk;>
Clff; ifj;njhopy;> tpahghug; gzpfs;> kw;Wk; ep[ cyfpy; epfOk;
nraw;ghLfs; Mfpad. ,j; Jiwfs; %yk; jfty; cUthf;fg;gLk; Kiw
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk; jftiyr; rupahd Kiwapy; kjpg;gpl;Lr;
rupahd jPuk; hdq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; xUtUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;.

• cyfpd; gy;NtW JiwfspYk; gzpahw;wpg; gof;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F Clfj;

jfty;fis kpf ,yFthfg; gFj;jha;e;J mtw;wpd; gz;Gj; juj;ij Ma;T
nra;Ak; Mw;wy; fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf - fpupf;fl; (JLg;ghl;l) tPuu;
xUtu; njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; fpupff
; l; (JLg;ghl;l) epfo;rr
; p xd;iwg; ghu;fF
; k;NghJ
xt;nthU tPuUk; tpisahLk; tpjk; gw;wpr; rupahf kjpgg ; pLthu;> ,J rhjhuz
xUtupYk; ghu;ff
; NtWgl;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;.

• mwpTf; fl; l ikg; g pd; %yk; Clfj; j hy; ntspaplg; g Lk; jftiy
T
mwpe;Jnfhs;sj; Njitahd gpd;Gyk; vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. vkJ mwpTf;
fl;likg;G vt;tsT tprhykhff; fhzg;gLfpwNjh mt;tstpw;F vkJ Clf
AF
tpsq;fwpT kl;lk; fhzg;gLk;. Clf cyfj;jhy; ntspaplg;gLk; ntt;NtW
epfo;r;rpfis xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;fF
; k; NghJ vkf;Fj; njupe;j epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpa
mwpT vk;kplk; fhzg;gLk;. vkJ mwpT kl;lk; me; epfo;r;rp gw;wpajhf
kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; Vida epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpa mwpT vk;kplk; fhzg;glhJ.
DR

• Vida epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpa mwpT vk;kplk; fhzg;glhjtplj;J Clfq;fspd;

cupikahsu;fs; ahu;? mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgtu;fs; ahu;? vt;thW
fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;? Clfq;fs; NkYau;j;jg;gLtJ vt;thW? xU rpy
tplaq;fs; rpy Clfq;fspy; njhlu;rr
; pahf ntspaplg;gl mj;jifa jfty;fs;
Vida Clfq;fspy; ntsptuhik Vd;? Kjyhdit gw;wpa tpsf;fk; vkf;Ff;
fpilf;fhJ. vdpDk;> vkJ mwpTf; fl;likg;ig tp];jupg;gjd; %yk; Clfj;
Jiw gw;wpa gue;j mwpitg; ngwyhk;.

111
jpwd;fs; - Skills

• “jpwd;fs;” my;yJ Clf Mw;wy; vkf;Ff; fpl;LtJ mjpy; njhlu;e;J

<LgLtjd; %ykhFk;. cjhuzkhf- ehk; vkJ jirfSf;Fj; njhlu;rr ; pahfg;
gapwr
; paspfF
; k; NghJ mit tYg;ngWk;. gapwr
; p toq;fhJ Nghdhy; jirfs;
tYg;ngwhJ.

• Clfj; jpwd;fshf - Clf Ma;T> Clf kjpg;gL P > FOf;fshfg; gpupj;jy;>

njhFj;jwpjy;>; ca;jj ; wpjy;> njhFg;ghf;Fjy;> Njitaw;wtw;iwg; Gwk;js;Sjy;>
jfty; xd;;wpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa tplaq;fisj; njspthf Muha;jy;>
kw;Wk; rhuhk;rg;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,it Mq;fpyj;jpy;
analysis, evaluation, grouping, induction, deduction, synthesis and abstraction vdg;gLk;.

• “Clf tpsq;fwpT” vd;gJ njhlh;ghly; Clfq;fs; %yk; ntsptUk; jfty;

fspd; fUj;ijr; nraw;wpwd; kpf;f tifapy; gpupj;jwpag; gad;gLk; epiy
T
Nehf;Fj; njhFjpahFk; (A set of perspectives). ,tw;iw ehk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
vkJ Ra mwpTf; fl;likg;gpd; (Knowledge Structure) %ykhFk;.
AF

• ,t; mwpTf; fl;likg;ig cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s cjTk; fUtpfs;> %yg;

nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mJ njhlu;gpy; ehk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpUg;G Mfpad
DR

mtrpak;. ,f; fUtpfs; vkJ Mw;wy;fshFk;. Clfj;jpd; %yk; ntspaplg;gLk;

jfty; %yg;nghUl;fshff; fhzg;gLtNjhL> vkJ jdpg;gl;l mtjhdk;
my;yJ tpUg;gk; mj; jftiy ,af;Fk; rf;jpahFk;.

• Clf tpsq;fwpit tpsf;Fk; NkYk; ,U tplaq;fs; cs;sd. KjyhtJ>

Clf tpsq;fwpT gy Nfhzq;fisf; nfhz;lJ (Multi Dimensional). mjpy;
gaDWjpAila gy Kfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
tplaq;fis czu;eJ
; nfhs;s ehk; gy;NtW epiyNehf;Fj; njhFjpfSf;$lhf
mtw;iw mZf Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtJ> Clf tpsq;fwpT njhlu;r;rpahd
xd;W.

• Clf tpsq;fwpT gy;NtW mbg;gilfspy; fhzg;gLk;. rhjhuzkhfj; jfty;

vd;gJ> Gj;jfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jfty; my;yJ gj;jpupif kw;Wk; rQ;rpiffspy;
fhzg;gLk; jfty; MFk;. vdpDk;> ,j; jfty;fs; xU mbg;gilapy;
fhzg;gLk;. mjhtJ ,it GyDzu;Tfshy; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs;.

112
• Clf tpsq;fwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s GyDzu;Tfshy; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs;
khj;jpukd;wp> mofpay;rhu;> czu;Trhu;> gz;ghLrhu; jfty;fSk; mtrpak;.
,tw;why; vkJ mwpTk; tpuptilAk;.

• GyDzu;Tfshy; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; Cu; ngau; tpguk;> tiutpyf;fzq;fs;>

ahjhapDnkhU tplaj;jpd; fhyg;gFjp Kjyhdtw;iw vkf;F toq;Fk;.
vkJ %isapy; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fshfg; GyDzu;Tfshy; ngwg;gLk;
jfty;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• czu;Tfs; %yk; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fshd md;G> Nfhgk;> kfpo;r;rp> ftiy>

njhe;juT> gae;j re;ju;g;gk;> rigf; $r;rj;ij vjpu;nfhz;l re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
Vw;gl;l czu;rr
; p kw;Wk; NtW gy re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; jkf;F Vw;gl;l czu;rr
; pfs;
gw;wpa njspT gyUf;F ,y;iy. vdpDk;> NtW rpyu; midj;J czu;r;rp
fisAk; Clfq;fs; %ykhf czu;tu;> ,dq;fhz;gu;.
T
• epfo;rr
; pj; jahupgg
; hsu;fs; ,t; czu;rr
; pfis kpfTk; vspjpy; tpsq;fpfn
; fhs;sf;
$ba FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; rkpf;iQfs; %yk; epfo;r;rpfSf;Fs; Nru;g;gNjhL
AF
mtw;iw tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s xUtUf;F cau; Clf tpsq;fwpT mtrpak;
Njitg;glhJ.

• vk;kpy; rpyUf;F kw;iwatiutpl vjpu;kiwahd jd;ik> rpf;fy; jd;ik

DR

kw;Wk; re;Njfj; jd;ik Kjyhdtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; cz;L.

,j;jifa czu;Tfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f ,d;Ndhud;d cghaq;fis Clfj;
jahupg;ghsu;fs;> Clf vOj;jhsu;fs; kw;Wk; ebf> ebifau; gad;gLj;J
fpd;wdu;. ,f; FwpaPLfis mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ cau; Clf tpsq;fwpT
ngWeu;fSf;F mtrpak;.

• mofpay; czu;T xU jftiy vt;thW cUthf;FtJ vd;gijf; $Wk;.

,t; czu;tpd; %yk; ehk; rpwe;j vOj;jhsu;fs;> Gifg;gltpayhsu;fs;>
fiy ,af;Feu;fs; kw;Wk; ghlf ghlfpaiu ,dq;fhzyhk;. ,jdhy; vkJ
czu;T jl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;.

• mofpay; czu;T %yk; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; vkJ fz;fshy; my;yJ

fhl;rptop ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jftyhFk;. vk;kpy; rpyUf;F rpwe;j Gifg;glq;
fis vLf;fj; Njitahd fz;fs; kw;Wk; ,iria urpf;fj; Njitahd
nrtpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

113
• gz;ghLrhu; czu;T> r%f kjpg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;;ij vkf;Fj; jUk;.
vkJ kdjpy; my;yJ cs;sj;jpy;; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fs; ,jpylq;Fk;.

• xt;nthU nraypdJk; ed;ik kw;Wk; jPik Kjyhd mDkhdq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;s ,j; jfty;fs; cjTk;. Clfj;jpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLk; xU
fjhghj;jpuk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jPuk
; hdq;fs; vt;tsT J}uk; xOf;fkhdJ vd;gij
ehk; Muhayhk;.

• Clf tpsq;fwptpy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;F k;.

cjhuzkhf> xU jpiug;glk; ghu;fF ; k;NghJ ehk; mijg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;
fspy; @jpiug;glj;jpd; ,af;Feu;> mtuJ ghu;it> mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s cl;fUj;J
Kjyhdtw;iw Ma;T nra;ayhk;. vdpDk;> mjd; %yk; cq;fs; czu;rr ; pfs;
J}z;lg;gltpy;iy vd;why; ePq;fs; ntWkNd guPl;irf;Fj; jahuhFgtiug;
Nghy gapw;rp ngWfpwPu;fs; vd;W nghUs;.
T
• Clf tpsq;fwpT njhlu;r;rpahd gaid ntspf;fhl;Lk;. mJ xU jdp tif
(Category) ,y;iy. cjhuzkhf> ehk; xUtiu Mz; my;yJ ngz; vd;Nwh>
AF
,yq;ifau; vd;Nwh ,yq;ifau; ,y;iy vd;Nwh tifg;gLj;JNthk;. mJNghy;
Clf tpsq;fwpit tifg;gLj;j KbahJ.

• xUtuJ Clf tpsq;fwpT g+r;rpak; vd;Nwh E}W tPjk; vd;Nwh fzpg;gpl

DR

KbahJ. ,jd; %yk; $wg;gLtJ> xt;nthUtUk; jkJ Clf tpsq;fwpitj;

jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; kl;lj;jpypUe;J mjpfupj;Jf;nfhs;syhk; vd;gNj.

• xUtuJ epiyNehf;Fj; njhFjp tYthdjhfTk; gue;jjhfTk; khw;wk; ngWtJ

mtuJ mwpTf; fl;likg;Gf;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gz;Gj;
juj;jpdhyhFk;. xUtuJ epiyNehf;Fj; njhFjp tYtw;wJ vdpy; mtuJ
Clf tpsq;fwpT ke;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy; Clfj; jfty;fisr;
ruptug; gpupj;jwpe;J nfhs;s mtu;fshy; ,ayhJ.

114
cau; Clf tpsq;fwpitg; ngWtjd; mtrpak;

• lg;spA. N[k;]; nghlu; (2011) $wpajd;gb>cau; Clf tpsq;fwpitg;ngWtjhy;

my;yJ Clf tpsq;fwpit tpUj;jp nra;tjhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs; %d;W
tifg;gLk;.
1. ntt;NtW Clfj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpUg;gk; mjpfupj;jy;.
2. vkJ cs elj;ijfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;.
3. Clfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;.

1. ntt;NtW Clfj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpUg;gk; mjpfupj;jy;.

