guj ehl;bak;

thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;

juk; 9
(2018Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)

mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
,yq;if
www.nie.lk
info@nie.lk

i
thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;
guj ehl;bak;
juk; 9

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

k`ufk
,yq;if
Kjw; gjpg;G : 2018

mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; r%f tpQ;QhdgPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
k`ufk
,yq;if.

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : info@nie.lk

gjpg;G:
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
,yq;if.

ii
 mwpKfk;
,yq;ifg; ghlrhiy Kiwikapy;> ikag; ghlq;fshf mjhtJ gpujhd ghlq;fshf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s> jha;nkhop> fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w ghlq;fSf;fhf ePz;lfhykhfg;
ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;F ,izahf Mrpupau; topfhl;bAk; (Teachers’ Guide), ghlE}Yk; (Text Books)
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sd. mjw;fika Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;> ghlE}iy
khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;fp khztu;fsJ mwpTf; fz;fisj; jpwf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; midtUk;
<Lgl;L tUfpd;wdu;.

mofpaw; ghlkhdJ mwpit khj;jpukd;wp ew;gz;GfisAk;> ed;kdg;ghq;FfisAk; cila

jpwd;fis tsu;gg ; jpy; ngupJk; gq;fspgG; r; nra;fpdw; J. kdpjd; ew;gz;GilatdhFk;NghJ mtdJ
elj;ij kdpj tu;ff ; j;jpd; ,Ug;Gf;Fk;> #oypdJk;; ,aw;ifapdJk; ,Ug;Gf;Fk; rhjfkhf mikAk;.
mwpTk; ew;gz;GfSk; nfhz;l khztidNa ,d;iwa r%fk; Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ. mt;thwhd
xU kdpjid cUthf;Ftjw;F mofpaw; ghlj;ijAk; xU gpujhd ghlkhff; fUjpr; nraw;gLtJ
nghUj;jkhdJ. mjid czu;e;J ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf ePz;l fhykhfr; nraw;gl;LtUk;
ehk;> ikag; ghlq;fis kl;Lky;yhJ ,g;ghlj;Jf;Fk; ghlE}y;fs; jahupff ; g;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ij
vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpNwhk;. ,J xU gpujhd ghlk; my;yhjNghJk;> MrpupauJ fw;gpj;jw; gzpf;Fj;
Jizahtjw;fhd xU ife;E}yhf ,t;thwhd xU Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}iyf; fy;tp Kiwikapy;
mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;fhd tha;gG ; f; fpilj;jik FwpjJ ; kfpor; r
; pailfpdN
; wd;. ,e; E}y; khztu;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLk; ghlE}Yf;F xg;ghd xd;wy;y. vdpDk;> Mrpupau;f;Fk; khztu;f;Fk; tYT+l;lj;jf;f>
Njrpa uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l> xU tskhFk;. NkYk; ehnlq;fpYk; ,g;ghltplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd
xUikg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,J JizahFk;.

tFg;giwf;F tYtl;Ltjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; ts E}iyf;

fy;tp Kiwikapy; mwpKfQ; nra;tjd; %yk; mila vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; rpwg;ghd NgWfs; tUkhW:

1. Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd ghltplaq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; xd;W jpul;b toq;Ftjd;

%yk; MrpupaJ tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy;.
2. Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; tpupthf ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ghltplaq;fis NkYk; tpupthf Kd;itj;jy;.
3. Mrpupau; topfhl;bf;Ff; Fiw epug;Gjyhf mikjy;.
4. fUj; J NtWghLfSf; F cs; s hfj; j f; f ghltplaq; f s; njhlu; g hfj; Njrpa uP j papy;
,zf;fg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd jpl;ltl;lkhd tplaq;fis/ ju;f;fq;fis
Kd;itj;jy;.
5. ghltplaq;fspd; rkepiy kw;Wk; jpll
; tl;lkhd tiuaiwfis Kd;itj;jy; %yk; kjpgg
; PlL
; g;;
gzpfis ,yFgLj;jy;.
6. MrpupauJ mwpit> ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;F mg;ghYk; tpupTGLj;jp> ghltpla mwpT njhlu;ghd
jd;dk;gpf;ifia cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
7. Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fs; ,uz;L jug;gpdUf;Fk; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj
; w; nrad;Kiwia mu;jj
; Ks;s
,dpa mDgtkhf;Fjy;.

cupa xU fw;wy; tskhfpa ,J> vkJ ehl;L khzt re;jjpapd; mwpitAk; ew;gz;GfisAk;
tsu;g;gjw;fhd ,dpa fw;ww; #oiy cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; Mrpupau;f;Fj; Jizahf mikAk;.
Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fsJ nraY}f;fKk; mwpthw;wYk; nkd;NkYk; tpUj;jpailal;Lk;. NkYk;
rkfhy khzt khztpau;f;F mofpaw; ghlf; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jyhdJ Xu; ,dpa mDgtkhf
mikal;Lk; vdTk; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

rh];jpugjp Rjj; rkurpq;`

gzpg;ghsu; (mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw)
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk.

iii
 gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

fw;wyhdJ njhlu;r;rpahd fzpg;gl P ;Lf;F cl;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. cau;e;j milT

kl;lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg;> gue;jsT mDgtq;fs; fpilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gue;jsT
mDgtq;fSld; cau;ej ; fzpg;glP i
; lg; ngWNthu; mjpfsT kfpor
; r
; pailtu;. ,jd; nghUl;L
cupa egu;fs;> ,lq;fs;> nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; #o;epiyfs; fpilj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

gujehl;baj;ijg; gapYk; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis tpuptilar;

nra;tjw;fhf> Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}iyj; jahupf;f Kbe;jikiaapl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp
epWtfk; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf mu;gg
; zpg;Gld; nraw;gl;l midtUf;Fk; vkJ
ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.

khztu; r%fk; Nkw;gb Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}iyg; gad;gLj;jp> me;E}ypy; fhzg;gLk;

Vida mwpT %yq;fisAk; jkjhf;fpf; nfhz;L cau;e;j milTkl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr;
nry;y KbAk;. ,jw;fpzq;f khztu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; cl;gl midtUk;
,J Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;gb Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}iy nkd;NkYk;
mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd MNyhridfis midtuplKk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
gps;isfspd; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis tpupTgLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd rpwe;j #oy; Vw;gl
Ntz;Lk; vdg; gpuhj;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp khk;Gy;nfhl Rkzuj;d Njuu;

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
nkhopfs;> khdpltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

iv
 Kd;Diu

Gjpa rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;ff; $bajhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,e;j thrpg;G E}y; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;il
,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

“gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;” vd;gJ fiyfSf;Fk; nghUe;jp tUtNj. me;j

tifapy; Gjpa rpe;jidfSld; jahupf;fg;gl;L 2007Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ gy Gjpa mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ehl;by; ,dr; rkj;Jtj;JlDk;
xw;WikAlDk; thOk; Gjpa rKjhaj;ij cUthf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

Gjpa rpe;jidAld; Gjpa ehnshd;Wf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;Fk; khztu;fspilNa rpe;jidj;

jlq;fy;fs; Vw;gl;Ltplf; $lhJ vd;gij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,e;E}y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
rpwpasT tsq;fspy; ngUksT gad;ngwNtz;baJ ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpd; epiyaha; ,Ug;gpDk;
,e;E}y; khztu;fspdJk; Mrpupau;fspdJk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;by; ngUe;Jiz
GupAk; xU rhjdkhFk;.

jpUkjp.ep\he;juhfpdp jpUf;Fkud;>
nraw;wpl;lj; jiytu;>
mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>
k`ufk.

v
 fiyj;jpl;lf; FO

MNyhridAk; topfhl;lYk; : fy;tprhh; mYty;fs; rig>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

ghl epGzj;Jt MNyhrid : jpU. Rjj; rkurpq;`>

gzpg;ghsh; - mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw.

ghl ,izg;ghf;fk; : jpUkjp. ep\he;juhfpdp jpUf;Fkud;>

nraw;wpl;lj; jiyth;>
mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw.

vOj;jhsh; FO : jpUkjp. ep\he;juhfpdp jpUf;Fkud;>

(cs;thhp) nraw;wpl;lj; jiyth;>
mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw.

(ntspthhp) : jpUkjp.NjtFkhup NahNfe;jpud;>

Mrpupia>
ah /njhz;ilkhdhW tPufj;jpg;gps;is
kfh tpj;jpahyak;.

jpUkjp.rpahjh Mde;jN[hjp>
Mrpupia>
ah /Nfhz;lhtpy; ,uhkfpU\;z
kfh tpj;jpahyak;.

nkhop Nkw;ghh;it : jpU.v];. nry;tFkhu;>

Mrpupau;>
ah /gz;lj;jupg;G ngz;fs; cau;jug;
ghlrhiy.

fzpdp Nfhh;g;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; : nry;tp nry;tuQ;rpdp nry;yj;Jiu>

Mrpupa E}yfu;.
ah / njhz;ilkhdhW tPufj;jpg;gps;is
kfh tpj;jpahyak;.

ml;ilg;gl tbtikg;G : jpU. utPe;u NjEtu.

vi
 cs;Siwahf

mwpKfk; iii
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iv
Kd;diu v
fiyj;jpl;lf;FO vi
cs;Siwahf vii

Nlhy;fp> cLf;F> `hu;Nkhdpak;> ry;yhup> ehjRuk;>

jtpy;> giw glq;fs; 01 - 04
jj;nja;jhk; jhsk; 4> 5 fhu;itfSld; 05
mlT 06 - 07
Nfhu;it 08
jPuk
; hdk; 09
vLg;G 10
Kj;jpiu 11
tpepNahfk; 11
nrhw;fl;L 12
jQ;irehy;tu; 13 - 15
fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy 16
XbtpisahL ghg;gh 17 - 18
Njt`];jk; 19
etf;fpuf `];jk; 20
[hjp `];jk; 21
jh`j;j n[k;jup jh 22
jh`j;j n[k;jup jh - ehl;bar; nrhw;fl;L 23
jpjpnja; 24
nja; nja; jpjpnja; 25
ehl;ba ehlfg; gpd;dzp 26
rgh yf;\zk;> rigapd; jd;ik 27
rghkz;lgk; 28
rgh ehaf yf;\zk; 29
myhupg;G yf;\zk; 30
fpz;fpzp yf;\zk; 31
kz;balT 32
jjpq;fpznjhk; 33
jjpq;fpznjhk; - ehl;bar; nrhw;fl;L 34
fz;ba eldk; 35 - 37

vii
Nju;r;rp 1.0 :- #oiy,urpj;Jj; jkJ ,uridia ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 :- fpuhkpa eldq; f Sf; F upa ,irf; f Utpfis eae; J
ntspg; g Lj; J thu; .

nraw;ghL 1.1.1 :- fpuhkpa ,irf;fUtpfshd Nlhy;fp> cLf;F>

` h u ; N k h d p a k ; > r y ; y h u p > e h j R u k ; > j t p y ;> g i w >
Mfpatw;w pd; ,irapid eae;J ntspg;Lj;J Nthk;.

