Rojgar Publication General English

1 Article

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) TT ;gk¡ Ex 1 esa inkpot (noun) osQ igys an dk iz;ksx ;s

vaxzsth O;kdj.k osQ varxZr A, An vkSj the dks Articles dgk crkrk gS fd ;gk¡ fdlh vfuf'pr (uncertain) nokr dh
tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx noun ls igys noun dks lhfer djus ;k ckr gks jgh gSA ogha Ex 2 esa cow (noun) osQ igys 'a'
ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;s Adjectives gSa vkSj dk iz;ksx crkrk gS fd ;gk¡ fdlh vfuf'pr ^xk;* dh ckr
Modern English Grammar esa bUgsa determiners osQ :i gks jgh gSA
esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Use of Indefinite Articles 'A' and 'An'
TT Articles nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSAa
'A' vkSj 'An' dk iz;ksx lkekU;r% èofu (sound) osQ vk/kj ij
Articles fuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA
(i) 'A' dk iz;ksx mu 'kCnksa (words) osQ igys fd;k tkrk gS]
tks fdlh consonant (O;atu) ls 'kq: gksrs gSAa
Definite Indefinite
Article Articles Ex
(a) A bat (b) A pen
(The) (A, An) (c) A coat (d) A kite

1. Definite Article Åij fn;s x;s Ex esa lHkh words, consonants (B, C,
P, K) ls 'kq: gq, gSAa vr% muosQ lkFk article 'A' dk iz;ksx
The dk iz;ksx noun (laKk) dh fuf'pr fLFkfr dks crkus osQ
fd;k tk;sxkA
fy, fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls noun dk iz;ksx Li"V gks tkrk gSA
(ii) 'A' dk iz;ksx ,sls words ('kCnks) a osQ igys gksrk gS] tks
Ex 1 I will pick him up at the airport.
fdlh ,sls vowels (Lojks)a ls 'kq: gksrs gS]a ftudk mPpkj.k
eSa mls gokbZ vM~Ms ij ysus vkšxkA
Consonants (O;atuks) a dk sound (èofu) nsrk gSA
Ex 2 Do you like the man who comes here daily.
Ex.
D;k vki ml vkneh dks ilan djrs gks] tks ;gk¡ jkst vkrk (a) A university
gSA (b) A universal language
TT ;gk¡ Ex 1 Airport ,d noun gS vkSj blls igys the
(c) A eucalyptus (lisQnk dk isM)
(Definite Article) dk iz;ksx dj crk;k x;k gS fdlh
particular 'Airport' dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA ,sls gh (d) A European
Ex 2 esa man (noun) ls igys the dk iz;ksx dj fdlh Åij osQ lHkh Ex esa lHkh words dh 'kq:vkr Vowels
particular, 'man' vFkkZr O;fDr fo'ks"k dh ckr dh tk ls gqbZ gS] ijarq mudk mPpkj.k O;atu (Consonants)
jgh gSA ls gksrk gSA tSls University (;wfuoflZVh)] Universal
(;wfuolZy)] Eucalyptus (;wdfyIVl)] European
2. Indefinite Articles
(;wjksfi;u)_ bu lHkh 'kCnksa dk fganh mPpkj.k O;atu ls gqvk
A or An dk iz;ksx fdlh noun (laKk) dh fLFkfr dks
gSA
uncertain (vfuf'pr) cukus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls
(iii) 'An' dk iz;ksx ,sls words osQ igys gksrk gS] tks 'H' ls
noun (laKk) dh position (fLFkfr) vLi"V jgrh gSA
'kq: gksrs gSa ijarq ;gk¡ ij 'H' ,d silent sound nsrk gS
Ex 1 I bought an inkpot. vkSj 'kCn dk mPpkj.k Loj (vowel) ls 'kq: gksrk gSA
eSua s ,d nokr [kjhnhA
tSl&s
Ex 2 A cow was sitting on the road.
(a) An honest lady
,d xk; lM+d ij cSBh FkhA
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(b) An honourable man fy, Hkh gksrk gS_ tSl&s
(c) An hour
Ex 1 A cow has four legs.
(d) An heir
xk; osQ pkj iSj gksrs gSAa
;gk¡ ij lHkh words ,sls gS]a tks 'h' (consonant) ls 'kq:
Ex 2 A cat has two twinkling eyes.
gq, gS]a ijarq mudk mPpkj.k vowels (Lojks)a ls vkjaHk gksrk
gS] tSl&s honest & vkWuLs V] honourable & vkWujcy] fcYyh dh nks pedhyh vk¡[ksa gksrh gSAa
hour & vkoj] heir & ,;jA blfy, bu 'kCnksa osQ lkFk TT ;gk¡ Ex 1 vkSj Ex 2 esa cow vkSj cat osQ igys 'A' dk
'an' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA iz;ksx gqvk gS] ftlls lHkh cows vkSj cats osQ gksus dk cks/
gksrk gSA
(iv) 'An' dk iz;ksx vowels (Lojks) a ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCnksa osQ
igys gksrk gS_ tSl&s Rule 3: 'A' ;k 'An' dk iz;ksx any (dksb) Z osQ sense esa
(a) An aeroplane gksrk gS] tSl&s
(b) An American Ex 1 There was an old man.
(c) An egg dksbZ cw<k+ vkneh FkkA
(d) An owl Ex 2 I saw a man in the garden.
;gk¡ ij iz;ksx gq, lHkh 'kCn vowels (A, E, O) ls 'kq: gq, eSua s cxhps esa dksbZ vkneh ns[kkA
gS]a rks buosQ lkFk Article 'An' dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA TT ;gk¡ ij Ex 1 esa an old man (dksbZ cw<k+ vkneh) rFkk Ex
(v) ,sls words ('kCn)] tks fdlh consonant (O;atu) ls 2 esa a man (dksbZ O;fDr)A
'kq: gksrs gS]a ijarq mudh sound (èofu) vowel dh gksrh
gS] tSl&s Rule 4 : fdlh okD; esa most dk iz;ksx very (cgqr) osQ
sense (vFkZ) esa djus osQ fy, most ls igys 'a' dk iz;ksx
(a) An N.C.C.
djuk vko';d gSA
(b) An S.I.
(c) An X-mas tree a most = very = cgqr

(d) An L.L.M. Ex 1 Jaipur is a most beautiful city.

mijksDr lHkh words, consonants (O;atuks)a ls 'kq: gq, t;iqj cgqr gh [kwclwjr 'kgj gSA
gS]a ijarq mudk mPpkj.k vowels (Loj) dh èofu nsrk gSA Ex 2 That is a most beautiful sunset.
tSl&s N.C.C. (,u-lh-lh-)] S.I. (,l-vkbZ-)] X-mas og cgqr lqna j lw;kZLr gSA
tree (,DleSl Vªh)] L.L.M. (,y-,y-,e)
Rule 5: fdlh class (oxZ) rFkk tkfr dk cks/ djkuk gS] rks
Rule 1: 'A' ;k 'An' dk iz;ksx mu words ;k units osQ singular conuntable noun osQ igys 'a' ;k 'an' dk iz;ksx
igys gksrk gS] tks fdlh fuf'pr la[;k] nj] xfr dks crkus osQ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA Ex 1 A lion is a carnivorous animal.
Ex 1 Your horse runs thirty kilometers an hour. 'ksj ,d ek¡lkgkjh tkuoj gSA
vkidk ?kksMk+ rhl fdyksehVj izfr ?kaVk nkSMr+ k gSA Ex 2 An elephant is a naive animal.
Ex 2 Mr. Rakesh bought a dozen bananas. gkFkh ,d Hkksyk (lh/k&lknk) tkuoj gSA
Jh jkosQ'k us ,d ntZu osQys [kjhnsA ;gk¡ Ex 1 esa a lion = all lion
Ex 3 Sugar is now being sold at Rs. 10/- a kilo. Ex 2 esa An elephant = All elephant
phuh vc 10 #i;s fdyks dh nj ls fcd jgh gSA Rule 6: Each/Every (izR;sd) osQ sense (vFkZ) osQ fy, Hkh
TT ;gk¡ ij Ex 1 esa ,d xfr dh nj crkus osQ fy, Article 'A' 'a' ;k 'an' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA Ex 1 She goes to school once a month.
TT ;gk¡ ij Ex 2 esa fxurh lwpd bdkbZ dh fuf'pr la[;k dks og izR;sd eghus esa ,d ckj LowQy tkrh gSA
crkus osQ fy, Article 'A' dk iz;ksx gqvkA A month = every month
TT ;gk¡ ij Ex 3 esa ewY; dh nj dks iznf'kZr djus osQ fy, a week = every week
Article 'A' dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vFkkZr~
a = every/each
Rule 2 : 'A' ;k 'An' dk iz;ksx (lHkh) All dk vFkZ nsus osQ
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Rule 7: ;fn dHkh proper noun (O;fDrokpd laKk) dks A twenty year scheme.
common noun (tkfrokpd laKk) osQ :i esa iz;ksx djuk gksrk Ex 3 Eight days journey.
gS] rks proper noun osQ igys a/an dk iz;ksx dj common A eight day journey.
noun cuk;k tkrk gSA Ex 4 Seven days forecast.
A seven day foecast.
Ex 1 You are a Shakespeare.
rqe 'ksDlih;j osQ tSls gksA TT ;gk¡ lHkh Ex esa 'a' yxkdj noun dks singular cuk;k
Ex 2 Suresh is a Bhupati of the street.
x;k gSA
lqj's k xyh osQ Hkwifr tSlk gSA Rule 12: What ;k How dk iz;ksx Exclamation
TT Shakespeare ,d Proper Noun gS ftls Article 'a' (foLe;kfncks/d) osQ :i esa gks] rks How ;k What osQ ckn
osQ iz;ksx osQ ckn Common Noun esa cnyk x;k gSA Singular Countable Noun osQ lkFk 'a' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Rule 8: tc dksbZ nks Adjective, and ls tqM+us osQ ckn fdlh Ex 1 What a beautiful day it is!
Singular Countable Noun osQ igys iz;ksx gksrs gSa vkSj mlesa okg! ;g fdruk lqna j fnu gSA
igys okys Adjective osQ lkFk 'a/an' dk iz;ksx gks] rks blls Ex 2 How naughty a boy!
,d gh O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cks/ gksrk gSA ijarq nksuksa Adjetives fdruk 'kjkjrh yM+dk gSA
osQ lkFk 'A/An' dk iz;ksx gks] rks nks vyx&vyx oLrq@O;fDr (such/rather/many half + a/an + noun)
dk cks/ gksrk gSA (so/too/as/+adjective + noun)
Ex 1 A red and a white bike stand there. What + a/an + adjective + noun
,d yky vkSj ,d lisQn ckbd gS] ogk¡ [kM+h gksrh gSA How + adjective + a/an/ + noun
Ex 2 She is a beautiful and intelligent girl. Rule 13: fdlh vifjfpr O;fDr osQ fy, Hkh Proper Noun ls
og ,d lqna j vkSj cqf¼eku yM+dh gSA igys Indefinite Article 'A' dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Rule 9: tc dksbZ nks Noun, and ls tqM+rs gSa vkSj mlesa nksuksa Ex A Mr. Gupta came to meet you.
Nouns osQ igys 'A/An' dk iz;ksx gks] rks nks vyx&vyx dksb-Z fe- xqIrk rqels feyus vk;s FksA
O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa dk cks/ gksrk gSA ijarq ;fn osQoy igys okys A Mr. Sharma has come to stay here.
Noun osQ lkFk gh Article 'A/An' dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks ogk¡ dksbZ fe- 'kekZ ;gk¡ jgus vk;s gSAa
,d gh O;fDr@oLrq dk cks/ gksrk gSA A = any (dksbZ)
Ex 1 A principal and a manager will go there.
Rule 14: oqQN Uncountable Noun osQ lkFk 'a' dk iz;ksx
iz/kukpk;Z vkSj eSut
s j ogk¡ tk,¡xAs (nks vyx&vyx O;fDr) Have a talk (ü) Have talk (û)
Ex 2 A father and guardian has come. Have a dream (ü) Have dream (û)
firkth vkSj laj{kd vk;s gSA (,d gh O;fDr) Have a good day (ü) Have good day (û)
Have a nice day (ü) Have nice day (û)
Rule 10: ;fn fdlh Verb dks Noun cukuk gS rks Verb
Have a fight (ü) Have fight (û)
ls igys A/An dk iz;ksx dj mldk iz;ksx Noun osQ :i esa Have a shower (ü) Have shower (û)
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Ex 1 My elder brother wants to have a swim. Rule 15: A/an osQ iz;ksx okys oqQN phrases
A love of As a rule
Ex 2 My sister goes for a walk.
Catch a cold In a hurry
TT ;gk¡ Ex 1 esa swim tksfd ,d verb gS ls igys 'a' dk Have a fever At a stone's throw
iz;ksx dj mls noun cuk;k x;k gS] vkSj lkFk gh walk In a dilemma In a rage
(verb) dks HkhA At a loss In a nutshell
Have a pain Make a noise
Rule 11: fdlh Hkh plural noun dks singular cukus osQ
At a cost At a discount
fy, 'a' dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Take a meal Have a meal
Ex 1 Seventy girls group .
Make a deal with Make an excuse
A seventy-girl group.
In a fix
Ex 2 Twenty years scheme.
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Omission of a/an TT The + adjective ls iwjh tkfr dk cks/ gks jgk gSA ogha a/
an + adjective + noun (man) ls ,d fo'ks"k O;fDr dk
Rule 16: post of/rank of/title of/position of/ job of/ osQ
igys A/An dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA cks/ gks jgk gSA
Ex 1 Rank of an S.P. (û) Rule 19: Ordinal numbers (ozQeokpd fo'ks"k.k) First,
Rank of S.P. (ü) second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth ..... etc. Next, last
Ex 2 The post of a clerk (û) osQ lkFk The dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
The post of clerk. (ü) Ex 1 Indira Gandhi was the first woman prime
Ex 3 The position of a peon. (û) minister of India.
The position of peon. (ü) bafnjk xka/h Hkkjr dh izFke efgyk iz/kuea=kh FkhA
Use of Definite Article (The) Es 2 The next bus is coming.
vxyh cl vk jgh gSA
Rule 17: Dates osQ igys the dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Exception (viokn)
Ex 1 The 26th of January. (ü)
26th of January. (û) At first, At last dk iz;ksx the osQ fcuk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ At
Ex 2 The 14th of November. (ü) the first, At the last dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
14th of November. (û) Rule 20: tc nks oLrqvksa osQ chp leku decline (fxjkoV)
Ex 3 The 15th of August. (ü) ;k enhancement (o`f¼) gksrh gS] rks ogk¡ ij comprative
15th of August. (û) degree osQ lkFk 'the' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Rule 18: ok| ;a=kksa (Musical instruments) osQ ukeksa the + comparative + sub + verb + the +
(names) osQ igys 'the' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA comparative + sub + verb
Ex 1 Ruby plays the harmonium. (ü) Ex 1 The sooner you go, the better you get. (ü)

:ch gkjeksfu;e ctkrh gSA ftruh tYnh tkvksxh] mruk vPNk ikvksxhA
Ruby plays harmonium. (û) The sooner you go, better you get. (û)
Ex 2 Ravi has a burning desire to play the piano.
Sooner you go, the better you get. (û)
(ü) Rule 21: nks O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa osQ chp rqyuk gksus ij

jfo dh fi;kuks ctkus dh rhoz bPNk gksrh gSA (Comparative degree + of the two + plural countable
Ravi has a burning desire to play piano. (û) noun) osQ fu;e dk ikyu gksrk gS] comparative degree osQ
lkFk 'the' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Rule 19: oqQN adjectives osQ igys ;fn 'The' dk iz;ksx
fd;k tk,] rks mlls Class (oxZ) dk cks/ gksrk gSA Ex 1 She is the more beautiful of the two friends.
(ü)
The + Adjective og nks nksLrksa esa ls vf/d lqna j gSA
Ex 1 The sicks. (ü) = Sick people, The sicks. (û) She is more beautiful of the two friends. (x)
Ex 2 The honest. (ü) = Honest people, The honests. Ex 2 She is the most beautiful of the two friends.
(û) (x)
Ex 3 The lame. (ü) = Lame people, The lames. (û) TT Ex 2 esa more osQ lkFk the vkSj Ex 3 esa 'the' osQ ckn
Ex 4 The old. (ü) = Old people, The olds. (û) comparative degree 'more' dk iz;ksx gksxkA