• ntt;NtW Clfq;fs; gy;NtW jfty;fis vkf;F toq;Ffpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf> ehk; ,izaj;jsnkhd;wpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jhy; Fwpj;j
rpy Neuj;jpw;Fs; ehk; gy;NtW tifahd jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;
Nthk;. mj; jftypy; vy;iy fhzg;glhJ.
T
• ntt;NtW tplaq;fs; gw;wpa Vuhskhd Gj;jfq;fs; cyfk; KOtJk;
AF
ntspte; J s; s d. xU tUlj; j py; ntsptUk; rQ; r piffspd;
vz;zpf;ifNah mstw;wJ. Nfgps; njhiyf;fhl;rp miytupirfs;
Vuhskhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
DR

• ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ntFrd Clfq;fs; vkJ tpUg;gj;

njupTfisg; Gwk; js;sptpl;Lj; jkJ miytupiria khj;jpuk; ghu;j;J
urpf;f vk;ikj; J}z;Lk;.

• xU miytupirapy; xspgug;ghFk; epfo;r;rpfis khj;jpuk; ehk; ghu;it

apl;Nlhk; vd;why; mt; Clf tpahghu cupikahsu;fs; mtu;fsJ
tpahghuj;jpd; kPjhd mtjhdj;ijf; Fiwj;J Vida Clfq;fisf;
fle; J jkJ ntw; w pia milaTk; > Clfq; f Sf; f pilapyhd
Nghl;bfisf; fle;J vkJ kjpEl;gj;ijf; ,optsthf;fTk; nra;tu;.

• ,t;thW Clfj; jhf;fq;fSf;F MshfhJ Clf tpsq;fwpit kw;Wk;

mwpTf; fl;likg;ig tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhz;lhy; gz;Gj; juk; mjpfkhd
Clfq;fis khj;jpuk; EfUk; tpidj;jpwdhd Ma;thsuhf ehk;
khwyhk;.

115
2. vkJ cs elj;ijfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;.

• vkJ cs;sk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l mtjhdk; vd;gtw;iwj; jk; gf;fk;

<u;f;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; Clf tpahghu cupikahsu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;.
vdpDk;> mtu;fsJ mk; Kaw;rpfs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L vk;ik tYg;gLj;Jk;
Mw;wy; Clf tpsq;fwptpd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk;.

• Clfq;fs; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; ntt;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;

vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; vk;khy;
,ayhJ vd;whYk; mt; Clfq;fs; vk;ikj; jk; gf;fk; <u;f;f Nkw;
nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpfspypUe;J vk;ikf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

3. Clfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;.

• Xt;nthU Clf cupikahsupd; Mtyhf ,Ug;gJ jkJ Clf

T
tpahghuj;jpd; %yk; cr;r ,yhgj;ij miltjhFk;. ngWeu;fspd;
csk; > fz; f s; kw; W k; nrtpfisf; ftu; e ; J mtu; f sJ KO
AF
mtjhdj;ijAk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; jkJ Clfj; jfty;fs;ghy; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjhFk;.

• jhk; ,yhgk; <l;Ltjw;fhfg; ngWeiuf; Fog;gj;jpw;Fl;gLj;JtJ

DR

mtu;fsJ ,yf;fhFk;.; Clf cupikahsu;fspd; tpahghu Nehf;fq;fSk;>

ngWeu;fspd; Nehf;fq;fSk; xUkpj;jnjdpy; Clf cupikahsu;fs;
ntw;wp ngw;wjhff; fUjg;gLk;.

• Clf cupikahsu;fspd; gpbapypUe;J tpLgl;Lr; Rakhf ,aq;Fk;

Mw;wiy Clf tpsq;fwpT xUtUf;F toq;Fk;. ,opT epiyapy;
fhzg;gLk; Clfq;fisg; Gwk; js;sp khw;W Clfq;fisj; njupT
nra;Ak; Mw;wiy Clf tpsq;fwpT vkf;fspf;Fk;.
mjd;gb>
• Clf tpsq;fwpT vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gy;NtW gupkhzq;fs; vd;d?
kw;Wk; Clf tpsq;fwpitg; ngWtjhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs; vd;d
vd;gij ,g; ghlj;jpy; tpsf;fpAs;Nshk;. Clf tpsq;fwpT tpUj;jpailtJ
vkJ epiyNehf;Fj; njhFjp tpUj;jpailtjd; %ykhFk;.
• Clf tpsq;fwpit tifg;gLj;j KbahJ. xUtuJ Clf tpsq;fwpT
mjpfkhf my;yJ Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;.

116
 • Clf tpsq;fwptpd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; ahnjdpy; mjw;Fg; gy;NtW gupkhzq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> Clf tpsq;fwpT gd;Kfk; nfhz;lJ.

• Ik; GydwpT> czu;Tfs; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mwpT> mofpay;rhu;

mwpT kw;Wk; gz;ghLrhu; mwpT vd;gtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk;
vkJ Clf tpsq;fwpit tsu;f;fyhk;.

• xUtuJ Clf tpsq;fwpT jdpg;gl;l mtjhdk; (Personal Focus), mwpTf;

fl;likg;G (Knowledge Structure) kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; (Skills) vDk; %d;W
tplaq;fSf;$lhff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;.

• jpwd;fs; vdg;gLtJ ntt;NtW Clfq;fs; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; jfty;

fisg; ngw;W vkJ mwpit tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wyhFk;.

• jpwd;fs; Clfq;fspypUe;J jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjTk; fUtpahFk;.

vkJ jdpg;gl;l mtjhdk; jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vk;ikj; J}z;Lk;.

• cau; Clf tpsq;fwpTila xUtu; jkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fspd;

T
ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia ,yFtpy; mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;. vJtpjj; jiyaPLfSk;
,d;wpj; jfty;fisj; jhNk czu;e;J nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; fpilf;fg;ngWk;.
AF

• cau; Clf tpsq;fwpT> jpiuapy; fhl;lg;gLk;> thrpg;gjw;F toq;fg;gLk;

jfty;fisj; ju;f;f uPjpahf tpku;rpf;fj; J}z;Lk;.
DR

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

1. Clf tpsq;fwpT vd;gij tiutpyf;fzq;fs; %yk; tpgupf;Ff.

2. cau; Clf tpsq;fwpit Vw;gLj;j Ra mtjhdk;> mwpTf; fl;likg;G>

kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; mtrpak;. tpsf;Ff.

3. cau; Clf tpsq;fwpitg; ngWtjhy; ckf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fisf;

fye;JiuahLf.

117
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 6.2 Clf tpku;rdk; kw;Wk; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila
mk; r q; f is ,dq; f z; L tpku; r duP j pahd
ngWifapd; rpwg;ig tpgupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 24

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Clf tpku;rdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

• Clf tpku;rdj;jpd; mtrpaj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
• Clf tpku;r dj;NjhL njhlu;Gila gy;NtW
mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
• njupTnra;j Clfj; jftnyhd;iw tpku;rdj;jpw;
Fl;gLj;Jtu;.
• tpku;rduPjpahd ngWeu; vd;gtu; ahu; vd;gij
tpsf;Fthu;.
• tpku;rduPjpahd ngWeu; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba
gz;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.
T
ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
AF

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

mwpKfk;
DR

Vjhtnjhd;wpd; juj;ij Muha;tijNa tpku;rdk; my;yJ jpwdha;T vd;fpNwhk;.

Clfj; jpwdha;tpd; Kf;fpa $Wfshff; fhzg;gLgit> gFg;gha;T> nghUl;Nfhly;
kw;Wk; kjpg;gply; Mfpad. ,jd; %yk; epfo;j;jg;gLtJ Mf;fnkhd;iw tpgupj;jy;>
khjpupiag; gFg;gha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; mjd; gz;Gfis kjpg;gply; Mfpad.
tpku;rduPjpahd rpe;jid> xUtu; MSikAld; $ba njhlu;ghly;> fjhghj;jpukhf
khw mtrpakhd mk;rkhFk;. md;W njhl;L ,d;W tiu fiy ,yf;fpaq;fis
tpku;rpg;gjw;fhd gy vz;zf;fUf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. ahNjDk; gilg;gpd;
fUg;nghUs; kw;Wk; ngWeuJ mDgtf;fsj;ijj; njhLk; Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpj; njspT
gLj;jy;> ngWeuJ mwpit tpUj;jp nra;Ak; Kfkhfg; gilg;igj; njspT gLj;jy;
kw;Wk; gilg;ig tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sf;$ba tpjq;fis tpgupj;jy;
vd;gd jpwdha;tpd; Kf;fpa gzpfshFk;. Clfk; kw;Wk; r%fk; gw;wp mwpeJ
; nfhs;s
Clfj; jpwdha;T mtrpak;. tpku;rdk; ,d;wp Gjpa Clfk; kw;Wk; mjd; Nghf;Ffis
,dq;f hz KbahJ. Clfq;f isg; nghWj;j tiu jpwdha;thsu; vd;gtu;
ntspapYs;s xU jdpegu; vd;gijg; NghyNt rpy Ntisfspy; ngWeUk; jpwdha;
thsuhff; fhzg;gLtu;.

118
• Clfj; jpwdha;tpd;NghJ ntt;NtW Clfq;fs; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk;
jfty;fs; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLk;. Clfq;fs; %yk; ntt;NtW khjpupfSf;
$lhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk; jfty;fs; rhjhuzg; ngWeu; xUtiu mj; jftyfs;;
kPJ <LghL Vw;glr; nra;Ak;. ,J> Clfq;fSf;F mbgzptjhFk; epiy
tiu nfhz;Lnry;Yk;. Clfj; jpwdha;T mtrpakhtJ ngWeu;fis ,t;
mbikj; jdj;jpypUe;J tpLglr; nra;tjw;fhFk;.

• Clf tpsq;fwptpd;ik kw;Wk; tpku;rd mwpT FiwT Kjyhd fhuzq;fshy;

kf;fs; Clfq;fSf;F mbikahfpd;wdu;. mjdhy;> Clfq;fs; kf;fspd;;
md;whl tho;tpy; nrYj;Jk; jhf;fk;> mtu;fsJ ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; gz;ghl;by;
nrYj;Jk; jhf;fk; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J kPs Clfj; jpwdha;T mtrpakhfpwJ.

• ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Clfq;fs; rpWtu;fs;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ,isQu;fs;

kPJ nrYj;Jk; jhf;fk; gw;wpAk; jdpj;jdpahf tpku;rpf;fyhk;.

1. Clfk; kw;Wk; md;whl tho;f;if

T
• Clfk; jftYf;Fk; nghOJNghf;fpw;Fk; gpujhdkhdnjhd;W. mjdhy;
AF
Clfq;f s; vkJ md;whl tho;f;i fAld; mjpf njhlu;GilaJ.
,isQu;fs; Clfq;fs; %yk; md;G> Mil myq;fhuk;> cwTfs;
kw;Wk; ,d;Ndhud;d tplaq;fisg; ghu;j;J urpf;f tpUk;Gtu;. rpyu;
,izaj;jsq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Gjpa tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s
DR

tpUk;Gtu;. gz;ghl;Lf;F xt;thj ghypay;rhu; ,izaj;jsq;fisg;

ghu;ff
; r; rpyu; tpUk;Gtu;. rpyu; nra;jpfs;> czTj; jahupg;G> cly;
MNuhf;fpak;> gapwr ; p Kjyhd epfo;r;rpfisg; ghu;f;f tpUk;Gtu;. Ma;Tj;
jfty;fspd;gb> ehnshd;Wf;F ,uz;liu kzpj;jpahyq;fs; rpWtu;fs;
njhiyf;fhl;rp ghu;ff ; pd;wdu;. ntt;NtW Clf epfo;rr; pfs; Mz; kw;Wk;
ngz; gps;isfs; kPJ mjpf jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

• etPd Clf cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fs; gz;Gj; juk; gw;wp mjpf

Mu;tk; fhl;lhJ. jpiug;glq;fspy; Mghrk; kw;Wk; td;Kiwf; fhl;rpfs;
mjpfk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. kJ kw;Wk; Gifj;jy;> ghypay; ,r;ir
cilatu;fs; jkJ Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;Jnfhs;Sk; ,lk;
Clfq;fs; vd rpy epGzu;fs; $Wfpdw; du;. Clfq;fs; vkf;F ,j;jifa
fhl;rpfisf; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd. jpiuapy; mtu;fs; ,tw;iwnay;yhk;
nra;Ak;NghJ ehk; Vd; nra;af; $lhJ vd;W ,jd; NghJ rpyu;
vz;zf;$Lk;.