Nlhy; f p

1
cLf; F

`hu; N khdpak;

2
ry; y hup

ehjRuk;

3
jtpy;

giw

4
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : - njd; ,e; j pa rh]; j phpa eldq; f s; > ,yq; i fapd;
rh];jpupa> fpuhkpa eldq;f s; njhlu;g hd mbg;g il
mk;r q;f isAk; vz;z f;f Uf;f isAk; tpsf;F thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 :- gujehl;baj;jpd; mbg;gil mlTfl;Fupa ,irf;FwpaPlb

; id
mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.1 :- jj;nja;jhk; mlTfisj; jhs mq;ff; FwpaPlb

; y; vOJNthk;.

jj;nja; jhk; 4MtJ 5 MtJ - Mjp jhsk;

14 0 0
1tJ 2tJ 3tJ 4tJ 5tJ 6tJ 7tJ 8tJ
ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;;ruk;
1k;
fhyk;
jj;> ; nja; > ; jhk; ; ;; / jpj; > ; nja; > ; / jhk; ; ;; //
jj;> ; nja; > ; jhk; ; ;; / jpj; > ; jpj; > ; / nja; > ; ;; //

2k;
fhyk;
jj;> nja;> jhk; ; jpj;>nja;> jhk; ; / jj;>nja;> jhk; ; / jpj;> nja;> ;//
jpj;>

3k;
fhyk;
jj;nja;
jhk; jpj;nja;
jhk; jj;nja;
jhk; jpj;jpj;
nja; / jj;nja;
jhk; jpj;nja;
nja;jhk;/ jj;nja;
jhk; jpj;j pj;nja;//

5
Nju;r;rp 4.0 :- njd; ,e; j pa rh]; j phpa eldq; f s; ,yq; i fapd;
rh];jphpa> fpuhkpa eldq;f s; njhlh;g hd mbg;g il
mk;r q;f isAk; vz;z f;f Uf;f isAk; tpsf;F thh;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3 :- gujehl;baj;jpd; vz;zf;fUf;fis mwpe;J $Wthh;.

nraw;ghL 4.3.1 :- mlT> Nfhh;it> jPh;khdk;> vLg;G> Kj;jpiu> tpepNahfk;>

nrhw;fl;L Kjypa vz;zf;fUf;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

mlT

ehl;baj;jpd; gytpj mq;f mirTfspd; njhFg;ig my;yJ $l;Lr; Nru;f;if

mirTfisf; Fwpg;gpLtNj mlT vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. mjhtJ ,irapy; gapw;rp tbtq;fshd
rusp> [z;il tupirfs; ,Ug;gijg; Nghy> eldj;jpYk; gapw;rp> Mly; mirT tbtq;fshfj;
jpfo;tJ mq;f mirT Nru;f;iffs; vd;Dk; mlTfshFk;. ,e;j mlTfs; czu;Tfis
my;yJ Fwpg;ig czu;jJ ; k; irifahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j iriffspd; %yk; Ml;lj;jpy;
gy;NtW khWjy;fis cz;lhf;fp mjpy; uridiaAk; ghtj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jp> [jp
nrhw;fl;LfSld; Mlg;ngWfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf : ija jh jh ija jh
ija jh jh ija jh

Nghd;w nrhw;fSf;F eld rkpf;iQfs; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt mlTfNs xU

ehl;baj;jpd; mgpeaj;jpw;F mbj;jskpLk; iriffshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,jpy; ngz;fs;
MLk; Ml;lk; yhrpak; vd;Wk; Mz;fs; MLk; Ml;lk; jhz;ltk; vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLk;.
yhrpak; vd;gJ ngz;ikapd; nkd;ikiag; Gyg;gLj;jty;yJ. jhz;ltk; vd;gJ Mz;ikapd;
fk;gPuj;ij ntspg;gLj;jty;yjhff; fhzg;gLk;. yhrpaj;jpw;Fk; jhz;ltj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdp
mirTfs; ,y;iy. mitfisf; ifahSk; Kiwapy;jhd; NtWghLfs; cs;sd. ,e;j
mq;f mirTfs; cs;sj;J czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jTk;> jfty; gupkhw;wj;ij ntspg;gLj;jTk;
Nghd;w epiyapy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. xU ehl;baj;jpd; rpwg;igAk; cau;itAk; epu;zapf;fty;yJ
mlTfNs MFk;.

ehl;baf; fiyapd; rpwg;gpw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzfu;jj

; hf;fshf tpsq;Fgtu;fs; el;Ltdhu;
Mthu;fs;. ,tu;fNs ehl;baj;ij ,af;Fk; rpw;gpfshfj; jpfo;gtu;fs; Mthu;fs;. ,tu;fSila
Mw;wypd; jpwikiaf; nfhz;Nl ehl;bak; rpwg;Gg; ngWfpwJ. ,tu;fSila el;Lthq;fj;jpd;
[jpfs;> kpUjq;fj;jpy; jhsr; nrhw;fis cz;lhf;fp mJ eu;j;jfpapd; Ml;lj;ij ,af;FfpwJ.
ghkuu; ghLk; ghly; eu;j;jfpapd; mq;f mirTfspy; ghtq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;J czu;itAk;
Fwpg;igAk; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt jhsKk; ghtKk; ehl;baj;jpy; ,U fz;fisg;Nghy;
,aq;FfpwJ. el;Ltdhu; ,irf;Nfw;g MLk; jpwdpy; mtutu; jq;fs; fw;gidj; jpwidg;
GFj;jp> mq;f mirTfspYk; espd Nghf;FfspYk; fhyb mirTfspYk; MLfsk;
mikf;fpd;wdu;. ,itfis nkhj;jkhfr; nrhy;Nthkhdhy; mlTfspd; %yk; ehl;baj;jpw;F
mbj;jskpLfpd;wdu; vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. mlT vd;gJ mq;f mirTfSf;F Vw;g fhybfisr;
rPuhf vLj;Jitj;J MLtJ vdr; nrhy;yyhk;. ,e;j mlTfspy; mtutu;fspd; fw;gidj;
jpwDf;Nfw;g Ml;Ltpf;fpd;wdu;. ,g;gb Ml;Ltpg;gjpy; el;Ltdhu; xt;nthUtUk; mtutu;
ghzpapy; topelj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,e;jg; ghzp mikg;G Kiwapy; eld> ght> mirT Kiwfs;
khWgLNkad;wp ehl;ba ,yf;fzk; khLgLtjpy;iy. ,e;j Ml;l Kiwfisf;nfhz;Nl
gpw;fhyq;fspy; jQ;rhT+u; ghzp> ge;jey;Y}u; ghzp> tOT+u; ghzp> fhQ;rpGuk; ghzp vd;W
Njhd;wyhapd. ,e;j ghzpapd; Nghf;Ffshy; Mlw;fiy gy tbtq;fspy; NkYk; rpwg;Gg;ngWfpwJ
vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;.

6
 ,jpy; jQ;rhT+u; mUzhryk;gps;is. fl;lg;ghgps;is> jz;lhAjghzpgps;is> ge;jey;Y}u;
kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is> tOT+u; uhikahgps;is> fhQ;rpGuk; vy;yg;ghgps;is Nghd;Nwhu;
kpfr;rpwe;j el;Ltdhu; Mthu;fs;.

fp.gp 20 - 21 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jpUtpjhq;$u; rNfhjupfshd yypjh> gj;kpdp>

uhfpdp Nghd;wtu;fSk; it[ae;jpkhyh> gj;khRg;gpukzpak; Nghd;wtu;fSk; kpfr;rpwe;j ehl;ba
eu;j;jfpfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; ekJ ehl;baf; fiyia cynfq;Fk; vLj;Jr;nrd;W
elhj;jp ,e;jpa jpuhtplf; fiyahd ehl;baj;jpw;Fg; ngUk; GfOk; Nru;j;Js;sdu; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

7
 Nfhu;it
gy mlTfs; Nru;e;J tUtNj Nfhu;it vdg;gLk;. ,f; Nfhu;itapy; nkd;ikahd
mlTk; td;ikahd mlTk; Nru;e;J tUk;. ,f; Nfhu;it vg;NghJk; yaj;Jld; mike;J
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ij xU mq;fhuk; vd;gu;. ,jidg; G+khiyf;F xg;gpl;Lk; $Wtu;.
Nfhu;itfis mikf;Fk;NghJ mlTfs; ,Ugf;fKk; xNu msthf (rkr;rPuhf) ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jidr; nra;Ak;NghJ fhy;fis td;ikahfTk; iffis mOj;jkhfTk;
nra;aNtz;Lk;. Nfhu;itfs; ghl;bd; td;ik> nkd;ikf;Nfw;g mika Ntz;Lk;. Nfhu;it
mikf;Fk;nghOJ Kjy; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J gbg;gbahf %d;whk; fhyj;jpw;Ff; $l;l Ntz;Lk;.
fpljfjupfplnjhk; my;yJ jjpq;fpznjhk; vd;w nrhw;fl;Lfshy; mike;j jPu;khdj;Jld;
Nfhu;it KbTngWk;.

gy ghjNgjq;;fSk; kz;lyNgjq;f Sk; Kj;j piufSk; Nru;e;J miktjhFk;.

jPu;khdq;fspy; tUtdTk; Nfhu;it vdg;gLk;.

Nfhu;itahdJ ghjNgjq;fshd kz;lyk;> cj;gpytdk;> g;ukup ghjrhupfh vd;gtw;iwAk;

kz;ly Ngjq;fshd ];jhdfk;> Majk;> Myplk;> ];t];jpfk;> Nkhbjk;> rk#rp> ghu;\t
#rp vd;gtw;iwAk; Kj;jpiufshd xw;iwf;if Kj;jpiufs; 28> ,ul;ilf;if Kj;jpiufs;
24 vd;git Nru;e;J mike;jjhFk;.

xU Nfhu;itia mikf;Fk;NghJ ftdpf;fNtz;ba mk;rq;fs;

1. ghl;bw;Nfw;g jhsj;Jld; Nfhu;it mika Ntz;Lk;.

2. ghl;bd; nkd;ik td;ikf;Nfw;g Nfhu;itfs; mika Ntz;Lk;.

3. fhypy; mOj;jKk; ifapy; nkd;ikAk; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;.

