fy;tpg;nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk;

cau;juk;
(juk; - 12> 13)

fzpjk;
ghlj;jpl;lk;
(2017k; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;;)

fzpjj; J iw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPl k;
Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk;
fy;tpg;nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk;
cau;juk;
(juk; - 12> 13)

fzpjk;
ghlj;jpl;lk;
(2017k; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;;)

fzpjj; J iw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPl k;
Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk;
 tpla cs;slf;fk;

1.0 mwpKfk; ........................................ i

2.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs; ........................................ ii

3.0 nghJj; Nju;r;rpj; njhFjp ........................................ iii

4.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; ........................................ iv

5.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ghlj;jpl;l ,yf;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G ........................................ v

6.0 cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l jtiz uPjpahd ghlj;jpl;lk; ........................................ 1

7.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; ........................................ 3

8.0 fw;gpj;jy; - fw;wy; cghaq;fs; ........................................ 31

9.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSk; ........................................ 32

10.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gL

P k; ........................................ 34

gpd;dpizg;G ........................................ 35
fzpjf; FwpaPLfSk; Fwpg;gPLfSk;
 1.0 mwpKfk;

f.ngh.j (cau;j uk;) - fzpjk;

gps;isfisj; jw;fhy cyfpw;Nfw;wthW Mf;fG+u;tkhdtu;fshf khw;WtNj fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jid miltjw;F>

fhyj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;g ghlrhiyf; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2009 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpy; Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lk; mwpKfQ; nra;aj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. f.ngh.j
(cau;juk;) fzpjk; 1998Mk; Mz;by; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik> kjpg;gl P ;L
Kiwfs; vd;gd Kd;du; NghJkhd msT cs;slf;fg;glhikapdhNyNa Kd;dUs;s ghlj;jpl;lj;jpid jpUj;jpaikf;f Ntz;b
Vw;gl;lJ. jw;NghJs;s ghlj;jpll
; khdJ cs;slf;f ikakhff;nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;L ; s;sJ. ,jidj; Nju;rr ; p ikag; ghlj;jpll
; khf
khw;WtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
2007 Mk; Mz;by; juk;; 6> 10 ,Yk;> 2008Mk; Mz;by; juk; 7> 11 ,Yk; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj;
njhlu;e;J> mk;khztu;fs; juk; 12 ,w;F 2009 Mz;L tUk;NghJ f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) tFg;Gf;fspy; Nju;r
; ;rpikag; ghlj;jpll
; j;ijj;
njhlUtjw;F ,k;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; fzpdpapd; gpuNahfkhdJ> capupay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpYk; r%f tpQ;Qhdj;jpYk; fzpj El;gq;fspd; ghtidia
mjpfupj;jpUg;gjhy;> f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) tFg;Gf;fspy; mtw;iwf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba Gjpaepiy cUthfpAs;sJ.
NkNy $wg;gl;l epiyikia fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Kjd; Kiwahf f.ngh.j. cau; juj;jpy; %d;whtJ ghlkhf ~~fzpjk;|| 1998,y;
mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,g;nghOJ ~~fzpjk;|| ghlj;jpll
; k; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;L fzpjk; I> J}a fzpjg; gFjpfisAk;> fzpjk; II epfo;jfT> Gs;sptpgutpay;
gFjpfisAk; nfhz;ljhf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ize;j fzpjk; my;yJ cau; fzpjk; f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;) ,y; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;f KbahJ.

2009k; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwf;F te;j f.ngh.j (c/j) ,ize;j fzpj Gjpa ghlj;j ; pl;lk; njhlHghd xU Njrpa kl;l
kPs;Nehf;fy; Ma;T 2011k; Mz;L elhj;jg;gl;lJ. ,t; Ma;tp;y; gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsHfs;> ghlr;rpwg;gwpQh;fs;> kw;Wk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtf fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jp FO cWg;gpdHfs; gq;Fgw;wpdH. ,t; Ma;tpd; Clhf fz;lwpag;gl;l tplaq;fspd;gb
kPs; Nehf;fp jpUj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; ,JthFk;.

(i)
 2.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;fF
; k; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,tq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;
epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;
gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fU jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapDhlhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk;
,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yk;> ,yq;ifg; gd;ik r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk;>
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifah; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;ff
P hpj;jYk;
NgZjYk;.
3. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs; fl;L;g;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUth; kPJ xUth; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j
,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkg;gLj;Jk; r%f> ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy>; nghWg;G> tiff;$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;fi
; fj;juj;ijg; Ngh\pf;ff; $baJk;> ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpfF
; g; gq;fspf;ff;$baJkhd
Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;> jahh;gLj;jTk;> tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;
rpf;fyhdJk; vjph;ghuhjJkhd epiyikf;Fr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rh;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhh; ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;F gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk;> jpwd;fisAk; tsh;j;jy;.
(ii)
 3.0 nghJj; Nju;r;rpj; njhFjp

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfis Nkw;fhl;ba Njrpa Nehf;fj;jpid mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
(i) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;rr
; pfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpjj ; pu mwpT> jfty;
njhopy; El;gj; jifik Nghd;w ehd;F njhFjpfspdbg;gilapy; njhlu;ghly; Nju;rr
; pfs; mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vOj;j wpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpjj
; y;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.
vz; z wpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpjj
; y;
xOq;FKiwahf msj;jy;.
rpj;jpu mwpT ::: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;
vd;gdtw;iwf; NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspgg; Lj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;.
jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik : fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy>; njhopy; Rw;whlypy>; nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopy; El;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.
(ii) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
 Mf;fk;> tpupej
; rpej
; id> jw;WzpG> jPuk
; hdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpjj
; y;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpej
; id>
mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
 Neu;ik> rfpgG
; j;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
 kdvOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT
(iii) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
,j;Nju;rr
; pfs; r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk; Nghd;w #oy;fSld; njhlu;GWfpdw
; d.
r%fr; #oy; :
Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopgG
; zu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; gfpue ; ;
jspff
; g;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lg+ut
; khdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;>
(iii)
 capupay; #oy; :
thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp> kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu>; tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj tho;tpy;
njhlu;GWk; njspT ,ay;ghf;fkiljy; vDk; jpwd;.
ngsjpfr; #oy; :
,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;fi ; f> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;>
Rthrk;> epjj; piu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopgG
; zu;Tk;>
Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;.
fw;wYf;Fk;> Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopy; El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;sf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(iv) Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr
; pfs;
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpfF
; g; gq;fspjj
; y;.
mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk;> rthy;fis ,dk; fhzy;.
mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jYk;> gadspff
; f;$baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd rPtNdhghaj;jpy;
<Lgly; Nghd;w ,aYikfis cr;rg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,aysit mjpfupjJ; f; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd Ntiy nghUSzu;Tld;
njhlu;Gila jpwd;fs;.
(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
md;whl tho;fi
; fapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;fi
; fapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd
elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;.
(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;TNeug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fg+u;tr;
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspgg
; Lj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;rr
; p> kfpor
; r
; p> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;.
(vii) “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
tpiuthf khWfpdw ; rpff
; yhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epwf
; pdw
; cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspjj
; Yk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpwN
; fw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk;> ntw;wpiaAk;
ngwr; nra;jy;.

(iv)
 4.0 ghlj;j pl;l j;jpd; Nehf;fq;f s;

(i) fzpjj;jpy; cau;fy;tpiaj; njhlUtjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fzpjj; jpwd;fis toq;Fjy;.

(ii) fzpjg; gpurpdq;fSf;F jPu;T fhz;gjw;Fupa jpwd;fSf;fhd mDgtq;fis toq;Fjy;.

(iii) fzpjj;jpy; epahapj;jiy my;yJ ju;ff

; uPjpahd rpe;jidia tpUj;jpailar; nra;jy;.

(iv) fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd Mtiyj; J}z;Ljy;.

fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpj mwpit
tpUj;jp nra;tJ kl;Lkd;wp> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; fzpj mwpitg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; gz;Grhu;
tpUj;jpia tsu;g;gjw;Fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

,j;Nju;r;rpkl;l ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;>

• fUj;Js;s fz;lwpjy; KiwahdJ> khztu; ikaf;fw;wYf;F topfhl;Lk;.

• khztupd; kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g Nju;r;rpfis toq;Fk;.
• Mrpupaupd; ,yf;Ffs; kpfTk; Fwpg;ghdjhf mikAk;.
• xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk;> khztupd; epiyia ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; Njitahd gpd;D}l;liy toq;f KbAk;.
• toikahd fw;gpj;jy; KiwfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mrpupau; khztu;fsplj;J cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;igr; nra;aKbAk;.
,g;ghlj;jpll
; j;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy>; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fspy>; ,d;iwa NjitfSf;F Vw;wthW gy;NtW epiyikfisj;
njhlu;GgLj;jp Gjpa fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfis Mrpupau; tFg;giwfspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtjhy;> khztu;fspd; milT
kl;lq;fis kjpg;gpLtJ. Mrpupau;fl;F ,yFthdjhFk;.
,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; ,ize;j fzpjj;jpd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwf;F kpfTk; cgNahfkhdjhFk;.

(v)
5.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;F fSf;F k; ghlj;j pl;l ,yf;F fSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G
Njrpa ,yf;F fs;
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; - fzpjk; I
i ii iii iv v vi vi
01. nka;naz; njhFjpiag; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.       

02. njhil ml;ru fzpjj;ijf; ifahs;thu;.       

03. fzpj ju;f;fj;ijf; ifahs;thu;.       

04. fzpjg; NgWfis epWTtjw;F epWty; Kiwfisf; ifahs;thu;.       

05. nka;khwpr; rhu;Gfis gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.       

06. gy;YWg;gpfis gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.       

07. tpfpjKW rhu;Gfis Muha;thu;.       

08. rkdpypfisf; ifahs;thu;.       

09. Neu;epiw vz; Rl;bf;Fupa <UWg;Gj; Njw;wj;ij vLj;Jiug;ghu;.       

10. KbTs;s njhlu; xd;wpd; $l;Lj; njhiff; fhz;ghh;.       

11. gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F> rhu;Gfspd; ngWjpfisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.       

12. njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$W fspd; %yk; Neu;Nfhnlhd;iw Muha;thu;.       

13. ...........       

14. rhu;Gfspd; tiuaWj;j tiuawhj njhifaPLfisf; fhz;ghu;.       