119
 • fle;j E}w;whz;by; Clfq;fshy; ,isQu;fs; kj;j
; papy; Vw;gLj;jpa
ghjfkhd jhf;fk; vJntd;why; - mJ> cldb czTfs; (fast food)
kPjhd ehl;lj;ij mjpfupjj
; ikahFk;. ,jd; tpisthf> ,d;W Vuhskhd
,isQu;fs; cly; gUkidf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf mjpfk; rpukg;gLfpd;wdu;.
Clfq;fspy; fhl;lg;gLk; czT tpsk;guq;fs; Mapuf;fzf;fhdtw;iw
mtu;fs; ghu;i tapl;lJk; mtw;wpdhy; J}z;lg;gl;lJNk ,jw;F f;
fhuzkhFk;.

• Clfq;fs; kPjhd vkJ fl;Lg;ghLfs; vJTkpy;iy. ,jdhy; Clfq;fs;

vkJ md;whl tho;tpy; epiyahdnjhU gq;F tfpff ; pdw
; d. Clfq;fshy;
vkJ Njhw;wk;> ek;gpf;if> tpUg;gq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fspy; jhf;fk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J kl;Lky;yhJ> vk;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s efuq;fs;
kw;Wk; tPjpfspy; vkJ md;whl tho;f;ifapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
gjhijfs; kw;Wk; Rtnuhl;bfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
vkJ Rw;Wr; #oiyAk; Clfq;fs; myq;fupf;fpd;wd. ,it midj;Jk;
ngWeu;fs; kPJ md;whlk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jkh ,y;iyah vd ehk;
tpku;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
T
2. Clfk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW fUj;jpay;fs;
AF

• Clfk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW fUj;jpay;fs;vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ Clfj;

jpwdha;tpd;NghJ gy;NtW fUj;jpay;fs;gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gijahFk;.
ntt;NtW JiwfspypUe;Jk; Ez;zwpTfisg; ngw;W Clfj; jpwdha;it
DR

Cl;lk;kpf;fnjhd;whf khw;wyhk;.

• khu;fr
; paj; jpwdha;T> csg; gFg;gha;T> kw;Wk; ngz;zpak;rhu; jpwdha;T
vd;gd ,q;F mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

khu;f;rpaj; jpwdha;T

• khu;f;rpaj;; jpwdha;tpd; Kf;fpa fUj;jhtJ> Clfj; jahupg;Gfs; nghU

sjhuuPjpapyhd cau; r%fj;jpd; Njit tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wfpdw ; d
vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf> Clff; fiy kw;Wk; Clfj; jahupg;Gfs;
vd;gdNghd;Nw Clfq;fs; ngWeu;fSf;Fj; jfty; toq;fy;> gug;Gjy;>
kw; Wk; gpujpgypg;G f; f is Nkw; n fhs; S k; tpjq; f isAk; Clfj;
jpwdha;thsu;fs; tpku;rpg;gu;. Clfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L mbg;gilfisAk; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gzk; vd;gtw;iw
,yf;fhff; nfhz;Lk; Clfj; jahupg;Gfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd

120
 vd;gijAk; ,jd; %yk; Ma;T nra;a ; yhk;. mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gzk;
gw;wpa rkepiyj;jd;ikiag; NgZk; epWtdq;f s; Clfq;fshy;
tYg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;> Clf Mjpf;fj;jhy; mit epiyepWj;jg;gLk;
tpjk; vd;gtw;iwAk; tpku;rpf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa jpwdha;Tfs; etPd
ngWeUf;F mtrpakhFk;.

csg; gFg;gha;T

• csg; gFg;gha;;thsu;fs;cstpay; tpQ;Qhdj;;ij mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Clfj; jfty;fis Muha;tu;. rpWtu;fis mikjpaw;w
e pi yf ; F l;gLj;j C lf q;fs; Ji zGuptjh f Ma; t hsu;fs;
Fwpgg; pLfpdw
; du;. vkJ ftdk; ,jd;ghy; jpUg;gg;glNtz;Lk;. tpsk;guq;fs;
vkJ Mo;kdjpy; kiwe;J fhzg;gLk; vz;zq;fisj; J}z;Ltjhf
cyf cstpay; epGzu;fs; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. ,jd; %yk;
vkf;Fg; Gjpa rpe;jidfs; cUthFk; @ Clfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
FwpaL P fspd; cl;fUj;ijr; ruptu FwpKiwatpog ; G
; r; nra;Nthk; @ jtwhd
T
njhlu;ghliy ,dq;fhz;Nghk; @ cstpay; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;fpdhy;
ngWeuJ rpe;jid Nkk;gLk;.
AF

• csg; gFg;gha;tpd; %yk; Clfq;fshy; kdpjuJ rpe;jidapy; Vw;gLj;jg;

gLk; jhf;fk; gFg;gha;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLk;. Clfq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;
gLk; rpe;jid kw;Wk; czu;Tfs; kdtOj;jj;ij vt;thW Vw;gLj;J
DR

fpd;wd vd;gJ Ma;tpw;;Fl;gLj;jg;gLk;. mNjNghy;> tpsk;guq;fs; %yk;

epfo;j;jg;gLk; csj; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;itg; ngwyhk;. Kd;
mDgtk; kw;Wk; Clfk; Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;igAk;
,jd; %yk; mwpayhk;. mj;NjhL> Clfq;fs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gLk;
MSs; kw;Wk; Ml;fspil cwTfisAk; Muhayhk;. ngha;ahd
tho;f;if tho Clfq;fs; J}z;Lk; tpjk; gw;wp Muha;e;J Clfj;
jpwdha;tpd; %yk; rpwe;j gpui[fis cUthf;fyhk;.

121
ngz;zpak;rhu;; jpwdha;T

• ,jd; mbg;gilahtJ> ngz;fs; cupikfs; gw;wp ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jt

mbg;gilapy; tpku;rpg;gjhFk;. ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs; %yk; Clfq;
fspy; ngz;fs; ,opTgLj;jg;gLtJ Muhag;gLfpwJ. ,jd; xU gFjpahf
Clfq;fspy; ngz;fs; ,opTgLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; Muhag;gLk;.
ngz; kw;Wk; Mz; ghy;epiyfs; gw;wp ,q;F tpku;rpf;fg;gLk;. Clfq;
fshy; ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; mePjpfs; rpwg;G mtjhdk; ngWk;.

• Clfq;fspy; ngz;fs; nghJikg;gLj;jy;fSf;$lhfNt rpj;jupf;fg;gL

fpdw
; du; vDk; ,f; fUj;jpaypdg
; b> ngz;fspd; ,ay;G
; epiy Clfq;fspy;
ntsptuhJ. jha;khu;> kidtpkhu;;> kfs;khu; kw;Wk; fhjyp MfpNahu;
ghypay; nghUl;f shfr; rpj;jpupf;f g;gLtJ ,k; Kiw %ykhfj;
jpwdhag;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> Clf Mjpf;fk; Mz;fsplk; cs;sJ
vd;gJ ,jd;NghJ njspthFk;.
T
• ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;zpak; gw;wpa kjpgg
; L
P fis ntspgg; Lj;j Clfq;fs;
JizGupaNtz;Lk;. ngz;fsJ gpur;rpidfs; Clfj;jhy; tpfhug;gLj;jg;
AF
gl;L mtw;Wf;F Mzhjpf;fj; jPuT ; fs; toq;;fg;gLfpd;wd. ngz;fsJ
rpwg;Gf;fs; Clfj;jhy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtJ jpwdha;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
DR

3. Clfk; kw;Wk; jfty;fspd; xw;Wik kw;Wk; Ntw;Wik

• jfty; vd;why; vd;d? mJ ahUf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ? ahuhy;;?

vjw;fhf? ve;j Clfj;jpd; topahf? Kjyhd Nfs;tpfis vOg;Gtjd;
%yk; Clfj; jfty;fspd; xw;Wik kw;Wk; Ntw;Wikfis tpku;rpff
; yhk;.
ve;jnthU Clfj; jftiyAk; toq;fr; rupahd Kiw vd;W vJTk;
,y;iy. ehk; vkJ mwpT> ek;gpf;iffs;> mDgtk; kw;Wk; gz;ghL
Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ntt;NtW topfspy; Clfj; jfty;fis
cUthf;FfpNwhk;.

• jftypd; gDty; (Text) (ehk; ghu;g;gJ> Nfl;gJ> vOj;J my;yJ tha;

nkhop> Gifg;glk;> rpj;jpuk;> ml;ltiz> ,yl;rpizfs;> Mf;fq;fs;>
,ir> xyp Kjyhdit) vJ?> mjpy; fhzg;gLk; trdq;fs;> fhl;rp
my;yJ xyp %yk; $w Kidag;gLtJ ahJ? jftypd; gDty;
vd;gjpy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; fUj;J gw;wpa vkJ vz;zk; Mfpait
Muhag;gLk;. Clfj; jfty;fspy; gDty; kw;Wk; cg gDty; fhzg;gLk;.

122
• Clfj; jftypy; fhzg;gLk; trdk;> Gifg;glk;> xyp vd;gd gDty;
fshFk;. cg gDty; vd;gJ jftypy; kiwe;Js;s kw;Wk; cl;fUj;
jhFk;. Clfj; jahupg;ghsu;fs; trdk;> fhl;rp> xyp kw;Wk; Vida
mk;rq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jfty; jahupfF ; k; tpjk; gw;wp mwpa Ntz;Lk;.
,jd; %yk; Clfj; jahupgg ; hsu;fspd; epiyNehf;F> mtu;fsJ ,yf;Ffs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gf;fr;rhu;Gj; jd;ik vd;gtw;iwf; fye;Jiuahl KbAk;.
mtw;wpd; cl;fUj;ijAk; Muhayhk;.

• Clfj; jfty;> jahupg;ghsu;fspd; ,yf;FfisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jk;. midj;Jg; ngWeu;fSk; VNjDk; epiyNehf;fpy;
mtw;iw mtjhdpg;gu;. Clfq;fs; %yk; njhlu;ghly; nra;a ehk;
njupTnra;Ak; trdq;fs;> xyp kw;Wk; fhl;rpfs; vkJ jdpg;gl;l fUj;Jf;
fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vkJ ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;Ffspy;
jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. ,t;thW kdpju;fs; jfty; %ykhfj; jkJ fUj;Jf;
fis Clfq;fspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.
T
• Clftpayhsu;fs; Kd;itf;Fk; jfty;fis kf;fs;> mtu;f sJ
Kd;dwpT> mDgtk;> ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; NtW
AF
mbg;gilfspy; nkhopngau;j;Jf;nfhs;tu;. ,jd; %yk; $wg;gLtJ>
Clfj; jfty; ntt;NtW cg gDty;fisg; ngWk; vd;gjhFk;.
,jd;NghJ ehk; vk;kplk; ,Uf;Fk; “Clff; fUtpfis”g; gad;gLj;JtJ
vt;thW? Clfq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ed;ikahd jfty;fs;
DR

vit? vj;jifa gz;Gj; juk; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gtw;iw tpku;rpf;fyhk;.