The poor = All poor
Rule 22: fdlh okD; esa Superlative degree (S.D.) dk

The blind = All blind
iz;ksx gksus ij Superlative degree ls igys 'the' dk iz;ksx

The rich = All rich
gksrk gSA

The needy = All needy
Ex 1 Ravi is the wisest man in his office. (ü)
Exception (viokn) jfo vius dk;kZy; dk lcls cqf¼eku O;fDr gSA
A sick man = ,d chekj vkneh Ex 2 Ravi is wisest man in his office. (û)
An honest man = ,d bZekunkj vkneh TT Ex 2 esa wisest osQ lkFk 'the' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
A lame man = ,d yxaM+k vkneh
An old man = ,d cw<+k vkneh Rule 23: Noun of + noun osQ fu;e esa first noun (izFke
laKk) osQ igys 'the' dk iz;ksx gksrk gS
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vFkkZr~ lgh Rule - The + noun + of + noun gksrk gSA oxZ (class) osQ fdlh nwljs Proper Noun dh rqyuk dh tk,
Ex 1 The king of Mewar. (ü) rks nwljs Proper Noun osQ lkFk the dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 2 King of Mewar. (û) Ex 1 Surdas is the Milton of India. (ü)
Ex 3 King of the Mewar. (û) lwjnkl Hkkjr osQ feYVu gSAa
TT Ex 2 esa king osQ lkFk 'the' iz;ksx gksxk ogha Ex 3 esa Ex 2 Saurabh is the Tendulkar of the street. (ü)
second noun (Mewar) osQ lkFk 'the' dk xyr iz;ksx lkSjHk ekSgYys dk rsna y
q dj gSA
gqvkA ;g first noun (king) osQ lkFk vk;sxkA TT Ex 1 esa lwjnkl (Surdas) dks feYVu (Milton) osQ leku
Rule 24: tc fdlh okD; esa Noun in apposition osQ case crkdj rqyuk dh xbZ gSA ogha Ex 2 esa lkSjHk dh rsna y
q dj ls
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rks ogk¡ ij common noun (tkfrokpd laKk) rqyuk dh xbZ gSA vr% ftlls rqyuk gqbZ mlosQ uke ls igys
osQ igys the dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Article (the) dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Ex 1 Shakespeare, the poet, was famous all over Rule 28: okD; esa either of/each of/ a large number
the world. (ü) of/ many of/ most of / both of/ some of/ all of/ half
Ex 2 Shakespeare, poet, was famous all over the of/ the majority of/ several of / none of/ various of/
world. (û) neither of vkus ij buosQ ckn the + plural countable
TT Ex 2 esa poet (noun) osQ igys the dk iz;ksx gksxkA noun/uncountable noun dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Rule 25: tc fdlh okD; esa Proper noun dh rqyuk Ex 1 Neither of the two boys is intelligent. (ü)
leku xq.kksa okys nwljs Proper Noun ls dh tkrh gS] rks nwljs nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh yM+dk cqf¼eku ugha gSA
Proper Noun (O;fDrokpd laKk) osQ lkFk the dk iz;ksx Ex 2 Neither of two boys is intelligent. (û)
fd;k tkrk gSA Ex 3 Half of the oil was used. (ü)
Ex 1 Jackie chan is the Amithabh Bachchan of vk/k rsy [kpZ gks x;kA
China. (ü) Ex 4 Half of oil was used. (û)
tSdh pSu] phu osQ vferkHk cPpu gSAa
TT Ex 2 esa two boys (plural countable noun) osQ igys
Ex 2 Jackie Chan, is Amitabh Bachchan of China.
(û) 'the' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Ex 3 The Jackie Chan is Amitabh Bachchan of TT Ex 4 esa oil (uncountable noun) osQ igys 'the' dk
China. (û) iz;ksx gksxkA
TT Ex 2 esa the dk iz;ksx ugha gqvk] second proper noun
Rule 29: vU; fLFkfr;ksa (positions) esa the dk iz;ksx&
osQ lkFk the dk iz;ksx] o Ex 3 esa the dk iz;ksx Jackie
1. ioZr Jsf.k;ksa osQ uke ls igys % The Mount Albert,
Chan osQ lkFk u gksdj Amitabh Bachchan (second
The Orizaba, The Hakakabo, The Himalaya,
proper noun) osQ lkFk gksxkA The Alps, The Eastern.
Rule 26: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Time expressing words 2. ufn;ksa osQ uke ls igys The % The Indus, The
(le; lwpd 'kCnks)a osQ igys next/last dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rks Yamuna, The Koshi, The Nile, The Amazon,
buosQ lkFk the dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ The Brahmaputra.
Next/last + time expressing words (week/months), 3. }hiksa osQ lewg (Group of island) osQ igys The %
evening / night/ day / morning/ year/ afternoon / The East Indies, The Andaman and Nicobar,
midnight / noon/ name of days (Sunday/Monday)..... The West Indies, The Philippines.
Name of months (January, February) .....
4. ukxfjdrk ;k jk"Vªh;rk lwpd 'kCnksa (Nationality
Ex 1 He will come next Monday. (ü) Expressing Words) osQ igys The % The
og vxys lkesokj dks vk,xkA American, The Indian, The Australian, The
Ex 2 He will come the next Monday. (û) Europeans, The Chinese, The Russians.
Ex 3 You went Mumbai last year. (ü)
5. The dk iz;ksx [kkM+h (Gulf/Bay), lkxjksa (Seas),
rqe fiNys o"kZ eqca bZ x;s FksA
egklkxjksa (Oceans) osQ uke ls igys % The Atlantic
Ex 4 You went Mumbai the last year. (û) Ocean, The Antarctic Ocean, The Pacific Ocean,
TT Ex 2esa next ls igys the dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA The Indian Ocean, The Bay of Bengal, The Gulf
TT Ex 4 esa last ls igys the dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA of Mexico, The Persian Gulf, The Caspian Sea,
The Black Sea, The Dead Sea, The Red Sea.
Rule 27: tc fdlh okD; esa Proper Noun dh rqyuk leku etc.
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6. ugjksa (Canals), leqnhz tgktksa (Ships), gokbZ tgktksa Revolution, The Civil War, The Battle of
(Aeroplanes), jsyxkfM+;ksa (Trains) osQ uke osQ Panipat, The Elizabethan Age, The Victorian
igys The % The Victoria, The Vikrant, The Age, The Middle Age, The Restoration Period,
Maghdoot, The Rajdhani Express, The Pawan etc.
Express, The Punjabi Mail, The Soo canal, 16. ,sfrgkfld tkfr (Historical Caste), jktuhfrd
The Manchester canal, The Suez canal, The nyksa (Political Parties) osQ ukeksa osQ lkFk The %
Panama canal. The Pygmies, The Aryans, The Red Indian, The
7. Desert (jsfxLrku) osQ ukeksa osQ lkFk the % The Negroes, The Janta Dal Party, The Democratic
Arabian Desert, The Thar Desert, The Kalahari Party, The Congress Party, The Bhartiya Janta
Desert, The Sahara Desert, The Mojave Desert. Party, etc.
8. fn'kkvksa (Directions) osQ uke osQ lkFk The % The 17. Dycksa] flusek?kjksa] gksVyksa] iqLrdky;ksa] Hkkstuky;ksa]
South, The North, The West, The East, The ukVdx`gksa osQ ukeksa ls igys The % The Nirvana
North-West, The South-West, The South-East, Club, The Happy Karma Night Club, The
The North-East, The Downward, The Upward. Mysore Palace Club, The Apasara restaurant,
9. /kfeZd xzFa kksa (Religious Books) osQ uke osQ lkFk The Hilton restaurant, The Tajmahal Hotel,
The Shoka Hotel, The National Museum, The
The % The Bible, The Gita, The Quran, The
Louvre Museum, The Indian Museum, The
Ramayana, The Mahabharta, The Puranas,
British Library, The National Library of India,
The Upanishads.
The Congress Library, The Shiela Theater, The
10. Government Branches (ljdkj dh 'kk[kkvks) a Carnival Cinemas, The Raj Mandir Cinema,
vkSj Armed Forces (l'kL=k lSfud cy) osQ uke etc.
osQ igys The % The Navy, The Police, The 18. 'kjhj osQ vaxksa osQ uke ls igys The % The arm, The
Army, The Airforce, The Executive (dk;Zikfydk)] leg, The eyes, The hand.
The Legislature (fo/kf;dk)] The Judiciary 19. chekfj;ksa osQ uke osQ ckn Parts of body osQ igys
(U;k;ikfydk)A The dk iz;ksx & cancer of the lungs.
11. Religious Community (/kfeZd lEiznk;) osQ uke
Omission of Articles
osQ lkFk The % The Sikhs, The Christians, The
Jews, The Muslims, The Hindus, The Persians. (Articles dk foyksiu)
12. Unique Things (vuks[kh oLrqvks)
a osQ uke osQ lkFk Rule 30: School, College, Sea, Work, Bed, Table,
the % The Sky, The Earth, The Stars, The Sun, Market, Hospital, Prison, Home, Church, Temple,
The Moon, The Universe, The Ocean, The Sea, Court. tc okD; esa budk iz;ksx mlh mn~n's ; osQ fy, gksrk gS]
The Rain, The Fog, The Air, The South Pole, ftuosQ fy, budk fuekZ.k gqvk gS] rks The dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
The North Pole, etc.
Ex 1 She often goes to church on Sundays.
13. ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa (Historical Buildings) vkSj
og vDlj jfookj dks ppZ tkrh gSA
,sfrgkfld LFkkuksa (Historical Places) osQ ukeksa osQ
lkFk The % The Red Fort, The Golghar, The Ex 2 Father goes to bed early.
Tajmahal, The Jal Mahal, The Qutub Minar, firkth tYnh lks tkrs gSAa
The Kurukshetra, The Panipat, The Pyramid, Ex 3 She is going towards the church.
The Gandhi Maidan, etc. og ppZ dh vksj tk jgh gSA
14. ,sfrgkfld lkezkT; (Historical Empire), Ex 4 The thief took the bed.
,sfrgkfld oa'k (Historical Dynasty) osQ ukeksa osQ pksj fcLrj dks ys x;kA
igys The % The Kushan Empire, The Gupta TT Ex 1 esa church dk iz;ksx izkFkZuk osQ fy, gqvk gS] ftlosQ
Empire, The Mughal Empire, The Vijay Nagar
fy, oks cuk gSA Ex 2 esa Hkh bed dk iz;ksx lksus osQ fy, gqvk
Empire, The Slave Dynasty (xqyke oa'k)] The
gS] vr% ogk¡ the dk iz;ksx ugha gqvk] ijarq Ex 3 esa church
Mauryan Dynasty (ekS;Z oa'k)] The Pal Dynasty,
The Chandel Dynasty, The Solanki Dynasty,
dk iz;ksx izkFkZuk osQ fy, ugha fn'kk crkus osQ fy, vkSj Ex 4
etc. esa bed dk iz;ksx pksjh djosQ ys tkus esa gqvk gS blfy, tks
15. ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk (Historical Event), ,sfrgkfld
fd bl mn~n's ; osQ fy, ugha cus gSAa vr% The dk iz;ksx gqvk
dky@vof/ (Historical age/period) osQ lkFk gSA ijarq ;fn budk iz;ksx Countable Noun osQ :i esa gksrk
The% The French Revolution, The English
gS] rks 'A/An' dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
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 Rojgar Publication General English
Exception (viokn) Rule 37: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Either, Neither, Every,
Bus stop, Theater, Circus, Cinema, Office, Movie, Each dk iz;ksx gS vkSj blosQ lkFk Singular Noun dk iz;ksx
Station osQ lkFk The iz;ksx gksrk gSA gS] rks The dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA
Rule 31: ;fn fdlh unh osQ uke osQ lkFk 'kgj dk uke gS] rks Ex 1 Every man is honest. (ü)
unh osQ uke ls igys the dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA Ex 2 Every the/a man is honest. (û)
Ex 3 Each girl is intelligent. (ü)
Ex 1 Delhi on Yamuna. (ü)
Ex 4 Each a/the/ girl is intillenent. (û)
Delhi on the Yamuna. (û)
Ex 2 Shri Rangapattanam on Kaveri. (ü) Rule 38: tc dHkh Hkh okD; esa by osQ lkFk means of
Shri Rangapattanam on the Kaveri. (û) transport (;krk;kr osQ lk/u) vkrk gS] rks The/A/An dk
TT Hudson Bay (gMlu dh [kkM+h) osQ lkFk the dk iz;ksx iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
ugha gksrk gSA Ex 1 My father will go to Agra by aeroplane. (ü)
Rule 32: fn'kk osQ uke osQ lkFk fdlh LFkku dk uke gks] rks the esjs firkth gokbZ tgkt ls vkxjk tk;saxsA
dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA My father will go to Agra by the/an aeroplane.
Ex 1 South Africa. (ü) (û)
The South Africa . (û) Ex 2 She goes to school by bus. (ü)
Ex 2 West Bengal. (ü) og LowQy cl ls tkrh gSA
The West Bengal. (û) She goes to school by the/a bus. (û)
Ex 3 South Korea. (ü) Exception (viokn)
The South Korea. (û) ;fn ;krk;kr osQ lk/uksa (Means of transport) dk iz;ksx
Rule 33: /kfeZd xzaFkksa osQ igys ys[kd (Author) dk uke gks] countable noun osQ :i esa gksrk gS] rks A/An/The dk iz;ksx
rks xzaFkksa osQ uke ls igys the dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA gksrk gSA
Ex 1 Tulsi's Ramayana. (ü)
Ex 1 He will buy a car. (ü)
Tulsi's the Ramayana. (û)
og dkj [kjhnsxkA
Rule 34: fdlh fo'ks"k }hi osQ lkFk the iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA He will buy car. (û)
Ex 1 Ceylon (ü) The Ceylon. (û)
Ex 2 Sumatra (ü) The Sumatra. (û) Rule 39: chekfj;ksa (diseases) vkSj R;ksgkjksa (festivals) osQ
Ex 3 Java (ü) The Java. (û) ukeksa osQ lkFk the dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
The typhoid (û) Typhoid (ü)
Rule 35: Kind of, variety of, type of, sort of osQ lkFk
The Malaria (û) Malaria (ü)
iz;ksx gq, noun (laKk) osQ igys The/A/An dk iz;ksx ugha
The fever (û) Fever (ü)
gksrk gSA
The cancer (û) Cancer (ü)
Ex 1 What kind of book is this? (ü) The Deepawali (û) Deepawali (ü)
;g fdl izdkj dh iqLrd gS\ The Holi (û) Holi (ü)
Ex 2 What kind of a/the book is this? (û) The Independence day (û)
Ex 3 She did not like this type of hair style. (ü) Independence day (ü)
mls bl izdkj osQ ckyksa dh 'kSyh ilan ugha vk;hA The Republic day (û) Republic day (ü)
She did not like this type of the/a hair style.
(û) Exception (viokn)
Rule 36: Parliament, Life, Death, Nature, Science, 1.
;fn R;ksgkjksa osQ uke osQ lkFk Holiday ;k Holidays 'kCn
Love, Society bR;kfn osQ lkFk The dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA yxk gS] rks the dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 1 Death is inevitable. (ü)
The holi holidays (ü)
Holi holidays (û)
e`R;q vVy gSA
The Deepawali holidays (ü)
Ex 2 The death is inevitable. (û)
Deepawali holidays. (û)
Ex 3 Love is a pleasant feeling. (ü)
The New year holiday. (ü)
izes ,d lq[kn vuqHkwfr gSA
New year holiday. (û)
Ex 4 The love is a pleasant feeling. (û)
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 Rojgar Publication General English
2. The plague, The Mumps, The Measles, The gS] rks the dk iz;ksx vko';d gSA
Rickets the + university + of + place name
Rule 40: fdlh Hkh University (fo'ofo|ky;) osQ uke osQ Ex 1 The university of Delhi. (ü)
lkFk the dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA University of Delhi. (û)
Ex 1 The Chaudhary Charan Singh University. (û) Ex 2 The university of Allahabad. (ü)
Chaudhary Charan Singh University. (ü) University of Allahabad. (û)
Ex 2 The J.N. University. (û) Name of persons + university osQ lkFk the ugha yxsxk&
J.N. University. (ü) Ex 1 Jawaharlal Nehru University. (ü)
Exception (viokn) Ex 2 Binoba Bhave University. (ü)
TT ijarq university osQ lkFk fdlh LFkku ;k O;fDr dk uke tqMk+

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

Directions: In the following sentences, one part of controls power. (c)/ No error (d)
the sentence may have an error. Find out which part (a) a (b) b
of the sentence has an error. If a sentence is free from (c) c (d) d
error, select no error. 9. Tesla designed system for sending electricity
1. Rajni is planning to settle (a)/ in Mumbai as over the air through a series of enormous
soon as (b) / she retires in August the next towers.
year. (c) / No error (d) (a) for sending electricity
(a) a (b) b (b) Tesla designed system
(c) c (d) d (c) through a series of enormous towers
2. The English is a very (a)/ popular language (d) over the air
(b)/ amongst south Indians. (c)/ No error (d) 10. To write a poem I need a pen, a diary and also
(a) a (b) b the quiet place.
(c) c (d) d (a) a diary (b) To write
3. He did not go (a)/ to the temple on foot (b)/ he (c) and also the (d) I need
went there by the car. (c)/ No error (d) 11. The day before yesterday he left for Europe by
(a) a (b) b the air.
(c) c (d) d (a) The day before yesterday
4. My father says (a)/ that the Ganga is holiest (b) No error
(b)/ of all the rivers. (c)/ No error (d) (c) by the air
(a) a (b) b (d) he left for Europe
(c) c (d) d 12. Do you have an valid explanation for your
5. I met the gentleman (a)/ today evening on my absence from work?
(b) way back to home. (c)/ No error (d) (a) Do you have
(a) a (b) b (b) an valid explanation
(c) c (d) d (c) from work
(d) for your absence
6. It is estimated that cows might be more (a)/
dangerous to a earth's atmosphere than 13. Rice of a best quality is available in the nearby
trucks (b)/ and cars combined (c)/ No error (d) supermarket at eighty rupees per kilo.
(a) a (b) b (a) in the nearby (b) a best quaity
(c) c (d) d (c) at eighty rupees (d) is available
7. We have issued (a)/ a order seeking immediate 14. Taj Mahal is one of an greatest wonders of the
(b) printing of revised price tag. (c)/ No error world.
(d) (a) a (b) an
(a) a (b) b (c) the (d) no article
(c) c (d) d 15. He spends good deal of money on eating out.
8. Education is a instrument which (a)/ imparts (a) good deal (b) He spends
knowledge and, therefore (b)/ indirectly (c) on eating out (d) of money

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 Rojgar Publication General English

2 Noun

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) nw/ BaMk gks tk,xkA

A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. (laKk Ex 2 Water is life.
fdlh O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke gSA) (U.N.)
Ex 1 Ram is a good boy. (Name)
ty gh thou gSA

(P.N.) Parts of Countable Noun
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gSA
(i) Proper Noun (O;fDrokpd laKk)
Ex 2 Delhi is big city. (Place) The name of a person, place or thing is called a
fnYyh ,d cM+k 'kgj gSA proper noun. (fdlh O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq osQ uke dks
Ex 3 This table is broken. (Thing) O;fDrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA)
;g est VwV x;h gSA ,slh laKk dk izFke v{kj (Letter) ges'kk Capital gksrk gSA
Noun = Word + s/es Ex Ram, Ravi, Tajmahal, Ramayan, etc.
Noun = Article + word
(ii) Common Noun (tkfrokpd laKk)
Noun = Naming words
The noun by which the entire caste of an object,
person or place can be understood is called a common
Noun osQ izdkj noun. (ftl laKk osQ }kjk fdlh oLrq] O;fDr ;k LFkku dh
1. Countable Noun (x.kuh; laKk) laiw.kZ tkfr dk cks/ gks] mls tkfrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA)
(i) Proper noun (O;fDrokpd laKk)
Ex Teacher, Boy, Dog, City, Table, etc.
(ii) Common noun (tkfrokpd laKk)
(iii) Collective Noun (lewgokpd laKk)
(iii) Collective noun (lewgokpd laKk)
Nouns that refer to a group of persons, things etc.
2. Uncountable noun (vx.kuh; laKk) are called collective nouns. (ftu laKk ls O;fDr;ksa] oLrqvksa
(i) Material noun (inkFkZokpd laKk) vkfn osQ lewg dk cks/ gksrk gs] mUgsa lewgokpd laKk dgrs gsaA)
(ii) Abstract noun (Hkkookpd laKk) Ex. A jury of judges, A gang of robbers (MkoqQvksa dk
1. Countable Noun lewg)] A herd of cattle (i'kqvksa dk >qMa )] A swarm
,sls Noun ftudh x.kuk dh tk losQA of ants (phfVa;ksa dk >qM
a )] A bevy of ladies, A
bunch of keys, A catalogue of prices, A fleet of
Ex 1 The book is on the table. sheeps, A forest of trees, A galaxy of stars, A
(C.N.)
cluster of islands vkfnA
iqLrd est ij gSA
Ex 2 The pen is used for writing. 2. Uncountable Noun (vx.kuh; laKk)
(C.N.)
(i) Material Noun (inkFkZokpd laKk)

dye dk iz;ksx fy[kus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
The noun by which any matter or substance is
2. Uncountable Noun understood and which is weighed (rkSyuk) or
,sls Noun ftudh x.kuk u dh tk losQA measured is called material noun. (ftl laKk ls fdlh
Ex 1 The milk will get cold. nzO; ;k inkFkZ dk cks/ gksrk gS rFkk ftls rkSyk ;k ekik tkrk gS]
(U.N.) mls inkFkZokpd laKk dgrs gSaA)
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 Rojgar Publication General English
Ex Papper, Glass, Wood, Metal, Oil, Water, etc. Second, Gram, Kilo ... tSlh eki dh bdkbZ Unit of
(ii) Abstract Noun (Hkkookpd laKk) measurement) dk iz;ksx tc half + a/an osQ ckn gks rks
Nouns that refer to the quality, condition or state eki dh bdkbZ Singular form esa iz;ksx gksrh gSA
of a thing, are called abstract nouns. (ftl laKk 'kCnksa Ex Half a second is enough for me. (ü)
ls fdlh oLrq osQ xq.k] n'kk ;k voLFkk dk cks/ gksrk gS] mls esjs fy, vk/k lsoQas M dkiQh gSA
Hkkookpd laKk dgrs gSaA) Ex Half a seconds is enough for me. (û)
Ex Honesty, Cruelty, Hate, Young, Brave, etc. Rule 4: Mile, Kilometer, Centimeter, Minute,
Rules of Noun Second, Gram, Kilo ..... tSlh eki dh bdkbZ dk iz;ksx tc
Rule 1: tc nks same noun fdlh proposition ls tqM+s gksa] one and a half osQ ckn gksrk gS] rc bUgsa Plural Form esa
rks nksuksa nouns dks singular form esa j[krs gSaA j[kk tkrk gSA
Noun + Proposition + same noun Ex 1 One and a half grams. (ü)
Ex. 1 Town after town. (ü) One and a half gram. (û)
(S.N.) (S.N.) Ex 2 One and a half minutes. (ü)
Towns after towns (û) One and a half minute. (û)
Ex 2 Bus after bus. (ü) Rule 5: Any one of/Both of/Very few of/A large
(S.N.) (S.N.) number of/ The number of/ Both of/Several of/
Buses after buses. (û) Everyone of/ A lot of/ A few of/ one of / Each of /
Ex 3 Table under table. (ü) Either of/ Neither of dk iz;ksx ;fn fdlh okD; esa gks] rks
Tables under tables. (û) buosQ ckn plural noun dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Rule 2: Ex 1 Either of the men is honest. (ü)
(i),sls Nouns tks vFkZ esa Plural gksrs gS]a muosQ igys nksuksa esa ls dksbZ ,d vkneh bZekunkj gSA
fdlh Definite Numeral Adjective (DNA - fuf'pr Either of the man is honest. (û)
la[;kRed fo'ks"k.k) dk iz;ksx gks] rks bu Noun dks Plural Ex 2 Each of the benches is very hard. (ü)
ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gSA izR;sd csp
a cgqr l[r gSA
Ex Three thousand rupees is enough for me. Each of the bench is very hard. (û)
(D.N.A.) (ü)
Rule 6: one/two/three/ ..... etc. + plural unit of
rhu gtkj #i;s esjs fy, dkiQh gSAa measurement dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex Three thousands rupees is enough for me.
Ex 1 Sixty miles. (ü)
(û)
(P.U.)
Ex My father brought four hundred bricks. (ü) Sixty miles (û)
(D.N.A.) Ex 2 Four kilos (ü)
esjs firkth pkj lkS b±V yk,A (P.U.)
Ex My father brought four hundreds bricks. Four kilo (û)
(û) Ex 3 I walked five kilometers. (ü)
(ii)
;fn fdlh okD; esa vfuf'pr x.kuh; laKk (Indefinite (P.U.)
Countable Noun) dk iz;ksx gks] rks bUgsa Plural cuk;k eSa ik¡p fdyksehVj pykA
tk ldrk gSA I walked five kilometer. (û)
tSls & Thousands of butterflies, Hundreds of Rule 7: A + one/two/three .... etc. osQ ckn ges'kk
books, Dozens of bananas, Millions of pens.
singular noun dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Ex. Hundreds of women fought against the
Ex 1 A sixty-boy class. (ü)
dowry system. (ü)
(S.N.)
gtkjksa vkSjrsa ngst osQ fojks/ esa yM+hAa A sixty boys class. (û)
Ex Hundred of women fought against the dowry
Ex 2 A fourty-teacher staff. (ü)
system. (û)
(S.N.)
Rule 3: Mile, Kilometer, Centimeter, Minute,
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 Rojgar Publication General English

A fourty teachers staff. (û) mudk vFkZ Singular gksrk gS vkSj ;s Singular Form esa gh
(P.N.) iz;ksx gksrs gSaA News, Ethics, Civics, Politics, Statistics,
Rule 8: oqQN Nouns ,sls gksrs gSa] ftuosQ var esa s yxk Economics, Mathematics, Measles ([kljk), Rickets
gksrk gSA ;s Nouns, Plural gksrs gSa vkSj bUgsa Plural Form (lw[kk jksx), Shingles (nkn) etc.
esa gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu Nouns dks Singular Form Ex 1 Mathematics is an interesting subject. (ü)
(,dopu :i) esa iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA bu 'kCnksa ls 's' xf.kr ,d fnypLi fo"k; gSA
gVkdj bUgsa] Singular ugha cuk;k tk ldrk vkSj u gh buosQ Mathematics are an interesting subject. (û)
lkFk 'A' ;k 'An' (Article) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 2 Athletics a group of events. (ü)
tSls & requirements, rations, quarters, manners,
outskirts, skirts, thanks, riches, customs, orders, ,FkysfVDl [ksy vk;kstuksa dk ,d lewg gSA
proceeds, assets, stairs, annals, ashes, scissors, Athletics are a group of events. (û)
pincers, pliers, tongs, amends, regards, troops, Ex 3 The News is not good. (ü)
tactics, belongings, valuables, fireworks, eyeglasses,
spectacles, binoculars, bellows, pants, jeans, [kcj vPNh ugha gSA
pajamas, shorts. The News are not good. (û)
Ex 1 My pants are too long. Rule 11: oqQN Collective Nouns tSls Committee,
(P.N.) (P.V.) Crowd, Team, Mob, Government, Intelligentsia,
Club, Union, Firm, Jury, Choir, Council, Flock,
esjh iSVa cgqr yach gSA
Herd esa ;fn erHksn dh fLFkfr u gks] rks bUgsa singular ekuk
Ex 2 All his assets were ruined.
tkrk gS] ijarq ;fn buesa erHksn dh fLFkfr gks] rks vyx&vyx
(P.N.) (P.V.)
lnL; dk cks/ djkrh gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa budk iz;ksx Plural
mldh lkjh laifÙk cckZn gks xbZA ekuk tkrk gSA
Ex 3 My spectales are stolen.
Ex 1 The Government has presented its agendum.
(P.N.) (P.V.)
(S.N.) (S.V.) (ü)
esjs p'es pksjh gks x,A ljdkj us viuk ,tsMa k is'k dj fn;k gSA
Rule 9: oqQN Noun ,sls gksrs gSa] ftudk iz;ksx Singular Ex 2 The government have divided on their
Form esa gksrk gS] ;s Uncountable Nouns dgykrs gSaA buosQ (P.N.) (P.V.)
lkFk A/An dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh bUgsa agenda
Singular/Plural Form esa iz;ksx djus osQ fy, buls igys Ex 3 The team has won the match. (ü)
oqQN 'kCn tksM+s tkrs gSaA tSls& pair of, peice of, kind of ;k (S.N.) (S.V.)
item of, article of etc. Vhe eSp thr xbZ gSA
Furniture, Equipment, Food, Dirt, Advice, Scenery, Ex 4 The team have changed their uniforms.
Poetry, Information, Business, Bread, Stationary, (P.N.) (P.V.)
Postage, Music, Technology, Machinery, Dust, (Plural noun) (Verb) (Pro) (vyx&vyx)
Garbage, Luggage, Percentage, Jewellery, Pottery,
Cutlery, Traffic, Crockery.
Vhe us viuh onhZ cny yh gSA