(vi)
5.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;F fSf;F k; ghlj;j pl;l ,yf;F fSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G
Njrpa ,yf;F fs;
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; - fzpjk; II
i ii iii iv v vi vi
01. Gs;sp tpgutpaypd; mbg;gilfis tpgupg;ghu;.       

02. juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; cupa Kiwapy; tifapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.       

03. kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; elj;ijia tpgupg;ghu;.       

04. vOkhw;W nfhs;iffis fzpj Kiwahf tpgupg;ghu;.       

05. Vfgupkhzj; jpl;lkply; gpurpdk; xd;wpd; cj;jkj; jPu;itj; Jzpthu;.       

06. njupjy;> xOq;F gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd       

07. tiy mikg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jpl;lq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.       

08. gpurpdq;fis jPug; g; jw;fhd fzpj khjpup xd;whf JzpNfhitfis mwpKfk; nra;thu;       

09. Xu; ml;ru fzpjj; njhFjpahfj; jhaq;fisf; ifahs;thu;.       

(vii)
 juk; 12
ghlk; ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;if nkhj;jk;
Kjyhk; jtiz
fzpjk; I 94
fzpjk; II 16 110

,uz;lhk; jtiz
fzpjk; I 72
fzpjk; II 24 96

%d;whk; jtiz
fzpjk; I 32
fzpjk; II 65 97
juk; 13
Kjyhk; jtiz

fzpjk; I 40
fzpjk; II 66 106

,uz;l hk; jtiz

fzpjk; I 40
fzpjk; II 69 109

%d;whk; jtiz
fzpjk; I 42
fzpjk; II 40 82
(viii)
 6.0 cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l jtiz uPjpahd ghlj;jpl;lk;
juk; 12
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; jiyg; G ghl Ntis
jtiz 1
fzpjk; I
1.1> 1.2> 1.3  nka;naz; njhFjp 14
2.1> 2.2  njhil ml;rufzpjk; 12
3.1>  fzpj ju;ff; k; 10
5.1> 5.2  xU khwpr; rhu;Gfs; 20
6.1> 6.2> 6.3> 6.4  gy;YWg;gpfs; 38

fzpjk; II
1.1> 1.2  Gs;sptpgutpay; 06
2.1> 2.2> 2.3> 2.4  juTfs;> juTfis tiff;Fwpj;jy; 10
jtiz 2
fzpjk; I
12.1> 12.2> 12.3> 12.4  Neu;NfhLfs; 30
7.1> 7.2  tpfpjKW rhu;GfSk; klf;if rhu;GfSk; 30
4.1  epWty; Kiwfs; 12

fzpjk; II
3.1> 3.2  ikaehl;l msitfs; 24
jtiz 3
fzpjk; I
8.1> 8.2> 8.3  rkdpypfs; 24
11.1  vy;iyfs; 08

fzpjk; II
3.3> 3.4> 3.5> 3.6> 3.7  kPbwd; guk;gy;fs; 23
4.1> 4.2  vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjidfSk; epfo;jfTk; 18
6.1> 6.2  tupir khw;wKk; Nru;khdKk; 24

1
 cj;Njr fw;gpj;jy; xOq;Fk; ghlNtisAk; - juk; 13
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; jiyg; G ghl Ntis
jtiz 1
fzpjk; I
13.3> 13.4> 13.5> 13.6> 13.7  ngWjpfs; 40

fzpjk; II
4.3> 4.4> 4.5> 4.6> 4.7> 4.8> 4.9  epfo;jfT 66

jtiz 2
fzpjk; I
14.1> 14.2> 14.3> 14.4> 14.5>  njhifaPL 40
14.6> 14.7

fzpjk; II
4.10  gpd;df epfo;jfTg; guk;gy; 14
5.1, 5.2  Vfgupkhzj; jpl;lkply; 25
8.1> 8.2  Jzp Nfhitfs; 10
9.1> 9.2  jhaq;fs; 20
jtiz 3
fzpjk; I
9.1> 9.2  <UWg;Gj; Njw;wk; 16
10.1> 10.2> 10.3  njhlu;fs; 26

fzpjk; II
4.11  njhlu; epfo;jfTg;guk;gy; 15
7.1> 7.2  tiy mikg;Gfs; 25

2
 7.0 ghlj;;jpl;lk;
fzpjk; I
ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
1. nka;naz; 1.1 nka;naz; • vz; njhFjpapd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd • vz; f isf; n fhz; l njilfSf; F 04
njhFjpiag; njhFjpia tifg; tpupT rupahd FwpaPl;il vOJthu;.
gFg; g ha; T gLj;Jthu;. • vz;fSf;fhdj; njhilf; Fwpg;gL P • nka;naz;fis Nfj;jpufzpj
nra;thu;. • nka;naz; xd;wpw;fhd tifapy; Fwpg;ghu;.
Nfj;jpufzpj tif Fwpg;G
1.2 nka;naz;fisj; • nka;naz;izj; jrkkhf • jrkvz;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;. 04
tiff;F wpf; f tiff;F wpj; jy; • nka;naz;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
NrLfs;> jrkq;fs; Ú KbTW jrkk; • NrLfslq;fpa Nfhitfis
vd;gtw;iw Ú Kbtpy; jrkk; gFjpnaz;zhf nfhz;l Nfhitfis
cgNahfpg;ghu;. Ú kPSk; jrkk; tpfpjKW gFjp vz;fshf;Fthu;.
• N rLfSk; N rLfs ; c s ; s pl; l • NrLfspy; ml;rufzpjr; nra;iffisg;
NfhitfSk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
;
1.3 nka;naz;izj; • Neu; epiwnaz; mLf;Ffs; • Rl;bfis tiuaWg;ghu;.
06
njhlu;ghly; • kiw> G+r;rpa mLf;Ffs; • Rl;b tpjpfis $Wtu;
nra;tjw;F • tpfpjKW mLf;Ffs; • Neu;r;Rl;b> kiwr;Rl;b> g+r;rpa Rl;b>
mLf;F f;F wpfis • gFjp vz;fis tpfpjKWt tpfpjKW Rl;b vd;gtw;iw
gad;gLj;Jthu;. jhf; F jy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
(Rl;bfs;) • Rl;b tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gu;.
2. n j h i l 2.1 njhilfs; gw;wpa • njhilfs; 06
• njhil nkhopAk; njhilapd;
• njhilf;FwpaPLfis Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ml;ru mbg;gilfis
%yfq;fSk; • mfpyj;njhil> R+dpaj;njhil
fzpjj;ijf; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;f
Ú mfpyj; njhil> #dpaj;njhil> vd; g tw; w pid tpsf; f p> mtw; w pd;
ifahs;thu;. cgNahfg;gLj;Jthu;.
KbTW njhilfs; > Kbtpy; FwpaPLfis vOJthu;.
njhilfs;> njhilapd; • KbTs;s njhil> Kbtw;w njil
Kjypik vd;gtw;wpid tpsf;Fthu;.
Ú cgnjhil> Kiwik • njhilnahd;wpd; Kjypikia
cgnjhil> ,U njhilfspd;
ti ua Wg; g hu; > m jd; Fwpa P l ; i l
rkd;> tYj;njhil
vOJthu;.

3
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
• njhilg;gpupTfs;> Kiwikahd
njhilg; g pupTfs; ,U njhilfspd;
rkj;jd;ik> tYj;njhil vd;gdtw;iw
tiuaWg;ghu;.
06
2.2 ntd;tupg;glq;fisAk; • njhilr; nra;iffs; • ntd;tupg;glj;Jld; njhilfs; rhu;e;j
njhilfspd; ml;ruf; Ú ,ilntl;L> xd;wpg;G> tpj;jpahrk;
nraw;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
fzpjj; ijAk; Ú epug;gp> rhu; epug;gp
• njhilfspd; ru;trkj;jd;ikf; fhd
gpurpdq;fis jPu;f;f Ú n( A  B )  n( A)  n( B )  n( A  B )
#j;jpuq;fis vOJthu;.
cgNahfpg;ghu;. vd;w #j;jpuk; • #j;jpuq;fis cs;slf;fpa
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

3. fzpj 3.1 $w;Wf;fis • $w;Wf;fs; 10

• $w;Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
ju;f;f j;ijf; ,dq;fhz;ghu;. • ju;f;f ,izg;Gf;fs;> $l;Lf;
• Ntt;Ntwhd $w;Wf;fis ,dq;fhz;gu;.
ifahs;thu;. $w;Wf;fs;
• epge;jidf; $w;Wf;fs;
• $w;Wf;fSf;fhd tiutpyf;fzq;fis
• $l;Lf; $w;Wf;fs; vOJtu;.
• cz;ik ml;ltizia • cz;ik ml;ltiz mikg;gu;.
jahupj;j y; • epge;jid $w;wpid tiuaWg;gu;.
• ju;f;f rktYj;jd;ik • $w;W $w;Wf;fis tiuaWg;gu;.
• vjpu; T •

4
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
4. fzpjg; 4.1 fzpj KbTfis • epWty; Kiwfs;. • epWty; Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. 15
NgWfis Neub Kiw vjpu; Ú Neub epWty;. • NeubepWty;> vjpu;kWg;G %yk;
epWTtjw;F kWg;G Kiw> fzpjj; Ú vjpu; kWg;G %yk; epWty;. njhFj;jwpKiw %yk; epWty;
epWty; njhFj;jwp Kiw Ú fzpjj; njhFj;jwp %yk; vd;gdtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.
Kiwfisf; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; epWty;. • ntt; N tW epWty; Kiwfslq; f pa
ifahs;thu;. epWTthu;. gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