• ,f;fhuzpfspd; fPo; rfy Clfj; jfty;fSk; (njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;rr ; pfs;>

gj;jpupif> jpiug;glk;> tpsk;guq;fs; Kjyhdit) ahuhy; cUthf;fg;
gl;lit vd;gJ mtjhdpf;fg;gLk;. mj; jfty;fis cUthf;fpatu;
ahu;? vd;gijAk; Clfj;; jftiy toq;Ftjd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
vd;gijAk; ehk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghy;> Clfj;
jfty;fs; vkJ fUj;J> kdg;ghq;F kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy; jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jk;. gpur;rhuq;fs;> nra;jpfs;> nghg; ,ir> tPbNah tpisahl;Lf;fs;
vd;gd vk;kpy; mjpf jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

• Clfq;fs; gyk;nghUe;jpa gz;;ghl;Lg; gputhfkhf khWtJ ,jd;

fhuzj; j pyhFk; . rpe; j idg; gyj; i j mjpfupf; f Clfq; f isg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. jpiug;glk; kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;r p ehlfq;fspy;
jpiuf;fijia tYg;gLj;jg; gy;NtW cj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; (fkuh

123
 Nfhzk;> rl;lfg;gLj;jy;> glj;njhFg;G my;yJ nrk;ikahf;fk;> tpNrl
cj;jpfs;> xsp> ,ir kw;Wk; xypf; Fwpg;Gfs; - Camera angle, Framing,
Editing, Special effects, Light, Music, Sounds). rQ;rpif> mwptpjj
; y; kw;Wk;
,izaj;jsq;fspy; ftu;r;rpahd Kiwapy; jfty; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
jfty; %yk; Clfr; rpj;jhe;jq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; gupkhw;wg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;- nra;jpawpfi
; f (Kuz;ghL my;yJ rk;gtj;ijj; njspTgLj;jr;
nra;jpfs; %yk; gyk; kw;Wk; Mjpf;fk; gw;wpa cg gDty;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLk;.) kw;Wk; jahupg;Gfis tpw;gid nra;a Efu;Nthupd;
,yf;Ffs; tpsk;guq;fs; %yk; njhlu;e;J khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gLk;.

4. Clfj; jftypd; Mjpf;fk;

• Clfj; jftypd; Mjpf;fk; vd;gJ> r%fg; gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fs;

kw;Wk; rpe;jidfs; kPJ Clfk; nrYj;Jk; Mjpf;fk; vd;gjhFk;.
gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif> thndhyp> ,izaj;jsk; vd;gd ,t;thW Mjpf;fk;
T
nrYj;Jk; Clfq;fshFk;. ,t; Clfq;fs; vkJ gz;ghL kw;Wk;
rpe;jid kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;.
AF
cjhuzkhf> njhiyf;fhl;rpr; nra;jp epfo;r;rp> gzf;fhu tu;f;fj;jpd;
nfhs;iffSf;fpzq;f tu;j;jf tpsk;guq;fis cl;Nru;j;jpUg;gijf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. Clfj; jfty; Mjpf;fk;> nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;Lg; gyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gLk;. Clfq;fs; gzk;gilj;jtu;fsJ
DR

fUtpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. r%fj;jpy; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;lg;

gzf;fhuu;fs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; gilj;jtu;fs; Clfq;fisg; gad;
gLj;Jtu;. mjd; %yk; mtu;fs; jk; tpUg;gq;fis> nfhs;iffis
Clfq;fs; %yk; gug;Gtu;. njhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; rpdpkh Kjyhd
Clfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Mjpf;fj; jd;ik gpugykhdJ. njhiyf;fhl;rp
murpay; kw;Wk; tzpff; FOtpduhy; eput
; fpff
; g;gLtjhy; mtw;wpwf
; pzq;f
njhiyf;fhl;rpj; jfty;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk;.

• jftypd; %yhjhuk;> ngWeu;> gDty;> cg gDty;> cs; Nehf;fk;>

kw;Wk; epiyNehf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;iwj; jpwdha;T nra;tjd; %yk;
jftypd; ,ay;ig mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;. etPd Clfj; Jiwapy; gDty;
jfty;fs; (Text Message) gytw;iwf; fhzyhk;. jpwdha;tpd; %yk;
mtw;iwAk; jpwdha;tJ crpjk;.

124
 • khu;~y; kf;Y`d; vDk; njhlu;ghly; epGzu; $WtJ> “Clfq;fNs
jftyhFk;” vd;W. mjd;gb> Clfj; njhopDl;gk; %ykhfTk; jfty;
cUthf;fg;gLk;. ,jw;Fg; Gwk;ghf> vjpnujpu;f; fUj;Jf;fs; Clfq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;> Kjyhspj;Jt r%fj;jpd; fUj;Jf;f s;
Clfq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJ njspthdnjhd;W. Clfj; jfty; Mjpf;fk;>
Neu; my;yJ tl;l tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;. VNjDk; nra;jp my;yJ jfty;>
epWtd topfhl;ly;fs;> epWtd Clfq;fs; my;yJ Mjpff ; f; fUj;Jf;fs;
%yk; cUthf;fg;gLk; tpjj;ijj; jpwdha;T nra;ayhk;.

5. Clfg; nghUshjhuk;

• Clfg; nghUshjhuk; vd;gJ fle;j 40 tUlq;fspy; ftdpf;fj;jf;f

tpUj; j pia mile; j xU JiwahFk; . Clfj; n jhopy; kP J
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; Clfg; nghUshjhuk; tpsk;gujhuu;fs;> ngWeu;fs;
kw;Wk; Clfk; Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapyhd Gjpa ,izg;ghFk;.
T
• njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ Xu; tzpfg; gz;ghlhFk;. njhlu;ghly; %ykhfr;
re;ijf;fhd mbj;js trjpfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Clfg; nghUshjhuk;
AF

Clf cupikiaf; fw;Fk; Gjpa gputhfkhFk;. Clfg; nghUshjhuk;

jfty; toq;FNthu; kw;Wk; kfpo;t+l;lyspg;Nghu; kPJ jq;fpAs;sJ.
Clf epWtdk; vd;why; vd;d? kw;Wk; mjd; cs;Nehf;fk; ahJ?
DR

mjw;Fupa Nghl;br; re;ij vJ? vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhz;gJ Clfg;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; mlq;Fk;.

• Clfk; vd;gJ> tpahghuj; JiwapypUe;J gilg;ghf;fj; jfty; tiu

gue;j ghl tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpa xU rpf;fyhd njhopw;JiwahFk;.
vt;thnwdpDk;> mbg;gilapy; Clfg; nghUshjhuf; fw;i ffs;
mtjhdpg;gJ Clfj;njhopypd; gpujhd epWtdq;fs;> Efu;Nthu; kw;Wk;
Clfr; #oy; gw;wpNaahFk;. mjd;gb> jahupg;ghsu;fs;> ghu;itahsu;fs;>
tpsk;gujhuu;fs;> muR kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ,ilNaahd cwitg;
gFg;gha;T nra;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Clfg; nghUshjhuk; vkf;F
cjtpGupAk;.

125
6. Clfk; kw;Wk; njhopDl;gk;

• xt;nthU Clfj;jpwF; Kupa njhopDl;gk; ,q;F ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

mr;R kw;Wk; ,yj;jpudpay; Clq;fq;fshf tpUj;jpaile;j ,ae;jpuk;
rhu; Clfq; f shd thndhyp kw; W k; njhiyf; f hl; r p vd; g d
njhopDl;gq;fshf khwpAs;sd. ,jd; gpdd ; u; vz;rhu; Clfq;fs; %yk;
gy;NtW Gjpa njhopDl;gq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd.

• etPd Clfj; njhopDl;gq;fis kdpjg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;Fk;

mbg;gilapNyNa tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Clfj; njhopDl;gk;
kw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;ijg; gFj;jwpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf>
,izaj;jsj;jpy; jdpgg ; l;l jfty;fs; kw;Wk; ntspaPlL
; r; Rje;jpuj;ijg;
gFj;jwpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cyfshtpa uPjpapy; Clfj; njhopDl;gk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Fbik
Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; ,izaj;jsj; njhopDl;gk;> vz;zpkg;gLj;jy;
kw;Wk; Clf tpahghuj;jpy; Clfj; njhopDl;gk; njhlu;GngWfpwJ.
T
• Gjpa Clfq;fspy; njhiyf;fhl;rp tu;j;jf tpsk;guf; fhnzhspfs;>
fhnzhsp tpisahl;Lf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lg; ghly;fs;> fzpdp>ifj;njhiyNgrp
AF
kw;Wk; ,izaj;jsq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopDl;gq;fis ehk;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. r%f tiyj;jsq;fspy; epow;glq;fs;>
fi jfs;> fh nzh sp kw; W k; gy; N tW fi y m k; r q; f isg;
gupkhw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; njhopDl;gk; njhlu;gpy; Njbawpa Ntz;Lk;.
DR

• Muha;e;jwpAk; #oypy; khj;jpuNk Gjpa Clf cyfpd; ajhu;j;jj;ij

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. etPd r%fj;jpy; njhopy;El;gq;fs; kw;Wk;
Clfg; ghtidapdhy; Vw;gLk; r%f rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%fg; gupkhw;wk;
njhlu;gpy; njsptiltjw;Fk; Clfj; njhopDl;gj;ij Muha;jy;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Clfkakhf;fj;jpd; ed;ik kw;Wk; jPikfis
mjD}lhff; ftdj;jpnyLf;f KbAk;. njhopDl;gk;> cyfkakhf;fk;
Nghd;w tplaq;fis mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;shtpbd;>
ehk; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f NeupLk;.

• gy;NtW r%fg; ghu;itfspy; Clfk; kw;Wk; njhopDl;gk; vd;gtw;iwg;

gFg;gha;T nra;J fye;JiuahLtJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. khDl
r%fj;jpd; ,ilr; nraw;ghLfs; Nky;epiyaile;Js;s tpjj;jpid
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F njhopDl;gj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpid Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mj;NjhL> jw;Nghija njhopDl;gkhdJ> etPd r%fk; kw;Wk; ehshe;j

126
 tho; f ; i fahf khwpAs; s J. tpNrlkhd fhyq;f spy; tpNrlkhd
njhopDl;gj; jhf;fq;fisAk; mOj;jq;fisAk; kw;Wk; mjd; tpNrl
nraw;ghLfisAk;;Muha;jy; Nghd;wd ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
• khzt> khztpau; ntt;NtW khjpupfSf;$lhf Clfj; njhopDl;gq;
fisAk; khw;wq;fisAk; (mjpfhuk;> murpay;>jdpj;Jtk; Nghd;wd)
vt;thW Muha;fpd;wdu;? Clfj; njhopDl;gq;fspd; Njhw;wq;fs;
(mjpfhuk;> murpay;>jdpj;Jtk; Nghd;wd) vd;gtw;iw Muha;tjw;Fj;
Njitahd tpku;rduPjpahdJk; gFg;gha;T rhu;e;jJkhd njsptpidg;
ngWtij ,j;jiyg;gpd; fPof;; fye;Jiuahl KbAk;.