4. Nfhu;itahdJ kpf mofhdjhfg; ghu;g;gtu;fspdhy; urpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkhapd;

Kjypy; tpsk;g fhyj;jpy; (Kjyhk;) njhlq;fp kj;jpk fhyj;ij (,uz;lhk;>
mile;J Jupj fhyj;jpy; (%d;whk;) Kbe;jhy; Nfhu;itfs; kpfTk; mofhf
,Uf;Fk;.

5. Nfhu;itapd; ,Wjpapy; jPu;khdk; (kFl mlT) ,lk;ngwNtz;Lk;. mjhtJ

fpljf jupfpl njhk; my;yJ jjpq;fpznjhk; vd mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. xd;W
my;yJ %d;W Nrhb my;yJ Ie;J mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

6. Nfhu;it nra;Ak; NghJ mlTfis xOq;FKiwapy; mikj;J mij kdjpy;

tupg;glkhf tiua Ntz;Lk;.

7. Nfhu;itapy; xNu mlTfis jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; nra;ahky; khwpkhwp tUk;gb

mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

8. Nfhu;itfs; mikf;Fk;NghJ ,Ugf;fKk; efu;e;J nra;af; $bajha;

mikg;gJld; (xNuabahf Kd; nry;yhky; mikg;gJld;) mjhtJ vy;yhg;
gf;fKk; nry;yf; $bajha; mikg;gJld; (xNu mlit jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr;
nra;ahky;) mlTfs; khwp khwp tUk;gb mikj;jhy; moFngWk;.

9. tpj;jpahrkhd jpirapy; Nfhu;itfis Xbr; nra;a mofhf ,Uf;Fk;.

8
 jPu;khdk;
guj ehl;baj;jpd; El;gkhd KbNt jPuk ; hdk; MFk;. mjhtJ nrhw;fl;bdhy; yaj;NjhL
fye;j KbTj; Jz;LfNs jPuk ; hdk; MFk;. ,J [jpfspdhy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J rpf;fyhdJk;
mofhdJk; cWjpahdJk; MFk;. ,J $Ljyhd yag;gpbg;Gld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. cUg;gb
mq;fq;fis Kbg;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mikAk; gFjpahFk;.

rpf;fyhd mlT jhs[jp Kjypatw;why; njhLf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fl;L khiyNa jPu;khdk;

vdg;gLk;. fisf; Fwpg;G> KbTj; Jz;Lfs;> epWj;jw;Fwpfs; vd;gitnay;yhk; xd;iwNa
Fwpf;fpd;wd. mlTfs; RUf;fkhfTk; yag;gpbg;GlDk; gpufhrk; epiwe;jjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jPuk
; hdk; rpwpjhf my;yJ ngupjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. %d;W fhyq;fspYk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjhtJ
tpsk;g fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J kj;jpk fhyj;ij mile;J Jupj fhyj;jpy; KbtilAk;.

kpUjq;f nrhw;fl;LfSld; $ba [jpfisf; nfhz;L kFl mlTfSld; KbTWk;

Nfhu;itfSk; jPuk
; hdk; vdg;gLk;. ,J ghl;L my;yJ eldj;jpd; KbtpNyh my;yJ gFjpfspd;
,ilapNyh tUk;. jPu;khdk; ,d;wp Nfhu;it Kbtiltjpy;iy. vg;NghJk; jPu;khdk;
“jjpq;fpznjhk;” > “fpljf jupfpl njhk;” vd;Dk; kpUjq;f nrhw;fl;Lld; KLbtilAk;.
,jidNa kpUjq;fj;jpy; Nkhuh vd;W $Wtu;.
cjhuzk; : jjpq;fpznjhk;
fpljf jupfplnjhk;

9
 fpu`k; (vLg;G )

ghl;L my;yJ [jpahdJ jhsj;jpd; ve;j ,lj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fpd;wNjh me;j

,lkhdJ f;u`k; my;yJ vLg;G vdg;gLk;. fpu`j;jpy; ,U gpupTfs; cs. mit rkk;>
tprkk; vd;gdthFk;.

tprkf; fpu`j;ij mjPjk;> mdhfjk; vd ,U tifahff; $wpAs;sdu;.

1. rk vLg;G : jhsk;

ghly;

ghl;ilNah> [jpapidNah jhsj;Jld; xNu Neuj;jpy; Muk;gpj;jy; rkvLg;G

vdg;gLk;.
c - k; : 1. Mbf;nfhz;lhu;
2. eldk; Mbdhu;

2. tprk vLg;G :

ghl;il my;yJ [jpia jhsj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; Nruhky; Muk;gpj;jy;. ,J

jhsk; njhlq;f Kd;dNuh my;yJ jhsk; njhlq;fpa gpd;dNuh
Muk;gpj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk; . mitahtd>

c - k; : 1. mjPj vLg;G
2. mehfj vLg;G

1. mjPj vLg;G :
jhsk;

ghly;

ghl;L> [jp Mfpad jhsk; Muk;gpj;jw;F Kd;ghf Muk;gpj;jy;. “mjPj”

vd;gJ Ke;jpr; nrd;wJ vdf; fUjg;gLk;.

c - k; : 1. rptfhkRe;jup
2.

jhsk;
2.mehfj vLg;G :
ghly;

jhskhdJ Muk;gpj;j gpd;du; ,ilNa ghl;bidNah my;yJ [jpapidNah

Muk;gpj;jy;. (mehfj vdpd; ,d;Dk; tuhj vdf; fUjy;)
c - k; : 1. rutz gtNf
2. jpUg;guq;Fd;w Ntyh

10
 Kj; j piu

xU tplaj;jpd; nghUisf; iffspd; cjtpapdhy; tpsf;FtNj Kj;jpiu vdg;gLk;.

mjhtJ nghUspd; Njhw;wk;> cUtk;> Fwp vd;gtw;iwf; iffspdhy; tpsf;FtNj Kj;jpiuahFk;.
,k; Kj;jpiufspd; gad;ghL eldj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,k;
Kj;jpiufs; “f[;jhgpdak;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. guj Kdptu; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dhNyNa
,f; fiy ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. thu;j;ijfs; vJTk; Ngrhky; iffspYs;s
tpuy;fspd; gy;NtW epiyfshYk; mirTfshTk; nghUs;gl mgpeapg;gJ ,f; fiyahFk;.

eldj;jpy; gpuNahfpf;Fk; iffis rk];fpUjj;jpy; `];jq;fs; vd;W miog;gu;.

jkpopy; “Kj;jpiufs;” vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,t; `];jq;fis ,uz;lhfg; ghFghL nra;ayhk;.

mitahtd>

1. mgpea `];jk; 2. epUj;j `];jk;

,t; mgpea `];jk; NkYk; ,uz;lhfg; ghFghL nra;ayhk;. mitahtd>

1. xw;iwf;if my;yJ m]k;Aj `];jk;

2. ,ul;ilf;if my;yJ ]k;Aj `];jk;

,tw;iw KiwNa ,izahjif. ,ize;jif vdTk; $wyhk;. mgpeaf; iffs;

fUj;Jf;fisg; Gyg;gLj;jTk; epUj;jf; iffs; epUj;jj;jpw;Fk; gad;gLk;. gujrh];jpuk;
`];jq;fs; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ m]k;Aj `];jq;fs; 29 vdTk;> `];j`;fs; 24 vdTk;
$Wfpd;wJ.

tpepNahfk;

Kj;jpiufspd; cgNahfNk tpepNahfkhFk;. rpy nra;iffis Kj;jpiuapd; %yk;

mgpeapj;Jf; fhl;LtJ tpepNahfk; MFk;. ehl;baq;fspd; cgNahfq;fis tpsf;FtNj
tpepNahfk; MFk;. `];jk;> fz;> jiy> fOj;J> ghjk; Mfpatw;wpd; tpepNahfq;fisf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. mjhtJ xt;nthU Kj;jpiuiaAk; gad;gLj;jp vd;ndd;d fUj;Jf;fis
ntspg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gNj tpepNahfk; MFk;.

11
 nrhw;f l;L
mlTfSf;F ,Utpjkhd nrhw;fl;Lfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. xd;W tFg;gpYk; kw;iwaJ
mlTfis [jpfshfr; Nru;f;Fk; NghJ Nkilapy; mit kpUjq;fr; nrhw;fl;Lfshf
cr;rupf;fg;gLk;.

mjhtJ fjp> njhdp vd;gtw;Wld; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fspd; Nru;f;if nrhw;fl;L

vdg;gLk;. fhw;jl;Lf;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; xypf;Nfw;g nrhw;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

NkYk; nrhy;Yf;fl;L vd;gJ FUthdtu; ghlk; vLf;Fk;NghJk; gpd;G NkilapYk;

cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fs; vdTk; fUj;Jf;fs; ,d;wpAk; ,dpikahfTk; kpUjq;fj;jpy;
thrpf;fg;gLk; mikg;Ng nrhw;fl;L MFk;. mjhtJ [jpapd; cs;slf;fk; nrhw;fl;L vdg;gLk;.

mlTfis mlTr; nrhw;fl;bYk; [jpfis [jpr;nrhw;fl;bYk; jhsthj;jpaq;fspd;

mbg;gilr; nrhw;fis kpUjq;fr; nrhw;fl;bYk; nghUj;jkhd jhsq;fspy; mikj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

tFg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jj;jfhuk; (mlTfis gapy;tpf;Fk; NghJ) “ija;ah ij”

> “jj;ij jh`h”> “ijAk; jj;jh”> “iji`j;ij`”> “jhij ijjh”> “jpjp ij” Nghd;w
jfhu nrhw;fl;Lf;fis Mrpupau; cgNahfpg;ghu;fs;. ,Nj mlT Nfhu;itfs; [jpfshf
Nkilapy; Mlg;ngWk;NghJ kpUjq;f nrhw;fl;Lfshf cr;rupf;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf “jj;jpjfzf
[k;” > “jBq;Fjj;jpjh”> “fpljf jupfplNjhk;”> “jjpq;fpzNjhk;” , “jhq;fpljf jupfpljfNjhk;”>
“[k;[k; jfzk;” Nghd;w ,dpikahd nrhw;fl;Lfs; cr;rupf;ff; fbdkhf ,Ug;gpDk; Nfl;f
ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;. ,r; nrhw;fl;Lfis el;LtdhNu cr;rupf;ff; fbdkhapUg;gpDk; el;LtdhNu
cr;rupg;ghu;. ehl;bak; gapy;NthUk; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; mtrpak;.