5. nka;khwpr; 5.1 rhu;Gfs; gw;wp • xd;Wf;F - xd;W my;yJ gyTf;F • rhu; G gw; w pa t i utpy f; f zj; i j 10
rhu;Gfis Muha;thu;. - xd;W vd;w njhlu;ghf tpsf;F thu;.
gFg;gha;T • rhu;nghd;wpd; tiutpyf;fzk; • tiuig tiuthu;.
nra;thu;. Ú Ml;rp> tPr;R gw;wpa tpsf;fk;>
• rhu;nghd;wpd; Ml;rp> tPr;rpid
• rhu;nghd;wpd; tiuG> rhh;G tpsf;F thu;.
xd;wpw;fhd epiyf;Fj;Jf;
• rhu;nghd;wpw;fhd epiyFj;Jf; Nfhl;Lr;
Nfhl;Lr; Nrhijid.
Nrhjidia tpgupg;ghu;.
• mbg;gilr; rhu;Gfs;
• tpNrl rhu;Gfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
f ( x)  ax  b • tpNrl rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfis tiuthu;.
f ( x)  x , f ( x)  x 2 > f  x   x3 • ,lkhw; w j; j pid ghtpj; J rhu; G fis
tiuthu;.
1
f ( x)  ( x  0, f ( x )  x , x  0 )
x
1
f (x)  ,x  0
x2
• cUkhw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
rhh;Gfis tiujy;
(,lg;ngau;r;rp kl;Lk;)

5
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
5 .2rhu;GfSldhd • mbg;gil nra;iffs; , , ,  • rhu;Gfspy; mbg;gilr; nra;iffis 10
nra;iffis • Nru;j;jpr; rhu;Gfs; Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
nra;thu;. Ú ,uz; L rhu; G fspd; Nru; f ; i f> • $l;Lr;rhu;Gfis tiuaWg;ghu;.
,jw;fhd (cjhuzq;fs;) • $ l ; L r; r h u ; g p w ; f h d F w p g ; gP L f i s
• Neu;khW rhu;Gfs; vOJthu;.
Ú tiutpyf;fzk;> cjhuzq;fs;> • Neu; k hW rhu; G fspd; tiuaWg; g u;
ru;trkr; rhu;G Neu;khWrhu;Gfisf; fhz;ghu;.
Ú Neu;k hW rhu;i gf; fz;L> ,U
rhu;GfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
Neu; k hwhdjh vd tha; g ; G g;
ghu;j;jy;.
6. gy;YW- 6.1 gy;YWg;gpfis • xU khwpapyhd gy;YWg;gpia 15
• xUkhwpg; gy;YWg;gpr; rhu;Gfs;
-g;gpfis Muha;thu;. Ú rhu;gpd; gb> Ke;JWk; cWg;Gk;> tiuaWg;ghu;.
gFg;gha;T Ke;JWk; FzfKk; • Vfgupkhd> ,Ugb> Kd;whk;
nra;thu;. Ú gy;YWg;gpfspy; rkk;. gbr;rhu;Gfis NtW gpupj;jwpthu;.
• ru;t rkd;ghl;L gy;YWg;gpapd;
,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
6.2 gy;YWg;gpfSldhd • gy;YWg;gpfSldhd fzpjr; • gy; Y Wg; g pfspy; mbg; g il fzpjr; 10
fzpjr; nra;iffs; nra;iffis gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
nra;iffisr; Ú $l;ly;> fopj;jy; • xU gy;YWg;gpia gpwpnjhU
nra;thu;. Ú ngUf;fy; gy; Y Wg; g pahy; tFg; g hu; .
Ú tFj;jy;> neLk; tFj;jy; • njhFg;G Kiw tFj;jiyf; $Wthu;.
Ú Vfgupkhzf; N f h i t • kPjpj;Njw;wj;ij $Wthu;.
n a h d ; w p d h y ; n j h F g ; G K i w • kPjpj;Njw;wj;ij epWTthu;.
tFj; j y; • fhuzpj;Njw;wj;ij Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Ú kPjpj; Njw;wk; • fhuzpj;Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiy
Ú fhuzpj; Njw;wk; vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
• kPjpjN
; jw;wk;> fhuzpjN; jw;wk; vd;gtw;iw
gad;gLj;jp gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
6
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
• xU gy; Y Wg; g papd; G+r; r paq; f is
tiuaWg;ghu;.
• 4k; gbtiuapyhd gy;YWg;gpr;
rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

6.3 ,Ugbr; rhu;gpidAk;> • ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs; • vfgupkhz rhu;Gfis

mjd; ,ay;Gfis Ú ,Ugbr; rhu;nghd;wpd; epiwtu;ff
; k; 10
mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
Muha;thu;. Ú gpupj; Jf;f hl;b
• ,Ugbr;rhu;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.
Ú ,opTg; ngWkhdk; > cau; T g;
• ,Ugbr;rhu;gpd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
ngWkhdk;
Ú tiuig tiujy;
• ,Ugbr; rhu;gpd; tiugpid tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfspd; ,ay;Gfisg; • tpj;jpahrkhd ,Ugbr;rhu;gpd; tiuGfs;
gpuNahfpf;ff; $ba cjhuzq;fs; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.
• ax2  bx  c  0 vDk; ,Ugbr; 15
• ,Ugbr; rkd;ghLfs;
6.4 ,Ugbr; rkd;ghLfis Ú tu;f;f G+u;j;jpahf;fy; %yk; jPu;T rkd;ghl;by; %yfq;fshf ,  it
Muha;thu;. Ú tiuG Kiwj; jPu;T tpsf;F thu;.
• ,Ugb r; r kd; g hl; b d; %y q; f is f;
• #j;jpuj;jpd; gpuNahfk;
fhz;ghu;.
Ú gpupj;Jf;fhl;b -  • ,Ugbr;rkd;ghL xd;wpd; %yq;fspd;
• %yq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy; jd;ik gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
Ú nka;ahd Ntwhd %yq;fs; • xU ,Ugbr;rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;f spd;
Ú nka;ahd nghUe;Jk; %yq;fs;
$l; L j; n jhif> ngUf; F j; njhif
Ú nka;ay;yhj %yq;fs;
vd; gtw; iw rkd;g hl;b d; Fzfq; fs;
• ,U khwpfisf; nfhz;l Vfgupkhzr;
rhu;ghf vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
rkd;ghnlhd;wpdJk;>,U
k h w p f i s f ; n f h z ; l , U g b r ; • % y q ; f s ; ,  , y h d r k r ; r P u ;
rkd;ghnlhd;wpdJk; xUq;fikthd Nfhitfshf jug;gLk; NghJ ,Ugbr;
jPu;T rkd;ghl;il mikg;ghu;.
• ,Ugbr;rhu;Gfs;> ,Ugbr; rkd;ghLfs;
njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
7
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
7. tpfpjKW 7.1 tpfpjKW rhu;Gfis • tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs; • tpfpjKW rhu;Gfis tiuaWg;ghu;. 15
rhu;Gfis gFjpg; gpd;dq;fshf Ú Kiwik tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs; • Kiwia tpfpjKW rhu;G> Kiwikapy;
Muha;thu;. Ntwhf;Fthu;. Ú Kiwikapy ; y
; h tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs; tpfpjKW rhu;G vd;gtw;iw
• tpfpjKW rhu;Gfis gFjpg; tiuaWg;ghu;.
gpd;dq;fshf Ntwhf;fy; • Kiwik tpfpjKW rhu;Gfis
• Kiwik tpfpjKW rhu;Gfspd; gFjpg; gFjpg;gpd;dq;fshf;Fthu;.
gpd;dq;fs; • Kiwikapy; tpfpjKW rhu; G fis
• Kiwikapy; tpfpjKW rhu;Gfspd; gFjpg; g pd; d q; f shf; F thu; . (Mff;
gFjpg;gpd;dq;fs;. $ B a J 4 n j u p a h f ; f zp a q ; f s ;
khj;jpuk;)

7.2 mLf;F f; Fwpr; • mLf;Ff;Fwpr; rhu;Gk; mjd; • rpy mLf;Ff;Fwpr; rhu;Gfspd; 15

rhu;GfisAk;> ,ay;GfSk; ,ay;Gfis Fwpg;gpLthu;.
klf;if Ú rdj;njhif mjpfupj;jy;> Fiwjy; • mLf;Ff; Fwpr;rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfis
rhu;GfisAk; njhlu;ghd tiuGfs; tiuthu;.
gFg;gha;T nra;thu;. Ú e ,d; tiutpyf;fzk; • e x ,d; ,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjd;
Ú e x ,d; tiuG tiuig tiuthu;.
Ú e x ,d; ,ay;Gfs;
• ln x ,d; ,ay;Gfis Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• klf;if rhu;Gk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;
Ú ln x ,d; ,ay;G • ln x ,d; tiugpid tiuthu;.
Ú mbkhw;wk; • klf; i fr; rhu; gpd; mbkhw; w k; gw; w p
Ú lnx ,d; tiuG vOJthu;.
• $ l ; L t l ; b > pH n g W k h d k ; > • ln x, e xvd;gtw;wpw;fpilNaahd
fjpupaf;ff; fhyy;> njhlu;Gfis xg;gpLthu;.
rdj; n jhif mjpfupg; G Nghd; w
cjhuzq; fs;
8
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
• nghUj;jkhd rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp
$l;Ltl;b> rdj;njhif tsu;rr
; p
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhz;ghu;.

8. rkdpyp 8.1 Vfgupkhz rkdpypfs; • rkdpypfs; • Vfgupkhz> ,Ugbr; r kdpypfisj;

fisf; • Vfgupkhz rkdpypfs; 10
,U gbr; jPu;g;ghu;.
ifahs;thu;. rkdpypfisf; • ,Ugbr; rkdpypfs; • xUq;fik rkdpypfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
nfhz;l • Vfgupkhz xUq;fikT rkdpypfs;
gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.

8.2 ,Ugbr; rkdpypfis • ,Ugbr; rkdpypfis tiuG %yk; • x U q ; f i k > , U g b r ; r k d p y p f i s 06

tiuG Kiw %yk; jPu;j ;jy;. tiugpidg; gad;gLj;jpj; jPu;g;ghu;.
jPu;g;ghu;.