7. Clfk; kw;Wk; gz;ghL

• gz;ghl;Lj; njspT Clf Ma;Tf;F mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;. gz;ghL

gy;tifg;gl;ljhFk;. gpurpj;j> cg> kPs>; Nky; kw;Wk; fPo;> cau;Fb>
kf;fs; vdg; gz;ghL gytifg;gLfpwJ. njhiyf;fhl;rp Kf;fpakhdnjhU
T
gz;ghl;Lr; rf;jpahFk;. ,J r%fj;jpd; ,yl;rpathj kw;Wk; ajhu;jj ; thjj;
jj; J tq;fis n tspg;gLj; J k; rl;lq; f s; kw;Wk; tfpghf k;
AF
njhlu;gpy;mwptpid toq;Fk;. mj;NjhL njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gJ r%f>
njhopy; kw;Wk; ghypay; nraw;ghLfs;> r%f tFg;Gf;fs;> jpahfq;fs;
kw;Wk; Vw;Gilik> ,dk; kw;Wk; tu;f;fk; vd;gtw;iw ntspf;fhl;Lk;>
tpku;rdj;jpw;Fupa tifapy; fl;likf;fg;gLk; xU r%f epWtdkhFk;.
DR

• r%f> njhopy; kw;Wk; ghypay; nraw;ghLfs;>nghJikg;gLj;jy;fs;>

Neu; kw;Wk; vjpu; gz;ghl;Lg; ngWjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; njhiyf;fhl;rp
jdJ rpj;jpupg;Gf;fs; %yk; gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. Clfk; kw;Wk;
gz;ghl;bw;Fupa gz;Gfs;> kdg;ghq;F kw;Wk; elj;ijfs; ahit? Clf
tfpghfq;fs;csepiyrhu;e;J> czu;r;rprhu;e;J> nghUshjhu uPjpahf
my; y J Mj; k hu; j ; j khd uP j papy; glkhf; f g; g l; L s; s jh? gy; N tW
epfo;rr
; pfspy; tUfpd;w ghj;jpuq;fspd; trdq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspd;
%yk; NeubahfTk; kw;Wk; kiwKfkhfTk; gz;ghl;L uPjpahf vd;d
njhlu;ghly; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ? Nghd;w fUj;jhly;fSf;F Clf Ma;T
,lkspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

127
8. Clfk; kw;Wk; Njhw;w kaf;fk;

• GyDzu;tpd;NghJ kdpju;fs; jtWfis mDgtpg;ghu;fshapd;> mit

Njhw;w kaf;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;. Clfj; jftypy;; jpupGgLj;jYk; mlq;Fk;.
Clfq;fs; %yk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak; NghypfSld;
gpize;Js;sJ. tu;jj ; f tpsk;guq;fspy; fhl;lg;gLk; gy;NtW FwpaPLfs;
Clhfg; NghypfSf;fhd tpsf;fq;fs; toq;fg;gLfpdw ; d. tpsk;gujhuu;fs;
Nghypfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. vkJepiyNehf;Fj; njhFjpapd;
mbg;gilapNyNa ehk; nraw;gLk; Kiw jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Clfj;
njhlu;ghlypy; cs;s Nghypfis NtWgLj;jp mwptNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
cz;ik my;yJ ngha;ahd tplankhd;iw Clfk; njhlu;e;Jk;
gug;Gk;NghJ mJ cz;ikahf khwptpLfpd;wJ.
• tu;j;jf tpsk;guq;fspy; trdq;fs; kw;Wk; fhl;rpfs; Clhfj; Njhw;w
kaf;f q;f s;; Njhw;Wtpf;f g;gLfpd;wd. mNjNghy;> tpsk;guq;f spy;
cl;fUj;Jf;fSk; cz;L. mjdhy; tpsk;gujhuu;fs; Nghypfis vt;thW
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu; vd;gij Muha Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> Clf
T
epfo;r;rpfspy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; myq;fhuq;fspy; Njhw;w kaf;fq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngz;fis khjpupfshfTk; tu;j;jfg; nghUshfTk;
AF
gad;gLj;JtJ Nghyp myq;fhuj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jpNaahFk;.
• Clfr; nraw;ghLfis tpsq;fpfn ; fhs;tjw;Fg; gpdt
; Uk; Nghypfs; vkf;Fg;
gad;gLk;.
DR

Nghypfs; : ehq;fs; epidf;Fk; NghJ> vkf;Fj; NjitahdNghJ kl;Lk;

njhlu;ghly; nra;Nthk;.
ajhu;j;jk; : ehq;fs; njhlu;e;J njhlu;ghly; nra;Nthk;.
Nghypfs; : trdq;fspy; mu;j;jq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ehq;fs; mjidj;
njhlu;ghly; nra;Nthk;.
ajhu;j;jk; : trdq;fspy; tpNrlkhd mu;j;jq;fs; ,y;iy. mu;j;jq;fs;
ngWeuplj;;Nj Njhw;wk;ngWfpd;wJ.
Nghypfs; : njhlu;ghly; egnuhUtUf;F VNjDk; xd;iwr; nrhy;tjw;;
Fs;s xUtopr; nraw;ghlhFk;.
ajhu;j;jk; : njhlu;ghly; mbg;gilapNyNa ,Utopr; nraw;ghnlhd;whFk;.
Nghypfs; : vq;fshy; kw;wtu;fSf;Fj; jfty;fis toq;f KbAk; vd;gJ
nghJthd fUj;jhFk;.
ajhu;j;jk; : NghJkhd jfty;fs; ,d;wp kw;wtu;fSf;Fj; jfty;fis
toq;Ftjhy; rpf;fyhd jfty;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;W NkYk;
mit rpf;fy;kpf;fjhf khw;wkilAk;.

128
tpku;rduPjpahd ngWeu;

• Clfq;fs; %yk; fpilf;Fk; vy;yhj; jfty;fSk;> vy;yhg; glq;fSk;

kw;wtu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (Creation) my;yJ jahupf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. cz;ik my;yJ ajhu;j;jk; mjd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gL
tjpy;iy. Clfq;fshy; #og;gl;l rpf;fy;kpf;f r%fr; #oypy; thOk;
egu;fshf> Clfq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;> tpku;rd uPjpahf Clfj;
jfty;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; Clfq;fspd; khia kw;Wk;
cz;ikfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy; cs;spll ; Clf tpsq;fwpTg; gz;Gfs;
tpku;rd uPjpahd ngWeuplk; fhz;g;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• tpku;rduPjpahd ngWeu;nraw;gL ngWeuhtu;. nraw;gL ngWeu;> jfty;fs;
vt;thW fpilf;f pd;wd> ahuplkpUe; J fpilf;f pd;wJ> vq;f pUe;J
fpilf;fpd;wJ vd;gij Muha;tu;. nraw;gL ngWeu; ek;gpf;ifahd
%yhjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;wdth vd;gij vg;NghJk;
Muha;e;J ghu;g;gu;. nraw;gL ngWeu;> Clfj; jfty;fis mg;gbNa
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shky; mJ njhlu;gpy; Nfs;tpfis vOg;gTk; nra;tu;.
T
• nraw;gL Clf Efu;T vd;gJ jhdhfNth my;yJ guk;giu uPjpahfNth
fpilf;Fk; rf;jpay;y. mJ fw;fg;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. “,jd;%yk;
AF
gy;NtW ntFrd Clfq;fs;> gpurpjj ; gz;ghLfs;> etPd njhopDl;gq;fs;
gw;wp tpku;rduPjpahf Muha;e;J ghu;g;gjw;fhd tha;gG
; toq;fg;gLk;.”
(lf;s]; nfy;du; - 1979)
DR

tpku;rduPjpapyhd ngWifapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

• Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; ngWeu; njhlu;gpy; jfty;fisg; ngWtjhy; fpilf;Fk;

tYT+l;ly;fs; njhlu;gpy; fw;wy;.
• gpujhd ntFrd Clfq;fshy; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fisg; Nghd;Nw khw;W
Clfq;fshy; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
rthy;fSk;.
• vkJ gilg;Gfisg; gy;NtWgl;l ntFrd Clfq;fSf;F toq;Ftjpy; cs;s
rthy;fs;.
• tpidj; j pwdhdJk; tpku; r duP j pahdJkhd Clf tpsq; f wptpD}lhf
Clfq;fspd; gpd;dhy; cs;s gy;NtW rf;jpfs; njhlu;gpy; njsptiljy;.
• ghy;epiy> ,dk;> tu;ff
; k;> Fyk;> ghy; Nghd;wd Clfq;fshy; kPsikf;fg;gLk;
tpjk; Fwpj;Jf; fw;wy;.

129
• ,J Clf tpsq;fwpit Vw;gLj;JtJ kl;Lky;yhJ> gy;NtW ntFrd
Clfq;fis tpku;rduPjpahfg; ghu;j;jy;>mjd; gpd;dhy; kiwe;Js;s rf;jpfs;
kw;W k; ngWeu; kw; Wk; ntFrd Clfq; f s; ,ilapyhd njhlu; i g
Muha;tjw;Fk; JizGupAk;.
• nraw;gL ngWeu; vg;nghOJk; jhk; nra;a Ntz;baJ> rpe;jpf;f Ntz;baJ>
rpe;jpf;ff; $lhjJ vd;gd gw;wp tpku;rduPjpahfr; rpe;jpg;gtuhfpwhu;.
• ntt;N ; tW ntFrd Clfq;fs;> r%fj;jpy; vt;tifahd kdpju;fshf my;yJ
ngz;zhf ehk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vkf;Ff; fhl;bj;jUfpdw
; d. vt;thW
gpurpj;jpailtJ? tho;f;ifia ntw;wp nfhs;tJ vt;thW? tho;f;ifapy;
cs;s Njhy;tpfis ,y;yhJ nra;tJ vt;thW? r%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk;
gpujhd rf;jpfs; kw;Wk; r%f epWtdq;fSf;F Vw;w gof;ftof;fq;fis
vkf;F Clfq;fs; fw;Wj;jUfpd;wd.
• tpku;rduPjpahd ngWif kw;Wk; Clf tpsq;fwpT vd;gd vy;yhg; gpui[fis
Ak; tYT+l;Lfpd;wd. Clfq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Nghyp cyfj;jpd;
ajhu;j;jj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; jpwdha;T vkf;F topfhl;Lk;.
T
AF
tpku;rduPjpapyhd ngWeuplk; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba gz;Gfs;

1. gFg;gha;T (Analysis) – Clfj; jftypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s my;yJ

kiwf;fg;gl;Ls;s mq;fq;fis NtWgLj;jy;.
DR

2. kjpg;gL
P (Evaluation) - Clfj; jftypd; ed;ik kw;Wk; jPikfisj; Njbawpe;J
kjpg;gpLjy;.
3. FOthf;fy; (Grouping) – Clfj; jfty;fisf; 5 FOthfg; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
4. njhFj;jwpjy; (Induction) –Clfj; jftypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fSf;F
Vw;g rpe;jpj;J xl;Lnkhj;j njhlu;ghliy mDkhdpj;jy;.
5. ca;j;jwpjy; (Deduction) – Clfj; jftypd; nghJj; jd;ikfspd; Clhf
tpNrlkhd VNjDk; fUJNfhs;fis mDkhdk; nra;jy;.
6. njhFg;ghf;Fjy; (Synthesis) – Clfj; jfty;fs; midj;ijAk; ,izj;J
Gjpa njhFg;nghd;wpid cUthf;Fjy;.
7. rhuhk;rg;gLj;jy; (Abstraction) – Clfj; jftypd; ikak; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa
tplaq;fis kpfTk; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fjy;.

,j; jpwd;fs; Clfj; jpwdha;tpw;F kl;Lkpd;wp ehshe;j tho;f;iff;Fk; mtrpak;.

,j;jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ahjhapDk; mwpT vkf;Fz;L vd;gNjhL
mtw;iw nkd;NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J Clfj; jfty;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;
vkf;Fs;s rthyhFk;.

130
1. gFg;gha;T (Analysis)

• ,jd; fUj;jhtJ> jftiy tpsq;fpfn ; fhs;Sk; tifapy; rpy gFjpfshfg;

gpupj;Jf;nfhs;sy; vd;gjhFk;. Clfq;fs; %yk; vkf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngWk;
jftiy mNjNghy; Vw;W f; n fhs;s my; y J mj; jfty; f isj;
jdpj;jdpNa> Mokhf> mjd; tpsf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g> gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J>
mJ Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpidg; gupry P pff
; Tk; KbAk;. Cjhuzkhfg;
gj;jpupif xd;wpy; ntspahFk; nra;jpnahd;iw vLj;jhy;> mjid
vOjpAs;s Clftpayhsupd; fUj;i j mr;n ra;jp vOjg;gl;Ls;s
KiwapNyNa Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNth my;yJ mjd; eLepiyj;jd;ik
njhlu; g py; gupNrhjpf; f Nth vk; k hy; KbAk; . mr; n ra; j p vd; d ?
vj;jpdj;jpw;FupaJ?> vt;tplj;jpy;?> vjw;fhf? vd;w tpdhf;fis vOg;gp
mJ KOikahdnjhU nra;jpah? my;yJ FiwghLila nra;jpah?
vDk; KbTf;F tu KbAk;.
T
2. kjpgg
; PL (Evaluation)
AF
• nra;jp xd;wpd; my;yJ jfty; xd;wpd; Vw;Gilik my;yJ FiwghL
Mfpatw;iw kjpg;gpLtJ vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. ,jd;NghJ>
nra;jpnahd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; jfty;fis VNjDk; mstPl;Lf;F
my;yJ juj;jpw;F Vw;g rkg;gLj;jy; my;yJ xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
DR

Clf epGzu;fs; vOJk; fUj;Jf;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fis

kddk; nra;J mjid vkJ rpe;jidfshfTk; ek;gpf;iffshfTk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; my;yJ mjid vkJ fUj;Jld; xg;gpl;Lk;; ghu;ff ;
KbAk;. vkJ fUj;Jf;fSld; mit nghUe;Jkhapd; mtw;iwr; rupahd
fUj;Jf;fs; vd;Nwh my;yJ vkJ fUj;jpid tplTk; ey;y fUj;Jf;
fnsd;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. vdpDk;> vk;kplk; cs;s fUj;Jf;fSf;
Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ my;yJ gpioahdJ Nghd;wtw;iw epuhfupf;fTk;
KbAk;.