Mdhy;> khztp mitfis cjl;lirNthL KZKZj;Jf;nfhz;L Mbdhy; ed;whf

,uhJ. ntWk; jj;jfhukhf cjl;il mirj;jhy;> Gd;rpupg;NghL MbdhYk; me;j Kfghtk;
nflhJ. mlTfs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; tof;fkhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; jj;jfhur; nrhw;fis khw;wpr;
nrhy;yhky; gofpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ed;F Nju;r;rpngw;w gpwF [jpfs; fw;W MLk;NghJ
Nkilf;fhd nrhw;fl;Lf;fisAk; ghlk; nra;J jhsj;Jld; cr;rupf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;
mtrpak;.

eldj;jpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd [jpfspd; nrhw;fl;Lfis ehl;ba cUg;gbapy;

,ilapilNa el;Ltdhu; nrhy;Yk; tpjj;jpypUe;J ehl;baj;jpd; moFk; juKk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

12
Nju;r;rp 5.0 :- eldq;fspd; fyhrhug; gz;ghl;L> tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia
mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 :- fiytsu;j ; j fiyQh;f spd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;d zpia

Muha;e;J mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nraw;ghL 5.1.1 :- fiytsu;j;j fiyQh;fspy; jQ;ir ehy;tupd; tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzpia mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

jQ;ir ehy;tu;
fhyj;jpd; mopTf; fuq;fspy; ,Ue;J mjpu;\l ; trkhf ek;fiyr; nry;tkhfpa guj
ehl;baf;fiy jg;gp te;Js;sJ. gw;Wk;> gf;jpAk; jpwikAk; gilj;j xUrpy el;Lthq;fg;
ngupNahu;fspd; Gz;zpaj;jhy; mf;fiy eyptilahJ tsu;e;Js;sJ.

mf; fhyj;jpy; ntWq; $j;J tbtpy; epytpa ehl;baf; fiyia ,d;Ws;s ghzpapy;
cUthf;fpa ngUik> fiyf;fhf tho;eJ ; kiwe;j NkijfisNa rhUk;. mtu;fs; jhd;
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; jQ;irapy; tho;e;jtu;fSk; jQ;ir jpUthq;$u;> ik#u;
rk];jhdq;fspy; tpj;thd;fshf tpsq;fpatu;fSkhd jQ;ir nghd;idah> rpd;idah>
rpthde;jk; tbNtY Mfpa ehd;F rNfhjuu;fSk; Mtu;. ,tu;fspd; je;ijahu; ngau; Rg;guhad;.
Rg;guhad; el;LtdhUk;> mtuJ ehd;F Fkhuu;fSk;> nrq;fzhu; Nfhapypy; G+khiy njhLj;Jk;
Njthuk; ghbAk; rptj;njhz;L Gupe;J te;jhu;fs;. xUehs; jQ;ir kd;du; Js[h kfhuh[h
nrq;fzhu; NfhapYf;Fj; juprdj;j pw;F te;jNghJ> Rg;guha el;Ltdhu;> nghd;idah
Kjyhdtu;fspd; ,irg; ngUf;fpy; kdk; gwpnfhLj;jtuha; ,tu;fs; ItiuAk; jQ;irf;F
mioj;J te;J gpUfjP];tuu; Nfhapypy; Njthug; gzpAk;> el;Lthq;fg; gzpAk; nra;AkhW
gzpj;J MjuT ey;fpdhu;. ,tu;fs; rq;fPjj;jpy; kpFe;j ghz;bj;jpak; ngw jQ;ir kd;du;
Ntz;ba cjtpfisr; nra;jhu;.

nghd;idah rNfhjuu;fspd; ,dpa rhuPuj;jpy; kdk; kfpo;ej ; kfhuh\;bu kd;du;> mf;

fhyj;jpy; kpFe;j GfNohL tho;ej
; pUe;jtUk; rq;fj
P Kk;%u;jj
; pfspy; xUtUkhd =Kj;J];thkp
jPl;rpju; mtu;fsplk; ,tu;fisr; rq;fPj rpl;ir ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. mjd;gb
rNfhjuu;fSk;> =Kj;J];thkp jPl;rpjuplk; jkpo;> njYq;F> rk];fpUjk; Mfpa nkhopfspYk;
tpNrl ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;whu;fs;. jk; khztu;fspd; jPl;rz;aj;ijf; fz;L kfpo;ej ; mtu;
mur rigapNy nghd;idah rNfhjuu;fspd; muq;Nfw;wk; eilngw Vw;ghL nra;jhu;.

nghd;idah rNfhjuu;fspd; ,irty;yik muq;Nfw;wj;jd;Nw kd;du; kdijf; ftu;ej ; J.

kfpo;r;rpapy; jpisj;j muru;> =Kj;J];thkp jPl;rpjiug; ghuhl;bf; nfsutpj;J> gzKbg;Gk;
(&gh 5000/= ) etuj;jpdkhiyAk; guprhff; nfhLj;jhu;. khztu;fshd nghd;idah rNfhjuu;fs;
me;j muq;Nfw;w kz;lgj;jpy; jq;fs; FUehjUf;F “etuj;jpdkhyh” vd;w xd;gJ fPuj; j
; idfis
xU ];Jjpahfr; nra;J mjidg; ghbf; fhzpf;ifahfr; nrYj;jpdu;. ,g; ghliyf; Nfl;l
jPl;rpju; mtu;fs; mile;j kfpo;r;rpf;F mstpy;iy. jk;ik xj;jtu; jkJ khztu;fs; vdg;
ghuhl;b mrPu;tjpj;jhu;. “etuj;jpdkhyh” vd;w xd;gJ fPu;j;jidfisAk; “FUFf” vd;w
Kj;jpiuAld; $l jk; Fynja;tkhfpa gpUfjP]t ; uiuAk; gpUfd;ehafpiaAk; rk;ge;jg;gLj;jpg;
ghb ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;. mjpy; “FUFf jh]d;”> “FUFf gf;j”> “FUFf %u;j;jp” vdg; gy
Kj;jpiufs; tUfpd;wd. jq;fs; FUthd jPl;rpjutu;fs; KUfg; ngUkhd; mUs; ngw;Wj;
jpfo;ej; tuhjyhy;> Rg;gpukzpaf; flTisAk; FUitAk; “xNu mk;]k;” vd;W gf;jp G+u;tkhfg;
ghtpj;J czu;e;J> cUfp “FUFf” vd;W Kj;jpiuia ,f; fPu;j;jdq;fspw; ifahz;lhu;
vd;W xU fij cz;L.

13
 jQ; i r mur rigapy; fP u ; j ; j pAld; rNfhjuu; f s; tho; e ; J tUifapy; jhd;
nghd;idahtpw;F ehl;baj;ijf; fr;Nrup ghzpapy; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; vg;NghJk; elj;jf; $ba
tpjj;jpy; mikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w fUj;Jj; Njhd;wpaJ. mjd; gpufhuk; kpfTk; Kaw;rp nra;J
mjw;fhd ,yf;fzq;fisAk; Muk;gg; ghlq;fisAk; jahupj;jhu;. vg;gbr; rq;fPjj;jpw;F
Muk;gg; ghlkhf rusp> [z;il> myq;fhuk; vd;gd mike;jdNth mt;thNw ehl;baj;jpw;F
Muk;gg; ghlkhf mlTfisg; gj;jhf tFj;jhu;. mit jl;L mlT> ehl;L mlT> Fjpj;J
nkl;L mlT> [hjp mlT> jl;L nkl;llT> eil mlT> KbtlT vd;gdthk;. ,e;jg; gj;J
tif mlTfisAk; xt;nthd;wpYk; gd;dpuz;L tif nra;J nkhj;jk; 120 mlTfshf
tFj;jhu;. gpd;G myhupg;G> [jp];tuk;> rg;jk;> gjtu;zk;> Ru[jp> gjk;>; ,uhfkhypif> RNyhfk;>
jpy;yhdh vd ml;ltizg;gLj;jpdhu;. fr;Nrupf;F Ntz;ba myhupg;G> [jp];tuk;> rg;jk;
vd;gtw;iwg; gy jhsq;fspYk; ,uhfq;fspYk; ,aw;wp mNef gjtu;zq;fisAk; Ru[jpfisAk;
ehaf> ehafp ghtj;NjhL jkpopYk; njYq;fpYk; mikj;Jg; ghbdhu;. mjw;F Ntz;ba
jPu;khdq;fisAk; ,aw;wpaNjhL> ,uhf khypiffs;> jpy;yhdh Kjypa gy cUg;gbfisAk;
nra;jhu;. gjq;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhu;. jhq;fs; tFj;j ghzpia Kjypy; ,U ngz;fSf;Ff;
fw;gpj;jdu;. gpd;du; jk; FUehju; Kd;dpiyapy;> mur rigapy; muq;Nfw;wpdhu;fs;. = jPl;rpju;
mtu;fs; md;iwa fr;Nrupiag; ghu;j;J tpae;J “rq;fPjj;jpw;Fg; Gue;ju jh]u; topfhl;b”
ehl;baj;jpw;F vd; khzth;fs; topfhl;b vd;W $wpaNjhL> muriuf; nfhz;L rNfhjuu;
ehy;tUf;Fk; “rq;fj P rhfpj;a guj rpNul;lu;” vd;Dk; gl;lj;ij mspf;fr; nra;jhu;. nghd;idah
rNfhjuu;fs; tFj;j ghzpapNyNa ehl;baf; fr;Nrupfs; jk; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s vy;yh
Myaq;fspYk; eilngWtjw;fhd toptiffisAk; nra;jhu;. Js[h kfhuh[htpw;Fg; gpd;
ruNgh[p kfhuh[hTk; ehl;baf; fiyf;Fg; NguhjuT je;J> jd; muz;kidapNyNa rpyk;gf;
$lk; mikj;Jg; gyiuj; jahu; nra;a Mjupj;jhu;.

ehy;tuJ Gfo; jpUthq;$u;> ik#u; Kjypa muRfspYk; gutpajhy; mq;F rk];jhd

tpj;thd;fshf mku;j;jg;gl;lhu;fs;. mtu;fs; Nfhl;ilau; rptf;nfhOe;J Njrpfu; ,aw;wpa
ruNge;jpu G+ghy FwtQ;rp ehlfj;ijAk; kd;kj tpyh]j;ijAk; ehl;ba ehlfkhf mikj;J
mijg; gpUfjP];tuu; Myaj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wpdhu;.

rpd;idah mtu;fs; ik#u; rk];jhdj;jpy; tpj;Jthdhf ,Ue;J mq;F rhKz;B];tup

ngaupYk; jd;id Mjupj;j muru;fshd fpU\;zuh[ cilahu;> rhkuh[ cilahu; ngaupYk;
tu;zq;fisAk; fPu;j;jidfs;> jpy;yhdhf;fs; Kjyhdtw;iwAk; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.