Ex 1 The carpenter made the furniture. (ü) Apostrophe ('s) dk iz;ksx

c<+bZ us iQuhZpj (py lkexzh) cuk;kA Rule 12: fdlh Compound Noun (C.N.) osQ lkFk ;fn
The carpenter made the furnitures. (û) Apostrophe ('s) dk iz;ksx djuk gS] rks og last word osQ
Ex 2 He gave me good advice. (ü) lkFk ('s) yxk;k tk,xkA
mlus eq>s vPNh lykg nhA Ex 1 Her sister-in-law's saree is very nice. (ü)
He gave me good advices. (û) (C.N.)
Ex 3 The carpenter made many kinds of furniture. mldh uun dh lkM+h cgqr vPNh gSA
(Plural Noun) (ü) Her sister's-in-law saree is very nice. (û)
Ex 4 The carpenter made a kind of furniture. Ex 2 Your brother-in-law's wedding was grand.
(Singular Noun) (ü)
(ü) (C.N.)
Rule 10: oqQN Nouns ,sls gksrs gSa] tks Plural yxrs gSa ijarq rqEgkjs nsoj dh 'kknh 'kkunkj FkhA
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 Rojgar Publication General English
Your brother's-in-law wedding was grand. (û) izR;sd dk egRo vewY; gSA
Rule 13: Apostrophe ('s) dk iz;ksx futhZo oLrqvksa (Non- Ex 2 All's shirt is very beautiful. (û)
living things) osQ lkFk ugha gksrk gSA buosQ lkFk of dk iz;ksx
The shirt of all is very beautiful. (ü)
fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh dh dehtsa cgqr lqna j gSAa
Ex 1 Water was dripping from the roof of hut. (ü) Rule 18: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Relative Pronoun tSls
>ksia M+h dh Nr ls ikuh Vid jgk FkkA Who, Which etc ;k Adverb dk iz;ksx gqvk gS vkSj muosQ

Water was dripping from the hut’s roof. (û) lkFk Noun yxk gS] rks Noun osQ lkFk Apostrophe's ('s)
dk iz;ksx u djosQ Of dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 2 The blade of the fan is broken. (ü)
Ex 1 I saw the shirt of a man which he really
ia[ksa dh i[kaMq h VwV xbZ gSA
liked. (ü)

The fan’s blade is broken. (x)
eSua s ,d vkneh dh deht ns[kh ftls og cgqr ilan djrk
Rule 14: ftu Plural Nouns dk var 's' ls gksrk gS muosQ FkkA
lkFk Apostrophe (') dk iz;ksx dj Possessive cuk;k tkrk I saw a man's shirt whom he really liked. (û)
gSA Ex 2 Geeta read the poems of Milton who was a
Ex 1 Cats' eyes (ü) great poet. (ü)
Cats's eyes (û)
xhrk us feYVu dh dfork,¡ i<+h tks ,d egku dfo FkkA
Ex 2 Tables's wood (û)
Geeta read Milton's poems who was a great
Tables' wood (ü) poet. (û)
Rule 15: tc dksbZ Subject/Object/Noun Equivalent Rule 19: tc fdlh futhZo oLrq dks Personified (ekuoho`Qr)
Words/Phrase ,d ls vf/d Words ls feydj curs gksa] fd;k tkrk gS] rks mlosQ lkFk Apostrophe 's ('s) dk iz;ksx
rks ges'kk Last okys Noun osQ lkFk Apostrophe's ('s) dk fd;k tkrk gS] u fd Of dkA
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 1 The moon's smile. (ü) (pk¡n dh eqLdku)
Ex 1 He went to the marriage of Ram's sister.
The moons' smile. (û)
(ü) The moons's smile. (û)
og jke dh cgu dh 'kknh esa x;kA Ex 2 For goodness' sake (ü)

He went to the marriage's Ram's sister. (û) For goodness's sake (û)

He went to the marriage of Ram of sister. (û)
;gk¡ Ex 1 esa pk¡n dks mldh eqLdku dk o.kZu dj futhZo ls
Rule 16: ;fn fdlh okD; esa than dk iz;ksx gS] vkSj ml
ltho dk :i fn;k x;k gSA] ogh Ex 2 esa U;k; dks va/k crkdj
okD; dk Subject Possessive Case (P.C.) esa gS] rks than mls Hkh ltho cuk;k x;k gSA blfy, buosQ lkFk Apostrophe
osQ ckn okyk Noun Hkh Possessive Case gksxkA 's' ('s) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
Ex Mohan's son is more intelligent than
Suresh's. (ü) Rule 20: txg] Hkkj o le; osQ lkFk (igys) vk;s Nouns

eksgu dk csVk Jheku lqj's k osQ csVs ls vf/d cqf¼eku gSA osQ lkFk Apostrophe 's' ('s) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Mohan's son is more intelligent than Suresh. 1. Needle's point (LFkku)
(û) 2. Arm's length (LFkku)
TT ;fn Suresh osQ lkFk 's dk iz;ksx u fd;k tk,] rc eksgu 3. A ton's weight (otu)
osQ csVs dh rqyuk lqj's k ls gksxh ijarq lqj's k osQ csVs osQ lkFk 4. A gram's weight (Hkkj)
gksuh pkfg,A 5. 8 o' clock (le;)
6. 10 o' clock (le;)
Rule 17: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Many, Both, All, Either,
Consonants ls igys vk;s Vowel dks NksMu+ s ij muosQ lkFk oqQN
Neither, Each dk iz;ksx gS] rks buosQ lkFk Apostrophe's
masculine noun osQ lkFk var esa ess tksMu+ s ls faminine
('s) dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS] buosQ lkFk of dk iz;ksx dj
noun cu tkrs gSAa
Possessive cuk;k tkrk gSA
Actor (vfHkusrk) Actress (vfHkus=kh)
Ex 1 Each's importance is invaluable. (û)
Enchanter (tknwxj) Enchantress (tknwxjuh)

The importance of each is invaluable. (ü)

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Lion ('ksj) Lioness ('ksjuh) Step-daughter Step-daughters

Waiter (ifjpkjd) Waitress (ifjpkfjdk) Step-son Step-sons
Master (ekfyd) Mistress (ekyfdu) Step-father Step-fathers
Sorcerer (tknwxj) Sorceress Step-mother Step-mothers
Duke ('kkld) Duchess ('kkfldk) Step-brother Step-brothers

Emperor (lezkV) Empress (lezkKh) Step-sister Step-sisters

Commander in chief Commanders-in-chief
Prince (jktoqQekj) Princess (jktoqQekjh)
Pick-pocket Pick-pockets
Director (funs'Z kd) Directress (funsfZ 'kdk)
Court-martial Courts-martial
Negro (uhxzk)
s Negress
Maid-servant Maid-servants
Hunter (f'kdkjh) Huntress
Major-general Major-generals
Benefactor (midkjh) Benefactress
oqQN vU; 'kCnksa osQ Masculine noun (iqfYyax laKk) vkSj fdlh Singular Common Noun dk vafre v{kj (last
Feminine noun (L=khfyax laKk) bl izdkj gS& a letter) 's', 'sh', 'ss', 'ch', 'x', 'z' gS] rks mlesa 'es' tksM+dj
Plural cuk;k tkrk gSA
Masculine Feminine
Bench Benches Dish Dishes
Milkman (nw/okyk) Milkmaid
Tax Taxes Box Boxes
Landlord (edku ekfyd) Land lady (edku ekyfdu)
Bus Buses Branch Branches
Father-in-law (llqj) Mother-in-law (lkl)
Gas Gases Glass Glasses
Head master (lapkyd] Head mistress (lapkfydk]
LowQy dk) LowQy dh) fdlh Hkh Singular common noun dk vafre v{kj
Man servant (ukSdj) Maid servant (ukSdjkuh) (last letter) 'y' gS] rks 'y' dks gVkdj ml noun esa 'ies'
Grand son (ikS=k) Grand daughter (ikS=kh) yxkdj plural cuk;k tkrk gSA
Man (vkneh) Woman (vkSjr) Fly Flies Army Armies
Brother (HkkbZ) Sister (cgu) City Cities Security Securities

Boy (yM+dk) Girl (yM+dh) Lily Lilies Salary Salaries

Story Stories Baby Babies
Lad (yM+dk) Lass (yM+dh)
King (jktk) Queen (jkuh) Note: ;fn Singular common noun osQ last letter 'y' ls
Sheep (HksM)
+ Ewe igys dksbZ vowel vk;k gS rks fliZQ 'y' osQ lkFk 's' tksMd
+ j plural
Ox (cSy) Cow (xk;) cuk;k tkrk gSA
Bridegroom (nwYgk) Bride (nqYgu) Key Keys Monkey Monkeys
Testator (olh;rdrkZ) Testatrix Journey Journeys Play Plays
Bachelor (vfookfgr) Maid (vfookfgrk) Donkey Donkeys Chimney Chimneys
(spinster) Day Days Valley Valleys
Nephew (Hkrhtk) Niece (Hkrhth) fdlh Singular Common Noun dk vafre v{kj (last
Widower (fo/qj) Widow (fo/ok) letter) 'f' ;k 'fe' gS] rks bUgsa gVkdj Noun osQ var esa 'ves'
Wizard (tknwxj) Witch tksM+dj Plural cuk;k tkrk gSA
Compound Noun ftuosQ eq[; 'kCn (Main word) esa Life Lives Sheaf Sheaves
's' tksM+dj plural cuk;k tkrk gSA Thief Thieves Self Selves
Brother-in-law Brothers'in-law Leaf Leaves Half Halves
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law Knife Knives Shelf Shelves
Father-in-law Fathers-in-law Note: ,sls Hkh Singular Nouns gS]a ftuosQ var esa 'ff', 'f' ;k
Mother-in-law Mothers-in-law 'fe' jgrs gS]a muosQ lkFk 's' tksMd
+ j Plural cuk;k tkrk gSA
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Roof Roofs Hoof Hoofs Bacillus (gkfudkjd dhVk.kq) Bacilli

Proof Proofs Stuff Stuffs Alumnus (fo|kFkhZ) Alumni
Grief Griefs Mischief Mischief Criterion (dlkSVh) Criteria
Staff Staffs Strife Strifes Dictum (fl¼kar) Dicta
Gulf Gulfs Safe Safes Curriculum (ikB~;ozQe) Curricula
fdlh Singular Common Noun dk vafre v{kj (last oqQN Noun osQ lkFk 's' iz;ksx djus ij mudk vFkZ iw.kZrk
letter) 'O' gS vkSj 'O' ls igys dksbZ Consonant gks] rks change gks tkrk gSA
'es' tksM+dj Plural cuk;k tkrk gSA Water (ikuh) waters (leqn)
z
Mosquito Mosquitoes Hero Heroes Wood (ydM+h) Woods (taxy)
Motto Mottoes Echo Echoes Good (vPNk) Goods (lkeku)
Tamato Tomatoes Veto Vetoes Iron (yksgk) Irons (tathj)
Volcano Volcanoes Halo Haloes Work (dke) Works (ys[k)
Buffalo Buffaloes Tornado Tornadoes

Note: (i) ,sls Hkh Singular Nouns gksrs gS]a ftuosQ var esa 'O' Collective Noun
vkrk gS] vkSj 'O' ls igys dksbZ Consonant vk;s rks] 's' tksMd
+ j
Plural cuk;k tkrk gSA 1. A pile of files/books/hay
iQkbYl@fdrkcs@a ?kkl dk <sj
Photo Photos Canto Cantos
2. A troupe of dancers/artists
Dynamo Dynamos Maestro Maestros
u`rdks@a dykdkjksa dh eaMyh
Commando Commandos
3. A lack of hair
Note: (ii) ,sls Hkh Singular Common Nouns gS]a ftuosQ ckyksa dh yV
last esa 'O' vkrk gS] vkSj 'O' osQ lkFk dksbZ Consonant Hkh gks] 4. A bevy of ladies/quail
rks Hkh 's/es' yxkdj Plural cuk;k tkrk gSA ukfj;ks@a cVsj dk lewg
5. A Valley of bullets/shots/stones/missiles
Cargo Cargoes/Cargos
iRFkjks@a 'kL=kks@a xksfy;ks@a fu'kkuksa dh o"kkZ
Lasso Lassos/Lassoes
6. A fleet of ships
Portico Porticos/ Porticoes
tgktksa dk csMk+
oqQN Compound Nouns gS] ftuosQ nksuksa 'kCnksa dks ifjofrZr dj 7. A suit of armour/furniture
Plural cuk;k tkrk gSA j{kkdopks@a iQuhZpj dk lsV
8. A stock of coal
Singular Plural
dks;yk dk laxgz
Woman-servant (ukSdjkuh) Women-servants
9. A herd of cattle/cows/sheep
Lord-Lieutenant (eq[; ukSlus k Lords Lieutenants i'kqvks@a xk;ks@a HksMk+ as dk lewg
vf/dkjh) 10. A flight of stairs/locusts/birds
Man-servant (ukSdj) Men servants lhf<+;ks]a fVfM~M;ks@a if{k;ksa dk lewg
Lord-justice (U;k;k/h'k) Lords-Justices 11. A circle of friends/acquaintances
fe=kks@a ifjfprksa dk lewg
oqQN fons'kh 'kCnksa (foreign words) ,oa vU; 'kCnksa osQ Singular
12. A conference of preachers/delegates
(,dopu) vkSj Plural (cgqopu) :i bl izdkj gSAa
mins'kdks@a izfrfuf/;ksa dk lEesyu
Singular Plural 13. A gang of thieves/prisoners/convicts
Axis (/qjh) Axes pksjks@a oSQfn;ks@a vijkf/;ksa dk lewg
Datum (tkuh gqbZ ckr) Data 14. A panel of jurymen/judges
Formula (lw=k) Formulas vfHkfu.kkZ;dks@a U;k;k/h'kksa dk leqnk;
Phenomenon (izko`Qfrd ?kVuk) Phenomena 15. A syndicate of merchants/businessmen
O;kikfj;ksa dh eaMyh
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16. A school of learned men/thinkers Deer (fgju) Buck Doe Fawn
fopkjdks@a fo}kuksa dk lewg
Duck (cÙk[k) Drake Duck Duckling
17. A troop of lions/monkeys
Fox (ykseM+) Renyard Vixen Cub
'ksjks@a canjksa dk >qMa
18. A swarn locusts/bees/flies Frog (es<
a d
+ ) Male Female Tadpole
Frog Frog
fVM~Mks@a e/qefD[k;ks@a efD[k;ksa dk >qMa
19. A herd of swine/deer/cattle Giant Panda Boar Soar Cub
lqvjks@a fgj.kks@a i'kqvksa dk >qMa (fo'kkydk;
20. A flock of chickens/geese/sheep ikaMk)
eqxhZ@dygalks@a HksMk+ as dk lewg Giraffe Bull Doe Calf
21. A bale of wood/cottons (ftjkiQ)
ydM+h@lwrh diM+kas dk xV!Bj Goat (cdjh) Billy Doe Kid
22. A battery of lights/guns/cameras Goose (cÙk[k) Gander Goose Gosling
nhidks@a cand w ks@a oSQejksa dh iafDr ;k drkj Hare ([kjxks'k) Stallion Mare Foal
23. A bunch of grapes/keys/flowers Lion Lioness Cub
Lion ('ksj)
vaxjw @pkfc;ks@a iwQyksa dk xqPNk
Leopard Leopard Leopardess Cub
24. A cloud of dust
(rsna v
q k)
/wyd.k dk lewg
Mole Male Female Pup
25. A cluster of islands/nuts
Mole Mole
Vkiqvks@a lqikfj;ksa dk xqPNk
Monkey Male Female Infant
26. A convoy of lorries/helicopters
(canj) Monkey Monkey
pkj ifg;k xkfM+;ks@a gsyhdkWIVjksa dk csMk+
27. A fall of snow/leaves/rain Moose (ewl) Bull Cow Calf
fxjs ciZQ@ifÙk;ks@a o"kkZ dh cwn¡ ksa dk lewg Mouse (pwgk) Buck Doe Kitten
Owl (mYyw) Owl Hen Owlet
Young
Animal Male Female Ox (cSy) Bull Cow Calf
(Kid)
Ass (x/k) Jack Jenny Pig (lqvj) Boar Sow Piglet
Ant (phaVh) Drone Gyne Squirrel Buck Doe Kit
Alligator Bull Cow Hatch- (fxygjh)
(exj) ling Termite Male Female Larva
(nhed) Termite Termite
Antelope Buck doe Calf
(e`x) Tiger (phrk) Tiger Tigeress Cub
Baboon Male Female Infant Toad (es<
a d
+ ) Male Female Tod Tadpole
(yaxjw ) Baboon Baboon Todd

Boar Sow Cub Wasp Drone Queen Larva

Bear (Hkkyw)
Worker
Beaver Male Female Pup
Beaver Beaver Whale (Ogsy) Bull Cow Calf
(Ånfcyko)
Wolf (HksfM+;k) Dog Bitch Pup
Bee (e/qeD[kh) Drone Worker Larva
Queen Wood- Wood- Wood- Chick
peckers peckers peckers
Cat (fcYyh) Tom Queen Kitten
(dBiQksMo+ k)
Chicken Rooster Hen Chick,
Pullet Yak (;kd) Bull Cow Calf
(eqxkZ)
Zebra (tscjk) Stallion Mare Foal
Coyote Dog Bitch Pup
(dks;ksV)

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3 Pronoun

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) Ex 1 Rahul is a good boy. He is also very intelligent.

A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. Ex 2 Seema is a beautiful girl. She is very clever
also.
(loZuke og 'kCn gS tks laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA)
tSls I, You, We, She, He etc.

Kinds of Pronoun
1. Personal Pronoun (O;fDrokpd ;k iq#"kokpd loZuke)
Subject Object Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun
First person I (Singular), me, my, mine
We (Plural) us our ours
Second person you you your yours
Third person He (Singular) him, his, his
She (Singular) her, her, hers
They (Plural) them their theirs
it it its
2. Demonstrative Pronouns (laoQs rokpd Anybody, Somebody, Nobody, Everybody,
loZuke) Everyone, Someone, Noone, Anyone, Some,
This, That, These, Those Any, Both, All, Much, Few, Another, Little.

3. Reciprocal Pronouns (ikjLifjd lac/

a okpd 10. Interrogative Pronouns (iz'uokpd loZuke)
loZuke) Why, Who, What, Which, Whom, Where, etc.
Each Other, One another Use of It
4. Possessive Pronouns (vf/dkj okpd loZuke)
Rule 1: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Infinitive, Clause, rFkk
His, Hers, Yours, Mines, Theirs, Ours
Gerund dk iz;ksx gS] rks buosQ LFkku ij It (Pronoun) dk
5. Distributive Pronouns (O;f"Vokpd loZuke) iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Either, Neither, Each ;gk¡ ij nksuksa okD; lgh
6. Emphatic or Emphasizing Pronouns Ex 1 To play is useful. (ü) gSa] ijarq ge Infinitive
(nckolwpd loZuke) (infinitive) osQ LFkku ij it dk use
Yourself, Himself, Herself, Themselves, Myself, Ex 2 It is useful to play. (ü) Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
Ourselves, Yourselves, Itself, Oneself.
7. Reflexive Pronouns (futokpd loZuke) Ex 3 It is said that he is naughty. (ü)
Myself, Yourself, Themselves, Yourselves, Ex 4 It is very fearful of flying. (ü)
Herself, Himself, Oneself, Itself, Ourselves Ex 5 Flying is very fearful. (ü)
8. Relative Pronouns (lac/
a okpd loZuke) (Gerund)
Who, Whom, Whose, Which, That, Where, Rule 2: Temperature (rkieku)] Weather (ekSle)]
When, Why, What, etc. Distance (nwjh)] Time (le;)] Natural Phenomenon
9. Indefinite Pronouns (vfu'p;okpd loZuke) (izko`Qfrd ?kVuk,¡)] Animals (i'kqvksa)] Non-living things
Everything, Something, Nothing, Anything, (futhZo oLrqvksa)] Baby (f'k'kq)] Countries (ns'kksa)_ bu
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lHkh osQ lkFk Introductory Subject vkSj Pronoun osQ fy, Let he tell. (û)
It dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Rule 8: fdlh okD; esa Infinitve (to + verb Ist) dk iz;ksx
Ex 1 It is very hot today. (ü) (rkieku) gksus ij Infinitive osQ ckn ;k igys Pronoun osQ Objective
Ex 2 It is raining heavily. (ü) (ekSle) case dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 3 It is a very short distance. (ü) (nwjh)
Ex 1 Seema wants to meet me. (ü)
Ex 4 It is 9 o' clock. (le;)
(object)
Ex 5 It is a pen. (futhZo oLrq)
lhek eq>ls feyuk pkgrh gSA
Ex 6 America is a prosperous country. It is very
Seema wants to meet I. (û)
powerful. (ns'k) Ex 2 I ordered her to go there. (ü)
Rule 3: Noun ;k Pronoun dks emphasize (tksj nsuk) (object)
djus osQ fy, Hkh 'it' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA eSaus mls ogk¡ tkus dk vkns'k fn;kA
Ex 1 It was he who called you. (ü) I ordered she to go there. (û)

Ex 2 It was Rahul whom he liked very much. (ü) Rule 9: fdlh Hkh okD; esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d Pronouns
TT (;gk¡ noun (Rahul) ij tksj nsus osQ fy, 'It' dk iz;ksx ,d lkFk iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa] rks mUgsa ,d fuf'pr ozQe (2nd
fd;k x;k) person, 3rd person o Ist person) esa j[kk tkrk gSA (tc
ml okD; ls fdlh lgh ;k vPNh ckr ;k Hkko fudyrk gSA)
Rule 4: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Phrase ;k Clause dks
Ex 1 You, he and I are friends. (ü)
introduce djkus
osQ fy, it dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 2nd 3rd 1st
Ex 1 That he will win the match is possible. (ü) vki] og vkSj eSa nksLr gSaA
It is possible that he will win the match. (ü) Ex 2 He, you and I are friends. (û)
(;gk¡ ij Clause (that he will win the match) dks it osQ 2nd 3rd 1st
ekè;e ls introduce fd;k x;k) Ex 3 You and I come here. (ü)
2nd Ist
Personal Pronouns (iq#"kokpd loZuke) vki] vkSj eSa ;gk¡ vkrs gSaA
Ex 4 I and you come here. (û)
Rule 5: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Gerund (verb 1st + ing) dk
iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks mlosQ ckn Pronoun osQ Objective case Rule 10: fdlh Hkh okD; esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d Pronouns
dk iz;skx gksrk gSA ,d lkFk iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj ml okD; ls fdlh vijk/]
(guilty) Hkwy ;k xyrh (confess) dk Hkko fudys] rks
Ex 1 Beating him is useless. (ü)
pronouns dks ,d fuf'pr ozQe (Ist person, 2nd person
(object)
and 3rd person) esa j[kk tkrk gSA
mls ihVuk csdkj gSA
Ex 1 You, I and he are notorious. (û)

Beating he is useless. (û)
eSa] rqe vkSj og oqQ[;kr (cnuke) gSaA
Ex 2 Explaining them is necessary. (ü)
Ex 2 I, You and he are notorious. (ü)
(object)
Ist 2nd 3rd
mUgsa le>kuk vko';d gSA eSasus vkSj rqeus ;g xyrh dh gSA
Explaining they is necessary. (û) Ex 3 You and I made this blunder. (û)
Rule 6: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Let dk iz;ksx gksus ij] blosQ ckn Ex 4 I and you made this blunder. (ü)
Pronoun osQ Objective case dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Ist 2nd