8.3 tpfpjKW rhu; G fs; f  x 08

f  x
mlq;fpa rkdpypfis • g  x  tbtpYs;s rkdpypfs; • g  x tbtpyhd rkdpypfisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
,q;F f  x , g  x vd;gd jPu;g;ghu;.
,q;F g  x   0 MtJld;
gy;YWg;gpfs; (gb  3, g  x   0 )
f  x  , g  x  ,y; gb  3 MFk;.
(tiuG Kiwapyhd jPu;Tfs;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gltpy;it)

9
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
n n
9. N e u ; e p i w 9.1 <UWg;Gj; Njw;w • Fzfq;fis n • Cr I tiuaWj;J Cr , w ; f h d 08
Cr tbty; vOjp
vz; mbg;gil tha;ghl;ilg; ngWthu;.
n
Rl;bf;Fupa ,ay;Gfis •  a  b vd;gjd; tpupT
<UWg;Gj; • <UWg; G j; Njw; w j; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p
vLj;Jiug;ghu;. n
Njw;w j;i j •  a  b
n
,d; tpuptpd; gpuNahfk;  a  b ,d; tpupit ngWthu;.
vLj;Jiug; n
ghu;. •  a  b
,;d; tpuptpd; nghJ cWg;ig
vOJthu;.

n
9.2 <Wg;Gj; Njw;wj;ij • 1  x  vd;gjd; tpupT • <UWg;G tpuptpid cgNahfpj;J  1  x 
n

gad;gLj;Jthu; n
• 1  x  vd;gjd; <UWg;G tpuptpd; vd;gjid tpgupg;ghu;.
n
gpuNahfq;fs; • 1  x  ,d; tpuptpd; nghJ cWg;gpid
vOJthu;.
• <UWg;G tpupT mlq;fpa gpurpdq;fis
jPu;g;ghu;.

10. KbTs;s 10.1KbTs;s • njhlu;fs; • $l; l y; tpUj; j p> ngUf; f y; tpUj; j p 08

njhlu;fspd; njhlu;fisAk; mjd; • $l;ly;> nghJ cWg;G vd;gtw;wpd; $l;Lj;njhiffis
xd;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk; fhz;ghu;.
$l;Lj; tpgupg;ghu;. • $l;ly; ngUf;fy; njhlnuhd;wpd; nghJ
njhifiaf; cWg;igf; fhz;ghu;.
fhz;ghh;.

10
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

10.2$ l ; l y ; n j h l u ; > • rpf;kh Fwpg;gPL 12

ngUf;fy; njhlu; n n
•  FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp

nfhz;l gpurpdq;fisj; •  kUr  k  Ur njhlu; f is vOJthu; > mtw; w py;

r 1 r 1 $l;Lj;njhifapid fhz;ghu;.
jPu;g;ghu;.
n n n
• rpf;kh Fwpg;gPl; i lg; gad;g Lj;Jk;
 (Ur  Vr )   Ur   Vr > $l;ly; ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpg;
• r 1 r 1 r 1 gpuNahfq;fs;.
n n n n n n
10.3mbg;gil njhlu;fspd; 2 3 2 3

$l; L j; n jhifapid •  r,  r   r
r 1 r 1 r 1
•  r,  r   r
r 1 r 1 r 1
vd;gtw;wpw;fhd
fhz;ghu;. ,tw;wpd; gpuNahfq;fs; #j;jpuq;fis fzpjj; njhFj;jwp
Kiwia cgNahfpj;J epWTthu;.

• Nkw;gb #j;jpuq;fis njhlu;fspy;

$l;liyf;fhz cgNahfpg;ghu;.

11. 11.1 rhu;nghd;wpd; vy;iyia • vy;iy gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd • vy;iygw;wpa cs;szu;tpd fUj;J>
gpurpdq;fisj; tpgupg;ghu;. vy;iyfs; fUj;J vy; i yj; Njw; w q; fs; vd; g d gw; w pf;
jPu;g;gjw;F> gw;w pa Njw; wq;f is Fwpg;gpLthu;.
rhu;Gfspd; cgNahfpj;J • vy;iy gw;wpa Njw;wq;fs;.
ngWjpfisg; gpurpdq;fisj; jPug ; g
; hu;.  xn  an  n 1
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.  xn  an 
lim
• x a    na I epWTthu;.
gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;F lim   na n1 >  xa 
• 
 xn  an 
x a
 xa  ,q;F n Xu; tpfpjKW vz;zhFk;.
n1
lim   = na
x a
 xa  • Nkw;gb Njw;wj;ij gpuNahfpg;ghu;
vd;w Njw;wj;ij
cgNahfpg;ghu;.

11
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
12. 12.1. njf;fhl;bd; • nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$Wfs • Ms; $ w; W j; jsj; j py; Gs; s pfisf;
njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj; Ms;$w;Wj;jsj;jpy; Gs;spfis 01
Fwpg;ghu;.
Ms;$W njhFjpapid Fwpg;ghu;;.
fspd; tpgupg;ghu;. Ú Ms;$w;wr;Rf;fs;>
%yk; Ms;$Wfspd; cw;gj;jp> fpil
Neu;Nfh Ms;$W> epiyFj;J Ms;$W
nlhd;iw
Muha;thu;.
12.2 ,uz;L ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilapy; • n j f ; f h l ; b d ; 06
Ú jsj;jpy;
Gs;spfSf;fpilapyhd cs;s J}uk; ,UGs; s pfl; f pilg; g l; l J}uj; j pw; f hd
J}uk;> Ú ,U Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; #j;jpuj;ij vOJthu;.
Kf;Nfhzpapd; Nfhl;Lj; Jz;ilj; jug;gl;l • jug; g l; l ,UGs; s pfis ,izf; F k;
gug;gsT tpfpjj;jpy; gpupf;Fk; Gs;spapd; Nfhl; i l xU Fwpg; g pl; l tpfpjj; j py;
Ms;$W gpupf; F k; Gs; s papd; Ms; $ Wfis
Ú cr;rpfs; jug;gl;bUf;f vOJthu;.
mk;Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT • cr;rpfs; jugg;Lk; NghJ
Kf; N fhzpfspy; ,d; gug; g sitf;
fhz;ghu;.
12.3. Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; • Neu;NfhL 06
• xU Neu;Nfhl;bd; rha;tpwF
; k; gbj;jpwid
rkd;ghl;il Ú Neu; N fhnlhd; w pd; rha; T k;
fhz;ghu;.
tpgupg;ghu;. gbj; j pwDk; ( y mr; R f; F • Neu;NfhL xd;wpd; - ntl;Lj;Jz;L
x
rkhe;juky;yhj NfhLfSf;F) y - ntl;Lj;Jz;L vd;gtw;iw
Ú Neu;Nfhnlhd;W x - mr;rpy; vOJthu;.
Mf; F k; ntl; L j; J z; L y -
mr;rpy; Mf;Fk; ntl;Lj;Jz;L

12
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

12.4 Neu;Nfhnlhd;iwf; • Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; rkd;g hl;b d; • j u t p w ; N f w ; g Neu;NfhLfspd; 12

Fwpf;Fk; gy;NtW tbtq;fs; rkd;ghLfisg; ngWthu;.
rkd;ghLfspd; Ú gbj;jpwd; tbtk; (i) Gs;sp - gbj;jpwd; tbtk;
gy;NtW y  y1  m( x  x1 ) y  y1  m( x  x1 )
tbtq;fis
Ú gbj;jpwd;> ntl;Lj;Jz;L tbtk; (ii) ntl;Lj;Jz;L> rha;Ttpfpj tbtk;
tpsf;Fthu;.
y  mx  c y  mx  c
Ú ,U Gs;spfs; tbtk; (iii) ,UGs;sp tbtk;
y 2  y1 y  y1 x  x1
y  y1  (x  x 2 ) 
x 2  x1 y1  y2 x1  x2
x y (iv) ntl;Lj;Jz;L tbtk;
Ú ntl;Lj;Jz;L tbtk;  1 x y
a b   1
a b
Ú nghJ tbtk; ax  by  c  0 (v) nghJtbtk;
Ú (i) a  0, (ii) b  0, (iii) c  0, ax  by  c  0
MFk;NghJ nghJtbtr;
rkd;ghl;il tpgupj;jy;
12.5 ,U Neu;NfhLfs; 05
ntl;Lk; • ,U Neu;NfhLfs; ntl;Lk; Gs;sp • xd;Wf;nfhz;L rkhe;juky;yhj ,U
• u  0, v  0 vd;gd xd;iwnahd;W Neu;NfhLfs; ,ilntl;Lk; Gs;spapy;
Gs;spapD}lhfr;
Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;f.
nry;Yk; ntl; L k; ,U Neu; N fhLfshf
ahNjDnkhU tpUf;f> u  v  0 vd;w
• u  v  0 v D k ; t b t K k ; > m j d ;
Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.
ntspg;gLj;jYk;.
rkd;ghl;ilg;
ngWthu;.

13
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
13. 13.1 rhu;nghd;wpd; • x0 vd;w Gs;spapy; f (x ) vd;w • xU Gs;spapy; tifaPli
; l tiuaWg;ghu;. 07
gpurpdq;fis ngWjpia rhu;gpd; ngWjp • xU tisapa py; ,U Gs; s pfis
jPu;f;f tpgupg;ghu;. f ( x0  h ) - f ( h ) njhLf;Fk; Nfhl;bd; rha;itg; ngWthu;.
rhu;nghd;wpd; lim vd • khw;wtPjk; ngWjp vd tpgupg;ghu;.
 0 h
ngWjpia • khw;w tPjq;fis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
tiuaWj;jy;
gpuNahfpgg; hu;. • tisap xd;wpYs;s ,uz;L
Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;bd;
vy;iy epiyahdJ.
mt;tisapf;F tiuag;gLk;
njhlyp vd;gJ
Ú njhlypapd; rha;T
• khWk; tPjkhdJ ngWjpapdhy;
jug;gLk; vd;gJ.

d n d 06
13.2 vspa ml;ru fzpj> • x n , e x , ln x vd;w rhu;Gfspd; •
dx
 x   nx n 1 ,
dx
mLf;Ff; Fwp> ngWjpfs;
klf;ifr; rhu;Gfspd; d 1
ngWjpfisf; dx
 ln x  
x
Mfpa #j;jpuq;fisg;
fhz;;ghu;. ngWthu;.

12.3 ,uz; L rhu; G fspd; • 05

rhu;Gfspd; $l;lypd;> • rhu; G fspd; $l; l y; > ngUf; f y; > <T
$l;lypd;> ngUf;fj;jpd;> <tpd; tpfpjj;jpd; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd #j;jpuq;fisg;
ngUf; f j; j pd; > <tpd; ngWjpfisg; ngWtjw;fhd n gWthu; . ,tw; i w c gN a hfpj; J
(tpfpjj;jpd;) ngWjpfs; tpjpfspd; gpuNahfk; ngWjpfisf; fhz;ghu;
njhlu;ghd
#j;jpuq;fisg; • Nkw;gb tpjpfslq;fpa gpurpdq;fis
gad;gLj;Jthu;. jPu;g;ghu;.