rpthde;jk;> jd; Fynja;tj;jpd; ngaupYk;> jd;id Mjupj;j ruNgh[p kfhuh[h

ngaupYk; gy tu;zq;fisAk; jkpo;g; gjq;fs;> [htspfs; Kjypatw;iwAk; ,aw;wpg;
Gfoile;jhu;. ebiffSf;Fk; ehl;bak; fw;gpg;gjpy; rpwe;jtnudg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhu;.

tbNtY mtu;fs; jpUthq;$u; Rthjpj; jpUehs; kfhuh[htpd; rigapy; tpj;Jthdhf

mku;e;J gpugy;ak; mile;jhu;. ,tu; Nky;ehl;L ,irf; fUtpahd gpby; thj;jpaj;ij>
Nky;ehl;Lg; ghjpupahu; xUtuplk; thrpf;ff; fw;W mjidj; jk; fu;ehlf rq;fPj Kiwapy;
Kjd; Kjypy; gpbypy; thrpj;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> rq;fPjf; fr;Nrupf;Fg; gf;fthj;jpakhf
itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vdTq; $wp> jhNk gf;fthj;jpakhf thrpj;Jf; fhl;bg; ngUk; Gfoile;jhu;.
,jw;fhf Rthjpj; jpUehs; kfhuh[h mtu;fs; nfhLj;j gpbYk;> ahidj; je;jj;jpyhd
ngl;bAk; 1834Mk; Mz;by; guprhff; fpilf;fg; ngw;whu;. ,tUk; rNfhjuu;fisg; Nghy gy
jhd tu;zq;fs;> gj tu;zq;fs; vd;gtw;iw gj;kehg Rthkp ngaupYk; jQ;ir muru;fs;
ngaupYk; ,aw;wpdhu;. gy [jp];tuk;> Ru[jp> [htsp> gjk;> jpy;yhdh Mfpatw;iwj;
njYq;F nkhopapy; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.

nghd;idah rNfhjuu;fs; jpUthq;$u; rk];jhdj;jpy; = Rthjpj; jpUehs; kfhuh[htpd;

mur rigapy; ,irf; fr;Nrupfis elj;jp te;jhu;fs;. gpd;G kPz;Lk; jQ;irf;F murupd;

14
tpUg;gj;jpw;fpzq;f te;jdu;. Mdhy; tbNtY el;Ltdhu; kl;Lk; jpUthq;$upNyNa jq;fptpl;lhu;.

jQ;ir te;J Nru;e;j nghd;idahTk;> rpd;idahTk; jkf;Ff; fpilj;j tUkhdj;jpy;

jz;zuP ;g; ge;jy; ifq;fupaj;jpw;Fk;> jpUj;Njud;W md;djhdk; nra;tjw;Fk; nryT nra;jdu;.
gy khztu;fSf;F ,ir> eldk; vd;gtw;iwf; fw;gpj;J tpj;Jthd;fshf;fp vy;yh Myaq;fspYk;
mtu;fs; ehl;baf; ifq;fupak; nra;a cjtpdhu;. ,d;W ehk; fhz;fpd;w guj ehl;baf;
fr;Nrup Kiwapidr; rPun ; ra;jtu;fSk; ,tu;fs; jhd;. ,tu;fs; ,aw;wpa gj tu;zq;fSs;
Mde;j igutp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j “rfpNa ,e;j Ntisapy;” rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpy;
mike;j “mjp Nkhfk; nfhz;Nld;” igutp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j “Nkhfkhd” Mfpa gj
tu;zq;fSk; ke;jhup> fhgp> fkh]; fhdlh> `pe;Njhsk; Mfpa ,uhfq;fspy; ,aw;wpa
jpy;yhdhf;fSk; gpurpj;jp tha;e;jit. rpthde;jj;ijj; jtpu> kw;iwa %tUf;Fk; kf;fl;
NgW fpilf;ftpy;iy.

ehl;baf; fiyf;fhfj; jkJ tho;f;ifia mu;g;gzpj;j nghd;idah mtu;fs; jkJ

mWgjhtJ tajpy; <rdb Nru;e;jhu;.

15
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : - #oypy; ehk; ghu; j ; J ,urpj; j tw; i wAk; > ntt; N tW
tifahd ghly;fisAk; mgpeapjJ
; Mw;Wifg; gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 :- ghujpahu; ghlYf;F mgpeak; mikj;J Mw;Wifg;gLj;Jthu;.

nraw;ghL 2.2.1 :-
“fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh”
“Xb tpisahL ghg; g h” vDk; ghly; f isg; ghb
mgpeapg;Nghk;.

ee;jyhyh

uhfk; : rpe;Jigutp (aJFy fhk;Nghjp)

jhsk; : Mjp

,aw;wpatu; : Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu;.

fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy ee;j yhyh - epd;wd;

fupaepwj; Njhd;W ijNa ee;j yhyh

ghu;f;Fk; kuq;f nsy;yhk; ee;j yhyh - epd;wd;

gr;ir epwj; Njhd;W ijNa ee;j yhyh

Nfl;F nkhopap nyy;yhk; ee;j yhyh - epd;wd;

fPj kpirf;Fjlh ee;j yhyh

jPf;Fs; tpuiy itj;jhy; ee;j yhyh - epd;id

jPz;L kpd;ge; Njhd;Wjlh ee;j yhyh.

16
 ghg; g h ghly;

Xb tpishahL ghg;gh - eP
Xa;e;jpUf;f yhfhJ ghg;gh
$b tpisahL ghg;gh - xU
Foe;ijia itahNj ghg;gh.

rpd;dQ; rpWFUtp NghNy - eP

jpupe;J gwe;Jth ghg;gh
tz;zg; gwitfisf; fz;L - eP
kdj;jpy; kfpo;r;rpnfhs;S ghg;gh.

nfhj;jpj; jpupAke;jf; Nfhop - mijf;

$l;b tpisahL ghg;gh
vj;jpj; jpUL ke;jf; fhf;fha; - mjw;F
,uf;fg; glNtZk; ghg;gh.

ghiyg; nghope;J jUk; ghg;gh - me;jg;

gRkpf ey;yjb ghg;gh
thiyf; Fiyj;JtUk; eha;jhd; - mJ
kdpju;f;Fj; Njhodb ghg;gh.

tz;b ,Of;Fk; ey;y Fjpiu - ney;Y

taypy; cOJtUk; khL
mz;bg; gpiof;Fk; ek;ik ML - ,it
Mjupf;f NtZkb ghg;gh.

fhiy vOe;jTld; gbg;G - gpd;G

fdpT nfhLf;Fk; ey;y ghl;L
khiy KOJk; tpisahl;L - vd;W
tof;fg; gLj;jpf;nfhs;S ghg;gh.

ngha;nrhy;yf; $lhJ ghg;gh - vd;Wk;

GwQ;nrhy;y yhfhJ ghg;gh
nja;tk; ekf;Fj;Jiz ghg;gh - xU
jPq;Ftu khl;lhJ ghg;gh.

ghjfQ; nra;gtiuf; fz;lhy; - ehk;

gaq;nfhs;s yhfhJ ghg;gh
Nkhjp kpjpj;JtpL ghg;gh - mtu;
Kfj;jpy; ckpo;e;JtpL ghg;gh.

Jd;gk; neUq;fpte;j NghJk; - ehk;

Nrhu;e;Jtpl yhfhJ ghg;gh
md;G kpFe;j nja;t Kz;L - Jd;gk;
mj;jidAk; Nghf;fptpLk; ghg;gh.

Nrhk;gy; kpff; nfLjp ghg;gh - jha;

17
 nrhd;d nrhy;iyj; jl;lhNj ghg;gh
Njk;gp aOq;Foe;ij nehz;b - eP
jplq;nfhz;l NghuhL ghg;gh.

jkpo;j;jpU ehL jd;idg; ngw;w - vq;fs;

jhnad;W Fk;kpab ghg;gh
mkpo;jpy; ,dpajb ghg;gh - ek;
Md;Nwhu;fs; Njrkb ghg;gh.

nrhy;ypy; cau;Tjkpo;r; nrhy;Ny - mijj;

njhOJ gbj;jplb ghg;gh
nry;tk; epiwe;j `pe;J]; jhdk; - mijj;
jpdKk; Gfo;ej
; plb ghg;gh.

tlf;fpy; ,kakiy ghg;gh - njw;fpy;

thOk; FkupKid ghg;gh
fplf;Fk; ngupafly; fz;lha; - ,jd;
fpof;fpYk; Nkw;fpYk; ghg;gh.

Ntj Kilajpe;j ehL - ey;y

tPuu; gpwe;j jpe;j ehL
Nrjkpy; yhj`pe;J]; jhdk; - ,ijj;
nja;tnkd;W Fk;gplb ghg;gh.

rhjpfs; ,y;iyab ghg;gh - Fyj;

jho;r;rp cau;rr
; p nrhy;yy; ghtk;
ePjp> cau;e;jkjp> fy;tp - md;G
epiwa cilatu;fs; NkNyhu;.

capu;fsplj;jpy; md;G NtZk; - nja;tk;

cz;ik nad;W jhdwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tapu Kila neQ;R NtZk; - ,J
thOk; Kiwikab ghg;gh.

18
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : - njd; ,e; j pa rh]; j phpa eldq; f s; > ,yq; i fapd;
rh];jpupa> fpuhkpa eldq;f s; njhlu;g hd mbg;g il
mk;r q;f isAk; vz;z f;f Uf;f isAk; tpsf;F thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 :- `];jq;fisAk; Ngjq;fisAk; mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nraw;ghL 4.1.1 :-
 Njt`];jk;> etf;fpuf `];jk;> [hjp `];jq;fisAk;
mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

Njt`];jk;

`];jk; ,lJ (L) tyJ ( R )

1
gpuk;kh rJuk; `k;]hrpak;

2 tp\;Z jpupgjhfk; jpupgjhfk;

rptd; rpk;`Kfk; jpupgjhfk;
3
4 ru];tjp fgpj;jk; #rp
yf;Rkp fgpj;jk; fgpj;jk;
5
6 ghu;tjp gjhfk; gjhfk;
tpehafu; fgpj;jk; fgpj;jk;
7
8 rz;Kfd; jpup#yk; rpfuk;

9 kd;kjd; rpfuk; flfhKfk;

10 ,e;jpud; jpupgjhfk; jpupgjhfk;

11 mf;fpdp fhq;$yk; jpupgjhfk;

12 akd; jhk;u#lk; #rp

epUg;jp fl;th rflk;
13
tUzd; rpfuk; gjhfk;
14
thA mu;j;jgjhfk; muhsk;
15
FNgud; mygj;kk; K\;b
16

19
 etf;f puf `];j k;