131
3. FOthf;fy; (Grouping)

• jfty; xd;wpy; my;yJ nra;jp xd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; tplaq;fspy; xj;j

kw;Wk; xt;thg; gpupTfis xg;gpLjy; vd;gNj ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLfpdw ; J.
,jw;fhf tifg;gLj;jy; rl;ljpll; q;fs; (Classification rules) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
rpw;rpy tplaq;fis ehk; vt;thW tifg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
Clfq;fs; vkf;Fr; nrhy;ypj;jUtNjhL mjid ehk; mt;thNw
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy;> mtu;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy;fSf;F Vw;g ehk; nraw;gl
Ntz;btUk;. vdpDk;> mt;T+lf tifg;gLj;jypd; ed;ik kw;Wk;
jPikfis ehk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l ngWjpfs; kw;Wk; vkJ tifg;gLj;jy;
fSf;F Vw;g xg;gL P nra;J ghu;j;jhy; kpfTk; tpsf;fkhdJk;> gz;Gj;
juj;Jld; $baJkhd tifg;gLj;jy; xd;iw vk;khy; cUthf;fpfn ; fhs;s
KbAk;.

4. njhFj;jwpjy; (Induction)
T
• rpW fUj;Jf;fspd; ju;f;fuPjpapyhd Nghf;fpid (logical relationship) mwpe;J>
AF
mtw;iwtplg; ngupa fUj;Jf;fspd; nghJg; Nghf;fpid mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. cjhuzkhf - kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;gpid
ehk; guprPyid nra;J ghu;j;jhy;> ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; Clfq;fshy;
toq;fg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fis kl;Lk; itj;Jf;nfhz;L mJNt cz;ikahd
DR

nghJkf;fs; fUj;J vd rpe;jpgg ; jhFk;. ngUk;ghYk; cz;ik epiy mJthf

,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;.

5. ca;jj
; wpjy; (Deduction)

• nghJf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tpNrlkhd xd;iwj; njspTgLj;J

tjw;fhd Kaw;rp vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. ,t;thW nghJ tplaq;fs;
njhlu;gpy; gpioahd kdg;ghq;F vk;kplk; fhzg;gbd;> kw;iwa tplaq;
fisAk; mt;thNw gpioahd tifapy; tpgupg;gjw;Fj; J}z;lg;gLNthk;
vd;gjhFk;.

132
6. njhFg;ghf;Fjy; (Synthesis)

• vk;kplk; fhzg;gLk; rpW gFjpfis (Parts) xd;W Nru;j;J> Gjpa

fl;likg;nghd;iw (Structure) cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy; vd;gNj ,jd;
fUj;jhFk;. kjpEl;gf; fl;likg;Gfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ mJ vkJ
Muk;g mwpT my;yJ jpwdhf khWk;. Clfq;fspd; %yk; Gjpa
jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;wNghJ mtw;iw ehk; gFg;gha;T my;yJ rpW
gad;jU jfty; gpupTfshfg; gpupj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mt;tplaq;fspd;
gad;ghLfs;> ek;gfj;jd;ik> njspTj;jd;ik vd;gtw;iw ehk; kjpg;gL P
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ehk; rpwg;ghdJ vdf; fUJk; tplaq;fis vk;kplk;
cs;s kjpEl;gf; fl;likg;Gld; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;%yk;
Gjpa kjpEl; g f; fl; l ikg; g pid cUthf; F jy; my; y J Gjpa
Nghf;n fhd;i w cUthf;f vk;khy; KbAk;. Gjpa fUj;Jf;f is
cUthf;Fjy; vd;gJ> Clfq;fs; %yk;; vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Gjpa
jfty;fis kPs xOq;fikj;J> njupT nra;J vk;kplk; cs;s kjpEl;gf;
T
fl;likg;gpD}lhf Gjpjhf;fpf; nfhs;sy; vd;gjhFk;.
AF
7. rhuhk;rg;gLj;jy; (Abstraction)

• jfty; xd;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s ikaf; fUj;ijr; rupahfTk;> njspthfTk;>

RUf;fkhfTk; rhuk;rg;gLj;jy; vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. cjhuzkhf>
DR

Clfk; xd;wpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; jfty; xd;wpid kw;WnkhUtUf;F

tpsf;Fk; NghJ my;yJ mj;jftiy ehk;; epidj;Jg; ghu;fF ; k;NghJ
,j; jpwd; vk;khy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Clfq;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk;
jfty;fspy;$wg;gLk; gue;j tpsf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilf; fUj;jpid kpfTk;
RUf;fkhf;fpg;ngWtNj ,j;jpwd; MFk;.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

1. Clfj; jpwdha;T vd;why; vd;d vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jf.

2. “Clfj; jftiy tpku;rduPjpahf tpsq;fpfn

; fhs;tjhdJ md;whl tho;fi
; fapy;
xUtu; mjpf Neuk; Clfj;ij Efu;T nra;tijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;” tpku;rdk;
nra;f.

3. tpku;rduPjpahd ngWeu; xUtuplk; fhzg;glNtz;ba gz;Gfs; kw;Wk;

133
 tpku;rduPjpahf ,Ug;gjd; mtrpaj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jf.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 6.3 Clfj; jfty; gFg;gha;T njhlu;ghd mwpTld;
tpku;rduPjpahfr; nraw;gLthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 22

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Clfj; jftnyhd;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; NghJ

gad;gLj;Jk; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
• njupT nra;j Clfj; jftnyhd;iwg;gFg;gha;T
nra;thu;.

ghlj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fPo;f;fhZk; tplaq;fSf;$lhfg; ghlj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.

Clfj; jfty; xd;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mbg;gil

tplaq;fs; rpy ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ntt;NtW Clfq;fspd; ,ay;GfSf;F
T
Vw;g jftiyg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhf NkYk; ,t;thwhd fhuzpfs; gytw;iw
AF
ehk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

1. mu;j;jk; - Meaning
DR

2. nghUj;jg;ghL - Appropriateness
3. Jhz;ly; - Motivation
4. gf;fr;rhu;G - Bias
5. ek;gfj;jd;ik - Credibility
6. jpupGgLj;jy; - Distortion
7. tpidj;jpwd; - Effectiveness
8. ifahSjy; - Manipulation
9. khwhj;jd;ik - Stereotyped
10. kjpg;gPL - Evaluation

134
1. mu;j;jk; - Meaning

• mu;jj
; k; vd;gJ Neubahf ntspgg ; Lj;jg;glhj VNjDnkhd;W njhlu;ghfj;
njspthfj; njhlu; ghLtjhFk;. mjhtJ ,J thu;j ;i j> $w; W>
vz;zf;fU my;yJ nraw;ghL xd;W gw;wpf; $WtjhFk;. ,t;thW
fUjg;gLk;> ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; my;yJ kiwf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; tplaNk
mu;j;jk; vd;gjhFk;.
• mu;j;jk; vd;gJ VNjDnkhU tplak; njhlu;ghd rkfhyj; jd;ikAld;
njhlu;Gila ngWkjpahFk;. mu;j;jk; vd;gJ nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd;
%yk; njhlu;ghly; nra;ag;gLfpdw ; J. kWGwk;> mu;jj
; k; vd;gJ cstpay;
re;ju;g;gnkhd;whFk;. mu;j;jk; vd;gJ> kdpj ,Ug;gpd; ,ay;G/ jd;ik
njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUthFk;.
• nkhopuPjpapyhd ntspg;gLj;jypd; NghJ> rpyNtisfspy; Muk;g
mu;j;jj;jpYk; ghu;ff; ,Wjp mu;j;jk; khw;wkila KbAk;. cjhuzkhf
“md;G” kw;Wk; “,iwtd;” Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; gy;NtW mu;j;jq;fs;
T
fhzg;gLfpd;wikia Muha KbAk;.
• njhlu;ghLeu; VNjDnkhU re;ju;gg ; j;jpy; VNjDnkhd;iw ntspg;gLj;J
AF
tjd; %yk; $wKidtJ ahJ vd;gjpy; kiwe;Js;s mu;j;jk;
ntspfn ; fhzug;gLk;. cjhuzkhf “ehd; nrd;W tUfpd;Nwd;” vd;gjpy;
nrhy;yg;gLtJ nry;tJ gw;wpahFk;> tUtJ gw;wpay;y. “vdf;Ff;
Fspu;” vd;w thf;fpaj;jpd; mu;j;jk; ad;diy %lTk; vd;gjhf> my;yJ
DR

Nghu;jj; pf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Jzpnahd;iwj; jhUq;fs; vd;gjhfTk; ,Uf;f

KbAk;. mjdhy;> Clfj; jfty; gFg;gha;tpd;NghJ jfty;fshy;
njhlu;ghlg;gLk; mu;jj ; k; Njhw;wk; ngWk; tpjj;jpidf; ftdkhf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

2. nghUj;jg;ghL – Appropriateness

• jftYf;Fupa cs;slf;fk;> mjw;Fupa vLj;Jiug;G> gbKiw> eLepiy>

njhlu;G kw;Wk; Nghjpajd;ik vd;gd rupahfg; nghUe;jpaikjy; vd;gNj
nghUj;jg;ghL vd;gjd; %yk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;Fj; njhopDl;gKk;
nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• ntFrd Clfg; gad;ghl;bd; nghUj;jg;ghlhdJ> jd;ik> Njitfs;

kw;Wk; Clfg; gz;Gfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ. VNjDk; tpNrl Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf>
tpNrl r%f re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> tpNrl ngWeuhjNy nghUj;jg;ghlhFk;.
mj;NjhL nghUj;jg;ghL vd;gJ fij xd;iwg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk;

135
 msthFk;.
• vjpu;ghu;j;j Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhfr; re;ju;gg
; j;jpw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. nghUj;jg;ghL
xt;nthUtupdJk; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jPuk ; hdpf;fg;
gl;lhYk; rpwe;j njspTld; tpku;rduPjpahfg; nghUj;jg;ghl;b id
kjpg;gpLtJ ,q;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

3. Jhz;ly; - Motivation

• J}z;ly; vd;gJ njhlu;e;J eilngWk; njhlu;ghly; nrad;KiwahFk;.

J}z;ly; vd;gJ> Clfj;jhy; jdpegu; ek;gpfi
; f> kdg;ghq;F> mgpg;gpuhak;
my;yJ elj;ijfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jp Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F cl;gLj;J
tjhFk;. Clfj; jfty; njhlu;ghd ek;gfj;jd;ikia Vw;gLj;JtNj
J}z;lyhFk;. Clfq;fspy; ntt;NtW FwpaPLfs; %ykhff; fhuzq;
fisj; njupag;gLj;j KbAk;. nghJthf tu;j;jfj; jfty;fSf;F ehk;
mbikahtJ fz;ftu; FwpaPLfs; fhuzkhfNt. mj;NjhL> czu;T
T
g+u;tkhd kw;Wk; ftu;r;rpahd FwpaPLfs; fhuzkhfTk; ehk; J}z;lg;
gLNthk;.
AF

• J}z;ly; Clfk; %d;W tifg;gLk;>

kdg;ghq;fpid khw;wpaikj;jy;.
elj;ijapid khw;wpaikj;jy;.
DR

fhyj;Jld; khw;wkiljy;.
• Clfj; J}z;ly; %yk; jdpegu; jkJ kdg;ghq;F> elj;ijfis khw;wpf;
nfhs;Sk; tpjk; njhlu;gpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;j KbAk;. Clfj; jfty;fs;
gytw;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;J jdpegu; J}z;lg;gLk; tpjj;jpid Muha;eJ
;
ghu;ff
; KbAk;.