Ex 1 Let me go now. (ü) Rule 11: tc fdlh okD; esa fdlh Collective Noun
(object) (Mob, Crew, Army, Jury, etc) dk iz;ksx gks vkSj og fdlh
eq>s vc tkus nksA ^lewg* dks n'kkZrk (indicate) gS] rks blosQ fy, it, its, itself
dk iz;ksx Pronoun osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Let I go now. (û)
Ex 1 The army has decided its target. (ü)
Ex 2 Let him tell. (ü)
lsuk us viuk y{; r; dj fy;k gSA
(object)
Ex 2 The army has decided their target. (û)
mls crkus nksA Ex 3 The mob will have to give its verdict. (ü)
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HkhM+ dks viuk iSQlyk nsuk gksxkA Each boy and girl tried to submit their forms.
Ex 4 The mob will have to give their verdict. (û) (û)
Ex 2 Every teacher and every student is going to
Rule 12: tc fdlh okD; esa fdlh Collective Noun his house. (ü)
(Mob, Crew, Army, Jury etc) dk iz;ksx gks vkSj muesa (Pro.)
fdlh erHksn ;k vyx&vyx lnL;ksa dk Hkko fn[ks] rks blosQ izR;sd vè;kid vkSj izR;sd Nk=k vius ?kj tk jgs gSaA
fy, they, them, their, theirs, themselves dk iz;ksx Every teacher and every student is going to
Pronoun osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA their house. (û)
Ex 1 The class started analysing their question Rule 15: Either - or, Neither - Nor, Not only - But
papers. (ü) also, None- but, dk iz;ksx tc fdlh okD; esa gksrk gS] rks
d{kk us vius iz'u i=kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk vkjaHk dj okD; esa ckn okys Noun (Nearest Noun fudVre laKk) osQ
fn;kA vuqlkj Pronoun dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
The class started analysing its question
Ex 1 Either Vivek or Kirti has not completed her
papers. (û)
work. (ü)
Ex 2 The team have changed their gloves. (ü)
;k rks foosd ;k dhfrZ us viuk dke iwjk ugha fd;k gSA
Vhe us vius nLrkus cny fn, gSaA Either Vivek or Kirti has not completed their/
The teach have changed its gloves. (û) his work.
TT ;gk¡ Ex 1 esa Plural Pronoun (Their) dk iz;ksx gqvk] Ex 2 Not only the teacher but also the students
D;ksfa d okD; esa izR;sd student osQ }kjk paper analysing put in their full effort. (ü)
dh ckr gqbZ gSA u osQoy vè;kid cfYd Nk=kksa us Hkh viuk iwjk iz;kl
TT ;gk¡ Ex 2 esa Hkh Plural Pronoun (Their) dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Not only the teacher but also the students put
gqvk] D;ksfa d okD; esa gloves change djus dk dke izR;sd
in his full effort. (û)
player osQ }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
TT ;gk¡ Ex 1 esa Pronoun 'Her' dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] tks fd
Rule 13: tc fdlh okD; esa nks Nouns, with, as well Noun (Kirti) osQ vuqlkj iz;ksx gqvk gSA
as, together with, along with, and not, in addition
TT Ex 2 esa Pronoun, 'Their' dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] tks fd
to, like, unlike, rather than, except, no less than,
Noun (The students) osQ vuqlkj iz;ksx gqvk gSA
nothing but, more than one ls tqM+s gksa] rks okD; esa iz;ksx
gksus okyk Pronoun, First noun osQ vuqlkj iz;ksx gksxkA Rule 16: tc fdlh okD; esa nks Singular Nouns 'and'
Ex 1 Seema as well as her father is going to Agra. ls tqM+s gksa vkSj igys Singular Noun osQ lkFk Article ;k
(ü) (Pro.) Possessive Adjective (my, his, her, etc) dk iz;ksx gks] rks
lhek vkSj mlosQ firk vkxjk tk jgs gSaA blls ,d O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cks/ gksrk gS] ftlosQ fy, O;fDr osQ
Seema as well as his father is going to Agra. fy, he, him, his, himself rFkk oLrq osQ fy, it, its, itself
(û) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 2 Mr. Sharma along with his friends is
Ex 1 The principal and teacher has given his
celebrating Deepawali. (ü) (Pro.)
decision. (ü)
Jheku 'kekZ vius fe=kksa osQ lkFk fnokyh euk jgs gSaA iz/kukpk;Z vkSj f'k{kd us viuk fu.kZ; ns fn;k gSA
Mr. Sharma alongwith their friends is The principal and teacher has given their
celebrating Deepawali. (û) decision. (û)
Rule 14: tc fdlh okD; esa And ls tqM+us ij nks ;k nks ls Ex 2 The novelist and dramatist has written his
vf/d Singular Nouns esa izR;sd Noun osQ lkFk Each new novel. (ü)
;k Every dk iz;ksx ;k fiQj First Singular Noun osQ lkFk miU;kldkj vkSj ukVddkj us viuk u;k miU;kl fy[k
Each ;k Every dk iz;ksx gqvk gks] rks buosQ lkFk Singular fy;k gSA

The novelist and dramatist has written their
Pronoun/Adjective/Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
new novel.
Ex 1 Each boy and girl tried to submit his/her ;gk¡
forms. (ü) (Pro.)
Ex 1 bl mnkgj.k esa osQoy First Noun osQ lkFk Article dk
izR;sd yM+osQ vkSj yM+dh us viuk iQkWeZ tek djus dh
iz;ksx gqvk gS] ftlosQ vuqlkj Pronoun, 'His' dk iz;ksx
dksf'k'k dhA
gqvk gSA
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Ex 2 esa osQoy First Noun osQ lkFk Article 'The' dk iz;ksx Ex 1 The clerk and the accountant have
gqvk gS] tks ,d O;fDr osQ gksus dk cks/ djkrk gS] blfy, resigned from their posts. (ü)
Pronoun, 'His' dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA fyfid o ys[kkdkj us vius in ls bLrhiQk ns fn;k gSA
The clerk and the accountant have resigned
Rule 17: tc fdlh okD; esa nks Singular Noun 'and' from his posts. (û)
ls tqM+s gksa vkSj izR;sd Singular Noun osQ lkFk Article ;k Ex 2 The party chief and the prime minister
Possessive Adjective (my, his, her, etc) dk iz;ksx gks] presented their agenda. (ü)
rks blls nks vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa dk cks/ gksrk gS] ikVhZ izeq[k vkSj iz/kuea=kh us viuk ,tsaMk is'k fd;kA
ftlosQ fy, they, them, their, themselves, theirs dk The party chief and the prime minister
iz;ksx gksrk gSA presented his agenda. (û)
Reflexive Pronoun
Subjective Reflexive
Number
Pronoun Pronoun
I Myself Singular IosQ lkFk use gksrk gSA
We Ourselves Plural We osQ lkFk use gksrk gSA
You Yourselves You osQ lkFk use gksrk gSA
He himself singular Masculine words (Rahul, Raju, Karan, etc) osQ lkFk vkSj
Common Gender osQ nouns (the teacher, the professor, the
doctor etc) osQ lkFk use gksrk gSA
She herself singular Feminine words (Kirti, Rima, Jyoti, etc)osQ lkFk use gksrk gSA
They themselves plural Common Gender osQ lkFk Plural sense esa use gksrk gSA

Rule 18: fdlh Hkh okD; osQ Subject osQ :i esa Reflexive Ex 2 The opportunity was availed of by him. (û)
Pronoun dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA The opportunity was availed by him. (ü)
Ex 1 Yourself and I are very happy. (û) Rule 20: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Everybody, Everyone,
You and I are very happy. (ü) Somebody, Someone, Anyone, Somebody, Anybody,
Ex 2 Herself is miss Kirti Verma. (û) Nobody, No one dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] rks buosQ fy, reflexive
She is Miss Kirti Verma. (ü) pronoun 'Himself' dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj ;fn buesa ls fdlh
TT ijarq ;fn Subject esa Reflexive Pronoun j[kus ij osQ }kjk Female dk cks/ gks] rks Herself dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
mlls igys mlls lacfa /r Noun ;k Pronoun j[k ns]a rks
Everyone/ Everybody osQ lkFk themselves, use gksrk gS
Subject osQ :i esa iz;ksx gks ldrk gSA
rFkk tgk¡ Generalised way esa ckr dh tk,A
Ex I myself do my work daily. (ü)
Ex Everyone should help themselves
Rule 19: Introduce, acquit, avail, absent, pride, Ex We should help everyone as much as possible
apply, exert, average, present, amuse, enjoy, hurt, because we often need help ourselves.
plume, resign, cheat. bu lHkh verbs osQ lkFk reflexive Ex 1 No one wants to hurt himself. (ü)
pronoun dk iz;ksx vFkZ osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA No one wants to hurt themselves. (û)
Ex 1 The accused presented himself before the Ex 2 Everyone knows, she is a good girl, she does
jury. (ü) her work herself.
vkjksih us Lo;a dks twjh osQ lkeus is'k fd;kA
Rule 21: Conceal, stay, spread, keep, qualify,
The accused presented before the jury. (û)
rest, bathe, hide ,oa move 'verbs' osQ lkFk reflexive
Ex 2 Meera enjoyed the marriage party. (ü)
pronoun ugha vkrk gSA
ehjk us 'kknh dh ikVhZ dk vkuan fy;kA
Ex 1 He bathed himself in the river. (û)

Meera enjoyed herself the whole day. (û)
He bathed in the river. (ü)
uksV% ;fn enjoy osQ lkFk object gks] rks Reflexive Pronoun Ex 2 I moved myself to Canada from U.K.
dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS] ;fn u gks rks vo'; gksrk gSA I moved to Canada from U.K. (ü)
Ex 1 He availed himself of the opportunity. (ü)
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Rule 22: ;fn fdlh okD; esa fliZQ 'One' Pronoun osQ bu ik¡p vknfe;ksa esa ls vc dksbZ Hkh tk ldrk gSA
:i esa iz;ksx gksrk gS] rks ml okD; esa Reflexive Pronoun Any/anyone of these two men can go now. (û)
'Oneself' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Rule 26: fdlh okD; esa None dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks ogk¡
Ex 1 One should not hurt oneself. (ü) ^nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa esa ls dksbZ ,d* gksus dk cks/
One should not hurt himself. (û) gksrk gSA
Ex 2 One should not ignore oneself. (ü)
One should not ignore herself. (û) Ex 1 None of the three teachers is eligible. (ü)
rhu f'k{kdksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh ikl ugha gSA
Distributive Pronouns
None of the two teachers is eligible. (û)
Neither & nks esa ls dksbZ Hkh ughaA
Ex 2 None of these six boys is naughty. (ü)
Either & nks esa ls dksbZ ,dA

bu N% yM+dksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh 'kjkjrh ugha gSA
None & nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa esa ls dksbZ ughaA
None of these two boys is naughty. (û)
Anyone & nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa esa ls dksbZ ,dA
Rule 27: fdlh okD; esa Each dk iz;ksx gksus ls (izR;sd)
Each & (izR;sd) nks ;k nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa osQ
vFkkZr~ ^nks ;k nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa* dk cks/ gksrk gSA
fy,A
Ex 1 Each of the five girls is intelligent. (ü)
Rule 23: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Neither dk iz;ksx ^nks esa ls dksbZ
ik¡p yM+fd;ksa esa ls izR;sd cqf¼eku gSA
Hkh ugha* dks n'kkZrk gSA ;gk¡ None dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA
Ex 2 Each of the two girls is intelligent. (ü)
Ex 1 Neither of these two girls completed their
work. (ü) nksuksa yM+fd;ksa esa ls izR;sd cqf¼eku gSA

bu nksuksa yM+fd;ksa esa ls fdlh us Hkh viuk dke iwjk ugha uksV% L=kh osQ fy, she, her, herself, hers; iq#"k osQ fy,
fd;k gSA he, him, himself, his rFkk oLrq osQ fy, it, itself, its
None of these two girls completed their work. 'Pronoun' dk iz;ksx either, neither, none, anyone,
(û) each osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
Ex 2 Neither of these two bats is good. (ü) ;fn fdlh okD; esa Each dk iz;ksx Subject
Rule 28:
bu nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh cYyk vPNk ugha gSA osQ :i esa djuk gS] rks Each dks Subject ls ckn esa vkSj
Neither of these five bats is good. (û) Auxiliary verb gS] rks mlls igys vkSj vxj Auxiliary
Rule 24: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Either dk iz;ksx gS] rks ^og Verb u gks] rks main verb ls igys j[krs gSaA
nks esa ls dksbZ ,d* dk cks/ djkrk gS] rks ;gk¡ ij Anyone dk Ex 1 They each do their work. (ü)
iz;ksx xyr ekuk tkrk gSA os izR;sd viuk dke djrs gSaA
Ex 1 Either of these two books is worth reading. Ex 2 They each are doing their work. (ü)
(ü) They are each doing their work. (û)

bu nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh iqLrd i<+us osQ fy, vPNh gSA Rule 29: fdlh okD; esa ;fn Either of/Neither of/Each
Anyone of these two books is good to worth of dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks buosQ ckn Plural Pronoun (P.P.)
readingd. (û) ;k Plural Noun (P.N.) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Each of, Either of, Neither osQ lkFk Plural Noun/ Ex 1 Either of them can go there. (ü)
Pronoun dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA (P.P.)

Either of him can go there. (û)
Rule 25: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Any ;k Anyone dk iz;ksx gksrk
Ex 2 Neither of the girls is ready. (ü)
gS] rks ogk¡ ^nks ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa esa ls fdlh ,d
(P.N.)
osQ* gksus dk cks/ gksrk gSA Neither of the girl is ready. (û)
Ex 1 He liked any/anyone of the six shirts. (ü) Ex 3 Each of the teachers is very strict. (ü)

mls N% dehtksa esa ls dksbZ ,d ilan vk;hA (P.N.)
He liked any/anyone of the two shirts. (û) Each of the teachers is very strict. (û)
Ex 2 Any/anyone of these five men can go now. Rule 30: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Both dk iz;ksx nks oLrqvksa ;k
(ü)
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O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Ex 2 The buildings of America are bigger than
(P.N.)
Ex 1 Both of the two books are interesting. (ü)
those of India. (ü)
nksuksa gh iqLrosQa jkspd gSAa The buildings of America are bigger than
Both of the three books are interesting. (û) India. (û)
Rule 31: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Everyone dk iz;ksx nks ls Rule 34: Such dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh okD; esa Demonstrative
vf/d ^oLrqvksa ;k O;fDr;ksa* osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Adjective vkSj Demonstrative Pronoun osQ :i esa
Ex 1 Everyone of the three boys bought a pen. Singular vkSj Plural nksuksa gh vFkks± esa gksrk gS lkFk gh Such
(ü) dks ;fn Noun ls igys iz;ksx djrs gSas] rks bls Demonstrative
rhuksa yM+dksa esa ls gj ,d us ,d isu [kjhnkA Adjective dgrs gSaA
Everyone of the two boys bought a pen. (û) Ex 1 He is the student and as such he has the
Reciprocal Pronoun right to write the examiantion. (ü)
Ex 2 Your father is not going to forgive you for
Rule 32: fdlh okD; esa ^nks oLrqvksa ;k O;fDr;ksa* osQ fy, such a mistake. (ü)
Each Other vkSj ^nks ls vf/d oLrqvksa ;k O;fDr;ksa* osQ Rule 35: fdlh Hkh okD; esa ;fn sorts of/kinds of vk;k gS
vkilh laca/ksa dks crkus osQ fy, One Another dk iz;ksx fd;k vkSj lkFk gh ;fn sort of/kind of vk;k gS] rks&
tkrk gSA Those/These + sorts of/kinds of
Ex 1 Two dogs were fighting with each other. That/This + sort of/kind of
(ü) (nks osQ fy,) Ex 1 These kinds of books are not good. (ü)
Two dogs were fighting with one another. (û) This kinds of books are not good. (û)
Ex 2 All of them loved one another. (ü) (nks ls Ex 2 These sorts of cars are very expensive. (ü)
vf/d) That sorts of cars are very expensive. (û)
All of them loved each other. (û) Ex 3 This kind of ball is very bouncy. (ü)
uksV % Reciprocal Pronoun (each other, one another) These kind of ball is very bouncy. (û)
dk iz;ksx dHkh Hkh subject osQ :i esa ugha gksrk gSA Ex 4 That sort of boy is imaginative. (ü)

Those sort of boy is imaginative. (û)
Demonstrative Pronoun
Rule 36: (a) fdlh okD; esa the same dk iz;ksx
This & lehi dh ,d oLrq ;k O;fDr osQ fy, (Singular)
Demonstrative Adjective osQ :i esa gksrk gS] tc bls fdlh
That & nwj dh ,d oLrq ;k O;fDr osQ fy, (Singular) Noun osQ igys iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
These & lehi osQ ,d ls vf/d oLrq ;k O;fDr osQ fy, Ex 1 This is the same girl that I met yesterday.
(Plural) (ü)
Those & nwj osQ ,d ls vf/d oLrq ;k O;fDr osQ fy, (b) The same osQ fy, Pronoun, it, they o this dk iz;ksx
(Plural) fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 1 This is my pen. (Singular) (lehi) Ex 2 I gave her a book and it was returned to me.
(ü)
Ex 2 These are my pens. (Plural) (lehi)
I gave her a book and the same was returned
Ex 3 That is a chair. (Singular) (nwj) to me. (û)
Ex 4 Those are tables. (Plural) (nwj) Indefinite Pronoun
Rule 33: ;fn fdlh okD; esa nks leku xq.k ;k oxZ osQ nks Everything, something, anything, nothing
Nouns dh rqyuk gks] rks That of (Singular Noun osQ budk iz;ksx oLrqvksa osQ fy, vkSj buosQ fy, Pronouns
fy,) vkSj Those of (Plural Noun osQ fy,) iz;ksx gksrk gSA - it , its, itself dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 1 The atmosphere of Meerut is better than Everybody, anybody, no one, nobody,
(S.N.) somebody, someone, anyone, everyone & budk
that of Delhi. (ü) iz;ksx O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, vkSj buosQ lkFk Pronouns - he, him,
The atmosphere of Meerut is better than his, himself dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Delhi. (û)
One osQ fy, Pronoun & one (subjective), one
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(objective), one's (possessive adjective), oneself Ex 2 The man and his scooter that I saw yesterday
(reflexive pronoun) were unforgettable. (ü)
Ex 1 Everything has its own importance in life. og vkneh vkSj mldk LowQVj ftls eSaus dy ns[kk Fkk
(ü) vfoLej.kh; FksA
thou esa gj pht (oLrq) dk viuk egRo gksrk gSA
The man and his scooter which I saw yesterday
Everything has his own importance in life. (û) were unforgettable. (û)
Ex 2 Nothing is perfect in itself.(ü) Rule 39: That osQ possessive osQ :i esa of which ;k
oqQN Hkh vius vki (Lo;a) esa iw.kZ ugha gSA whose dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] u fd of that dkA
Nothing is perfect in themselves. (û)
Ex 1 That's the house whose roof was repaired
Ex 3 Everyone should respect his elders. (ü) last year. (ü)
lHkh dks vius ls cM+ksa dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A That's the house of that roof was repaired last
Everyone should respect their elders. (û) year. (û)
Ex 4 Nobody can eat without his own hands. (ü) Ex 2 The shirt whose colour is red is mine. (ü)
dksbZ Hkh vius gkFkksa osQ fcuk ugha [kk ldrkA The shirt of that colour is red, is mine. (û)
Nobody can eat without their own hands. (û)
Reule 40: fdlh okD; esa ;fn fdlh oLrq ;k euq"; dk cks/
Ex 5 One should live together with one's brothers
and sisters. (ü)
gksrk gS] rks Nominative ;k Objective case osQ Pronoun
vius HkkbZ&cguksa osQ lkFk feydj jguk pkfg,A osQ :i esa That dk iz;ksx Who/Which/Whom osQ cnys
One should live togather with his brothers
gksrk gSA
and sisters. (û) Ex 1 This is the beggar that stole my bag. (ü)
Ex 6 One should love oneself. (ü) Ex 2 This is the beggar who stole my bag. (ü)
Lo;a ls I;kj djuk pkfg,A Ex 3 The ball that you took is mine. (ü)
One should love himself. (û) Ex 4 The ball which you took is mine. (ü)

Rule 37: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Some of osQ lkFk Plural Rule 41: fdlh okD; esa who/which/that dk iz;ksx
Countable Noun gks] rks la[;k dk vkSj Singular Subordinate Clause osQ Subject osQ :i esa gksrk gSA
Uncountable Noun gks] rks ek=kk dk cks/ gksrk gSA Ex 1 The girl who danced is my cousine. (ü)
Some dk vFkZ & dksbZ] oqQN] vYi Ex 2 The mangoes that I bought yesterday were
rotten. (ü)
Ex 1 Some of the men are unique. (ü) (la[;k)
Some of the man are unique. (û) Rule 42: fdlh okD; esa whom/which/that dk iz;ksx
Subordinate Clause esa Verb osQ Object osQ :i esa gksrk
Ex 2 Some of the oil has spilled. (ü) (ek=kk)
Some of the oils has spilled. (û)
gSA
Ex 1 She has a dog whom I liked very much. (ü)
Ex 3 Some (oqQN) boys are quite innocent. (ü)
Ex 2 That is the house which my father built. (ü)
Ex 4 Some (dksb)
Z girl is knocking at the door. (ü) Ex 3 The book that/which I bought is lost
TT Some dk iz;ksx ^dksb*Z vkSj ^oqQN* osQ vFkZ osQ fy, Hkh fd;k yesterday. (ü)
tkrk gSA Rule 43: All, Anything, Something, The only, Any,
All, Everyone, Nobody, Little, The same, The few,
Relative Pronoun
Much, None, not the little osQ lkFk Relative Pronoun
Rule 38: tc nks okD; And ls tqM+s ftuesa ,d esa fdlh osQ :i esa that dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS u fd which, who,
O;fDr vkSj nwljs esa fdlh tkuoj ;k oLrq dh ckr gks] rks blosQ whom dkA
fy, Relative Pronoun 'That' dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Ex 1 This is the only van that I bought two years
Ex 1 The girl and her puppy that I met yesterday ago. (ü)
were very nice. (ü) This is the only van which I bought two years
ftl yM+dh vkSj mlosQ fiYys ls eSa dy feyk Fkk] os cgqr ago. (û)
vPNs FksA Ex 2 My brother has spent the little money that I

The girl and her puppy which/who/whom I gave him. (ü)
met yesterday were very nice. (û) My brother has spent the little money which I
gave him. (û)
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Interrogative Pronoun Ex 2 What are you fighting for? (ü)
(Who, Where, Whom, Why, Which, etc) Rule 47: ;fn fdlh okD; esa everyone, not, none, no,
Where & LFkku dks crkrk gS all (oLrq osQ fy,)] superlative degree, everything,
Who & O;fDr ;k drkZ dks crkrk gS nothing, the only, any, none, nobody, much, little,
Whom & deZ (object) dks crkrk gS the same, the few, the little dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] rks buosQ
fy, Relative Pronoun, 'that' dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Whose & oLrq fdldh gS vFkkZr~ ekfyd dks crkrk gS
Ex 1 This is the only book that I read yesteday.
Ex 1 Where are you going? (LFkku) & (dgk¡) (ü)
Ex 2 Who has knocked? (drkZ) & (dkSu) (fdlus) This is the only book which I read yesterday.
Ex 3 Whom do you go with? (deZ) & (fdldks] fdlosQ) (û)
Ex 2 All that glitters is not gold. (ü)
Ex 4 Whose child is this? (ekfyd] Lokeh) & (fdldk)