MjpAk; me;jKk; ,y;yhj Mz;ltd; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; %ykhdtu;. cyfj;Jf;nfy;yhk;

xNu flTs; vd;whYk; gy cg nja;tq;fs; Mz;ltDf;Fg; gpujpepjpfshf ,Ue;J kf;fspd;
ed;ik> jPikfSf;Fg; nghWg;G Vw;fpd;whu;. mijg; NghyNt fpufq;fSk; jq;fSf;F ntt;NtW
nja;tq;fis mjp Njtijfshff; nfhz;Ls;sd. xU fpufk; Njh\k; ngWk; NghJ me;jf;
fpufj;jpw;Fupa mjpNjtijia tzq;fpj; Njh\ eptu;j;jp ngwyhk;.

rptd; Nfhapy;fspy; etf;fpuf re;epjp ,Uf;Fk;. etf;fpuf topghL nra;tJ vd;gJ

nghJthd gupfhuk; MFk;. me;je;jf; fpufq;fSf;Fj; jdpj;jdpNa re;epjpapUg;gjpy;iy.
ghujj;jpy; jdpj;jdp re;epjpfs; cz;L. ,t;thW kf;fSf;F ed;ik jUk; fpufq;fSf;F
];Nyhfq;fSk; jdpj;jdpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

`];jk; ,lJ tyJ

1. #upad; (QhapW) mygj;kk; fgpj;jk;

2. re;jpud; (jpq;fs;) mygj;kk; gjhfk;

3. nrt;tha; (mq;fhufd;) #rp K\;b

4. Gjd; (Gjf) K\;b gjhfk;

5. tpahod; (FU gpuf];;gjp) rpfuk; rpfuk;

6. nts;sp (Rf;fpud;) K\;b K\;b

7. rdp rpfuk; jpupgjhfk;

8. uhF ru;g;grpu]; #rp

9. NfJ #rp mu;j;jgjhfk; my;yJ

gjhfk;

20
 [hjp `];jk; (05 / 04)

`];jk; ,lJ ( L ) tyJ ( R )

1. gpuhkzu; rpfuk; rpfuk;

2. \j;jpupau; gjhfk; rpfuk;
3. itrpfu; `k;]hrpak; flhfhKfk;

4. #j;jpuu; rpfuk; kpUf\Pu;\k;

5. uh\ju; \flk; \flk;

21
Nju;r;rp 4.0 :- njd; ,e;jpa rh];jphpa eldq;fs;> ,yq;ifapd; rh];jpupa>
fpuhkpa eldq;fs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil mk;rq;fisAk;
vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 :- gujehl;baj;jpd; mbg;gil mlTf;fl;Fupa ,irf;FwpaPlb

; id
mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.2 :- jh`j; j n[k; j upjh> jpjpnja; > nja; nja; jpjpnja;
mlTfisj; jhs mq;ff;FwpaPl;by; vOJNthk;.

jh`j;jn[k;jupjh - &gf jhsk;

0 14
1tJ 2tJ 3tJ 4tJ 5tJ 6tJ
ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;r uk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk;
1k; fhyk;

jh ; `j;> j> / n[k;> ; j> up> jh ; ;; //

n[k;> ; j> up> / n[> f> j> up> nja;> ; ;; //

2k; fhyk;
jh `j; j n[k;> j up / jh ; n[k;> j up n[ f j up nja;> ; //

3k; fhyk;

jh `j; j
n[k; j up jh
n[k; j up / n[ f j up
nja;> jh `j; j
n[k; j up jh
n[k; j up n[ f j up
nja;> //

22
 jh`j;jn[k;jupjh - &gf jhsk;

nja; nja; jpjp nja; jh - ehl;bar; nrhw;fl;L

0 14
1tJ 2tJ 4tJ 5tJ 6tJ
3tJ ml;ruk;
ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk;
1k; fhyk;

nja;> ; nja;> ; / jp> jp> nja;> ; jh ; ;; //

nja;> ; nja;> ; / jp> jp> nja;> ; jh ; ;; //

2k; fhyk;

nja;> nja;> jpjp nja;> / jh ; nja;> nja;> jpjp nja;> jh ; //

3k; fhyk;

nja; nja;
jpjp nja; jh
nja; nja; / jpjp nja; jh nja; nja;
jpjp nja; jh
nja; nja; jpjp nja;
jh //

23
 jpjpnja; 1> 2 - Mjp jhsk;

14 0 0
1tJ 2tJ 3tJ 4tJ 5tJ 6tJ 7tJ 8tJ
ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;;ruk;
1Mk;
fhyk;
jp> jp> nja; > ; jp> jp> nja; > ; / jp> jp> nja; > ; / jp> jp> nja; > ; //

2Mk;
fhyk;
jpjp nja;> jpjp nja;> jpjp nja;> jpjp nja;> / jpjp nja;> jpjp nja;> / jpjp nja;> jpjp nja;> //

3Mk;
fhyk;

jpjp nja;
jpjp nja; jpjp nja;
jpjp nja; jpjp nja;
jpjp nja; jpjp nja;
jpjp nja; / jpjp nja;
jpjp nja; jpjp nja;
jpjp nja; / jpjp nja;
jpjp nja; jpjp nja;
jpjp nja;//

24
 nja; nja; jpjpnja; - Mjp jhsk;

14 0 0
1tJ 2tJ 3tJ 4tJ 5tJ 6tJ 7tJ 8tJ
ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;;ruk;
1Mk;
fhyk;
nja;> ; nja; > ; jp> jp> nja; > ; / nja; > ; nja; > ; / jp> jp> nja; > ; //

2Mk;
fhyk;
nja;>
nja;>
jpjp nja;> nja;>
nja;> jpjp
nja;> / nja;>
nja;> jpjp nja;> / nja;>nja;> jpj p nja;> //
3Mk;
fhyk;

nja; nja;
jpjp nja; nja; nja;
jpjp nja; nja;
nja;
jpjp
nja; nja;
nja; jpjp
nja; / nja;
nja;
jpj p
nja; nja; nja;
jpjp nja; / nja;
nja; jpjp
nja; nja; nja;
jpj p nja; //

25
Nju;r;rp 5.0 :- eldq;fspd; fyhrhug; gz;ghl;L> tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia
mwpe; J nfhs;t hu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 :- ehl;ba ehlfq;fspd; gpd;dzpia mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nraw;ghL 5.2.1 :- ehl;ba ehlfq;fspd; gpd;dzpia mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

ehl;ba ehlfk;

ehl;baj;jpd; thapyhf xU ehlfj;ij elj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F ehl;ba ehlfk; vd;W

ngau;. ,jpy; xU fijapd; fUj;ij mgpeak; gpbj;J tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; epUj;jk;>
epUj;jpak;> mgpeak; Mfpa %d;W mk;rq;fSk; epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; ebf;Fk; xt;nthU
cWg;gpdUk; Kjd;Kjy; Nkilapy; Njhd;Wk; NghJ gpuNtrj; jUTf;F Vw;w tifapy;
MlNtz; L k; . gpuNtrj; jUtpy; eldk; nra; t jw; N fw; w vj; J f; f il ]; t uq; f s;
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jpy; fijapd; KO mk;rj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tifapy; ,jd;
ghly;fspy; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. me;jf; fUj;Jfspd; czu;Tfis Kfghtq;fs;
if> fhy; kw;Wk; mq;f mirTfs; %yk; gy;NtW xg;gidfSld; ebj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk;.
,jpy; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; %d;Wk; mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

,jpy; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;wthW ril> xg;gid> myq;fhuk; nra;J fhypy; ryq;if

fl;b MLtu;. ,jidr; rjpuhl;lk;> rpd;dNksk;> jhrpahl;lk;> gujehl;bak; vd;nwy;yhk;
miog;gJz;L. ,jpy; fpuhkpa ,irnkl;Lf;fSk; [jpfSk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,jd; fij
mk;rq;fs; xU tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jupg;gjhfNth xU murd; my;yJ [kPd;jhu; gw;wpNah
mike;jpUf;Fk;. fhjy;> tPuk;> Nrhfk;> gpupT Nghd;w gy czu;Tfs; kdijj; jPz;Lk;gbahf
mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,jw;F ey;y cjhuzkhf “FwtQ;rp” ehl;ba ehlfj;ijr; nrhy;yyhk;.
ehl;ba ehlfj;jpy; ngz;fNs ebj;Jf; fhl;Ltu;. Mz; Ntlj;ijg; ngz;fNs Vw;W ebg;gu;.
,e; ehlfj;jpy; gy;NtW ,irf;fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. gy ehl;ba ehlfj;ij nkyl;^u;
ntq;fluhk rh];jpup njYq;fpy; ,aw;wpAs;shu;. ftpf;FQ;rughujp jkpopy; “mofu;FwtQ;rp”
vd;w rpwe;j ehl;ba ehlfj;ij ,aw;wpAs;shu;. kw;Wk;

1. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp
2. Fk;Ngru; FwtQ;rp
3. tpuhyp kiy FwtQ;rp
4. jpahNfru; FwtQ;rp
5. Fkhuype;f FwtQ;rp
6. nre;jpy; FwtQ;rp
7. jkpourp FwtQ;rp
8. ruNge;jpuG+ghy FwtQ;rp
9. ngj;yhk; FwtQ;rp

Nghd;w gy;NtW ehl;ba ehlfq;fSk; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. kw;Wk; ,jpy; tPjp ehlfq;fSk;

“af;rfhd” vd;w ehl;ba ehlfq;fSk; cs;sd. jpahfuh[upd; ghl;ldhuhfpa “fpupuh[ftp”
vd;gtu; rpy “af;rfhd” ehl;ba ehlfq;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.

26
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : - njd; ,e; j pa rh]; j phpa eldq; f s; > ,yq; i fapd;
rh];jpupa eldq;fs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil
mk;r q;f isAk; vz;z f;f Uf;f isAk; tpsf;F thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3 :- gujehl;baj;jpd; vz;zf; fUf;fis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nraw;ghL 4.3.2 :- rig> rghkz;lgk; rghehafd;> myhupg;G ,yl;rzk;>

fpz;fpzp ,yl;rzk; Mfpatw;wpd; vz;zf; fUf;fis
mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

rgh y\zk; (rig tzf;fk;)

Ntjq;fs; nfhk;Gfsha; NkyhUk; rhj;jpuq;fs;

jhJfs;tp sq;Fkyu;j; jhUfsha; - ePjKld;
fw;NwhNu Jk;gpfsha;f; fz;lrgh fw;gfj;ijg;
Nghw;WNtd; vd;gha; Gfo;e;J

Ntjq;fs; fpisfshfTk; rhj;jpuq;fs; kyu;fshfTk; fw;Nwhu;fs; Jk;gpfshfTk;

mike;j rgh fw;gf tpU\j;ijg; Gfo;eJ
; tzq;FNtd;.

rigapd; jd;ik (rgh y\zk;)

rj;jpak;> xOf;fk;> mwk;> Fzk;> fPu;j;jp> kiwnkhopfs; rhu;jy;> epakk;> vj;jpir

kd;du;fSk; Gfo;jy;> Ntjhe;jk;> tPiz> Qhdk;> ftp ,yf;fzk;> rTupak;> kd;du; epiwe;jpUj;jy;>
cz;ik xj;jy;> gf;jp. ,g; gjpide;Jk; epiwe;j ,lNk rig vd;W E}y;fs; $Wk;.