4. gf;fr;rhu;G – Bias

• VNjDk; xUtifapy; xU egUf;F my;yJ FOTf;F tpNrl ftdpg;ig

toq;FtJ gf;fr;rhu;G vdg;gLfpwJ. gf;fr;rhu;G vd;gJ xUrhu;ghjyhFk;.
rhjhuz fhuzk; my;yJ Nghjpa njsptpyy ; hky; KbTfSf;F tUjy;
my;yJ VNjDk; fUj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l vz;zk; xd;iwf;
nfhzbUg;gjhFk;.

136
• ,r;nra;jp njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jf>

1. “ 800 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;ltu;fs; ,t;thu;gg

; hl;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpdu;.”
2. “ 1000 ,w;Fk; Fiwthdtu;fs; vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpg;gjw;fhf tUif
je;jpUe;jdu;.”
• nra;jpnahd;iwg; gf;fr;rhu;ghf ntspapLtJ vt;thW?

 %yhjhuq;fisj; njupT nra;jy;.

 %yhjhuk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; tpjk;.

 fye;Jiuahly;fSf;fhf egu;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; tpjk;.

 nra;jpahsu; rk;gtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk; Kiw.

 gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Gifg;glq;fspd; nrk;ikahf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpd;

mbg;gilapy; nra;jp Njhw;wk; ngWk;.

•
T
rpy jfty;fspy; Fwpg;gpll
; rpy fhuzpfs; my;yJ tpguq;fs; ePff
; g;gl;L
Vidait cs;slf;fg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; gf;fr;rhu;G Vw;gLk;. thrfu;
AF
my;yJ ghu;itahsu;fs; fijnahd;W gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;Fk; tpjj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gf;fr;rhu;G khw;wkilAk;.

• rpy jfty; f spy; KOikahd fijapid/tpguj; i j tpsq; f pf;

nfhs;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW tplaq;fis Muha;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
DR

fijnahd;wpd; Clhf kf;fisj; jhf;fj;jpw;Fl;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

nra;jpnahd;iw vOj KbAk;. mj;NjhL nra;jpfSf;fhd ,lxJf;fl
P b
; w;F
(Placement) Vw;gTk; gf;fu;rhu;G Vw;gLk;.

• nra;jpnahd;wpy; gpuRupf;fg;gLk; Gifg;glj;jpd; %yk; ehk; rpe;jpf;Fk;

tpjj;jpw;F vjpuhd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. gj;jpupif my;yJ
,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs; nra;jp xsp-xypgug;gpd; ,Wjpapy; Gifg;glq;
fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JtJ nra;jpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf> td;Kiw njhlu;ghd nra;jpnahd;W gj;jpupifapd; Kjw;
gf;fj;jpy; gpuRupf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ Kjy;; mtjhdj;jpw;Fl;gLk;. khwhf>
gj; j pupifapd; filrpg; gf; f j; j py; rpwpajhf mr; n ra; j papidg;
gpuRupj;jpUg;gpd; mJ Fiwe;jsthd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;;.

137
cjhuzk; 1. jiyg;Gr; nra;jp – “NghijkUe;ijf; fsthff; nfhz;L
te;j ... ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j ngz;nzhUtu; tpkhd
epiyaj;jpy; itj;Jf; ifJ.”

cjhuzk; 2. Gs;sptpguk; - Gs;spj;juTfs; kw;Wk; Gs;sptpguq;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ngWeu; rpe;jpf;Fk; Kiw
NtWgl KbAk;.
“ghlrhiyf;fhf epjpjpul;Lk; xUtu; 1>100 &gha; Njbf;
nfhz;lhu;.”
“ghlrhiyapd; ntw; w pfukhd epjpjpul; L eu; 1000
&ghtpw;Fk; mjpfkhf epjp jpul;bdhu;.”

cjhuzk; 3. trdj; njupT kw;Wk; njhdp - Clftpayhsu;fs;

gad;gLj;Jk; trdq;fSk; njhdpAk; fijapy; jhf;fk;
T
nrYj;j KbAk;. Neu; my;yJ vjpu;kiw trdq;fisg;
AF
gad;gLj;jpj; nra;jp njhlu;ghd vkJtpsf;f j;i j
khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;. nra;jp thrpg;ghsupd; Fuy;
%ykhfTk; vk;kplj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.
DR

cjhuzk; 4. %yhjhuq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghL - fij njhlq;FtJ vq;Nf?

fijapd; %yhjhuk; ahu;? ePq;fs; Nfl;gJ my;yJ
thrpg;gJ ahUila epiyNehf;fpy;?

• jfty; xd;wpy; gf;fr;rhu;G gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; Vw;gl KbAk; vd;gjhy;

mtw;i w tpku;rduPjpahf Muha;tjd; %yk; rupahd njspTf;F
tuKbAk;. mj;jpahtrpaj; jfty;fis tpl;LtpLjy;> %yhjhuq;fisj;
njupT nra;Ak; tpjk;> fijapidj; njupT nra;Ak; tpjk;> ,lj;jpidj;
njupT nra;Ak; tpjk;> mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; tpjk;>kw;Wk; jfty; gazpf;Fk;
Ntfj;jpw;F Vw;gTk; gf;fr;rhu;G fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;.

138
5. ek;gfj;jd;ik - Credibility

• %yhjhuq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikf;fhd mwpthff; fy;tpAk; mDgtKk;>

jpwd;fshfg; ngsjpf kw;Wk; cstpay; fhuzpfSk; fhzg;gLk;.
J}z;lypd; %yk; gf;fr;rhu;G cs;spl;lit ek;gpf;iffshf khw;wg;gLk;;.
“njhlu;ghLeupd; ek;gfj;jd;ik vd;gJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPuk
; hdkhFk;”
vd;gJ ,Jnjhlu;gpy; gpugy;akhd $w;whFk;. ngWeiu mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l Kd;itg;ghf ek;gfj;jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ>
njhlu;ghLeu; Gjpa ek;gpf;i fiag; ngw;Wf;n fhLj;jhYk; ngWeu;
ek; gpf; i fnfhs; stpy;i yahapd; mJ epuhfupf; f g;g Lk; . mj;N jhL
gytpjq;f spy; ek;gfj; jd;i k Vw; gLj;j g; gLk;. mjhtJ gy;N tW
mstPLfSf;F Vw;g ek;gpf;if Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gjhFk;.

• ek;gfj;jd;ik vd;gJ “nfsutkhd Njhw;wk;” vd mwpag;gLfpdw; J. mj;NjhL

ek;gfj;jd;ik jdpg;gl;lnjhd;whFk;. nghWg;Gilik cq;fspd; ek;gfj;
T
jd;ik gw;wpf; $Wk;. kw;wtu;fs; cq;fs; kPJ ek;gpf;if itf;Fk;NghJ
AF
mtu;fs; cq;fspd; jhf;fj;jpw;Fj; jpwe;jjd;ikAld; ,Ug;gu;.

• ,t;thW ek;gfj;jd;ik vd;gJ ngWeuhy; njhlu;ghLeUf;Fg; ngw;Wf;

nfhLf;fg;gLk; jhf;fkhFk;. ek;gfj;jd;ikiar; rpyNtisfspy; cWjpg;
gLj;jpf;nfhs;s KbahJ. mJ nghWj;jg;ghl;bw;F Vw;gf; fhzg;gLk;.
DR

ek;gfj;jd;ikia kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd vspikahd tpjpfs; vJTkpy;iy.

• ek;gfj;jd;ikia kjpg;gpLtjw;F jPug

; ;Gfs; NjitahFk;. jPug
; ;G vd;gJ
mt;tplaj;JiwNahL njhlu;Gila mwptpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,t;thW Clfj;
jfty; njhlu;gpyhd ek;gfj;jd;ik Vw;gLk; tif njhlu;gpy; ehk; jfty;
tpku;rdj;jpw;F Kidjy; Ntz;Lk;.

6. jpupGgLj;jy; - Distortion

• njhlu;ghlypy; jpupG vdg;gLtJ jfty;f isj; jpupGgLj;jyhFk;.

FwpaPLfisj; njhlu;ghly; nra;Ak; fl;likg;gpy; - FwpaPl;Lj; njhlu;
ghliy ehk; mjpfjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> FwpaPLfSf;F vk;khy;
toq;fg;gLk; mu;jj
; j;ijr; rupahfj; njhlu;ghly; nra;a KbahJ NghFk;.

• xU jug;gpduhy; kw;WnkhU jug;gpw;Fj; jfty; nfhz;Lnry;yg;gLk;

139
 Clfj; j py; NtWgl; l jiyaP L fspdhy; jfty; jpupGgLj; j Yf; F
cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jftiy tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; nrad;Kiwapy;
neUq;fpa mu;j;jk;> njhdp my;yJ thu;j;ijfis KOikahff;
iff;nfhs;tjw;F Kbahky; Nghfyhk;. jpupGgLj;jy; vd;gJ xUtifapy;
khw;wpaikg;gjhFk;.

• gpd;D}l;ly;fs; fpilf;fhjNghJ Clfj; jahupg;ghsu;fspd; Kd;itg;G

fspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; jpupGgLj;jypy; gq;nfLf;f KbAk;.
kpfr;Nrhfkhd czu;Tld; J}w;Wtjd; %yk; jfty; xd;iwj; jpupGgLj;j
KbAk;. xj;jpirT (Harmonic), Rw;wptisj;Jf; $wy; (Disambiguation),
mwpif (Cognitive), ntsp (Phase), jftiy ePl;rpahf;fy; (Amplitude),
epiyNehf;F (Perspective) Nghd;wd jpupGgLj;jypy; ngUk;ghYk;
fhzg;gLk;. mjid ehk; tpku;rduPjpahf mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

T
7. tpidj;jpwd; - Effectiveness
AF
• vjpu;ghu;j;j ngWNgWfis Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ ntw;wpapid miljy;
tpidj;jpwdhFk;. jfty; xd;wpd; gz;Gj;juk;> jahupg;Gj;juk; kw;Wk;
fhuzq;fs; $wy; %yk; nra;jpapd; tpidj;jpwd; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;. gyk;
kw;Wk; gytPdq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhfj; ju;ff
; uPjpahd tpdhf;fis
DR

vOg; G tjd; %yk; jfty; xd; w pd; tpidj; j pwid kjpg; g pLjy;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

• topfhl; l y; f s; ,d; w p> vkJ jftiy ehNk kjpg; g P L nra; t J

jdpg; g l; l njhU gapw; r pahf mikayhk; . mjdhy; mtw; i w
mstpLtjw;fhf VNjDk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; $ba juhjuq;fis
cUthf;FtJ gaDilajhFk;.
• tpidj;jpwdhd jftypy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd gz;Gfs;>
vspikj; jd;ik (Simplicity)
tpNrl jd;ik (Specificity)
fl;likg;G (Structure)
,irthf;fk; (Stickiness)

140
vspikj; jd;ik

• jftypd; vspikj; jd;ikia cWjpgg

; Lj;Jtjw;F ,U tpdhf;fis tpdTjy;
Ntz;Lk;.

Nehf;fk; njspthdjh?

gpujhd jfty; njspthdjh?