14
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
13.4ngWjpiaf; • $l;Lr; rhu;Gfhd rq;fpyp tpjp • ngWkjpfis ngw rq;f pyp tpjpia 06
fhz;gjw;Fr; rq;fpyp gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
tpjpiag; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

13.5 ngWjpiag; • mjpfupf;Fk; rhu;G> FiwAk; • tifaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp mjpfupf;Fk; 04

gad;gLj;jp rhu;G> rhu;Gfspd; rhu;G FiwtilAk; rhu;G vd;gtw;iw
rhu;nghd;wpd; • epiyj;j Gs;spfs; tpgupg;ghu;.
elj;ijiaj; • cau;T> ,opT • epiyahd Gs;spfisf; fhz;ghu;.
Jzpthu;. • Xuplg;gLj;jpa cau;T • Xuplg;gLj;jpa cau;T> ,opT
• Xuplg;gLj;jpa ,opT vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;ghu;

07
13.6 ngWjpiag; • ngWjpiag; gad;gLj;jp vspa • ngWjpiag; gad;gLj;jp vspa
gad;gLj;jp vspa tiuGfis tiuthu;.
tisapfis tiujy;
tisapfspd; (fpil> epiyf;Fj;J • fpil> epiyf;Fj;J mZF NfhLfis
RtLfis fhz;ghu;.
mZFNfhLfs;)
tiuthu;.

• rhu;G njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPug; g; hu;. 08

13.7ngWjpiag; • rhu;G tPjq;fs;
gad;gLj;jp gpurpdq;fs;
jPu;g;ghu;.

15
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

14. rhu;Gfspd; 14.1tifaPl;bd; • ngWjp Kuz; (njhifaPL)> • ngWjpfspd; Kbitg; gad; g Lj; j p 04
tiuaWj;j Neu;khwhfj; tiuawhj njhifaPL njhifaPLfisf; fhz;ghu;.
tiuawhj njhifaPl;il • njhifaP L fSf; f hd Njw; w q; f isg;
Ú   f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
njhifaPL ,dq;fhz;ghu;. gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fisf; Ú
 f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx
fhz;ghu;. mbg;gilj; Njw;wq;fspd;
gpuNahfk;
14.2 epakr; rhu;Gfspd; • x n , e x Nghd;w epakr; rhu;Gfspd; • epak KbTfisg; gad;gLj;jp 08
njhifaPl;Lg; njhifaPL njhifaPlL
; g; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
NgWfis ,dq; • njhiffSf;F epak tbtq;fs; • t h a ; g ; g h L f i s cgNahfpj;J
fhz;ghu;.  f  x  
n 1 tifapLthu;.
n
  f  x  f   x  dx  n  1 C • gFjpg; gpd; d q; f is cgNahfpj; J
tifapLthu;.
f '( x )
 dx  ln f ( x )  C
f ( x)

14.3 njhifaPL • tiuaWj;j njhifaPL • Ez;fzpjj;jpy; mbg;gilj; 06

njhlu;ghd b Njw;wj;jpid $Wthu;
mbg;gilj; • tiuaWj;j njhifaPl;Lg;
Njw;wq;fisg; Ú  f ( x)dx
a ngWkhdq;fisf; fhz;ghu;
gpuNahfpj;J • tiuaWj;j njhifaPlb
; d; ,ay;Gifsg;
tiuaWj;j fhz;ghu;.
njhifaPLfisj;
Jzpthu;.
• gFjpg; gpd;d Kiwapy; tpfpjKW • gFjpgg; pdd ; q;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gpurpdk; 04
14.4n j h i f a p L t j w ; F g ;
rhu;Gfisj; njhifaply; jP u ; g ; g hu; .
gy;NtW Kiwfisg;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
16
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
14.5 gFjpahfj; • nghUj;jkhd gpurpdq;fSf;F 04
njhifaply; •  udv  uv   vdu gFjpahfj; njhifapliyg;
Kiwia gad;gLj;Jthu;.
cgNahfpj;J
njhifaPL
njhlu;ghd
gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.

14.6 njhifaPl;ilg; • njhifaPl;bd; gpuNahfk; • jug;gl;l xU tisapy; fPo; cs;s 08

gpuNahfpj;J Ú tisap xd;wpd; fPo; g ug ; i g f ; f h d t i u a Wf ; f g; g l; l
tisapfspdhy; milf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT njhifaPli ; lg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
vy;iyg;gLj; Ú ,U tisapfshy;
jg;gl;Ls;s milf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT • jug;gl;l ,U tisapfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l
gpuNjrj;jpd; gug; gug;gsit fhz;ghu;.
gsitj; Jzpthu;.

14.7gpurpdq;fisj; • ruptf tpjp • gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;ff; 08

jPu;g;gjw;F • rpk;rd; tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp Ú ruptfg;Nghyp newp
mz;zsthf;fy; vz;rhu; njhifaPL Ú rpk;rdpd; tpjp
Kiwiag; vd;gtw;iw cgNahfpg;ghu;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

17
 fzpjk; II
ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

1. Gs;sp 1.1 G s ; s p t pg u t p a y p d ; • Gs;sp tpgutpay; vd;why; vd;d? • Gs;sptpgutpay; vd;why; vd;d

tpgutpaypd; jd;ikia Muha;thu;. • Gs;sp tpgutpaypd; jd;ik vd; g ijAk; mjd; jd; i k gw; w pAk; 03
mbg;gil tpsf;F thu;.
Ú tptuzg; Gs;sptpgutpay;
fis • epfo;jfT> epfo;j;jfTg; guk;gy; tpjpfs;
Ú mDkhdg; Gs;sptpgutpay; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.
tpgupg;ghu;.
• tptuzg; Gs;sp tpgutpay;> • tptuz mDkhd
mDkhdg; Gs;sp tpgutpay;> Gs;sptpgutpaypw;fpilapyhd
epfo;jfT vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;il tpsf;Fthu;
njhlu;G • mZkhdg; Gs;sptpgutpaypd;
Ú epfo;jfT epfo;jftpy; tfpghfk; gw;wp
Ú Gs;sptpgutpay; gpuNahfq;fs; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• Gs;sptpgutpaypd; rpy gpuNahfq;fis
,dq;fhz;gu;

1.2 jfty;fisg; • juTfSk; jfty;fSk; • juTfspd; tiffs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;. 03

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfj; • gupNrhjidfSk; juTfSk; • juTfs;> jfty;fs; vd;gw;wpw; fpilg;gl;l
juTfisf; ifahs; • fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gupNrhjidfs;> NtWghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.
thu;. Fbj;njhif kjpg;G
• juTfspd; tiffs;
Ú gz;G uPjpahd> vz; uPjpahd
Ú Nominal, Ordinal
Ú gpdd
; fj;juTfs;
Ú njhlu; juTfs;

18
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
2. 2.1 juTfis • juTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; El;gq;fs; • juTfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;. 02
juTfisAk; tifg;gLj;Jthu;. • juTfis tifg;gLj;jy; • juTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fk;
jfty; Ú juTfis tifg;gLj;jy;> ,yf;F gw;wp $Wthu;.
fisAk; xOq;FgLj;Jk; nra;ifahf
cupa Ú tifg;gLj;jypd; Nehf;fk;
Kiwapy; Ú tifg;gLj;jypd; mbg;gil
tifapy;
Kd;itg; ghu;. 2.2 juTfis • ml;ltizg;gLj;Jk; El;gq;fs; • $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l kPbwd;> 02
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;. Ú kPbwd; ml;ltiz xd;iw $l; l khf;f g;g lhj kP b wd; guk; gy;
mikj;jy; juTfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.
Ú $l;lkhf;fg;glhj kPbwd; guk;gy; • ml; l tizg; g Lj; j pa juTfis
Ú $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l kPbwd; guk;gy; tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
Ú ,Utop ml;ltiz mikj;jy;
• Gs;sp tpgutpay; uPjpahd
ml;ltizg;gLj;jypd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
2.3 juTfisAk; • tupg;glq;fshf;Fk; El;gq;fs; • juTfis tiff;Fwpf;f 06
jfty;fisAk; (Nfj;jpu fzpj tupgg
; lq;fs; my;yJ tupg;glq;fis gad;gLj;Jthu;
tupg;glq;fis glq;fs;) • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
cgNahfpj;J Ú tupg;glk; %yk; Kd;itg;gjd; • juTfis tiff;Fwpff ; tupglq;fis
fhl;Lthu;. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cgNahfpg;ghu;.
Ú tupg;glq;fs; Mf;Ftjw;fhd
vy;iyfSk; tpjpfSk;
Ú Nfj;jpufzpj tbtk;
Ú ryhif tiuGfs;
Ú ryhif tiuGfspd; tiffs;
Ú tl;l tiuG
Ú glq;fSk; tupg;glq;fSk;
19
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
2.4 juTfisAk; Ú Nfhl;L tiuGfs; • tiuG Kiwapy; juTfis 03
jfty;fisAk; tiuG Ú xU khwpapYk; $Ljyhd t i f f ; F w pf;Fk; Kiwfis
%yk; fhl;Lthu;. cgNahfpg;ghu;.
re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; Nfhl;L
tiuGfs;
Ú tiyAU tiuak;
Ú kPbwd; gy;Nfhzp
Ú xg;gkhd kPbwd; tisap
Ú Xfpt; tisap (jpus; kPbwd;
tisap)
Ú jpus; kPbwd; tisap

3. kPbwd; 3.1 ika ehl;l • tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l • ikaehl;l msitfisf; fhz;ghu;. 10

guk;gnyhd;wpd; mstPnlhd;whf tifg;gLj;jg;glhj juTg;
,ilia tpgupg;ghu;. guk;gnyhd;wpd; (Classified
elj;ijia
tpgupg;ghu;. Unclasssified)
Ú epiwNaw;wpa ,il
Ú ngUf;fypil

3.2 rhu; mikT mstPlL ; g; • kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; rhu;G • kPbwd; guk;gy; xd;wpd; rhu;G 14
ngWkhdq;fspd; %yk; mikT mstPLfs; mikTifsf; fhz;ghu;.
kPbwd; guk;giy Ú ,ilak;
tpgupg;ghu;.
Ú fhyzfs;
Ú jrkizfs;
Ú rjkizfs;

20
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
3.3 ika ehl;l mstPL • kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; Mfhuk; • ikaehl; l msitapd; mstP l hf 04
xd; w hf Mfhuj; i j Mfhuj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
gFg;gha;thu;.