27
 rgh kz;lg ,y\zk;

ciuauq; fj;jpy; tlf;FKfj; jpNyDk;

cw;wfPo; Kfj;jpNyDk; Jyq;Ffpd;w
mupah rdj;jpw; rghgjp apUf;f
myq;fupj; jtd;Njtp aplj;jpUf;f
ngUtyj; jpyikr;rd; tykplj; jpf;fw;w
Nguhd ftpfh afhspUf;f
gpufU jpw;Gtp auru;epd; wpUj;jy;
ngw;wpahk; rghkz; lgj;jpd; rPNu!

muq;fj;jpd; tlf;F Kfj;jpNyDk; fpof;F Kfj;jpNyDk; tpsq;Ffpd;w rpk;khrdj;jpd;

kPJ rghgjp ,Uf;f mtd; Njtp myq;fhuq;fSld; ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;f> tyg;gf;fj;jpy;
mikr;rDk; tykplq;fspy; ftpfhafu;fSkpUf;f kw;w Gtpauru;fs; epd;wpUj;jy; rghkz;lgj;jpd;
rPuhFk;.

28
 rghehafd; y\zk;

rPkhd; rfy rh];j; pu Kzu;e;jtd;

fhyNrhjid njupe;j epGzd;
jPk;gh tkw;w td;> ew;Fzk;> jaT> rj;
jpathf; tpjl;rz Kshd;
G+khd;> gpurd;dKfd;> jUkrpe;jid> fPu;j;jp
nghWikM juit cilNahd;
Gz;zpau; ahtUk; kjpj;jpLk; <if
ahd;> Gfo;nrsu;a Qhd crpjd;
Nrkthd;> fPj thj;a epUj;jk;
Rj;j Njrpaj;jpay; gwpe;Njhd;
nra;a rurk; nghWik Ntbf;if
jdpy; epidT nrd;wfd eatpyhrd;
fhkd;Neu; moFilad;> CfKilNahd;
,yf;fzk; ,yf;fpak; mwpe;Njhd;
fdthd; juhjuk; mwpe;j rJud;
rigf;F mjpgd; vd;NwhJk; E}Ny./

=khd;> rfy rh];jpuk; czu;e;jtd;. fyhNrhjid njupe;j epGzd;> jPaghtk;

mw;wtd;> ew;Fzk;> jaT> rj;jpathf;F> jh\zpak; ,tw;iw cilatd;. G+khd;> gpjrd;dKfd;>
jUkrpe;jid> fPu;j;jp> nghWik> MjuT ,tw;iw cilNahd;. Gz;zpad;> <ifahsd;>
Gfo;> nrsu;ak;> Qhdk; ,tw;wpy; rpwe;jtd;. gpwiuf; fhf;Fk; ew;FzKilatd;. fPjk;
nghUe;jpa ,irapd; Nkd;ik mwpe;jtd;. rurk;> nghWik> Ntbf;if ,tw;wpy; kdk;
nrYj;Jk; fd ea tpyhrKilatd;> fhkid xj;j moF cilatd;> A+fKilatd;>
,yf;fz ,yf;fpak; mwpe;jtd;> fdthd;> juhjuk; mwpe;j rJud; ,j;jifNahd; rigf;F
mjpgd; Mthd; vd;W E}y;fs; $Wk;.

29
 myhupg;G ,yl;r zk;

myu; vd;w nrhy; jkpopy; kyu;tJ vd;W nghUs;gLk;. jd; cliy kyuhf epidj;J
mjidf; flTSf;F mu;g;gzk; nra;tJNghy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cUg;gbfs; tupirapy;
,J muk;g epfo;r;rpahf tpsq;Fk;. ,J epUj;j cUg;gbahFk;. FU> nja;tk;> rigapdu;
vd;NghUf;F mQ;ryp nrYj;Jk; cUg;gbahFk;. mgpeaq;fs; ,d;wp “jhk; jpjh nja; jnja;”
vd;Dk; nrhw;fl;Lf;F tpsk;g. kj;jpk> Jupj fhyq;fspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,t;TUg;gb
ehl;il ,uhfj;jpYk; jp];u Vf jhsj;jpYk; mike;js;sJ. ehl;baj;jpw;Fupa mq;f. gpuj;jpahq;f>
cghq;fq;fshy; jhsf; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gf;Fs; mike;j cUg;gbahFk;. ,J kuGtop te;j Xu;
cUg;gbahFk;. myhupg;G jp];u> rJ];u> fz;l> kp];u> rq;fPu;z eilfspYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

30
 fpz;f pzp y\zk;

R];tuh];r ]_Ughf;\ ]_\;kh e\;j;u Njtjh` //

fpq;fpzpa` fhk;];aurpjh Viffhq;Fyp fhe;juk; //
ge;jPahd;dy
P #j;Nuz f;ue;jpgp];r j;Ulk; Gd` //
\jj;tak; \jk;thgp ghjNahu; ehl;afhuzp //

fUj;J :
rpd;dQ;rpwpa ryq;iffshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ntz;fyk;> nrk;G> nts;sp ,k;
%d;Ws; VNjDk; xd;why; Ruq;fs; xypf;Fk;gb mofhfr; nra;ag;gLk;. fpq;fpzpf;F “jhuhfzk;”
(el;rj;jpuf; $l;lk;) mjp nja;tkhFk;. ,jid fWg;G my;yJ ePyf;fapw;wpdhy; xt;nthU
mq;Fy ,ilntsp tpl;L cWjpaha; Kbg;Gg; Nghl Ntz;Lk;. fhnyhd;Wf;F ,UE}WtPjk;
fr;ir fl;b mzptJ ey;yJ. my;yJ tyJ fhypy; E}Wk; ,lJ fhypy; E}Wkhff; fl;b
Mlyhk;. jw;fhyj;jpy; Rkhu; Ik;gJ mWgJ fpz;fpzpfisj; Njhypy; itj;J mzpAk;
tof;fk; epytp tUfpwJ.

Mdhy; tlehl;by; fjf; eldk; MLgtu;fs; fapw;wpy; E}w;Wf;F Nky;

fpz;fpzpfisf; fl;b mzptijf; fhzyhk;.

ntz;fyk; nrk;G kw;w nts;spapk; %d;wpy; xd;why;

gq;fpa eQ;R uq;fs; gYfNt mofha;r; nra;j
fpz;fpzp jdf;Fj; jhuh fzk; mjp nja;t khq;f
Uq;fap wjdpw; Nfhj;jpl;LWjpaha; Kbr;irg; NghNl/

ntz;fyk;> nrk;G> nts;sp ,k; %d;wpDs; xd;why; fpz;fpzp nra;ag;gLk;. ,jw;F

mjpnja;tk; jhuhfzk;. mjidf; fLg;Gf; fapw;why; Nfhj;J cWjpaha; Kbr;Rg;Nghl
Ntz;Lk;.

fUJ kf; nfr;re; jd;idf; fhw;F ,UE}W tPjk;

ngUfNt mzptha;> my;yhy; tyf;fhypy; E}W G+l;b
kUtpa ,lf;fhy; jd;dpy; ,UE}Wkhff; fl;b
mUikaha; eldQ; nra;jy; Mnkdg; gfU khNjh.

fhnyhd;Wf;F ,UE}W tPjk; fr;ir fl;b mzptJ ey;yJ. my;yJ tyf;fhypy;

E}Wk; ,lf;fhypy; E}Wk; ,UE}Wkhff; fl;b Mlyhk;.

31
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : - njd; ,e; j pa rh]; j phpa eldq; f s; > ,yq; i fapd;
rh];jpupa> fpuhkpa eldq;f s; njhlu;g hd mbg;g il
mk;r q;f isAk; vz;z f;f Uf;f isAk; tpsf;F thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;l k; 4.2.3 : - gujehl;baj;jpd; mbg;gil mlTfl;Fupa

,irf;F wpaPl ;b id mwpe;J $Wthu;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.3 :- kz;balT> jjpq;fpznjhk; mlTfisj; jhs

mq;ff;FwpaPl;by; vOJNthk;.

kz;balT 1> 2 - &gf jhsk;

0 14
1tJ 2tJ 3tJ 4tJ 5tJ 6tJ
ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;r uk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk;
1k; fhyk;

jhq;fpL jj;> j> / jpd;> d> jhq;fpL jj;> j> jpd;> d> //

2k; fhyk;

jhq;fpL
jj; j jpd; d
jhq;fpL / jj; j
jpd; d jhq;fpL
jj; j jpd; d
jhq;fpL jj; j
jpd; d //
3k; fhyk;

jhq;fpL
jj; j
jpd; d
jhq;fpL jj; j
jpd; d
jhq;fpL
jj; j / jpd; d
jhq;fpL
jj; j
jpd; d
jhq;fpL
jj; j
jpd; d
jhq;fpL jj; j
jpd; d
jhq;fpL
jj; j jpd; d
jhq;fpL
jj; j
jpd; d //

32
 jjpq;fpznjhk; - &gf jhsk;

0 14
1tJ 3tJ 4tJ 5tJ 6tJ
2tJ ml;ruk;
ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk;
1k; fhyk;

j> jpq>; fp> z> / njhk;> ; j> f> j> jpq;> fp> z> //
njhk;> ; j> f> / jp> F> j> jpq;> fp> z> njhk;> ; //

2k; fhyk;
jjpq; fpz njhk;> jf / jjpq; fpz njhk;> jf jpF jjpq; fpz
njhk;> //

3k; fhyk;

jjpqf
; pz
njhk; jf jjpqf
; pz
njhk; jf / jpFjjpq;
fpz
njhk; jjpq;f pz
njhk; jf jjpqf
; pz
njhk; jf jpFjjpq;
fpz
njhk; //

33
 jjpq;fpznjhk; - &gf jhsk;

nja; jpjp nja; nja; nja; jpjp nja; nja; nja; nja; jpjp nja; -
ehl; b ar; nrhw; f l; L

0 14
1tJ 3tJ 4tJ 5tJ 6tJ
2tJ ml;ruk;
ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk; ml;ruk;
1k; fhyk;

nja;> ; jp> jp> / nja;> ; nja;> ; nja;> ; jp> jp> //

nja;> ; nja;> ; nja;> ; nja;> ; jp> jp> nja; > ; //

2k; fhyk;
nja;> jpjp nja;> nja;> / nja;> jpjp nja;> nja;> nja;> nja;> jpjp
nja;> //