All which glitters is not gold. (û)
Rule 44: fdlh okD; esa which dk iz;ksx drkZ (subject) Ex 3 My sister has a few pens that I gave him. (ü)
deZ (object), pquko (selection), fodYi (choice) osQ fy, My sister has a few pens which I gave him. (û)
gksrk gSA
TT ;fn fdlh okD; esa All osQ ckn Plural Countable
Ex 1 Which is my seat?
Noun ;k Singular Uncountable Noun vk,] rks Hkh
Ex 2 Which book do you read these days?
Relative Pronoun 'that' dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] ijarq ;fn All
Ex 3 Which of those guys is your friend.
dk iz;ksx fdlh O;fDr osQ fy, gksrk gS] rks who/that nksuksa
Rule 45: Preposition + whom dk iz;ksx mfpr gksrk gS] u esa ls dksbZ Hkh iz;ksx gks ldrk gSA
fd preposition + who dkA Ex 1 All the pages that I have written are torn. (ü)
Ex 1 By whom was Othello written? (ü) All the pages which I have written are torn.
By who was Othello written? (û) (û)
Ex 2 With whom are you fighting? (ü) Ex 2 All the sugar that I had purchased is
With who are you fighting? (û) consumed. (ü)
TT ijarq ;fn who osQ lkFk preposition dk iz;ksx djuk gS] rks All the sugar which I had purchased is
consumed. (û)
og okD; osQ var esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 3 All who/that want to come here can come. (ü)
Ex 1 Who was Othello written by? (ü)
All which/whom want to come here can come.
Ex 2 Who are you fighting with? (ü) (û)
Rule 46: Which ;k what osQ fy, preposition dk iz;ksx TT futhZo oLrqvksa@O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, osQoy That dk iz;ksx
okD; osQ var esa gksrk gSA fd;k tkrk gSA ijarq who dk iz;ksx osQoy O;fDr;ksa osQ fy,
Ex 1 Which school are you studying in? (ü) fd;k tkrk gSA

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

1. Madhuri and I have done my (a)/work 4. The scientists found that (a)/ leopards tend to
patiently and diligently (b)/ just for our safe hoist prey (a)/ that are between half and one-
and secure future. (c)/No error (d) and-a half times its own weight. (c)/ No error
(a) a (b) b (d)
(c) c (d) d (a) a (b) b
2. The two men were (a)/ quarrelling with one (c) c (d) d
another (b)/ claiming the same watch as their 5. "I had forgotten all such things just (a)/ for
own. (c)/ No error (d) the sake of the greater good of everyone." (b)/
(a) a (b) b said there leader. (c)/ No error (d)
(c) c (d) d (a) a (b) b
3. Myself and Roshni (a)/ will take care of (b)/ (c) c (d) d
the event on Sunday. (c)/ No error (d) 6. There are many inner voices that speak (a)/ to
(a) a (b) b us inside your head, and believe that (b)/ they
(c) c (d) d
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4 Adjective

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) His, those, these, this, that, the same, etc.
The words which describes the characteristics of a 8. Interrogative Adjective (iz'uokpd fo'ks"k.k)
noun or pronoun like quality, colour, shape and size Which, whose, what, who etc.
are called adjective. 9. Emphasizing Adjective (ncko lwpd fo'ks"k.k)
tks 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks"krk tSls xq.k] nks"k] jax&:i Own, every, such, very
vkdkj crkrs gS] mUgsa fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA 10. Exclamatory Adjective (foLe;cks/d
tSls& (Long, Big, Black, Honest, Brave etc.) fo'ks"k.k)
Ex.1 Seema is a very intelligent girl. ()
what, how etc.
Ex.2 My bag was black. () Uses of Adjectives
Ex.3 Mr. Sharma is a rich man. () 1. Attributive use
Types of Adjective 2. Predicative use

1. Proper Adjective (O;fDrokpd fo'ks"k.k) Ex 1 Seema is an intelligent girl. () (Attributive

use)
Australian, American, Indian, African etc.
Ex-2 Seema is intelligent. () (Predicative use)
2. Adjective of Quantity (ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k)
Little, enough, none, all, whole, some, any, no Rule 1 : tc dksbZ Adjective Noun ls igys vk;s (Ex-1)]
much, sufficient etc. rks mls attributive Adjective dgrs gS] vkSj ;fn Adjective
3. Adjective of Quality (xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k) okD; ds Subject ds Noun ;k Pronoun dh fo'ks"krk crk;s
High, low, black, beautiful, ugly, good, light, (Ex-2) rks mls Predicative Adjective dgrs gSA
heavy etc.
4. Adjective of Number (la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k)
Adjective of Number
Many, various, several, some, enough, one, nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&
two, three, first, second, third, next, last, etc. 1. Definite adjective of number
5. Distributive Adjective (O;f"Vokpd@foHkkx 2. Indefinite adjective of number
lwpd fo'ks"k.k)
Definite Adjective of Number
Every, Each, Either, Neither
Next, last, first, second, third.......etc. (Ordinal
6. Possessive Adjective (lac/ a ;k vf/dkj lwpd Numbers)
fo'ks"k.k) One, two, three, four....... etc. (Cardinal Numbers)

His, her, its, their, our, your, my Single, double, triple........ etc. (Multiplicative
7. Demonstrative Adjective (LkaoQs rokpd Numbers)
fo'ks"k.k) Rule 2: ;s lHkh fuf'pr la[;k dk cks/ djkrh gSA
Cardinal Adjective ;s plural countable noun ds lkFk iz;ksx Ex-1. I have three pens.
gksrs gSAa (C.A.) (P.C.N)
Ex-2. I have three pen. ()
(C.A.) (S.C.N)

Ordinal Adjective ;s singular countable noun ds lkFk iz;ksx Ex-1. The first boy of this queue is tall. (ü)
gksrs gSAa (O.A.) (S.C.N)
Ex-2. The first boys of this queue is tall. (û)
The Article dk use gksrk gSA (O.A.) (P.C.N)

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Multiplicative Adjectives All dk iz;ksx Plural Countable Noun ;k Singular
Ex-1 I hired two single rooms. () Uncountable Noun ds igys gksrk gS] Whole dk iz;ksx
(C.A.) (M.A.) (P.C.N) Singlular Common Noun (,dopu tkfrokpd laKk)
I hired single two rooms. () (S.C.N.) rFkk Whole of dk iz;ksx Proper Noun
Ex 2. The first three single rooms of this lodge (iq#"kokpd laKk) ds lkFk gksrk gSA
(O.A.) (C.A.) (M.A.) (P.C.N)
are vacant. () Ex 1. All the men.
The three first single rooms of this lodge (P.C.N)

(O.A.) (C.A.) (M.A.) (P.C.N) Ex 2 All the water

(S.U.N)
are vacant. (û)
Ex 3 The whole village
Ordinal+Cardinal+ Multiplicative (S. C. N)
TT tc bu lHkh dk iz;ksx ,d lkFk okD; esa gks] rks ;gh ozQe Ex 4 The whole of Delhi
iz;ksx gksrk gSA (Proper Noun)
Indifinite Adjective of number.
Many, few, various, some, all, sufficient, no, none,
most, whole, enough, etc.

Some Uncountable Noun ls Ex 1 She has some money

igys ek=kk crkus osQ fy, rFkk (S.U.N.)

Countable Noun ls igys la[;k Ex 2 She has some pens

(P.C.N.)
crkus osQ fy,
Many Plural Countable Noun ds igys Ex 1 She has many balls in her bag.
la[;k crkus ds fy, (P.C.N.)
Ex-2 She has much balls in her bag. (û)
Various Plural Countable Noun ds igys Ex-1 This car comes in various colours.
la[;k crkus ds fay, (P.C.N.)

Several Plural Countable Noun ds igys Ex-1 It took several days for the package to
la[;k crkus ds fay, arrive. (P.C.N.)
Ex-2 They saw several dolphins.
(P.C.N.)
Much Uncountable osQ lkFk ek=kk] Ex 1 Much milk. (ü)
Always Singular Ex 2 Many milk. (û)

Adjective of Quantity many, some, no, whole, enough, most, any, all oqQN
Any, no, little, much, all, whole, enough, sufficient, ,sls Adjectives gSa] ftudk iz;ksx ek=kk vkSj la[;k nksuksa osQ
none, most, some.....
fy, gksrk gSA (Some - Positive), (Any - Negative)
fdlh Hkh okD; es Singular Uncountable Noun ds lkFk
ek=kk dk cks/ djkrk gSA Distributive Adjective
Ex.1 I have some sugar. (ü) (ek=kk) Rule 3: Either dk iz;ksx ^nks esa ls dksbZ ,d* vkSj Neither
(S.U.N.) dk iz;ksx ^nks esa ls dksbZ ugha* osQ fy, gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ Either
I have many sugar. (û) vkSj Neither osQ iz;ksx ls vanktk gks tkuk pkfg, fd ;gk¡ fdUgha
(S.U.N.) nks osQ fo"k; esa ckr gks jgh gSaA
Ex.2 He did not give me any water. (ü) Ex.1 Neither boy is intelligent. (ü)
(S.U.N.)
(nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh yM+dk cqf¼eku ugha gSA)
He did not give me some water. (û)
Ex.2 Either girl was crafty. (ü)
(S.U.N.)

(nksuksa esa ls dksbZ ,d yM+dh prqj Fkh)

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TT Neither/Either osQ ckn Singular Countable Noun Ex. 1 These cows are grey. (ü)
dk iz;ksx vkSj Either of/Neither of osQ ckn Plural (P.C.N.)
These cow are grey. (û) (S.C.N.)
Countable Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex. 2 Those dogs are furious. (ü) (P.C.N.)
Ex 1 Some sugar is sweet. (ü)
Those dog are furious. (û) (S.C.N.)
(S.U.N.)
Neither/Either sugar is sweet. (û) Rule 7: fdlh okD; esa ;fn Such ;k Same dk iz;ksx
Ex 2 Neither/Either of the books is interesting. (ü) Demonstrative Pronoun osQ :i esa djuk gS] rks buosQ ckn
(P.C.N.) Singular Countable Noun, Plural Countable Noun
Neither/Either of the book is interesting. (û) rFkk Singular Uncountable Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(S.C.N.) Ex. 1 Such a girl is innocent. (ü) (S.C.N.)
Such a girls is innocent. (û)
Rule 4: fdlh okD; esa Each dk iz;ksx ^nks ;k nks ls vf/d
O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa* osQ fy, vkSj Every dk iz;ksx ^nks ls Ex. 2 Such boys are clever. (ü) (P.C.N.)
Such boy are clever. (û)
vf/d oLrqvksa ;k O;fDr;ksa* osQ fy, Singular Countable
Ex.3 Such sugar is dirty. (ü) (S.U.N.)
Noun ls igys gksrk gSA
Such sugars is dirty. (û)
Ex.1 Each girl is beautiful. (ü)
Ex. 4 The same men. (ü) (S.C.N.)
(S.C.N.)
The same men. (ü)
Each girls is beautiful. (û) (P.C.N.)
(P.C.N.)
The same water. (ü)
Ex.2 Every man of this street is rich. (ü) (S.U.N.)
(S.C.N.)
Every men of this street is rich. (û) Indefinite Demonstrative Adjectives
(U.C.N.) TT buesa some, many, certain, a certain, any other,
other, another vkrs gSaA ;s vfuf'pr@vKkr O;fDr ;k
Demonstrative Adjectives
oLrq dk cks/ djkrs gSaA
(laosQrokpd fo'ks"k.k) Ex 1 Some Miss Tivari is standing at the gate.
1. Definite Demonstrative Adjectives (fuf'pr
(dksbZ fel frokjh njokts ij [kM+h gSaA) vFkkZr~ ugha irk
laosQrokpd) gS fd dkSu gS (vfuf'pr gS)]
2. Indefinite Demonstrative Adjectives (vfuf'pr Ex. 2 A certain man comes in the garden daily.
laosQokpd) (vKkr vkneh)
Definite Demonstrative Adjective Ex. 3 Certain guys are walking in the field.
Rule 5: fdlh okD; esa ;fn This ;k That dk iz;ksx (vKkr yksx)
Demonstrative Adjectives osQ :i esa gS] rks og Singular TT A certain osQ lkFk Singular Countable Noun
Countable Noun ;k Singular Uncountable Noun osQ (S.C.N.) rFkk Certain osQ lkFk Plural Countable
lkFk gksrk gSA Noun (P.C.N.) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex.1 That book was good. (ü) Rule 8: fdlh okD; esa Other dk iz;ksx Demonstrative
(S.C.N.) Adjective osQ :i esa gksus ij blosQ lkFk Singular vkSj
That books was good. (û) Plural nksuksa gh Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex.2 This pen is red. (ü) Ex. 1 This computer here is new. The other
(S.C.N.) computer is about five years old.. (ü) (S.C.N.)
This pens is red. (û)
Ex. 2 What other books by Mr. Panwar have you
Ex 3 This milk is sweet. (ü) read, apart from 'General English'. (ü)
(S.U.N.)
This milks is sweet. (û) Rule 9: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Another dk iz;ksx
Rule 6: fdlh okD; esa ;fn These ;k Those dk iz;ksx Demonstrative Adjective osQ :i esa gS] rks mlosQ lkFk
Demonstrative Adjective osQ :i esa djuk gS] rks mlosQ Singular Countable Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ijarq ;fn
lkFk Plural Countable Noun dk iz;ksx gksxkA Another osQ ckn dksbZ Numeral Adjective (la[;kokpd
fo'ks"k.k) gS rks Plural Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
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Ex. 1 Another pen is ready for you. (ü) (S.C.N.) Ex 2 She has a little water.
Ex.2 Another pens is ready for you. (û) (P.C.N.) (S.U.N.)
Ex. 3 Another three boys are required. (ü) mlosQ ikl FkksM+k ikuh gSA
(N.A. with P.N.) Ex. 3 She gave the little water she had.
Another three boy are required. (û) (S.U.N.)
Note: Other & nwljk ;k vU; mlosQ ikl tks Hkh ikuh Fkk] mlus ns fn;kA
Another & nwljk ;k vfrfjDr Rule 12: fdlh okD; esa few, a few, the few dk iz;ksx
Emphatic Adjective Plural Countable Noun osQ igys gksrk gSA ;g la[;k dks
Rule 10: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Very dk iz;ksx Noun ij vkSj crkrk gSA
Own dk iz;ksx Possessive Adjective ij ncko Mkyus osQ Few & u osQ cjkcj (Negative/ udkjkRed)
fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA A few & oqQN ;k de ls de
Ex. 1 He will go there the very day. (ü) The few & ftruk Hkh gS] lHkh
(Noun) Ex. 1 She has few pens.
(P.C.N.)
Ex. 2 She came to me with her own uncle. (ü)
(P.A.) (Noun) mlosQ ikl u osQ cjkcj isu gSaA
Ex. 2 She has a few pens.
Ex.3 I saw him stealing with my own eyes. (ü)
(P.C.N.)
(P.A.) (Noun)
mlosQ ikl de ls de (oqQN) isu gSaA
Rule 11: fdlh okD; esa little, a little, the little dk iz;ksx
Ex. 3 She gave the few pens she had.
Singular Uncountable Noun osQ igys gksrk gSA ;g ek=kk
mlosQ ikl tks Hkh isu Fks mlus ns fn;sA
osQ fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Little & u osQ cjkcj (udkjkRed gksrk gS) Degree of Comparison
A little & FkksM+k ;k de TT Degree rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSa&
The little & ftruk Hkh gS] lHkh 1. Positive Degree
Ex. 1 She has little water. 2. Comparative Degree
(S.U.N.) 3. Superlative Degree
(mlosQ ikl cgqr de (uk osQ cjkcj) ikuh gSA Rule 13:
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
As adjective as Comp. Deg. + than —
so adjective as
No other as adjective as com. Deg. + than any other ;k The + superlative degree
so adjective as all other
Very few as Adjective as Com. Deg. + than most other One of the + sup. degree
so adjective as
Ex. 1 She is not so intelligent as you. (Pos) Ex 8 Vikas is better than most other people of my
(Adj.) city. (Com. Deg.)
Ex. 2 Mohan is as tall as Ravi. (Pos) Ex 9 Vikas is one of the best people of my city.
(Sup. Deg.)
(Adj.)
Rule 14: oqQN Adjectives ,sls gSa] ftuosQ lkFk less, more
Ex. 3 I am faster than you.
(Com Deg)
;k most, least yxkdj mUgsa Comparative ;k Superlative
Ex. 4 No other city in India is as clean as Indore. ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gSA buosQ lkFk than dk iz;ksx u gksdj
(Pos) to dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (Posterior, Prior, Anterior, Senior,
Inferior, Senior, Junior, Prefer, Preferable)
Ex. 5 Indore is cleaner than any other city in India.
(Com. Deg) Ex. 1 Reema is junior to all his sisters. (ü)
Ex 6 Indore is the cleanest city in India. (Sup. Deg.) Reema is junior than all his sisters. (û)
Reema is more junior to all his sisters. (û)
Ex. 7 Very few people of my city are as good as
Ex. 2 Indian players are superior to Chinese
Vikas. (Pos Deg.)
players. (ü)
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 Rojgar Publication General English
Indian players are superior than Chinese brave braver bravest
palyrs. (û)
Indian players are more superior to Chinese cheap cheaper cheapest
players. (û) clean cleaner cleanest
Ex. 3 He prefers reading to writing. (ü) cruel crueller cruellest
He more prefers reading to writing. (û) dense denser densest
Black is preferable to Red. (ü) dull duller dullest
Black is most preferable to Red. (û)
easy easier easiest
Black is more perferable to red. (û)
early earlier earliest
Rule 15: fdlh okD; esa Relatively, Comparatively dk
fine finer finest
iz;ksx gqvk gks rks buosQ ckn superlative ;k comparative
degree dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA buosQ ckn Positive Degree flat flatter flattest
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA funny funnier funniest
Ex. 1 Mohan is comparatively happy today. (ü) gloomy gloomier gloomiest
Mohan is comparatively happier today. (û) hot hotter hottest
Mohan is comparatively happiest today. (û) high higher highest
Ex. 2 Raman was relatively worried yesterday. (ü)
Raman was relatively more worried yesterday. light lighter lightest
(û) low lower lowest
Raman was relatively most worried yesterday. mean meaner meanest
(û)
neat neater neatest
Rule 16: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Double Comparative ;k
old older oldest
Double Superlative Degree dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
proud prouder proudest
Ex. 1 I am happier than you. (ü)
I am more happier than you. (û) rich richer richest
Ex. 2 Seema is heavier than Reena. (ü) rough rougher roughest
Seema is more heavier than Reena. (û) rude ruder rudest
Ex. 3 She is the tallest girl in your city. (ü)
She is the most tallest girl in your city. (û) strange stranger strangest
Rule 17: Comparative Degree ij ncko Mkyus osQ fy, sweet sweeter sweetest
far, no rather, a little, even, much, very much dk tough tougher toughest
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] u fd very dkA mlh rjg Superlative ugly uglier ugliest
Degree ij ncko Mkyus osQ fy, by far, quite, almost, wet wetter wettest
easily, nearly, practically, much dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA wild wilder wildest
Ex. 1 Sita is very taller than Arya. (û) wise wiser wisest
Sita is much taller than Arya. (ü) young younger youngest
Ex. 2 Sanskrit is very more difficult than Hindi. (û) Rule 19: ,sls Adjectives Hkh gksrs gSa ftuesa dksbZ fu;e dk
Sanskrit is much more difficult than Hindi. ikyu ugha gksrk gSA
(ü)
Rule 18: fdlh Adjective dks Comparative ;k Positive Comparative Superlative
Superlative cukus osQ fy, Positive Degree esa ozQe'k% bad worse worst
'er' ;k 'est' tksM+rs gSaA good better best
Positive Comparative Superlative much more most
Degree Degree Degree some more most
Angry Angrier Angriest many more most
big bigger biggest Rule 20: ,sls Adjectives tks nks [kaMksa ls feydj curs
bitter bitterer bitterest gSa vkSj os Adjective ftuosQ lkFk more ;k most yxkdj
bland blander blandest comparative ;k superlative cuk;k tkrk gSA
bold bolder boldest
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Difficult more difficult most difficult Proper more proper most proper
Fascinating more most fascinating Gorgeous more gorgeous most gorgeous
fascinating Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Melodious more melodious most melodious

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

Find out which part of the sentence has an error and (c) c (d) d
select the appropriate option. If a sentence is free 10. The priest class took upon itself the monopoly
from error, select 'No error'. (a)/ of scriptural knowledge and interpretation
1. Sunita is feeling little uncomfortable today (b)/ of the same to its own advantage. (c)/ No
(a)/because she is ill, so she can perform (b)/ error (d)
her work after having some rest for a while. (a) a (b) b
(c) / No error (c) c (d) d
(a) a (b) b 11. Together with empowerment, there has (a)/
(c) c (d) d to be a culture of personally accountability
2. Jaipur is (a)/ further from Patna (b)/ than (b)/ so that everyone realized the necessity of
Chandigarh. (c)/ No error (d) valuing commitment. (c)/ No error (d)
(a) a (b) b (a) a (b) b
(c) c (d) d (c) c (d) d
3. Prabhat is impressed by his (a)/ younger 12. Much believe that if you are modern you (a)/
brother because he is cleverer (b)/ and should not be religious, and vice versa; (b)/
amusing than he is. (c)/ No error (d) can't spirituality and modernity coexist? (c)/
(a) a (b) b No error (d)
(c) c (d) d (a) a (b) b
4. I would (a)/ rather to (b)/ die than beg. (c)/ No (c) c (d) d
error (d) 13. Gratitude is one of the more essential virtues
(a) a (b) b for real (a)/ inner prosperity and happiness,
(c) c (d) d because it (b)/ can connect us to the Divine.
5. Roshni said that she prefers (a)/ a white shirt (c)/ No error (d)
than coloured one (b)/ in formal meeting. (c)/ (a) a (b) b
No error (d) (c) c (d) d
(a) a (b) b 14. The aroma of the invigorate morning cup of tea
(c) c (d) d comes (a)/ wafting up the stairway and soon
6. Everybody knows (a)/ that Bhutan is the I am (b)/ sipping it slowly and reverentially
most peaceful (b)/ of all other countries in the without rushing. (c)/ No error (d)
world. (c)/ No error (d) (a) a (b) b
(a) a (b) b (c) c (d) d
(c) c (d) d 15. The more obvious feature (a)/ of the modern
7. On Sundays (a)/ I prefer reading (b)/ than world is the enormous (b)/ development of
going out visiting my friends. (c)/ No error (d) Science and Technology. (c)/ No error (d)
(a) a (b) b (a) a (b) b
(c) c (d) d (c) c (d) d
8. Little knowledge of playing volleyball (a)/ that 16. In Spiritualism, it is a part of service (a)/ to
she possessed provied to be (b)/ helpful at the communicate with life (b)/ personalities in the
time of inaugural match. (c)/ No error (d) spirit world. (c)/ No error (d)
(a) a (b) b (a) a (b) b
(c) c (d) d (c) c (d) d
9. Ram is superior than (a)/ Shyam in his (b)/ 17. An atom is a smallest constituent unit (a)/ of
vision of corruption free India. (c)/ No error (d) ordinary matter that has the (b)/ properties of
(a) a (b) b a chemical element. (c)/ No error (d)
(a) a (b) b
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5 Preposition