3.4 kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;W • ika ehl;l mstPLfspd; rhu; • ikaehl;l msitfspd; mstPl hf 04
njhlu;ghd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfhuj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
jPu;khdq;fis
vLg;gjw;F cupa
ika ehl;l mstPLf
isg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

3.5 tpyfy; mstPLfisg; • rpjwy; njhlu;ghd mstPLfs; • kPbwd; guk;y;fspd; jPu;khdk; vLg;gjw;F 10
gpuNahfpj; J kP b wd; • rpjwy; njhlu;ghd mstPLfspd; nghUj; j khd rpjwy; msitiag;
guk;gnyhd;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
guk;giy tpgupg;ghu;. • rpjwy; mstP L fs; gw; w pAk; mjd;
• rpjwypd; tiffs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Ú tPr;R • xd;W Nru;e;j ,il epak tpyfy; gw;wp
Ú fhyiz ,il tPr;R $Wthu;.
(fhyiz tpyfy;)
Ú tpyfy; ,il
Ú khww;wpwd;
Ú epak tpyfy;
Ú khww; Fzfk;

3.6 Xuha mstPLfspd; • k h ww ; F zf k ; g w ; w p t p s f ; f p m J 03

• khww; Fzfk; (gpau;rdpd;)
xd;whf khww;
njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;
Fzfj;ij
vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

21
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
3.7 x u h a m s t P L f i s • Xuha mstPLfs; • xuha mstPLfis tiuaWg;ghu;. 02
gad;gLj;jp guk;gypd; • fhy;gpau;rdpd; xuha mstPL • ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk; ,ilapyhd
tbtj;ij jPu;khdpg;ghu;. njhlu;gpid $Wthu;.
,il - Mfhuk;
• Sk1  • Xuha mstPl;il fhz;ghu;
epaktpyfy;
• Xuha msq;Ffis gad;gLj;jp
3 (,il - , ilak; ) guk;gypd; tbtj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
• Sk1 
epaktpyfy;
4. vOkhw;W 4.1 vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid • gupNrhjidfSk; epfo;r;rpfSk; • vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjidfis 08
• gupNrhjid Kiwfs;
nfhs;iffis xd;wpd; epfo;r;rpfisj; tpsf;Fthu;.
Ú Jzpaf;$ba gupNrhjid
fzpj Jzpthu;. Ú Jzpa Kbahj my;yJ • khjpupntsp> khjpupg;Gs;sp
Kiw ahf vOkhw;W gupNrhjid vd;gdtw;iw tiuaWg;ghu;.
tpgupg;ghu;. Ú gupNrhjid xd;wpd;
,ay;jF NgWfs;
Ú gupNrhjid xd;wpd; khjpup • epfo;r;rp vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid
ntsp tiuaWg;ghu;.
• epfo;r;rpfs; • epfo;rr
; pfspd; tif gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
Ú vspa epfo;r;rp> • epfo;r;rpfspd; tifg;gLj;jp xd;wpg;G
$l;L epfo;r;rp
,ilntl;L vd;gdtw;iwf; fhz;ghu;.
Ú #ypa epfo;r;rp> epug;G
epfo;r;rp
Ú ,U epfo;r;rpfspy; • Gwq;fyhd> ahTkyhtpa
,ilntl;L> xd;wpg;G epfo;r;rpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
Ú xd;Wf;nfhd;W Gwq;fyhd • rktha;g;Gila epfo;r;rpfis
epfo;r;rpfs; tiuaWg;ghu;.
Ú ahTkshtpa epfo;r;rpfs; • epfo;r;rp ntspapid tpsf;Fthu;.
• Nkw;gb epfo;Tfs; mlq;fpa gpujpfis
Ú rktha;gG ; ila epfo;rr
; pfs;
jPu;g;ghu;.
Ú epfo;r;rp ntsp
22
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
4.2 epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd • epfo;jftpd; gz;ila • epfo;jftpd; gz;i la tiutpyf; 10
Njw;wq;fisg; tiutpyf;fzk; fzj;ijAk; mjd; FiwghLfisAk;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;. Ú epfo;jftpd; kPbwd; uPjpahd Fwpg;gpLthu;.
tiutpyf;fzk; • mwpKiw tiutpyf;fzj;ij
Ú epfo;jftpd; ntspg;gilahd Fwpg;gpLthu;.
tiutpyf;fzk; • epfo;jftpw;fhd kPbwd;
• epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd tpjpfs; mz;zsthf;fj;ij Fwpg;gpLthu;
• P ( A)  P ( B )  P ( A  B ) • mwpKiw epfo;jfit gad;gLj;jp
• P(AB)  P(A)  P(B)  P(AB) epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd Njw;wq;fis
epWTthu;
• mwpKiw tiutpyf;fzj;ij
gad;gLj;jp epfo;jfT njhu;ghd
Njw;wq;fis epWTtJld;
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
4.3 epge;jid epfo;jftpd; • epge;jid epfo;jfT • epge;jid epfo;jfit tiuaWg;ghu;. 08
%yk; Ú tiutpyf;fzk; • epge; j id epfo; j fT njhlu; g hd
epfo;rr
; pnahd;wpd; Neu Ú epge;jid epfo;jfT Njw;wq;fis $wp epWTthu;.
jfitj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;. njhlu;ghd KbTfs; • epge;jid epfo;jfTfis
Ú rq;fpyp tpjp cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fis jPu;g;ghu;.
Ú ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfSf;fhd • rq;fpyptpjpiaAk; mjd;
rq;fpyp tpjp tpupTgLj;jiyAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Ú ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l
epfo;rr
; pfSf;F rq;fpyp tpjpia
tpupTgLj;Jthu;.
4.4 ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; • rhuh epfo;r;rpfs; • ,uz;L my;y %d;W epfo;r;rpfSf;F
rhuhika tpgupg;ghu;. 04
• gy epfo;r;rpfspd; rhuhik rhuhikiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;

23 08
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
4.5 nkhj;j epfo;jfTj; • khjpup ntspapd; gpupg;G • khjpup ntspapd; gpupgi ; g tiuaWg;ghu; 08
Njw;wj;jpd; ngWkjpahf • nkhj;j epfo;jfT Njw;wk; • nkhj;j epfo;T njhlu;ghd Njw;wj;ij
Ngrpd; Njw;wj;ijg;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
• Ngrpd; Njw;wk; epWTthu;> gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
• Ngrpd; Njw;wj;ijf; $wp ,jid
cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;
4.6 vOkhw; W khwpfis • vOkhw;W khwpnahd;W vLf;Fk;; • vOkhw;W khwpfspy; rhj;j pakhd 10
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;. rhj;jpakhd ngWkhdq;fs; ngWkhdq;fis $Wthu;.
• gpd;df vOkhw;W khwpfs;> • gpd;dfnjhlu; vOkhw;W khwpfis
njhlu; vOkhw;W khwpfs; tiuaWg;ghu;.
• vOkhw;Wkhwpapd; rhj;jpakhd
ngWkhdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
4.7 n j h l u ; > gpd;df • ; f vOkhw;W khwpnahd;wpd; • vOkhw;W khwpnahd;wpy; epfo;jfTg;
gpdd 10
vOkhw;W khwp xd;wpd; epfo;jfTg; guk;gy; guk;gy;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
epfo;jfTg; guk;gypd; • njhlu; vOkhw;W khwpnahd;wpd; • njhlu; vOkhw; W khwpnahd; w py;
,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;. epfo;jfT mlu;;j;jpr; rhu;G epfo; j fT mlu; j ; j pr; rhu; G fis
tpgupg;ghu;.
4.8 vOkhw;W khwp xd;wpd; • fzpj vjpu;T • fzpj vjpu;tpid tiuaWg;ghu;. 15
epfo; jfTg; guk;gypd; Ú ,il • njhlu;> gpd;df vOkhw;W
%yk; fzpj vjpuitf; Ú khww;jpwd; khwpfSf; F > ,il> khw; wj;jpid
fzpg;ghu;. fhz;ghu;.
4.9 jpus; guk;gy; rhu;igj; • vOkhw;W khwp xd;wpd; jpus; • vOkhw;wkhwpnahd;i w jpuguk; gy; 12
Jzpthu;. guk;gy; rhu;G rhu;gpid tiuaWg;ghu;
• NkNy jug;gl;l ,ay;Gfis
cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;
4.10 tpNrl gpd;df • gpd;df epfo;jfTg; guk;gy; • NgZypahd guk;gy; <UWg;Gg;guk;> 06
epfo;jfTg; guk;gy; • NgZypapy; guk;gy; gpd;d f rpuhdguk;gy; vd;g tw;i w
fSf;fhd khjpupfis • <UWg;Gg; guk;gy; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
mikg;ghu;. epfo;jfT • GtNrhd; guk;gy; • . Nkw;$wpa guk;gy;fspid gpurpdq;fspy;
fzpj;J tpgupg;ghu;. gad;gLj;Jthu;.
24
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
4.11nfhs;if khjpupfis • njhlu;ruP hd guk;giy Fwpg;gpLthu;. 06
cg Nahfpj;J • njhlu; epfo;jfTg; guk;gy; • nrt; t s; guk; g y; > epak nrt; t s;
epfo;jfTfisf; Ú xUrPuhd guk;gy; guk;giy tpgupg;ghu;.
fzpg;gJld; tpNrl Ú nrt;td; guk;gy;> epak nrt;td;
njhlu; guk;gypd; guk;gy;
epfo;jfT mlu;j;jpr;
rhu;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.
5. 5.1 Vfgupkhzj; jpl;lkply; • Vfgupkhzj; jpl;lkply; • gpurpdq;fspy; NkNy Fwpg;gpg;litiag; 10
Vfgupkhzj; khjpup xd;iw • gpurpd tiffs; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
jpl;lkply; mikg;ghu;. Ú rhj;jpakw;w jPu;Tila • khjpup ntspapd; gpupgi
; g tiuaWg;ghu;
gpurpdk; gpurpdq;fs; • nkhj;j epfo;T njhlu;ghd Njw;wj;ij
xd;wpd; Ú jdpj;jPu;Tg; gpurpdq;fs; epWTthu;> gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
cj;jkj; Ú gy;jPu;Tg; gpurpdq;fs;
jPu;itj;
Jzpthu;. 5.2 Vfgupkhz jpl;lkply; • Vgupkhzj; jpl;lkply; khjpupia • rhj;jpakhd> rhj;jpakw;w gpuNjrq;fis 24
gpurpdnkhd;wpd; jPui
; tj; mikj;jy; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
tiuGKiwapy; Ú jPu;khd khwpfs; • cau;thf;f> ,opthf;f khjpupfSf;fhd
Jzpthu;. Ú Fwpf;Nfhs; rhu;G jPu;tfisf; fhz;ghu;.
Ú epak tbtpy; tif Fwpj;jy; • g p u r p d q ; f s p y ; g y ; N t W t i f a h d
Ú tpfhug; gilfs; jPu;Tfisg; ngWthu;.
Ú kiw my;yhj epge;jidfs;
• Vfgupkhzj; jpl;lkplypw;fhd
tiuG Kiwj; jPu;T
Ú rhj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
Ú rhj;jpakhd jPu;Tfs;
Ú cau;thf;f khjpup xd;wpd; jPu;T
Ú ,opthf;f khjpup xd;wpd; jPu;T
25
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
6. njupjy; > 6.1 fzpjg; gpurpdq;fis • vz; Z tJ njhlu; g hd Muk; g f; • vz;Djypd; mbg;gilj; jj; Jtj; ij 10
xOq; F jPu;g;gjw;fhd xU Nfhl;ghL tpsf;F thu;.
gLj; jy; Kiwahf tupir Ú cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy; fhuzpak; vd; g jid tiuaWj; J
vd;gtw;wpw; khw;wq;fis • fhuzPaf; FwpaPL gpd;dL njhlu;Gfisg; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
fhd cgNahfpg;ghu;. • NtWNtwhd nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd • np > I t i u a W j ; J n Pr , w ; f h d
n
tupir khw;wq;fs; - Pr vd;w #j;jpuj;ijg; ngWf.
Fwpg;gPL • n NtWgl; l nghUl; f spd; tupir
• m xj; j nghUl; f s; rpytw; i wf; khw;wq;fisf; fhz;ghu;
nfhz;lJkhd n
nghUl;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; tupir
khw;wq;fs;