3k; fhyk;

nja; jpjp
nja; nja; nja; jpjp
nja; nja; / nja; nja;
jpjp
nja; nja; jpjp
nja; nja; nja; jpjp
nja; nja; nja; nja;
jpjp
nja; //

34
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : - eldq;fspd; fyhrhug; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia
mwpe; J nfhs;t hu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 :- ,yq;ifapd; ghuk;gupa eldj;jpd; fyhrhug; gpd;dzpia

mwpthu;.

nraw;ghL 5.3.1 :- ,yq;ifapd; ghuk;gupa eldkhd fz;ba eldj;ijg;

gw;wp mwpNthk;.

fz;ba eldk;

rpq;fs kf;fspd; ghuk;gupaf; fiyahdJ mtu;fsJ fpuhk r%f tho;f;ifapd; xU

gFjpahFk;. ,f; fiyahdJ ghuk;gupaf; fiy> cgNahff; fiy> moFf;fiy vd %d;whfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; cgNahff; fiy vd;gJ mbg;gilj; Njitf;Nfw;wgb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
cjhuzkhf kl;ghz;lf;fiy> gpd;dw;fiy Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;. moFf;fiy vd;gJ
kf; f spd; moFzu; t hy; cUthf; f g; g l; l it. ,t; moFf; f iy ,U gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cau;kl;lkhf Ez;fiyf; fhtpak;> rh];jpupa rq;fPjk;> Xtpaf;fiy
vd;gdTk;; jho;ej ; kl;lkhff; fpuhkthrpfspd; fiyfSk; MFk;. ,f; fpuhkthrpfspd; fiyahdJ
rkak; njhlu;ghd rlq;F eldq;fshFk;.

,yq;if tho; rpq;fs kf;fspd; rh];jpupa eldq;fshfTk; ghuk;gupa eldq;fshfTk;

gpd;tUk; eldq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. fz;ba eldk; - clwl;l el;Lk; (kiyg;gpuNjr eldk;)
2. WFZ eldk; - g`j;jul;l el;Lk; (fiuNahug; gpuNjr eldk;)
3. rg;ufKg eldk;- rg;u`Kg el;Lk; (rgufKt eldk;)

,yq;ifapd; tlf;F> fpof;F jtpu;e;j kw;iwa gFjpfspy; jkJ nry;thf;fpid

epiyehl;b epw;Fk; eldk; fz;ba eldkhFk;. ,e; eldk; ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa khfhz
kiy ehlhfpa fz;bapy; Njhd;wpajhy; ,e; eldj;ijf; fz;ba eldk; vdTk; miof;fpd;whu;fs;.

Kw;fhyj;jpy; kiyehl;L uh[];jhdpahf tpsq;fpa fe;j clg];ul vd;w gFjpapy;

`up];gj;Jt> khEtu> rjuNfhuya> N`th n`l;l> cLEtu> al;GEtu Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
jhd; ,e; eldk; Mlg;gl;L tsu;ff
; g;gl;Ls;sJ.

fz;biar; Nru;e;j tpw;gd;du;fshy; jkJ nrhe;jnkhop fiy> fyhr;rhu> r%f> rkag;

gz;ghLfSld; $b ,e; ehl;baf;fiy tsu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

NkYk; ,e;j clul;l eldj;jpy; tz;zk;> nt];> ieahz;b> clf;fp> ge;NjU

Mfpait rh];jpupa rk;ge;jkhd eldq;fs; MFk;.

“nfhN`hk;gfq;fhupa” vDk; rlq;F KiwAld; ,ize;j tifapy; ,e; eldk;

gpurpj;jkha; ,Ue;jJ. nfhN`hk;gfe;fhupa vDk; ,r; rlq;F epfo;thdJ “nfhN`hk;g”
vd;Dk; nja;tj;ij Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk; Xu; rkar; rlq;F Kiw MFk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
,f; fz;ba eldkhdJ kq;fs epfo;Tfspy; Mlg;gLk; eldk;> Nga; gprhRfis tpul;LtJk;
rhe;jp nra;tJld; ,ize;j rlq;F eldkhfTk; ,U gpupTfspy; eilngWfpwJ.

nt]; eldk; vd;gJ Cu;tyq;fspYk; fly; muq;fq;fspYk; ngsj;jf; Nfhapy;fspYk;

35
fpupiffspYk; Mq;fhq;Nf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk; Xu; Mlw;fiy mk;rkhFk;.

ieahz;b eldk; vd;gJ jkpoupd; ieahz;b Nksj;ij epidTgLj;Jk; eldkhFk;.

,e; eldk; ngUk;ghYk; fly; muq;f eldkhf Mq;fhq;Nf fhzKbfpd;wJ.

clf;fp eldk; vd;gJ rptngUkhdpd; ifapYs;s cLf;fpid epidTgLj;JfpwJ.

,e; eldk; muq;fq;fisg; ngupJk; myq;fupf;Fk; eldkhFk;.

ge;NjU eldk; vd;gJ ge;NjU vd;Dk; thj;jpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp MLtjhFk;. ,e;

eldk; muq;fq;fisg; ngupJk; myq;fupf;Fk; Mly; tbtkhFk;. tz;zk vd;Dk; eldKk;
muq;fq;fspy; ngupJk; myq;fupf;Fk; Mly; tbtq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

NkYk; tz;ik eldk; vd;gJ jkpopy; cs;s tz;ik vd;Dk; nrhy;ypypUe;J

te;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,t; tz;zq;fs; 18 tifg;gLk;. mitahtd>

1. f[f tz;zk; - ahidapd; mirT

2. mDkhd; tz;zk; - Fuq;fpd; Nrl;ilfs;
3. kA+u tz;zk; - kapypid tu;zpj;J Mly;
4. cjhu` tz;zk; - mur tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; cyhtUtijf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
5. rTsh tz;zk; - Nrtiyg; gw;wpaJ
6. itNuhb tz;zk; - rptNyhfj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ
7. ieab tz;zk; - ghk;gpd; mirtpidf; Fwpg;gJ
8. rpq;fuh[ tz;zk; - rpq;fk; Mz;kapy; Vkhw;wg;gl;l fijapidr;
rpj;jupg;gJ.
9. Juf tz;zk; - fz;lf Fjpiuiag; gw;wpaJ
10. m]j;U] tz;zk; - nfsjkGj;jiug; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;tJ
11. <ub tz;zk; - Nghu; tPudpd; tPuguhf;fpukr; nray; gw;wpaJ
12. ]_ugjp tz;zk; - ,e;jpuidg; Nghw;wp MLtjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
13. fhwf tz;zk; - rq;fpidg; gw;wpa tu;zid
14. cf;F]h tz;zk; - gUe;Jfs; fhw;wpNy gwe;J tUtijf; Fwpf;Fk;
eldk;
15. cuf tz;zk; - ehfghk;gpd; tho;f;if rpj;jupf;fg;gLk;
16. Kryb tz;zk; - Kaypd; ghr;riyAk; gae;j Rghtj;ijAk;
Fwpf;Fk;.
17. fpush tz;zk; - fpush gwitapd; xyp mirT gw;wpaJ
18. fzgjp tz;zk; - tpehaff; flTspd; mUs;Ntz;b MLtJ

mNefkhf kiyafj;jpYk; njd;gFjpapYk; tpohf;fspYk; Mlg;gLk; eldkhFk;. ,J

rpq;fstu;fSf;Fupa fiyahFk;. xUtu; my;yJ gyu; kj;jsq;fis mbf;f xUtu; md;wpg;
gyu; $l;lkhf epd;W MLk; Ml;lkhFk;. rpy Ntisfspy; kj;jsk; mbg;gtUk; MLgtUld;
Nru;e;J Mb mbg;gijf; fhzyhk;. fz;ba eldk; Mlg;gLtJ ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; rpwpJ
NtWgl;lhYk; eldj;jpw;Fupa xOq;FKiw ifahsg;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; rpWtu;fSf;Fupa
eLj;ju taJ cila ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; MLtijf; fhzyhk;.

fz;ba eldj;j pd; ghj epiyia “kz;ba” vd;g u;. ,J guj ehl;baj;j pd;
“mq;fg;ukup”apid xj;jJ. ,U fhy;fisAk; mlT miukz;bapy; ,Ue;J iffis neQ;rpw;F
Kd;dhy; miutl;lkhf itj;Jk; mu;j;j re;jpud; Kj;jpiuapid ,U iffspYk; gpbj;jthW
NkYk; fPOkhf Kd;> gpd; gf;fkhf vdf; iffis mirj;J MLthu;. MLk;NghJ tyJ
fhypy; njhlq;fp ,lJ fhypy; Kbg;gu;.

36
 ,e; eldj;jpy; epUj;jk;> epUj;jpak;> ehl;bak; vDk; %d;W gpupTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
MapDk; epUj;jj;jpw;Nf mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,e; eldj;jpd; gpujhd jhs thj;jpak; “nfs;s ngua” (Gatta Beraya) vDk;
Njhy; thj;jpakhFk;. ,t; thj;jpaj;ij clul;lngu vdTk; miog;gu;. ,t; thj;jpaj;ij
eldk; njhlq;fp KbAk;tiu gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ry;yhup> Gy;yhq;Foy;> nfhk;G thj;jpak;
vd;gdTk; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e; eldj;jpd; cilayq;fhuk; nts;is. rptg;G epwq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. miuapy;

nkj;j ,Wfpa cil mzpe;Jk; jiy> iffs;> khu;G vd;gtw;iw myq;fupj;j epiyahYk;
,e; eldk; Mlg;gLfpd;wJ. mzpfyd;fs; nts;spapy; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;. kzpfspdhy;
nra;ag;gLk; khu;Gf; ftrKk; jiyapy; “nt];” vd miof;fg;gLk; njhg;gpapidAk; mzpe;J
MLthu;. ge;NjU cLf;fp eldj;jpw;F jiyapy; tprpwp kbg;Gld; nts;isj; jiyg;ghifAk;
fl;Lthu;fs;.

,e; eldj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rk; fhy;fis cau;j;Jk; NghJk; ,Lg;G %l;bypUe;J fhYaur;

nry;Yjy;> gha;jy; (Rwy;) gf;f mirT> Rw;Wjy; Mfpait MFk;.

,e; eldk; fjfsp eldj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy; fz;ba eldkhdJ

rkar; rlq;Ffspy; Nfhtpy;fspYk; Mlg;gl;L te;jJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mitf;fhw;Wiff;
fiyahf ,J cau;epiyia mile;jpUg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

37