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) oqQN Phrases 'On' ls start ('kq:) gksrs gSaA

The words that are placed before a noun or a on foot, on a scooter/a bicycle, on the last day/the
pronoun to show its relation with another word in first day, on occasion, on a bus/a plane/a ship, on
the sentence, are called Prepositions. (tks 'kCn laKk the brink of, on a diet, on a summer evening, on a
;k loZuke osQ igys yxdj okD; osQ nwljs 'kCn ls mldk laca/ journey/trip, on a train/cruise, on a wall, on a large/
small scale, on account of, on average, on a list, on
izdV djrs gSa] os iwoZlxZ dgykrs gSaA bail/parole, on a motorbike, on edge/the edge of, on
Ex 1 The flower vase was kept on the table. television, on holiday, on the job, on the phone, on
(pre.) the last day, on the radio, on the road, on the roof,
Ex 2 There is a fight between two people. etc.
(pre.)
Ex 3 The train is standing at the station. OVER
(pre.) Over dk vFkZ ^osQ Åij* (Li'kZ djrs gq, ;k Li'kZ u djrs gq,)
Ex 4 Mother is cooking food in the kitchen. osQ Hkko osQ fy, gksrk gSA
(pre) Ex 1 The fan is blowing over my head. (ü)
ON (pre.)
On dk iz;ksx fdlh LFkku dks Li'kZ djrs gq,@Nwrs gq, osQ Hkko esa esjs flj osQ Åij ia[kk py jgk gSA
^Åij@ij* osQ vFkZ osQ fy, gksrk gSA The fan is blowing on my head. (û)
Ex 1 An apple is kept on the table. (ü) Ex 2 Put this rug over the old chair to cover it. (ü)
(pre.) bl xyhps dks iqjkuh oqQlhZ ij <dus osQ fy, j[k nsAa
An apple is kept up the table. (û) Put this rug at the old chair to cover it. (û)
(pre.)
TT Over dk iz;ksx Across (vkj&ikj)] Excessiveness
An apple is kept at the table. (û)
(pre.) (vR;f/drk)] To finish (lekIr gksu)s ] Everywhere
Ex 2 A cat is sitting on the wall. (ü) (lHkh txg)] More than (ls vf/d) osQ Hkko dks crkus
(pre.) osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
A cat is sitting over the wall. (û) Ex 1 They are constructing a bridge over the river.
(pre.) (ü)
A cat is sitting upon the wall. (û) os unh ij iqy cuk jgs gSAa
(pre.)
Ex 2 He got too tired because of over work. (ü)
TT Time expressing words (le; crkus okys 'kCnks)a osQ dke dh vf/drk osQ dkj.k og cgqr Fkd x;kA
lkFk ^dks* osQ vFkZ osQ fy, on dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 3 Our office hours are over for today. (ü)
Ex 1 I will come on Monday. (ü) vkt osQ fy, gekjs dk;kZy; dk le; lekIr gks x;k gSA
eSa lkseokj dks vkšxkA Ex 4 Besides our own galaxy there are about 100
I will come in Monday. (û) billion other galaxies scattered all over the
Ex 2 I saw you on the same night. (ü) universe. (ü)
eSua s vkidks mlh jkr ns[kk FkkA gekjh viuh vkdk'kxaxk osQ vykok iwjs czãkaM esa yxHkx
I saw you at the same night. (û) 100 vjc vU; vkdk'kxaxk,¡ iSQyh gqbZ gSAa

I saw you in the same night. (û)
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 Rojgar Publication General English
Ex 5 Ravi's income is not over forty thousands. garden. (û)
jfo dh vk; pkyhl gtkj ls vf/d ugha gSA Ex 2 I was in the office between 9:00 AM and 6:00
Ex 6 There are over 1400 species of bats worldwide. PM. (ü)
(ü) eSa lqcg 9 cts ls 'kke 6 cts rd dk;kZy; esa FkkA
nqfu;kHkj esa pexknM+kas dh 1400 ls vf/d iztkfr;k¡ gSAa I was in the office between 9:00 AM to 6:00
ABOVE PM. (û)
Ex 3 There is a good intimacy between you and
Above dk iz;ksx Level (Lrj) ;k Åij osQ vFkZ esa gksrk gSA
him. (ü)
Ex 1 Yamuna is flowing above its normal level.
vkiosQ vkSj mlosQ chp ,d vPNh ?kfu"Brk gSA
;equk vius lkekU; Lrj ls Åij cg jgh gSA (Lrj) There is a good intimacy between you and he.
Ex 2 The bird is flying above the kite. (Åij) (û)
fpfM+;k irax ls Hkh Å¡ph@Åij mM+ jgh gSA Ex 4 There was a fight among the children in the
* vkerkSj ij la[;kvksa osQ lkFk over dk iz;ksx gksrk gS u fd garden. (ü)
above dkA cxhps esa cPpksa osQ chp >xM+k gks jgk FkkA
Ex. I get over sixty emails a day. (ü) There was a fight between the children in the
garden. (û)
eq>s ,d fnu esa lkB ls vf/d bZey
s feyrs gSAa
Ex 5 There is a lot of competition amongst us. (ü)
I get above sixty emails a day. (û) gekjs chp cgqr izfrLi/kZ gSA
Ex 2 If you weigh over 100 kgs, then you may need There is a lot of competition among us. (û)
to start a diet. (ü)

;fn vkidk otu 100 fdxzk ls vf/d gS] rks vkidks MkbV BESIDE AND BESIDES
'kq: djus dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA Beside (lehi ;k cxy Besides (osQ vykok ;k
If you weigh above 100 kgs, then you may esa) vfrfjDr)
need to start a diet. (û)
Ex 1 The school is Ex 2 Besides boys, girls
Exception: tc Lrj fdlh la[;k ;k vkSlr ls Åij gksrk gSA beside the hospital. will also take part in
Ex It was three degrees abov zero. (ü) (LowQy gkWfLiVy osQ ikl ;k the competition. (ü)
;g 'kwU; ls rhu fMxzh Åij FkkA cxy esa gS) (yM+dksa osQ vykok yM+fd;k¡
It was three degrees over zero. (û) Hkh izfr;ksfxrk esa fgLlk ysaxhA
The school is besides Beside boys, girls will
BETWEEN AND AMONG
the hospital (û) (LowQy also take part in the
Between (osQ chp esa) Among (osQ chp esa) gkWfLiVy osQ vfrfjDr gSA competition. (û) (yM+dksa
bldk iz;ksx nks O;fDr;ksa ;k bldk iz;ksx nks ls vf/d osQ cxy esa ;k lehi yM+fd;k¡
oLrqvksa osQ fy, gksrk gSA oLrqvksa ;k O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, Hkh izfr;ksfxrk esa fgLlk ysaxh)
gksrk gSA ;gk¡ Ex 1 o Ex 2 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd nksuksa osQ iz;ksx djus esa
blosQ ckn lnSo objective Amongst dk iz;ksx vowel cgqr fHkUurk gSA
case dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCnksa osQ lkFk
gksrk gSA UPON
Upon dk vFkZ ^Åij* (xfr esa gksuk) gksrk gSA
blosQ ckn and dk iz;ksx gksrk The ls igys among ;k
gSA amongest nksuksa dk iz;ksx gks Ex 1 The cat jumped upon the chair.
ldrk gSA (pre)
blosQ ckn every ;k each fcYyh fcLrj osQ Åij owQnhA
dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA Ex 2 The wolf jumped upon the fox.
Ex 1 There was a fight between two students in the (pre)
garden. (ü) HksfM+;k ykseM+h osQ Åij owQnkA
cxhps esa nks Nk=kksa osQ chp esa >xM+k gks jgk FkkA TT ;gk¡ Cat vkSj Wolf nksuksa gh xfr esa gS]a rks buosQ fy, ^Åij*
There was a fight among two Students in the osQ vFkZ osQ fy, upon dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
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BEFORE, AFTER AND BEHIND Ex 2 She lives at Mohaddinpur.
fdlh okD; esa before dk iz;ksx ^ls igys* ;k ^osQ lkeus* osQ og eksgn~nhuiqj esa jgrh gSA
vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA Ex 3 The train will arrive at 7:00 PM.
Ex 1 You were talking before him. jsyxkM+h 'kke 7 cts vk;sxhA
rqe mlosQ lkeus gh ckr dj jgs FksA Ex 4 He passed away at the early age of twenty.
Ex 2 I had left before he came. og chl o"kZ dh de vez esa py clkA
mlosQ vkus ls igys eSa tk pqdk FkkA Ex 5 She is at work now. (vLFkk;h dk;Z) (She is
TT fdlh okD; esa after dk iz;ksx LFkku crkus osQ fy, vkSj le; working now)
crkus osQ fy, ^osQ ckn* osQ vFkZ osQ fy, gksrk gSA og vc dk;Z dj jgh gSA
Ex 1 The guests will leave after 2 o' clock. Ex 6 My brother will come in a week.
esgeku 2 cts osQ ckn pys tk,¡xAs esjk HkkbZ ,d gÝrs esa vk tk,xkA
Ex 2 He will comeout from his home after five days. Ex 7 His father lives in Mumbai.
og vius ?kj ls ik¡p fnu ckn ckgj vk;sxkA mlosQ firkth eqca bZ esa jgrs gSAa
Ex 3 Geeta's place is after Mohan in this line. Ex 8 His friend is in army. (LFkk;h dk;Z)
bl iafDr esa eksgu osQ ckn xhrk dk LFkku gSA mldk nksLr lsuk esa gSA
TT fdlh okD; esa behind dk iz;ksx ^osQ ihNs* osQ vFkZ esa fd;k OF
tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh okD; esa Of dk use (iz;ksx) ^dk] dh] osQ* osQ vFkZ
Ex 1 A scooter was parked behind my car. osQ fy, laca/ ;k vf/dkj dks crkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
esjh xkM+h osQ ihNs ,d LowQVj [kM+k FkkA Ex 1 Someone took Amar's chair. (vf/dkj)
Ex 2 He was standing behind the house waiting for vej dh oqQlhZ fdlh us ys yhA
(pre)
Ex 2 The sister of Sudhir did not come to school.
someone.
(lac/a )
og edku osQ ihNs [kM+k fdlh dk bartkj dj jgk FkkA
lq/hj dh cgu LowQy ugha vk;hA
AT and IN TT fdlh chekjh ls ejus osQ fy, Hkh of dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
At (ij] esa) In (esa] osQ vanj) Ex 1 She died of Corona. (chekjh)
fdlh okD; esa nj@pky@dher le; lwpd 'kCnksa osQ lkFk in
TT ;fn fdlh okD; esa cause 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks mlosQ
dk cks/ djkus osQ fy, gksrk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
lkFk of dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
gSA
bldk iz;ksx NksVs LFkkuksa osQ
bldk iz;ksx egkuxj] ns'k] Ex 1 What was the cause of his departure?
uke osQ lkFk gksrk gSA jkT;] egk}hi] vkfn osQ uke mlosQ tkus dk dkj.k D;k Fkk\
osQ lkFk iz;ksx gksrk gSA BELOW, UNDER And BENEATH
le; dks vfHkO;Dr djus osQ LFkk;h dk;Z (Permanent Below dks Level (Lrj) crkus osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
fy, At dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA work) osQ fy, Hkh in dk
Ex 1 Yamuna is flowing below its normal level. (ü)
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
;equk vius lkekU; Lrj ls uhps cg jgh gSA
At dks y{; (aim), vk;q
Yamuna is flowing under its normal level. (û)
(age), voLFkk (stage) crkus
osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA TT Below dks ^ls de* (less than), crkus osQ fy, Hkh iz;ksx
vLFkk;h dk;Z (temporary djrs gSAa
work) osQ fy, Hkh at dk Ex 1 My friend's salary is below Rs 10000/- a
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA month. (ü)
esjs nksLr dk osru 10000 #i;s eghus ls de gSA
Ex 1 Sugar is sold at Rs 40/- kg.
My friend's salary is under Rs 10000/- a
phuh 40 #i;s izfr fdyksxkz e fcdrh gSA month. (û)
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 Rojgar Publication General English
TT Under dk iz;ksx vk;q (Age) ls de dks crkus osQ fy, TT By dks Passive voice esa ^osQ }kjk* osQ vFkZ osQ fy, iz;ksx
gksrk gSA fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 2 You have to be under 18 to get an allowance. Ex 1 He is taught by her sister. (ü)
(ü) He is taught with her sister. (û)
HkÙkk ikus osQ fy, vkidh vk;q 18 o"kZ ls de gksuh pkfg,A TT By dks ;krk;kr osQ lk/u (means of transport) osQ igys
iz;ksx djrs gSAa
You have to be below 18 to get an allowance
(û) Ex 1 My father goes to Agra by aeroplane. (ü)
Ex 3 They have three children under the age of esjs firkth gokbZ tgkt ls vkxjk tkrs gSAa
five. (ü) My father goes to Agra with aeroplane. (û)

muosQ ik¡p lky ls de mez osQ rhu cPps gSAa TT By dks beside (osQ lehi@osQ fdukjs) osQ vFkZ esa Hkh iz;ksx
TT Under dks ^osQ vuqlkj* (according), voLFkk (in the djrs gSA
course of), uhps osQ vFkZ osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Ex 1 She goes to school and sits by Sita. (ü)
Ex 1 A Lion was sitting under the tree. (ü) og LowQy tkrh gS vkSj lhrk osQ ikl cSB tkrh gSA
,d 'ksj isM+ osQ uhps cSBk FkkA She goes to school and sits to Sita. (û)
A lion was sitting below the tree. (û)
She goes to school and sits beside Sita. (ü)

Ex 2 He completed this project under stress. (ü) TT By osQ otu (weight), nj (rate) rFkk eki
mlus ;g ifj;kstuk ruko esa iwjh dhA (voLFkk) (measurement) osQ fy, Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSAa
He completed this project below/beneath Ex 1 Bananas are sold by the dozen.
stress. (û) Ex 2 This garden is 20 meter by 15 meter.
Ex 3 He got this property under his father's will.
(ü)
IN FRONT OF
mls ;g laifÙk vius firk dh olh;r osQ vuqlkj feyhA bldk iz;ksx ^osQ lkeus* osQ vFkZ esa gksrk gSA
TT Beneath dks ^uhps* osQ vFkZ osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Ex 1 He parked his bike in front of my office. (ü)
mlus viuh ckbd esjs vkWfiQl osQ lkeus [kM+h dhA
Ex 1 The metro station is right beneath the airport.
Ex 2 There is a very beautiful statue in front of my
esVkª s LVs'ku] gokbZ vM~Ms osQ Bhd uhps gSA office.
Ex 2 A Dog is standing beneath the table.
ACROSS and THROUGH
,d oqQÙkk est osQ uhps [kM+k FkkA
Across (osQ ikj@ml Through (osQ ekè;e
WITH and BY ikj) ls@ ls gksdj)
With dks ^osQ }kjk@ls* osQ vFkZ esa fdlh Hkh vkStkj (Tool) osQ Ex 1 My friend lives Ex 1 He had to pass
fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA across the road. (esjk through the forest. (mls
Ex 1 My mother cuts vegetables with a knife. (ü) nksLr lM+d osQ ml ikj jgrk taxy ls gksdj xqtjuk iM+kA)
(vkStkj) gSA)
esjh ekrk pkowQ ls lCth dkVrh gSA Ex 2 They are building Ex 2 He could not sleep
My mother cuts vegetables by a knife. (û) a new bridge across the through the night. (og
road.. (os lM+d ij u;k iqy jkr Hkj lks u ldk)
TT With dks ^lkFk*] ^ysdj* rFkk ^n`<* ;k ^rjhdk* (manner),
xq.k (quality) rFkk fo'ks"krk (features) osQ fy, iz;ksx cuk jgs gSaA)
fd;k tkrk gSA ABOUT
Ex 1 They go to Agra with their friends. bldk iz;ksx ^yxHkx*] ^djhc&djhc* rFkk ^osQ ckjs esa* osQ vFkZ
os vius fe=kksa osQ lkFk vkxjk tkrs gSAa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 2 The police faced the dacoits with courage. Ex 1 He wrote a book about the Spanish Civil War.
iqfyl us MkoqQvksa dk lkeuk fgEer ls fd;kA (ü)
Ex 3 A girl with long hair came to the party. mUgksua s Lisfu'k x`g;q¼ osQ ckjs esa ,d fdrkc fy[khA
,d yacs ckyksa okyh yM+dh ikVhZ esa vkbZ FkhA He wrote a book for the Spanish Civil War. (û)
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Ex 2 The school is about 10 meters away. (ü) Ex 5 Butter is made from curd. (xq.k cnyuk)
LowQy yxHkx 10 ehVj nwj gSA ngh ls eD[ku cuk;k tkrk gSA
The school is for/to 10 meters away. (û) TT Off dks vyxko (separation) crkus osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k
ALONG tkrk gSA
bldk iz;ksx ,d pht dks nwljh pht osQ lkekukUrj crkus osQ Ex 1 Thank you for getting me off the hook.
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (vyxko)
Ex 1 She runs along the river. (ü) (lkekukUrj fLFkfr) eq>s gqd ls fudkyus osQ fy, /U;oknA
og unh osQ fdukjs nkSMr+ h gSA Ex 2 It was a most excellent send-oof. (vyxko)
She runs across the river. (û) ;g lcls 'kkunkj fonkbZ FkhA
Ex 2 She runs along the road. (ü) (lkekukUrj fLFkfr) Ex 3 They drove off the invaders.

og lM+d osQ fdukjs nkSMr+ h gSA mUgksua s vkozQe.kdkfj;ksa dks [knsM+ fn;kA
She runs across the road. (û) TO
AGAINST bldk iz;ksx ^osQ izfr*] ^dks*] ^ikl@lehi*] ^dh vksj* osQ vFkZ osQ
bldk iz;ksx ^lgkjk ysdj ;k lVdj*] vkSj ^osQ fo#¼* lkFk gh fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
osQ izfrowQy osQ vFkZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Ex 1 You must be loyal to your friends. (osQ izfr)

Ex 1 The cycle is standing against the wall. (ü) rqEgsa vius nksLrksa osQ izfr oiQknkj gksuk pkfg,A
lkbfdy nhokj osQ lgkjs [kM+h gSA Ex 2 The teacher gave the books to everyone. (dks)

The cycle is standing to the wall. (û) vè;kid us lHkh dks iqLrosQa nhaA
Ex 2 Swimming against the current is tough and Ex 3 He comes to his father. (osQ ikl)
tiring. (ü) og vius firk osQ ikl vkrk gSA
/kjk osQ foijhr rSjuk dfBu vkSj Fkdk nsus okyk gksrk gSA TOWARDS
Swimming through the current is tough and bldk iz;ksx ^dh vksj* rFkk ^osQ izfr* osQ vFkZ osQ fy, gksrk gSA
tiring (û)
Ex 1 He is going towards the forest. (dh vksj)
Ex 3 She is against corruption. (ü)
og Hkz"Vkpkj osQ fo#¼ gSA og taxy dh vksj tk jgk FkkA
Ex 2 He feels a lot of anger towards his father.
She is in front of the corruption. (û)
mls vius firk osQ izfr cgqr xqLlk vkrk gSA
FROM and OFF
From dks ^ls* osQ vFkZ esa dkj.k (cause), le; (time), Ïksr WITHIN
(origin), vyxko LFkku osQ fy, (separation), oLrq osQ xq.k bldk iz;ksx ^osQ vanj* osQ vFkZ esa fdlh dh lkeF;Z Capability
cnyus osQ Hkko osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk le; (time) ;k LFkku (place) dks crkus osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
Ex 1 She is suffering from stomach ache. (dkj.k)
Ex 1 I will be there within 10 minutes. (le;)
og isV nnZ ls ijs'kku gSA
Ex 2 She was in tuition from 4:00 PM to 6:00 PM.
eSa 10 feuV osQ vanj ogk¡ vk tkÅ¡xkA
Ex 2 We've always lived within ten miles of the
(le;)
beach. (LFkku)
og 'kke 4 cts ls 'kke 6 cts rd V~;'w ku esa FkhA
Ex 3 The Ganga originates from the Gangotri
ge ges'kk leqnz rV osQ nl ehy osQ nk;js esa jgrs gSAa
Glacier. (Ïksr) Ex 3 We should work within our capacity. (lkeF;Z)
xaxk xaxks=kh fgeun ls fudyrh gSA gesa viuh {kerk osQ Hkhrj dke djuk pkfg,A
Ex 4 He has come from school. (vyxko)
og LowQy ls vk;k gSA

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11. Adjacent to & fdlh osQ fudV ;k cxy esa
Fixed Preposition Ex I like to stay in this hotel because it's
adjacent to a great shopping mall.
1. Accomplice in & vijk/ esa lg;ksx gks
eSa bl gksVy esa :duk ilan djrk gw¡ D;ksafd ;g ,d
Ex Calendario was an accomplice in the
cM+s 'kkWfiax ekWy osQ fudV gSA
conspiracy of Marino Faliero.
12. Agree with (someone) & lger gksuk@,der gksuk

oSQysaMkfj;ks eSfjuks iQkfy,jks dh lkft'k esa ,d
Ex Mr. Sharma does not agree with me.
lg;ksxh FkkA

fe- 'kekZ eq>ls lger ugha gSA
2. Accomplished in & oqQ'ky
13. Agree to (An idea) &
Ex He was accomplished in all the arts.
Ex My sister will not agree to their proposal.

og lHkh dykvksa esa fuiq.k FkkA

esjh cgu muosQ izLrko osQ fy, lger ugha gksxhA
3. Acquaintance with & fdlh O;fDr ls ifjp;
Ex She struck up an acquaintance with a 14. Approve of & Lohdk;Z@larq"V gksuk
man from the city. Ex I do not approve of that kind of language.

'kgj osQ ,d O;fDr ls mldh tku&igpku gks xbZA
eSa bl rjg dh Hkk"kk dks Lohdkj ugha djrk gw¡A
4. Associated with & lacaf/r gksuk@tqM+k gksuk 15. Assure of & vk'oklu nsuk@Hkjkslk fnykuk
Ex These symptoms are particularly Ex We assure you of our best service at all
associated with migraine headaches. times.