n
6.2 fzpjg; gpurpdq;fis • NtWNtwhd %d;W my;yJ ehd;F • Cr I t i u a W j ; J nC r , w ; f h d 14
jPu;g;gjw;fhd xU nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L Nru;khdk; tha;g;ghl;ilf; fhz;ghu;.
Kiwahf gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit cUthf;fy; • Nru;khdj;ij tiuaWg;ghu;.
Nru;khdq;fis • n N tw hd n ghU l; f s py p Ue ; J • Nru;khdk;> tupirkhw;wk;
mwpKfk; nra;thu;. jlitf;F r tPjk; vd; g tw; w pw; f pilNaahd NtWghl;i l
vLj;J mikf;fg;gLk; tpsf;F thu;.
Nru;khdq;fspd; • tha;ghLfis gpurpdq;fspy;
vz; zpf; if. gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• nC r v d ; w F w p g ; g P L @ n > r • n
Cr ,d; ,ay;Gfis vOJthu;.
vd;gtw;wpd; rpwg;ghd
ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;l
gpurpdq;fs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
n n!
n
Cr vd;w Fwpg;gL
P Cr 
r!(n  r )!

26
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

7. tiy 7.1 tiy mikg;Gf;fs; • tiy mikg;Gf;fSk; mtw;wpd; • t i y a k ; G f i s tiuaWj;J 10

mikg;Gf; gpuNahfq;fSk;. gpurpdq;fspy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
fisg; • tiy mikg; G f; f Sk; > mjd;
gad;gLj;jp c W g ; G f ; f S f ; f h d
jpl;lq;fis tiutpyf;fzq;fSk;.
gFg;gha;T
nra;thu;.
7.2 tiy Ntiyfis Ú mtjpg; (khWepiyg;) ghij • ghTk; gpurpdq;fis mwpKfk; nra;jy;. 15
cgNahfpj;J Ú ghTk; (Spanning) gpurpdq;fis • cau; gha;r;rpypia tpgupg;ghu;.
gpurpdq;fis jPu;g;ghu; Fiwj;jy;. • mtjpg;ghij> nraw;wpl;lj;jpid
Ú cau; gha;r;ry; gpurpdq;fs;.; jpl; lkply; cs;s lq; fpa gpurpdq;f s;
Ú nraw;wpl;lq;fisAk; mtjpg; cl;gl;l gpurpdq;fis jPu;g;ghu;.
gijfisg; gFg;gha;T
nra;jiyAk; jpl;lkply;.

27
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

8. 8.1 tupir 2> tupir 3 • ,U khupfSldhd 04

ab pq
gpurpdq;fis JzpNfhitfis rkd;ghLfspd; jPu;Tfshf •  Identifies matrices
jPug
; g
; jw;fhd ntspg;gLj;Jthu;. mwpKfk; nra;jy;. pq ab
fzpj
khjpup
xd;whf
JzpNfhit
fis 06
ax  by  c
mwpKfk; 8.2 ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W • ,ay;Gfs;
nra;thu;. khwpfis nfhz;l • ,U epuy;fis my;yJ ,U px  qy  r
gpurpdq;fis jPu;g;ghu;. epiufis gupkhw;Wtjd; • NkYs;s rkd;ghLfis fPOs;s
%yk; JzpNfhitapd; Fwp tbtpy; vLj;Jiuf;f
khw;wkilAk;
a b x  c
• JzpNfhit xd;wpd; ,U    
epuy;fis my;yJ ,U  p q  y  r
epiufs; rkdhapd; mjd;
 x  a be
JzpNfhit G+r;rpakhFk;.    
• K vd;gJ epuy; my;yJ epiu  y  p q r 
xd;wpy; cs;s vy;yh
%yfq;fSf;Fk; nghJ
fhuzpahapd; K ahdJ
mj;JzpNfhitapd; nghJ
fhuzpahFk;.

28
 fzpjk; II
ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

9. Xu; ml;ru 9.1 j h a q ; f S l d h d • jhak; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk;> • jhaq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. 08

fzpjj; ml;rufzpjj;ij jhaf; Fwpg;gPL • jhaq;fspd; tupirfis vOJthu;.
njhFjp tpgupg;ghu;. • jhaq;fspd; $l;ly; • $l; l y; > ngUf; f y; vd; g tw; w pw; F
ahfj; Ú $l;lYf;fhd xUg;ghL xUg;ghLila jhaq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
jhaq; Ú $l;lYf;fhd guptu;jj ; id • $l;ly;> ngUf;fy; vd;gtw;wpwF
; guk;gy;
fisf; tpjpAk;> Nru;j;jp tpjpAk; tpjpiag;gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ifahs;thu;. • jhankhd; iw Xu; vz;zpahy;
ngUf;Fjy;
Ú ,U jhaq;fspd; $l;lypd;
kPjhd Xu; vz;zpapd;
ngUf;fj;jpd; guk;gy; tpjp

9.2 rJuj; jhaq; f spd; • rJuj; jhaq;fs; • tiutpyf; f zj; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p 12
, a y ; G f i s Ú rHt rkd;ghl;Lj;jhak; rJujhaq;fis tha;g;Gg;ghu;gg
; hu;.
Muha;thu;. Ú %iytpl;lj; jhak; • AB  BA vd;gij ,Ujhaq;fSf;F
• rJuj; jhaq; f s; njhlu; g hd tha;g;G ghu;g;ghu;.
ml;rufzpjk; • myFj; jhak;> Kiytpl;l jhak;
• jhag; ngUf;fk; vd;gtw;iw tiuaWg;ghu;. AB  BA
Ú ngUf;fj;Jf;fhf jhaq;fspd;
xUg;ghL
Ú jhag; ngUf;fk;
guptu;jj
; idahdjy;y.
Ú jhag; ngUf;fypd; Nru;j;jp
tpjp (AB)C=A(BC)
Ú jhaf;$l;lypd;kPJ jhag;
ngUf;fypd; guk;gy; tpjp

29
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

A(B+C) = AB + AC • vd; g d xNu

A, B , C tupirAs; s
,Ujhaq;fs; vdpd;
(B+C)A = BA + CA A  B  C   AB  AC
IA = A = AI ;
 B  C  A  BA  CA
,q;F I vd;gJ A ,d;
vd;gdtw;iw tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
tu pi r i af ; n f hz ; l r H t
• ru;trkd;ghl;Lj;jhaj;ij tiuaWj;J
rkd;ghl;Lj;jhak;
vy; y j; jhaq; f Sf; F k; AI  A  IA
Ú f (x ) vd;gJ x ,y; xU vd;gjid tha;g;Gg;ghu;gg ; hu;.
gy;YWg;gpahf ,Uf;f> f (A) ,q;F A, I v d ; g d x N u t u p i r j ;
Ij; Jzpjy; jhaq;fs;
• epiykhw;W • jhaq;fypd; epiykhw;wpid tiuaWj;J
Ú (A+B) T =A T +B T mjd; ,ay;Gfis Muha;thu;.