• jftnyhd;wpd; Nehf;fkhtJ> mwptpj;jy;> fhuzq;fhl;Ljy;> my;yJ
kfpo;t+l;Ljy; vd;gitahFk;. Nehf;fq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk;
jfty; kw;Wk; mjd; mikg;G njhlu;gpy; ehk; tpsf;fk; ngwyhk;. ehk;
Ngr;Rj; jftypy; mjpfk; jq;fpapUg;gjhf cstpay; jfty;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

tpNrl jd;ik

• tpNrl jd;ik vd;gJ nkhopapd; njupTk; mjd; gad;ghLkhFk;. nkhop

njhlu;gpy; ehNk vk;kplk; tpdtpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
T
nkhop tpNrlkhdjh?
AF
nkhop Njitaw;w tifapy; td;ikahdjh?

• jftypy; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;;fSf;Fupa mu;j;jq;fs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gLk;

czu;T njhlu;ghly; Nehf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wdth?
DR

• nkhopapd; tpNrl jd;ikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rpy nrhw;;fs;

kiwe;jpUf;Fk; czu;Tfspd; mu;jj
; j;ij ntspfn
; fhz;LtUk;. gy mu;jj
; q;fs;
my;yJ tpsf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fisf; ftdkhf tpku;rdk; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.

• Nkyjpf mu;jj
; Kila nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mu;jj
; k; xd;iw
cUthf;fplKbAkh?

fl;likg;G
• jftnyhd;iwf; fl;likg;ghf;fy; vd;gJ xOq;F Kiwahf eilngWt
njhd;whFk;. jftiy ed;ik> jPik vd;w mbg;gilapy; fl;likf;f
KbAk;. ,jpy; gz;ghL kw;Wk; r%fg; ngWkjpfs; vd;gd jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jk;. jfty; fl;likg;ghf;fk; ngWeu; rpe;jpf;Fk; Kiwf;F Vw;g
epfOk;. ehk; vkJ rpe;jidf;Nfw;g jfty;fisg; nghUj;jkhf;fpf;
nfhs;fpNwhk;.

141
 • tpsk;guk; fl;likg;G Kiwnahd;whFk;. tu;j;jf tpsk;guk; vd;gJ
nghUs; my;yJ Nritf;fhf Efu;Nthupd; mwpT kw;Wk; kdepiyia
cUthf;Fjy; tYg;gLj;jy; my;yJ khw;Wjy; MFk;. ,jw;fhfg;
gaDWjpAila Clff; (Nfl;ly;> ghu;j;jy; vOj;J) fl;likg;Gf;fis
tpsk;gujhuu;fs; cUthf;Ffpd;wdu;.

,irthf;fk;
• jftnyhd;wpw;fhd ,irthf;fk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhd kdepiy rhu;e;j
nraw;ghLfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; r%f> gz;ghl;Lg; ngWkjpfs;
NghyNt jfty; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjKk; jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
tpNrlkhfj; jftnyhd;wpy; ,irthf;fkiltjw;F mjd; vspikj;
jd;ik> tYthd jd;ik> ek;gfj;jd;ik> czu;Tfisj; J}z;Ljy;
kw;Wk; fijahf ,Uj;jy; Nghd;wd %yhjhuq;fs; MFk;.

8. ifahSjy; - Manipulation
T
• jftnyhd;iwf; ifahSjy; vd;gJ tpNrl NjitfSf;F Vw;gg;
AF
Gyf;fhl;rpfis my;yJ ju;f;fq;fis cUthf;Fk; nrad;KiwahFk;.
• ,t;thwhd cghaq;fshfj; ju;ff ; uPjpahd topelj;jy;> kdepiy khw;wk;>
KOikahf Vkhw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; ntspaPl;L El;gKiwfs; vd;gd
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
DR

• kdepiyapid xOq;fikj;jy;> nghJkf;fs; njhlu;G> gpur;rhuk; vd;gd

tpwg
; idapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
khw;wkiltNjhL gue;j njhopDl;gKk; ngUk;ghyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
ngUk;ghYk; gpujhd epfo;Tfs; Gifg; glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; kw;Wk;
fhnzhspfisg; gad;gLj;jy; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
• jfty;fisf; ifahs;tjw;Fj; jftypy; khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; fPo;tUkhW>

msT (Quantity) - VNjDk; jftypy; ngw; W f; n fhLf; f g; g Lk;

rhjhuz jfty;fs;
gz;Gj; juk; (Quality) - Kd;itf;fpd;w jftypy; fhzg;gLk; cz;ikj;
jd;ik
njhlu;G (Relation) - jfty;fs; %yk; cWjpgg; Lj;jg;gLfpdw
; njhlu;G
Kiw (Manner) - VNjDk; xd;iw Kd;itj;Js;s tpjk; njhlu;

142
 ghd vjpu;ghu;gG
;
9. khwhj;jd;ik – Stereotyped

• khwhj;jd;ik vd;gJ> “vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk; njhlu;e;J fhzg;gLk;

epiyahd kdepiyahFk;.” cyfk; gw;wpa vkJ mwpT ngUk;ghYk;
KOikaw;wjhfNt cs;sJ. vk;khy; Vida FOf;fspd; Kd;ida
fUJNfhs;fSf;F Vw;gj; jfty;fisg; gpupj;jwpAk; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLfpwJ.

• ghy; kw;Wk; tu;f;f Kiwfs; re;Njfj;Jf;fplkpd;wp vkJ khwhj;jd;ikahd

fUj;jpid tpthjj;jpw;F upa xd;w hf khw;Wfpd;wd. <LghL fhl;Lk;
ngUk;ghyhd egu;fs; jk;khy; xd;iw mDgtpf;f Kbahj NghJ> R+oy;
njhlu;ghd mtu;fsJ Fiwe;j mwptpid tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kw;wtu;fspd;
rhd;Wfspy; jq;fpapUg;gu;.

• jfty; kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;fpwf; hf Clfq;fs; gyk;kpff

; r%fg; ngWkjpfis
toq; F fpd; w d. mjdhy; Clftpayhsu; f s; khwhj; j d; i k kw; W k;
T
ajhu;j;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> cyfpy;
NtWghLfis Vw;gLj;Jk; khwhj;jd;ikf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLtjw;Fk;
xOf;f uPjpahd flikAilatu;fs;.
AF

• khwhj;jd;ikiag; gad;gLj;jp mbg;gil kdpjj; jd;ikia kPwyhk;.

vdpDk; mj;jifa gz;ghl;L khwhj;jd;ik kPJ ajhu;j;jk; mike;Js;sJ.
rpy khwhj;jd;ikfs; Kw;wpYk; ngha;ahdit.
DR

• khwhj;jd;ik Kd; mDgtq;fs; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; mwpit

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. Gjpa jfty;fis mwpKfk; nra;Ak;NghJ
mij khw;WtJ fbdkhf ,Ug;gpd; mJ khwhj;jd;ikahFk;. ,J gf;fr;rhu;G
vdWk; miof;fg;gLk;.

• Clfq;fspy;; khwhj;jd;ikia ,t;thW Muha KbAk;>

 ,f; fjhghj;jpuk; my;yJ glk; vkf;F vjidr; nrhy;fpwJ?
 ,k; khwhj;jd;ik tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; mjidg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw
njhlu;gpy; vd;d czug;gLfpwJ?
 ngWeu;fspd; kdepiyapy; ,k;khwhj;jd;ikfs; jhf;fk; nrYj;JtJ
vt;thW?
 Clfq;fs; khwhj;jd;ikia Vd; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd?

• kdpju;fs; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; xNu tifapy; rpe;jpj;jy; ngWeu;fis

tYT+l;LfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; ,t;thwhd re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; vjpu; gz;Gfs;
Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd. khwhj;jd;ikAld; nghUe;Jk; jfty;fs;

143
 Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtNjhL> nghUe;jhj jfty;fs; epuhfupf;fg;gLk;.
10. kjpg;gPL – Evaluation

• kjpg;gL
P > jpwd;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ mDgtk; gw;wpa kdg;ghq;fhFk;. ,J
nghJthf epr;rakhf VNjDnkhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd ,ufrpa
Ma; t hFk; . gFg; g ha; t pd; Clhfg; gpur; r idfSf; F j; jP u ; T fs;
toq;fg;gLk;.

“jfty;” vd;why; vd;d?

cq;fSf;F kpfTk; gpbj;j jfty; vJ? mjw;fhd fhuzk;?

Clfj;jhy; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jfty; cz;ikapy; rpwg;ghdjh?

jfty; xd;iwr; rhuhk;rg;gLj;JtJ vt;thW? cq;fspd; jfty; cq;fspd;

ajhu;j;jk;> ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; ngWkjpfSld; ,zq;fp cs;sjh?

jftiy cUthf;fpaJ ahu;? jfty;fSld; ,ilj;njhlu;igg; NgZk;

egu;fs; gad;ngWtJ vt;thW? Clftpayhsu;fspd; fw;gidfs;
T
ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; ngWjpfs; ahit?
AF
jftypd; Nehf;fk; vd;d? mJ MNyhrid> mwptpj;jy;> tpw;gid
nra;jy;> fhuzk; fhl;ly;> njspT+l;ly; ju;f;fpj;jy;> nghOJNghf;F
my;yJ NtW vJ?

jfty; njhlu;ghly; nra;ag;gLk; Kiw vJ? ngWeUf;Fj; jhf;fk;

DR

nrYj;JtJ vt;thW?

ntt; N tW egu; f s; > ,lq; f s; > kw; W k; gz; g hL Clfq; f spy;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtJ vt;thW? rkg;gLj;jy; my;yJ khwhj;jd;ik
,Uf;fpwjh? kdpjd; my;yJ gz;ghL ,y;yhky; cs;sjh? kdpju;fs;
kw;Wk; gz;ghl;by; jhf;fk; nrYj;JtJ vt;thW?

• ntFrd Clf tpsq;fwptpd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fis tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd mZFKiwahf Clf Kf;Nfhzk; xOq;fikf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp Clfg; gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
jfty; xd;wpd; %yk; $wg;gLtJ vd;d?
jfty; ngWeUf;F vt;thwhd mu;j;jj;ijj; jUfpwJ?
jahupg;Gj; jftypy; vt;thwhd mu;j;jj;ijf; nfhz;LtUfpwJ kw;Wk;

144
 mJ Vd;?
• Clfj; jfty;fis ,t;thW gFg;gha;T nra;a KbAk;. gjpTnra;ag;gl;l
thndhyp Clfj; jfty;> ghly;> njhiyf;fhl;rp tu;j;jf tpsk;guk;>
mwpf;if epfo;r;rpfs;> r%f Clfj; jfty; Nghd;w ve;j xU Clfj;
jfty;fisAk; jpwdha;tpw;Fl;gLj;jj;p jpwdha;T Mw;wiy tpUj;jp
nra;Jnfhs;syhk;.
• gj;jpupifapd; Kjw;gf;fk; vspikahd gFg;gha;Tf;Fl;gl;Ls;s KiwNa
,q;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thwhd vspikahd gFg;gha;tpy; ,Ue;J
cs;slf;fk; njhlu;ghd Mokhd gFg;gha;T tiu Clfj; jfty;fis
tpgupf;f KbAk;. ,jdhy; Clf tpsq;fwpit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fj;
Njitahd mwpT kw;Wk; njsptpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

1. cq;fSf;F tpUg;gkhd Clfj; jfty; xd;iwj; njupT nra;J Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l

tplaq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;f.
T
2. cq;fs; kw;Wk; cq;fs; ez;gdpd; Clfj; jfty; gFg;gha;Tfis xg;gpl;L
AF

Ma;T nra;J mJ njhlu;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.

mUk;gjq;fs;
DR

Clf tpsq;fwpT - Media Literacy

Clf tpku;rdk; - Media Criticism

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;:

1. De Fleur and Dennis, Understanding Mass Communication, Boston, USA, Houghton Mifflin
Company, 1991.

2. Waston James and Hill Anne , A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies, India,
Universal Book Stall, 1991

3. Potter James W., Media literacy, 5th edition,U.S.A, 2011

145