;s y{k.k fo'ks"k :i ls ekbxzsu osQ fljnnZ ls lacaf/r
ge vkidks gj le; viuh loZJs"B lsok dk
gksrs gSaA vk'oklu nsrs gSaA
5. Alarmed at & Mjk gqvk@vk'kafdr djuk 16. Assiduous in & ifjJeh@vè;olk;h
Ex We are often alarmed at the television Ex They were assiduous in their search for
programmes our children watch. all the latest facts and figures.

cPpksa }kjk ns[ks tkus okys Vsyhfotu dk;ZozQeksa osQ izfr
os lHkh uohure rF;ksa vkSj vk¡dM+ksa dh [kkst esa yxs
ge vDlj fpafrr ;k lpsr jgrs gSaA gq, FksA
6. Aversion to & ukilan] ?k`.kk (osQ izfr ?k`.kk) 17. Allegiance to & leFkZu ;k fu"Bk
Ex I felt an instant aversion to his friends. Ex Soldiers have to swear alleginace to the
crown.

eq>s mlosQ fe=kksa osQ izfr rqjar ?k`.kk eglwl gqbZA
lSfudksa dks jktk osQ izfr fu"Bk dh 'kiFk ysuh gksrh
7. Accustomed to & vknrh gksuk] vH;Lr gksuk gSA
Ex She is accustomed to travelling a lot in
18. Amends for & eqvkotk@{kfriwfrZ
her job.
Ex She decided it was time to make amends

og viuh ukSdjh esa cgqr ;k=kk djus dh vknh gSA for the hurt she had caused her family.
8. Access to & igq¡p mlus iSQlyk fd;k fd ;g ml pksV osQ fy, izk;f'pr
Ex The only access to the house was a rough djus dk le; gS] tks mlus vius ifjokj dks nh FkhA
dirt road.
19. Abstain from & cqjh phtksa ls nwjh cukuk

?kj rd iq¡pus dk ,dek=k tfj;k dPph lM+d FkhA (ijgst djuk)
9. Accused of (something) & nks"kkjksi.k djuk Ex He took a vow to abstain from alcohol.
Ex He was accused of stealing the money. mUgksaus 'kjkc ls nwj jgus dk ladYi fy;kA

ml ij iSls pksjh djus dk vkjksi yxk;k x;k FkkA 20. Answerable to & tokcnsg] mÙkjnk;h
10. Acquaint with (something) & ifjfpr Ex The agency is answerable to the
Ex She took a few days to acquaint herself governor.
with the facts of the case. ,tsalh jkT;iky osQ izfr tokcnsg gSA

ekeyksa osQ rF;ksa ls [kqn dks ifjfpr djkus esa mUgsa 21. Assent to & lgefr nsuk (izLrko ij)
oqQN fnu yxsA eatwjh nsuk
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 Rojgar Publication General English
Ex The committee gave their assent to the 31. Consist of & cuk gksuk] fufgr gksuk
proposed changes. Ex This book consists of fifty chapters.

lfefr us izLrkfor ifjorZuksa dks viuh lgefr iznku bl iqLrd esa ipkl vè;k; gSaA
dhA 32. Congratulate on & c/kbZ nsuk
22. Bestow on/upon & migkj ;k /u iznku djuk Ex I congratulated Preeti on passing her
Ex The queen has bestowed a kinghthood driving test.
on him.
eSaus izhfr dksMªkbfoax VsLV ikl djus ij c/kbZ nhA

egkjkuh us mUgsa ukbVgqM dh mikf/ iznku dhA 33. Commence on & 'kq: djuk
23. Beware of & lko/ku gksuk] lpsr gksuk Ex The examination will commence on
Ex We should beware of such sellers who Monday.
mislead people by making false offers.
ijh{kk lkseokj ls 'kq: gksxhA

gesa ,sls foozsQrkvksa ls lko/kuk jguk pkfg, tks >wBs 34. Commit to & opu nsuk
izLrko nsdj yksxksa dks xqejkg djrs gSaA
Ex I cannot commit myself to helping you.
24. Beneficial to & ykHknk;d] fgrdkjh

eSa vkidh enn djus osQ fy, [kqn dks izfrc¼ ugha
Ex Exercise is beneficial to your health. dj ldrkA

O;k;ke vkiosQ LoklF; osQ fy, ykHknk;d gksrk gSA 35. Complained of/Against & f'kdk;r djuk
25. Bereft of & ls oafpr Ex He complained of not sleeping well.
Ex They appear to be completely bereft of

mlus Bhd ls uhan u vkus dh f'kdk;r dhA
new ideas.
36. Complained to/against & f'kdk;r djuk

,slk yxrk gS fd os u, fopkjksa ls iwjh rjg oafpr
Ex I complained to the customer service
gSaA
representative.
26. Busy with & O;Lr jguk

eSaus xzkgd lsok izfrfuf/ ls f'kdk;r dhA
Ex The kids are busy with their homework.
37. Complained about & f'kdk;r djuk

cPps vius x`gdk;Z esa O;Lr gSaA
Ex I will complain about your service.
27. Boast of & Mhax gk¡duk

eSa vkidh lsokvksa osQ ckjs esa f'kdk;r d:¡xkA
Ex The chef boasts of his restaurant having
the most authentic Italian food in all of 38. Compensate for & {kfriwfrZ djuk
New York city. Ex Nothing will ever compensate for his
lost childhood.

'ksiQ vius jsLrjk¡ esa iwjs U;w;kWoZQ 'kgj esa lcls
izkekf.kd brkyoh Hkkstu gksus dk nkok djrk gSA
mlosQ [kks, gq, cpiu dh HkjikbZ dHkh fdlh oLrq
28. Benefit from & fdlh pht ls ykHk ls ugha gks ik,xhA
Ex She derived no benefit from the course 39. Comply with & fdlh fu;e dkuwu dk
of drugs. ikyu djuk
Ex These are serious penalties for failure to

mls nokvksa osQ lsou ls dksbZ ykHk ugha gqvkA
comply with the regulations.
29. Charged with & vkjksfir djuk

fu;eksa dk ikyu djus esa foiQyrk osQ fy, ;s xaHkhj
Ex He was charged with causing a
disturbance.
naM gSA
40. Complicity in & lgvijk/h@feyhHkxr

ml ij xM+cM+h djus dk vkjksi yxk;k x;k FkkA
Ex There is no proof of her complicity in
30. Convicted of & vijk/h Bgjkuk
the murder.
Ex His remarks convicted him of a lack of

gR;k esa mudh feyhHkxr dk dksbZ lcwr ugha gSA
sensitivity.
41. Convinced of & ;dhu fnykuk@vk'oLr djuk

mudh fVIif.k;ksa us mUgsa laosnu'khyrk dh deh dk
Ex Although I soon convinced him of my
nks"kh Bgjk;kA
innocence, I think he still has serious

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doubts about my sanity.
dkuwu lkoZtfud laifÙk ls vyx futh laifÙk dks

gkyk¡fd eSaus tYn gh mUgsa viuh eklwfe;r osQ ckjs izHkkfor djrk gSA
esa vk'oLr dj fy;k] ysfdu eq>s yxrk gS fd mUgsa Ex He is colour-blind and can not distinguish
vHkh Hkh esjh ifo=krk ij xaHkhj lansg gSA between red and green easily.
42. Compliment on & rkjhiQ djuk
og o.kk±/ gS vkSj vklkuh ls yky vkSj gjs jax osQ
Ex What should I compliment a girl on her chp varj ugha dj ldrkA
amazing post? 50. Delight in (something)& [kq'kh] g"kZ

yM+dh dh 'kkunkj iksLV ij eq>s D;k rkjhiQ djuh Ex She delights in meeting new people.
pkfg,\
mls u, yksxksa ls feyus esa izlUurk gksrh gSA
43. Detrimental to & gkfudkjd 51. Dissent from (idea or opinions) & vLoho`Qfr izdV
Ex Maskes can be detrimental to babies djuk
speech and language development. Ex No one dissents from the decision to

ekLd cPps osQ Hkk"kk vkSj cksyus osQ fodkl osQ fy, unify.
gkfudkjd gks ldrs gSaA
,dtqV gksus osQ iSQlys ls dksbZ vgler ugha gSA
44. Deprived of (something) & ls jfgr@ls foghu 52. Endowed with (something) & laiUu] xq.kksa ls ;qDr
Ex He claimed that he had been deprived Ex Some lucky people are endowed with
of his freedom. both brains and beauty.

mlus nkok fd;k fd mls mldh Lora=krk ls oafpr
oqQN HkkX;'kkyh yksx fnekx vkSj lqanjrk nksuksa ls laiUu
dj fn;k x;k FkkA gksrs gSaA
45. Devoid of (something) & oafpr dj nsuk 53. Envious of (someone) & bZ";kZ
Ex The landscape seems to be completely Ex I am very envious of your new coat, it is
devoid of life. very beautiful.

ifjn`'; iwjh rjg ls thou jfgr izrhr gksrk gSA
eq>s vkiosQ u, dksV ls cgqr tyu gksrh gS] ;g cgqr
46. Dedicated to/Devoted to (someone) & lefiZr] lqanj gSA
fu"Bk 54. Equipped with (tools, equipment) & lkt lkeku
Ex After graduating from college, he lfgr
dedicated himself to his career. Ex You need a well equipped kitchen with
dkWyst ls Lukrd djus osQ ckn] mlus [kqn dks vius lots of specialized pots and pans.
dfj;j osQ fy, lefiZr dj fn;kA
vkidks cgqr lkjs fo'ks"k crZuksa osQ lkFk ,d vPNh
Ex Nakul is absolutely devoted to his wife. rjg ls lqlfTtr jlksbZ?kj dh vko';drk gSA
uoqQy viuh iRuh osQ fy, iwjh rjg ls lefiZr gSA 55. Eminence in (work or field) & izfl¼ gksuk (fdlh
47. Dearth of (something) & deh gksuk dk;Z@{ks=k esa)
Ex The region is suffering from a dearth of Ex Many of the pilots were to achieve
medical specialists. eminence in the aeronautical world.
;g {ks=k fpfdRlk fo'ks"kKksa dh deh ls tw> jgk gSA
dbZ ik;yVksa dks oSekfud nqfu;k esa izfr"Bk gkfly
48. Deliberate on (something) & fopkj&foe'kZ djuk] djuh FkhA
foLrkjiwoZd 56. Exception to (someone or something) & viokn@
Ex The jury took five days to deliberate on vkifÙk
the case. Ex I take strong exception to your
twjh us ekeys ij fopkj djus osQ fy, ik¡p fnu dk assessment of his singing ability.
le; fy;kA
eSa mudh xk;u {kerk osQ vkiosQ vkdyu ij dM+h
49. Distinguish from (things or people)/between
vkifÙk trkrk gw¡A
(something) & varj@Hksn gksuk
57. Embark on/upon (something) & oqQN u;k 'kq:
Ex The law affects private property as
distinguished from public property.
djuk
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 Rojgar Publication General English
Ex She is embarking on a new career. Ex He was not a man much given to
og ,d u, dfj;j dh 'kq:vkr dj jgh gSA compassion.
Ex The company has embarked upon a
og ,slk O;fDr ugha Fkk] tks d#.kk osQ izfr vf/d
risky new project. lefiZr FkkA

oaQiuh us ,d tksf[ke Hkjh u;h ifj;kstuk 'kq: dh gSA 68. Guilty of (something wrong) & vijk/h gksuk
58. Amazed at (Fact or feeling) (something) & pfdr] Ex They were found guilty of murder.
vk'p;Zpfdr mUgsa gR;k dk nks"kh ik;k x;kA
Ex I was amazed at the depth of her 69. Gifted with & {kerk ;k xq.k gksuk
knowledge.
Ex He is gifted with a good sense of humour.

eSa mlosQ vFkkg Kku ls nax jg x;kA
og ,d vPNh gkL;o`fÙk dk /uh gSA
59. Essential to & vko';d] vfuok;Z 70. Guess at (something) & vuqeku yxkuk
Ex It is essential to arrive on time. Ex We could only guess at what really

le; ij igq¡puk t:jh gSA happened.
60. Experience in (skill) & vuqHkoh gksuk
ge osQoy vuqeku yxk ldrs Fks fd okLro esa D;k
Ex He has long experience in teaching. gqvk FkkA

mls i<+kus dk dkiQh vuqHko gSA 71. Hope for (someone) & vk'kk djuk
61. Escape from (something or somebody) & cpdj Ex There is not much we can do but hope
Hkkx tkuk for the best.
Ex He escaped from prison this morning.
ge T;knk oqQN ugha dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu lcls vPns

og vkt lqcg tsy ls iQjkj gks x;kA osQ fy, mEehn djrs gSaA
72. Hail from & jguk@iSnk gksuk (fdlh LFkku ij)
62. Faith in (someone) & fo'okl djuk
Ex His father hailed from Italy.
Ex Don't you have any faith in me at all?
muosQ firk bVyh osQ jgus okys FksA

D;k vkidks eq> ij tjk Hkh fo'okl ugha gSA
73. Indifference to (feeling towards somebody or
63. Fraught with (something bad) & [krjksa ls Hkjk gqvk
something) & mnklhu gksuk@oLrq ;k O;fDr osQ izfr #fp
Ex The situation was fraught with danger. ;k Hkkouk dh deh
fLFkfr [krjs ls Hkjh FkhA Ex He was always shown indifference to
64. Favourable to (somebody or something) & the needs of others.
vuqowQy gksuk mlus ges'kk nwljksa dh t:jrksa osQ izfr mnklhurk
Ex In june, the weather is favourable to its fn[kkbZA
harvest vegetables. 74. Injurious to (something) & gkfudkjd
twu esa ekSle lfCt;ksa dh bldh iQly osQ vuqowQy Ex Smoking is injurious to health.
gksrk gSA
/weziku djuk LokLF; osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSA
65. Frightened of (doing something) & Mjuk
75. Imputation of (something) & ykaNu@dyad yxkuk
Ex I am just frightened of losing the people
Ex We apologise unreservedly for any
I love. imputation of incorrect behaviour by
eSa fliZQ mu yksxksa dks [kksus ls Mjrk gw¡] ftUgsa eSa I;kj Mr. Panwar.
djrk gw¡A

Jh iaokj }kjk xyr O;ogkj osQ fdlh vkjksi osQ fy,
66. Fond of (someone or something) & fdlh dk;Z ;k ge fcuk 'krZ ekiQh ek¡xrs gSaA
oLrq dks ilan djus okyk
76. Insist on (something) & fdlh ckr ij vfMx jguk
Ex We were all growing fond of you. Ex We insist on the highest standards at all
ge lc rqEgkjs nhokus gksrs tk jgs FksA times.
67. Given to (something) & vknh gksuk
ge gj le; mPpre ekudksa ij tksj nsrs gSaA

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Rojgar Publication General English
77. Interfere with & n[kynkath@gLr{ksi Ex Have a look at this article.
Ex The drug might interfere with a child's
bl ys[k ij ,d utj MkysaA
physical development.
87. Look into & irk yxkuk@fopkj djuk

nok cPps osQ 'kkjhfjd fodkl esa ck/k Mky ldrh Ex I will look into the reasons for the
gSA decision.
78. Irrelevant to (something) & fdlh oLrq ls vlaca¼@
eSa fu.kZ; osQ dkj.kksa ij xkSj d:axkA
egRoghu 88. Muse on (something) & fdlh pht osQ ckjs esa yacs
Ex Her comments were irrelevant to our
le; ls lkspuk
discussion.
Ex I began to muse on the possibility of

mudh fVIif.k;k¡ gekjh ppkZ osQ fy, vizklafxd FkhaA starting my own business.
79. Infested with & LFkku tgk¡ cM+h la[;k esa xans
eSaus viuk [kqn dk O;olk; 'kq: djus dh laHkkouk
izk.kh o dhM+s vkfn tek gksa osQ ckjs esa fopkj djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
Ex The area was infested with snakes. 89. Menance to (a danger or threat) & [krjs dh

;g {ks=k lk¡iksa ls izHkkfor FkkA vk'kadk@[krjk
80. Implicated in (something) & ;g fn[kkuk fd O;fDr Ex I guess this could make you a menance
oqQdeZ esa fyIr gS@vkjksfir to society.
Ex Scientists have discovered a gene that
eq>s yxrk gS fd ;g vkidks lekt osQ fy, [krjk
is implicated in the development of cuk ldrk gSA
Alzheimer's disease.
90. Malice against (somebody) & ?k`.kk djuk@nwljksa dks

oSKkfudksa us ,d ,sls thu dh [kkst dh gS] tks ihM+k igq¡puk
vYtkbej jksx osQ fodkl esa 'kkfey gSA Ex She was animated by malice against
81. Jostle with (somebody) & HkhM+ esa /Ddk&eqDdh djuk the white settlers.
Ex We spent an hour jostling with the
og xksjs yksxksa osQ f[kykiQ }s"k ls vuqizkf.kr FkhA
crowd as we did our shopping.
91. Mired in (someone or something) & fdlh eqf'dy

[kjhnkjh djrs gq, geus HkhM+ osQ lkFk /Ddk&eqDdh ifjfLFkfr esa iaQlk gqvk
djrs gq, ,d ?kaVk fcrk;kA Ex She was mired in work all weekend.
82. Listen to (somebody or something) & è;ku ls

og iwjs lIrkgar dke esa yxh jghA
lquuk
92. Marvel at (a person or thing) & nwljksa dk ;k Lo;a
Ex I tried to listen to him carefully.
pfdr djus okyk O;fDr@oLrq

eSaus mls è;ku ls lquus dh dksf'k'k dhA Ex Sometimes you marvel at things you
83. Lapse into (something) & [kjkc fLFkfr gks tkuk] read.
Hkwy&pwd
dHkh&dHkh vki tks i<+rs gSa ml ij vk'p;Z djrs gSaA
Ex He lapsed into a coma and died four
93. Meddle with (somebody's private affairs) & nwljksa
days later.
osQ futh ekeyksa esa t:jr ls T;knk #fp ysuk

og dksek pys x;s vkSj pkj fnu ckn mudh e`R;q gks Ex People should not meddle with things
xbZA they do not understand.
84. Laxity in & fdlh dke esa f<ykbZ@f'kfFkyrk
yksxksa dks mu phtksa esa n[ky ugha nsuk pkfg, ftUgsa
Ex There is moral laxity in our society. os le>rs ugha gSaA
gekjs lekt esa uSfrd f'kfFkyrk gSA 94. Marry to (someone) & 'kknh djuk] fookg djuk
85. Look for & [kkstuk Ex So how long have you been married to
Ex We have been looking for you Nicky?
everywhere.
rks fudh ls vkidh 'kknh dks fdrus lky gq, gSa\

ge vkidks gj txg <w¡< jgs gSaA 95. Overwhelm with (somebody) & lq[k&nq%[k vkfn
86. Look at & tk¡puk
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Hkkoukvksa ls vfHkHkwr gks ikuk Ex He finds country life infinitely perferable
Ex I am overwhelmed with joy to see our to living in the city.
new born baby.
og xzkeh.k thou dks 'kgj esa jgus osQ fy, vlhe
eSa vius uotkr f'k'kq dks ns[kdj [kq'kh ls vfHkHkwr :i ls csgrj ikrk gSA
gks xbZA 105. Predilection for (something) & fdlh pht osQ izfr
96. Object to (someone or something) & fo#¼ gksuk] ;k xgjk >qdko
ukilan gksuk Ex Ever since she was a child, she has had a
Ex Does anyone object to this union? predilection for spicy food.

D;k fdlh dks bl laxBu ij vkifÙk gS\ cpiu ls gh mls elkysnkj [kkus dk 'kkSd jgk gSA
97. Offence against (someone) & fdlh osQ izfr nks"k@ 106. Passion for (something) & fdlh dk;Z osQ izfr tks'k@
vijk/ mRlkg
Ex Offences against good customs, thefts Ex She had a passion for gardening.
and decency have increased. mls ckxokuh dk 'kkSd FkkA

vPNs jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj f'k"Vrk osQ f[kykiQ vijk/ 107. Profuse in & vR;f/d ek=kk esa
c< x, gSaA Ex The flowers are profuse in spring.
98. Oblivious of (something) & vutku gksuk] cs[kcj clar ½rq esa iwQy foiqy gksrs gSaA
Ex The professor was oblivious of day to 108. Propenity for\to (to behave in a perticular way)
day routines and often forget to eat. & fo'ks"k izdkj dh vuqfpr izo`fÙk

izksisQlj fnu&izfrfnu dh izfozQ;k ls cs[kcj Fks vkSj Ex He showed a propensity for violence.
vDlj [kkuk Hkwy tkrs FksA mlus fgalk osQ fy, ,d izo`fÙk fn[kkbZA
99. Obligatory for & vfuok;Z@t:jh Ex He has a propensity to put off decisions
Ex The training is obligatory for all to the last minute.
personnel.

muosQ ikl vafre le; rd fu.kZ; ysus dh izo`fÙk gSA

izf'k{k.k lHkh dfeZ;ksa osQ fy, vfuok;Z gSA 109. Prone to (something bad) & fdlh jksx ls ihfM+r gksus
100. Opposed to & vlger ;k fo#¼ gksuk ;k xyrh djus dh laHkkouk ls xzLr
Ex She opposed to keep the school open all
Ex His relative is prone to heart disease.
summer.

mldk fj'rsnkj ân; jksx ls xzLr gSA

og iwjh xehZ LowQyksa dks [kqyk j[kus osQ fo#¼ FkhA
110. Prohibition against (something) & dkuwuh :i ls
101. Opposite to (someone) & foijhr gksuk
jksd
Ex The doors of the next coach were opposite
Ex There are many prohibitions against
to her.
stealing.

vxys fMCcs osQ njokts mlosQ foijhr FksA pksjh osQ f[kykiQ dbZ fu"ks/ gSaA
102. Prevail over/in (someone) & fdlh dks ijkftr djuk@
111. Preoccupied with & O;Lr@fdlh ckr ls cSpsu
gkoh gksuk (fpafrr)
Ex If you prevail over someone, you win. Ex Indians were preoccupied with health

;fn vki fdlh ij gkoh gks tkrs gSa] rks vki thr care in those days.
tkrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; mu fnuksa LokLF; ns[kHkky esa O;Lr FksA
Ex A similar situation prevails in America. 112. Ponder on (something) & xaHkhjrkiwoZd lkspuk

oqQN ,slh gh fLFkfr vesfjdk esa Hkh gSA Ex They were left to ponder on the
103. Prevent from (something) & oqQN djus ls jksduk implications of the announcement.
Ex You can't prevent me from leaving.
mUgsa ?kks"k.kk osQ fufgrkFkZ ij fopkj djus osQ fy, NksM+

vki eq>s tkus ls ugha jksd ldrs gSaA fn;k x;k FkkA
104. Preferable to (something) & mÙke@csgrj

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113. Please with & [kq'k gksuk 123. Searh for & ryk'k
Ex I am pleased with my son's exam results. Ex Bad weather is hampering the search

eSa vius csVs osQ ijh{kk ifj.kke ls [kq'k gw¡A for survivors.