Ú (A T )T =A
Ú ( k A) T = k A T , ,q;F k Xu;
vz;zp
Ú (AB) T =B T A T

30
 8.0 fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; cgha Kiwfs;

khztu;fs; ,g;ghl newpapD}lhf vjpu;ghu;jj ; tpisitg; ngWtij ,yFthf;f gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fisg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs;> jq;fsJ fzpjj; njhlu;ghlypy; Nkk;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; jkJ rf khztu;fSlDk; MrpupaUlDk;
nghUs; tpsq;fpf; fye;Jiuahly;> jPu;Tfhzy;> tpsf;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; re;ju;gg ; k; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; vOj;jpy; khj;jpukpdw
; p tha;%yj; njhlu;ghly;> glq;fis cgNahfpjj
; y;> vz;> FwpaL
P > nrhw;gpuNahfq; fis cgNahfpjj; y;
Nghd;;wtw;wpy; njhlu;ghly; epfo;j;j Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

khztu;fs; gy;topfspy; fw;fpwhu;fs;. khztu;fs; fl;Gyd;> nrtpg;Gyd; clw;jir mirTfs; my;yJ gy;NtW Gyd;fspD}lhff;
fw;fpwhu;fs;. fw;wy; ghzp tPr;Rf;fspy; gy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. kpfg;nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaj;ijj;
jPu;khdpg;gjw;F ,f;fhuzpfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; Kiwapy; fyhr;rhu
r%fg; gpd;dzpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpisit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij Ma;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;NtWghLfs; milahsk;
fhzg;gl;L> gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fzpj mwpT> jpwd; vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jpapy; rfy
khztu;fSk; rktha;g;igg; ngw KbAk;.

tFg;nghd;wpy; KO khztu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy; epfOk;NghJ ngupa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfoKbAk;. khztu;fs; jkJ FOtpYs;s
Vida mq;fj;jtu;fSld;> ,ilj; njhlu;GWk;NghJ rpwpa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. khztd; xUtd; ,d;ndhU
khztDld; my;yJ MrpupaUld; ,ilj;njhlu;GWk;NghJ jdpegu; kl;lj;jpy; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. vdNt rfy xOq;FfSk;
fzpj tFg;giwapy; jj;jkf;Fupa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

31
 9.0. ghlrhiyf;n fhs;i fAk; epfo; r ;r pj; jpl;l q;f Sk;

fzpjf; fw;wy; khztu;fSf;Ff; fUj;Jr; nrwpe;j njhlu;Gilanjhd;whf epfo;tjw;F tFg;giw Ntiy Kw;whf mwpT> jpwd;
tpUj;jp vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sjhf mikahJ> njhlu;ghly;> ,izg;G> epahapj;jy; (fhuzpj;jy;) gpur;rpid jPu;jj
; y; Nghd;wtw;iw
cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkNy $wg;gl;l ehd;F ,yf;FfSk; khztu;fspd; rpe;jid> elj;ijr; nraw;ghL vd;gd
Nkk;glr; nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.

rhjhuz tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jYf;F mg;ghy; ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; fPo;tUk; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs;> fw;wy; nray;ghl;by;
xt;nthU gps;isiaAk; gq;Nfw;fr; re;ju;gg; j;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. mit>
• khztu; gbg;G tl;lq;fs;
• fzpjf; FOf;fs;
• fzpjg; ghriwfs;
• Nghl;bfs; (Njrpa> ru;tNjr)
• E}y; epiya cgNahfk;
• tFg;giwr; Rtu; mwpf;iffs; (ntspaPLfs;)
• fzpj Ma;T$lk;
• nray; miwfs;
• fzpjk; rhu;e;j rupj;jpu juTfs; Nrfupj;jy;
• gy; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; cgNahfk;
• nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;

fpilf;ff;$ba trjpfl;Nfw;g Nkw;$wpa nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;baJ fzpj Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,r;nraw;ghLfis
xOq;FgLj;Jk;NghJ MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk; mJ njhlu;ghd ntsp Ml;fsplkpUe;Jk; epWtdq;fsplkpUe;Jk; cjtpiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. mg;gbg;gl;l nraw;ghLfis xOq;fhd mbg;gilapy; xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F xt;nthU ghlrhiyAk;
32
fzpjk; rhu;ej
; jj;jkf;Fupa nfhs;iffis cUthf;fpfn
; fhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU ghlrhiyapd; gq;fspgg
; pdhYk; cUthf;fg;gl
,Uf;fpd;w KOikahd ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifapd; xU gFjpahf ,J mikAk;. fzpjk; rhu;e;j nfhs;ifia cUthf;Ftjpy;
ghlrhiy gpd;tUtdtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. mitahtd: ghlrhiyg; ngsjPfr; #oYk;> mjd;
Rw;Wg;GwKk;> khztu;fsJ NjitfSk; mf;fiwfSk;> ghlrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila rKjhak;> Mszp tsr; Nritfs;>
ghlrhiyf;F tha;g;ghd epWtdq;fs; vd;gdthFk;.

nfhs;if ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf gy;NtW tpjkhd nraw;ghLfs; mlq;fpa tUlhe;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis ghlrhiy
mgptpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpj;j tUlfhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfisj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; ghlrhiy
Kd;Dupikfis milahsq;fhz;gJk; Neuj;jpdJk; %ytsj;jpdJk; neUf;fb rhu;e;j eilKiwfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;tJk;
mtrpakhfpd;wJ. vt;tpjkhapDk; ghlrhiy ntt;NtW khztu;fspdJk; gy;tpj ehl;lq;fsJk; csr;rhu;GfsJk; tpUj;jpia
epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; NghJkhd nraw;ghl;L tPr;Rf;fis xOq;F gz;z Ntz;Lk;.

33
 10.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPlL; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkd epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
vd;gd cs;slq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; fzpgg
; l
P L
; f; fUtpfis Mf;fuPjpahfj; jahupjJ; eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd vjpug ; hu;ff
; g;gLfpdw
; J.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ juk; 13 ,d; ,Wjpapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w Njrpa kl;lf; fzpg;gPlhd f.ngh.cau;jug; guPl;irf;FupajhfNt
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; elj;jg;gLfpd;w
KjyhtJ guPl;ir 2019 Mk; tUlj;jpy; eilngWk;.

34
 fzpjf; Fwpg;g P L fSk; FwpaP L fSk;

gpd;tUk; fzpjf; Fwpg;g PLfs; gad;gLj;jg;g Lk;

1. njhilf; Fwpg;gPL
 xd;wpg;G
 %yfk;
 ,ilntl;L
 %yfkd;W
[a,b] %ba Mapil x  : a  x  b
 x1 , x2 , . . . . x1, x2, ... vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l njhil
 x : . . . ... MFkhWs;s vy;yh x IAk; nfhz;l (a,b] Mapil x  : a  x  b
njhil
[a, b) Mapil x  : a  x  b
n  A  njhil A apYs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
 #dpaj;njhil (a, b) jpwe;j Mapil x  : a  x  b
 mfpyj;njhil
A /
njhil A apdJ epug;gp 2. gytpd FwpaPLfs;
= rkd;
,aw;if vz;fspd; njhil {1, 2, 3, ...}
 rkdd;W
epiwntz;fspd; njhil 0, ±1, ±3, . . . ru;trkd; my;yJ xUq;fpirT

+ Neu; epiwntz;fspd; njhil {1, 2, 3, . . . } mz;zsthf rkd;
tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil  tpfpjrkd;
nka; vz;fspd; njhil  rpwpJ
rpf;fy; vz;fspd; njhil  rpwpJ my;yJ rkd;
 njhilg;gpupT  ngupJ
 ngupJ my;yJ rkd;
 Kiwikj; njhilg;gpupT
 Kbtpyp
M njhilg;gpuptd;W Mapd;

 Kiwikj; njhilg;gpuptd;W  Mapd; Mapd; kl;Lk;

35
3. nra; i ffs; 4. rhu; G fs;
a+b a IAk; b IAk; $l;Ljy; (a rf b ) f(x) x ,y; Md rhu;G
a-b a ,ypUe;J b If; fopj;jy; (a ra b ) f : A B rhu;G f ,d; fPo;> A apd; xt;nthU %yfKk;
njhil B ,y; tpk;gj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
a × b , a .b a ,b vd;gtw;wpd; ngUf;fk;
f : x y rhu;G f ,d; fPo;> %yfk; x MdJ y ,w;F
a glkhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
a  b, a I b My; gpupj;jy;
b f 1 rhu;G f ,d; Neu;khW
a:b a ,b vd;gtw;wpd; tpfpjk; go f f ,dJk; g ,dJk; Nru;j;jpr;rhu;G
n gof( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ
a
i 1
i a1 + a2 + a 3 + . . . + an lim f ( x) x MdJ a I mZf f ( x ) ,d; vy;iy
xa

a nka;naz; a ,d; Neu;tu;ff

; %yk; x x ,dJ xU rpw;Nww;wk;

a nka;naz; a ,d; kl;L dy

x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; ngWjp
dx
n! n fhuzpak; vy;yh n   0
dny
x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; n MtJ ngWjp
dx n
n n!
Pr  0r n n 
, r 
 {0} f (1)  x  , f (2)  x  ,..., f  n  x  x If; FwpjJ
; f (x ) ,d; KjyhtJ>
(n  r )!
,uz;lhtJ... n MtJ ngWjpfs;
n n!
Cr  ,0  r  n n 
, r 
 {0}
r !(n  r )!  ydx x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; tiuawhj njhifaPL
b
 ydx x If; FwpjJ
; y ,d; njhifaPlL
; g; ngWkhdk;
a

a ,w;Fk; b ,w;Fkpilapy;
x , 
x,... Neuk; Fwpj;J x ,d; Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk;> ...
ngWjpfs;;

36
5. mLf; F f; F wpr; r hu; G fSk; klf; i fr; r hu; G fSk; x, y, r . . . vOkhw;W khwpfs; X, Y, R vd;gd vLf;Fk;
ngWkhdq;fs;
ex x ,yhd mLf;Ff;Fwpr; rhu;G
x1, x2, . . . mtjhdpg;Gfs;
log a x mb a ,yhd x ,d; klf;if f1, f2 , . . . mtjhdpg;Gfs; x1, x2 . . . eilngWk; kPbwd;fs;
ln x mb e ,yhd x ,d; klf;if (,aw;if
n
klf;if) U A i  A1  A 2  ...  A n
i1
lg x mb 10 ,yhd x ,d; klf;if
n
 A i  A1  A 2  ...  A n
6. jhaq; f s; i1

x ,il
M jhak; M
2 khww;wpwd;
MT jhak; M ,d; epiykhw;W
 / S / SD epak tpyfy;
M-1 M ,d; Neu;khW
det M jhak; M ,d; JzpNfhit

7. epfo; j fTk; Gs; s ptpgutpaYk;

A , B, C Mfpad epfo;r;rpfs;
AB epfo;r;rpfs; A apdJk; B apdJk; xd;wpg;G
AB epfo;r;rpfs; A apdJk; B apdJk; ,ilntl;L
P(A) epfo;r;rp A apd; epfo;jfT
A/ epfo;r;rp A apd; epug;gp
P  A B epfo;rr
; p B epfo;eJ
; s;sJ vd jug;gbd;> epfo;rr
; p
A epfo;tjw;fhd epfo;jfT
X,Y,R... vOkhw;W khwpfs;

37