114. Quest for & ryk'k@[kkst

[kjkc ekSle thfor cps yksxksa dh ryk'k esa ck/k cu
jgk gSA
Ex They went on a quest for gold.
124. Shout at (someone) & 'kksj epkuk@fdlh ij

os lksus dh [kkst esa fudy iM+sA
fpYykuk
115. Rejoice in (something) & cgqr gf"kZr gksuk
Ex My teacher never shouts at us.
Ex She rejoiced in her good fortune.

esjs f'k{kd ge ij dHkh ugha fpYykrsA

og vius vPNs HkkX; ls [kq'k FkhA
125. Smile at (someone) & eqLoqQjkuk (fdlh ij)
116. Reconcile to & foijhr fLFkfr;ksa esa rky&esy fcBkuk
Ex You say that they smile at you.
Ex He eventually became reconciled to his
position in life.
vki dgrs gSa fd os vkidks ns[kdj eqLoqQjkrs gSaA

og varr% thou esa viuh fLFkfr osQ lkFk lkeatL; 126. Subscribe to (support something) & fdlh pht dk
fcBkus yxkA leFkZu djuk
Ex I subscribe to the idea that voting is my
117. Reason with (someone) & fdlh O;fDr ls roZQ djuk
civic duty.
Ex They tried to reason with him, but he
wouldn't listen.
eSa bl fopkj dk leFkZu djrk gw¡ fd ernku esjk
ukxfjd dÙkZO; gSA

mUgksaus mls le>kus dh dksf'k'k dh] ysfdu og ugha
ekukA 127. Similar to & leku
118. Refrain from (something) & cpuk (fdlh dk;Z dks Ex You two look similar to each other.
djus ls)
vki nksuksa ,d&nwljs ls feyrs&tqyrs fn[krs gSaA
Ex She refrained from saying what she 128. Succeed in & liQy gksuk
truly felt. Ex She succeeded in business.

mlus dgus ls ijgst fd;k fd mlus okLro esa D;k
og O;kikj esa liQy jghA
eglwl fd;kA 129. Shocked at (something unexpected) & gSjku
119. Respond to (something) & izfrfozQ;k esa oqQN dguk Ex We were all shocked at the news of his
Ex She has not yet responded to my letter. death.

mlus vHkh rd esjs i=k dk tokc ugha fn;kA
mlosQ fu/u dh [kcj ls ge lHkh csgn LrC/ vkSj
120. Respite from (something) & FkksM+s le; iqQjlr@jkgr nq[kh FksA
(dfBu ;k vfiz; fLFkfr ls) 130. Subject to (something) & izHkkfor gksus dh vk'kadk
Ex The drug brought a brief respite from Ex Residents are subjected to a $ 100 fine if
the pain. they are caught littering.

nok us nnZ ls FkksM+h jkgr nhA
owQM+k isaQdrs idM+s tkus ij fuokfl;ksa ij 100 MkWyj
121. Resemblance to (someone) & lkn`'; dk tqekZuk yxk;k tkrk gSA
Ex She bears a faint resemblance to my 131. Submission to (someone) & v/hurk
sister. Ex A religion that preachers submission to

og esjh cgu ls FkksM+h feyrh&tqyrh gSA god's will.
122. Regard for (somebody/something) & fdlh oLrq@
,d /eZ tks bZ'oj dh bPNk dks izLrqr djus dk
O;fDr osQ fy, vknj] lEeku mins'k nsrk gSA
Ex I have a very high regard for him and 132. Scared of & Hk;Hkhr
what he has achieved. Ex He was bullying her and she was scared

esjs eu esa muosQ fy, vkSj mUgksaus tks gkfly fd;k of him.
gS] mlosQ fy, cgqr lEeku gSA
og mls /edkrk Fkk vkSj og mlls Mjrh FkhA
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 Rojgar Publication General English
133. Shortage of & deh
eq>s bl izdkj dh leL;k ls vkidks ijs'kku djus ls
Ex There was no shortage of rocks on the uiQjr gSA
mountain. 137. Vulnerable to & vklkuh ls fdlh jksx ls xzflr gksuk@

igkM+ksa ij pV~Vkuksa dh deh ugha FkhA lqHksn;
134. Satisfied with & jkth@larq"V Ex These offices are highly vulnerable to
Ex He was satisfied with his test result. terrorist attack.

og vius ijh{kk ifj.kke ls larq"V FkkA
;s dk;kZy;
vkradoknh geys osQ fy, vR;f/d
laosnu'khy gSA
135. Splash about &
Ex A lot of people were in the water, 138. Worthy of & ;ksX;] xq.kksa ls laiUu
swimming or simply splashing about. Ex The minister says the idea is worthy of
consideration.

cgqr lkjs yksx ikuh esa Fks] rSj jgs Fks ;k cl NhaVs ekj
jgs FksA
ea=kh dk dguk gS fd ;kstuk fopkj djus ;ksX; gSA
136. Troubled with (someone or something) & eqf'dy 139. Zeal for & vR;f/d ÅtkZ
esa] ijs'kku@iz;kl Ex They have no zeal for work, and no zest
Ex I hate to trouble you with this type of for living or loving.
problem.
muesa dke osQ fy, dksbZ tks'k ugha gS vkSj thus ;k
I;kj djus dk dksbZ mRlkg ugha gSA

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

1. Tell me (a)/ what all you know about it (b) / (c) of (d) with
before I take a decision in the matter. (c)/ No 8. Sneha was accused for murder of her husband
error (d) (a)/ but the court found her (b)/ not guilty and
(a) a (b) b acquitted her. (c)/ No error (d)
(c) c (d) d (a) a (b) b
2. During India's struggle for (a)/ freedom many (c) c (d) d
brilliant students (b)/ gave up their studies by 9. Her mother is (a)/angry and (b)/ indifferent to
Bhagat Singh's call. (c)/No error (d) me. (c)/ No error
(a) a (b) b (a) a (b) b
(c) c (d) d (c) c (d) d
3. I was born (a)/ on 14th July, 1990 (b)/ in 10. I was shocked to hear (a)/ that her husband
Allahabad. (c)/No error (b)/ died of an accident. (c)/ No error (d)
(a) a (b) b (a) a (b) b
(c) c (d) d (c) c (d) d
4. This container is full with water (a)/ so I can't 11. Our office building comprises (a)/ seven floors
carry it for a (b)/ long distance at one go. (c)/ and a restaurant at the top in an (b)/ area of
No error (d) about eight hundred sq. metres. (c)/ No error
(a) a (b) b (d)
(c) c (d) d (a) a (b) b
5. Where have you been from such a long time? (c) c (d) d
(a) Where (b) from 12. I am vexed at him (a)/ for what all he has (b)/
(c) such a long time? (d) have you been done for him till date. (c)/ No error (d)
6. The climb upside (a)/ the mountains (b)/ was (a) a (b) b
not easy. (c)/ No error (d) (c) c (d) d
(a) a (b) b 13. She ascended (a)/ to the throne (b)/ at the
(c) c (d) d early age of seven (c)/ No error (d)
7. Ankita is disgusted ............ the habit of her (a) a (b) b
brother. (c) c (d) d
(a) at (b) on

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6 Conjunction

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) Ex Don't make mistakes otherwise you will be

Words that join two or more words, sentences, or (sentence) (conj.) (sentence)
clauses are called conjunction. (tks 'kCn nks ;k nks ls punished.
vf/d 'kCnksa ;k okD;ksa ;k miokD;ksa dks tksM+rsa gS] conjunction Types of Conjunctions
dgrss gSaA) 1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions
Ex Mohan and Sohan goes to school. 2. Subordinating Conjunctions
(Word) (conj.) (word) 3. Correlative Conjunctions

Types of Co-ordinating Conjunctions:

Cumulative Conjunctions Also, as well as, both _____ Ex (i) He is not only intelligent but also
(la;kstd) and, now, too, as, and, not only shy.
_____ but also, no less than Ex (ii) He is poor and helpless.
Ex (iii) Sita as well as Reema is dancing.
Alternative Conjunctions else, otherwise, or, neither ___ Ex (iv) Either she is sad or she pretends
(oSdfYid la;kstu) nor, as _____ or, either ___ or to be sad.
Ex (v) Come fast otherwise you will
miss the train.
Adversative Conjunctions only, but, still, yet, while, Ex (vi) He is poor but happy.
(fojks/ lwpd la;kstu) nevertheless, whereas, Ex (vii) He is brave while his sister is a
however coward.

Illative Conjunctions So, consequently, For, Ex (viii) He ran fast so he won.

(ifj.kkelwpd la;kstu) therefore Ex (ix) He was intelligent so he passed
the examination.
TT ;gk¡ Ex (i), (ii) o (iii) esa Øe'k% nks adjectives rFkk nks clause dk vFkZ v/wjk gksrk gS] vr% subordinate clause
Nouns dks tksMk+ x;k gS] ogh Ex (iv) o (v) esa fodYi dks dks vkfJr miokD; dgrs gS|a
n'kkZus ds fy, alternative conjunction dk ç;ksx fd;k Ex (i) If he had the money, he would buy a car.
x;k gS| (P.C)    (S.C.)
Subordinating Conjunctions Ex(ii) He is so weak that he can not pass in the
(P.C)         (S.C)
TT blesa ,d principal clause vkSj nwljk subordinate
clause gksrk gSA principal clause ds fcuk subordinate
examination
Types of Subordinating Conjunctions
Time Since, after, before, till, until, as Ex (i) The teacher came after the principal had come.
(le;lwpd) soon as, while, as long as, when as, Ex (ii) Don't leave here until I get back.
whenever.
Reason Since, because, as Ex (iii) He goes to Allahabad because his sister lives
(dkj.klwpd) there.
Ex (iv) As she is naughty, she always gets punished.
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Place where, wherever Ex (v) He gets compliments wherever he goes.

(LFkkulwpd) Ex (vi) He went to the place where he was born.

Purpose that, so that, lest, in order that Ex (vii) Hurry up lest you should miss the examination.
(mís';lwpd) Ex (viii) He had practiced hard so that he might win
the match.
Contrast Although, though, however Ex (ix) Grace is an excellent athlete although she
(fojks/klwpd) injured her leg recently.
Ex (x) My teacher is very nice however a bit strict.
Condition if, unless, as if, provided that, Ex (xi) He won't come here unless you invite him.
(n'kklwpd) supposing Ex (xii) He will kill you if you go there.

Result So ........... that, Ex (xiii) The tree is so high that no one can climb it.
(ifj.kke such ......... that Ex. (xiv) The boy asked such a foolish question that
lwpd) everybody laughed at him.
Comparison as, as ......... as, so.........as, than Ex. (xv) Seema is more intelligent than Anita. (rqyuk)
(rqyuklwpd) Ex. (xvi) She is as tall as I. (rqyuk)
Manner as, as far as, as if, as though Ex (xvii) She orders me as if she were a queen.
(<ax) Ex (xviii) No news is good news as far as we are
concerned.

Correlative Conjunctions Ex 3 I will send you a reminder in order that you

,sls Conjunctions dks Correlative Conjunctions arrive on time for your appointment.
dgrs gSa] tks tksM+s (pair) esa iz;ksx gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ bUgsa Fixed eSa vkidks vuqLekjd Hkstw¡xk rkfd vki viuh fu;qfDr osQ
Conjunction Pair Hkh dgrs gSaA fy, le; ij igq¡psaA
Whether ......... or, Both ........ and, Either.......... or, Either ..... or ;k rks ----------- ;k]
Neither ........... nor, Not only ........... But also, So Whenever.......... pkgs dHkh] tc pkgs
...... as, Such ........... that, No sooner ........... than,
Both ........ and vkSj -------- Hkh
Though .......... yet, Hardly ;k Scarcely ........... when,
etc. Till ;k Until rc rd ----------- tc rd
Ex 1 Either he or his brother has gone to play. As ........ as bruk -------- ftruk fd
;k rks og ;k mldk HkkbZ [ksyus x;k gSA While tc rd --------- rc rd
so ........ as bruk ---------- ftruk fd
Ex 2 You could neither laugh nor cry.
Because D;ksafd
vki u rks g¡l ldrs Fks vkSj u gh jks ldrs FksA
As ....... so tSlk ------------- oSlk gh
Ex 3 He is not only clever but also cruel.
As D;ksafd
og u osQoy prqj cfYd ozwQj Hkh gSA
So ....... that bruk -------- fd
Compound Conjunction Since pw¡fd
,sls Conjunction dks Compound Conjunction dgrs gSa] Neither ....... nor u rks ---------- u gh
tks 'kCn lewg (word group) esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA That rkfd] fd
Provided that, Even If, As Though, As well as, As
soon as, As if, In order that, On condition that, In as Whether......... or pkgs --------- ;k
much as, So that. Unless tc rd -------- rc rd] ;fn ----------- ugha
Ex 1 Justice must be done even if the sky falls. Such ........ that bruk --------- fd
vkleku Hkh fxj tk, rks Hkh balkiQ gksuk pkfg,A Provided that c'krs± --------- fd
Ex 2 She as well as his sister is intelligent. No sooner ........ than, T;ksagh --------- R;ksagh
og vkSj mldh cgu Hkh cqf¼eku gSaA As if ekuks ---------- fd
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Hardly ............ when eqf'dy@dfBurk ls --------- fd lights went out. (û)
Though/Although ;|fi -------- fiQj Hkh Ex 5 He had hardly/scarcely eaten the cake
However pkgs fdruh Hkh when the child started crying. (ü)

Whereas tcfd
mlus eqf'dy ls gh osQd [kk;k gksxk fd cPpk jksus yxkA
He had hardly/scarcely eaten the cake than

Scarcely ........ when eqf'dy@dfBurk ls -------- fd the child started crying. (û)
Nevertheless rFkkfi@fiQj Hkh Ex 6 Although he is rich yet he is discontent. (ü)
Not only ....... but also osQoy ------- gh ugha ------- cfYd

gkyk¡fd og vehj gS fiQj Hkh og vlarq"V gSA
Or ;k] vFkok] ugha rks Although he is rich, that he is dissatisfied. (û)

Lest ,slk u gks fd Rule 2: ;fn fdlh okD; esa unless, until vkSj till dk
So, hence blfy,] vr% iz;ksx gks] rks buosQ vFkZ esa fHkUurk osQ vuq:i budk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Yet vHkh rd] vc rd Hkh Till/Until & le; lwpd
But ysfdu Unless & 'krZlwpd
And vkSj Ex 1 We played chess till midnight.
As well as vkSj -------- Hkh geus vk/h jkr rd 'krjat [ksykA
Rules of Conjunctions Ex 2 Unless you run fast, you will not catch the
Rule 1: train. ('krZ lwpd)
Whether ...... or Not/never ........ or TT Unless vkSj Until osQ lkFk Not dk iz;ksx xyr ekuk
Either .......... or Although ;k though .... yet tkrk gS] D;ksafd until vkSj Unless Lo;a Negative
Neither ..... nor Hardly ....... when ;k before (udkjkRed) vFkZ j[krs gSaA
Both ...... and Scarcely ..... when ;k before Ex 1 You won't be given leave until you finish the
Not only ..... but also If ........ then work. (ü)
Not either ...... or No sooner ...... than You won't be given leave until you do not
finish the work. (û)
as ...... as so ...... that
Ex 2 I can't help you unless you tell me what's
else ...... but such ...... that
wrong. (ü)
between ...... and the same ...... that
I can't help you unless you do not tell me
too ...... to lest ...... what's wrong. (û)
uksV% Lest osQ lkFk should dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Rule 3: fdlh Hkh okD; esa When vkSj While osQ iz;ksx esa
fHkUurk gksrh gSA When dk iz;ksx fdlh dk;Z osQ lekIr gksus ;k
TT ;s lHkh Conjunctions bUgha Pairs osQ lkFk iz;ksx gksrh
mlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i nwljk dk;Z gksus dh n'kk esa gksrk gSA
gSa] buls vyx tksM+k iz;ksx gksus ij okD; xyr ekuk tkrk gSA
Ex 1 When you started the car, there was a strong
Ex 1 Neither Riya nor Geeta is reading. (ü)
noise. (ü)
u rks fj;k vkSj u gh xhrk i<+ jgh gSA tc vkius dkj pkyw dh rks ,d vthc lh vkokt vkbZA
Neither Riya or Geeta is reading. (û)
While you started the car, there was a strange
Ex 2 She is not only blind but also lame. (ü) noise. (û)

og va/h gh ugha yaxM+h Hkh gSA TT While dk iz;ksx ,d gh le; esa nks dk;Z ,d lkFk djus
She is not only blind and lame. (û)
osQ sense esa gksrk gSA
Ex 3 Radha is either fat or ugly. (ü) Ex 1 While I was reading, my sister was sleeping.
jk/k ;k rks eksVh gS ;k oqQ#i gSA (ü)
Radha is either fat nor ugly. (û)
tc eSa i<+ jgk Fkk rc esjh cgu lks jgh FkhA
Ex 4 No sooner had he finished his speech than When I was reading, my sister was sleeping.

the lights went out. (ü) (û)

tSls gh mlus viuk Hkk"k.k lekIr fd;k] ykbV pyh xbZA Rule 4: Lest ,d Negative (udkjkRed) 'kCn gS] blosQ
No sooner had he finished his speech then the
lkFk Should dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj blosQ lkFk dHkh Hkh Not
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dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA Ex 1 Because their plans had been discovered,
Ex 1 I was afraid to open the door lest he should they were angry. (ü)
follow me. (ü)
os ozQksf/r Fks] D;ksafd mudh ;kstukvksa dk irk py x;k
I was afraid to open the door lest he might FkkA
follow me. (û) For their plans had been discovered, they
I was afraid to open the door lest he should were angry. (û)
not follolw me. (û) Ex 2 For it is August, the days are rainy. (û)
Rule 5: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Else, Or else rFkk Otherwise The days are rainy, for it is August. (ü)
dk iz;ksx gks] rks blosQ lkFk Not dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA TT For dk iz;ksx vfrfjDr tkudkjh osQ fy, gksrk gS u fd
Ex 1 Don't go straight or else/otherwise you will Because Since ;k As dkA ogha Because dk iz;ksx
get stuck. (ü) fdlh Hkh okD; osQ ^iz/ku dkj.k* osQ Hkko osQ fy, gksrk gSA

lh/s er tkvks ojuk vki i¡Ql tkvksxsA Ex 1 Seema does not go to school because she has
Don't go straight or else/otherwise you will
fever. (ü)
not get stuck. (û) lhek LowQy ugha tkrh D;ksafd mls cq[kkj gSA
Rule 6: As soon as & T;ksgha & R;ksagh Seema does not go to school for she has fever.
(û)
As long as & tc rd Ex 2 I went to the grocery store and bought snacks
TT budk iz;ksx ,d&nwljs osQ LFkku ij xyr ekuk tkrk gSA and cake for my birthday party. (ü)
Ex 1 You can stay at our house as long as you like. I went to the grocery store and bought snacks
(ü) and cake because my birthday party. (û)
You can stay at our house as soon as you like. Rule 9: That dk iz;ksx
(û)
TT That dk iz;ksx Indirect speech esa Reported speech
Ex. 2 As soon as I get home I will give you a call. (ü) ls igys ^fd* osQ vFkZ esa gksrk gSA
As long as I get home I will give you a call. (û)
Ex 1 They said to him, "They will attend the party".
Rule 7: If vkSj whether dk iz;ksx They told him that they would attend the
TT If vkSj whether dk iz;ksx Indirect Speech esa gksrk gS] party.
tgk¡ okD; (Reported speech) Question esa gks& TT That dk iz;ksx The same osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gS ;fn

Ex 1 She said, "Are you crazy?" Verb Li"V gSA

She asked if/whether I was crazy. Ex 1 This is the same boy that I met yesterday.
Ex 2 He said to her, "Do you read it?" (ü)
He asked her if/whether she read it.
;g ogh yM+dk gS ftlls eSa dy feyk FkkA
TT fdlh Hkh okD; esa or not dk iz;ksx gksus ij osQoy This is the same boy that hers. (û)

Whether dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] If dk ughaA ;fn okD; esa not ;fn The same osQ ckn verb Li"V u gks] rks As dk iz;ksx
know, not sure vkSj wonder dk iz;ksx gqvk gS vkSj gksrk gSA
ogk¡ or not dk iz;ksx u gks rks] If vkSj Whether nksuksa
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Ex 2 This is the same pen as yours. (ü)
Ex 1 He does not know whether he will go to Agra
;g oSlk gh isu gS tSlk rqEgkjkA
or not? (ü) This is the same pen that yours. (û)

og ugha tkurk fd og vkxjk tk,xk ;k ugha\ Rule 10: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Doubt/Doubtful dk iz;ksx
He does not know if he will go to Agra or not. gS] rks If/Whether dk iz;ksx osQoy Affirmative sentence
(û) esa gksrk gS vkSj Negative Sentence ;k Interrogative
Ex 2 I am not sure whether/if he is passed. (ü) Sentence esa That dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Rule 8: Use of For and Because Ex 1 They doubt if/whether she will pass or not.
TT For ls start gksus okys clause dk iz;ksx sentence osQ (ü)
starting esa ugha gksrk gS ijarq Because osQ clause dk
mUgsa lansg gS fd og ikl gksxh ;k ughaA
iz;ksx sentence osQ starting esa gksrk gSA
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They doubt that she will pass or not. (û) They are no other but my friends. (û)

Ex 2 I have no doubt that he is a cunning man. Ex 2 I would rather read a comic than a novel. (ü)
(neg.) (ü)
eSa ,d miU;kl osQ ctk; ,d dkWfed i<+uk ilan d:¡xkA

eq>s dksbZ lansg ugha fd og ,d pkykd O;fDr gSA I would rather read a comic but a novel. (û)

I have no doubt if/whether he is a cunning

Rule 14: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Since dk iz;ksx gS] rks mlosQ
man. (û)
fy, since ls igys sub + has/have + not + V IIIrd +
Rule 11: fdlh Hkh okD; esa ;fn ^vU;*] ^vU;Fkk* vkSj ^ugha Object (Present Perfect Tense) rFkk Since osQ lkFk
rks* osQ vFkZ osQ fy, else dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] ftlosQ ckn lnSo sub + did not + V Ist (V IInd) + Object (Simple Past
but dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Tense) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 1 She wants nothing else but to dance. (ü) Ex 1 My mother has not cooked food since I went to
og u`R; osQ vykok vkSj oqQN ugha pkgrh gSA office. (ü)
She wants nothing else and to dance. (û)
esjs vkWfiQl tkus osQ ckn ls esjh ek¡ us [kkuk ugha cuk;k
Rule 12: fdlh Hkh okD; esa The reason osQ lkFk That gSA
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS u fd Because of, Due to, On account My mother did not cook food since I have gone
to office. (û)
of dkA
Rule 15: ;fn fdlh okD; esa As if ;k As though dk iz;ksx
Ex 1 This is the reason that she did not go to the
djuk gks] rks buosQ lkFk Present Tense (orZeku dky) dk
marriage. (ü)
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
;gh otg gS fd og 'kknh esa ugha xbZA
This is the reason because of/due to/she did
Ex 1 He behaves as if he is a mad. (ü)
not go to the marriage. (û) og ,slk O;ogkj djrk gS ekuksa og dksbZ ikxy gksA
Ex 2 This is the reason that they were killed. (ü) He behaves as if he was a mad. (û)
;gh otg gS fd os ekjs x;sA ijarq Past dh vokLrfod ifjfLFkfr] Present dh vokLrfod
This is the reason on account of because of/ ifjfLFkfr ;k vlaHko phtksa dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, As if rFkk
due to/they were killed. (û) As though dk iz;ksx Simple Past Tense esa Present dks
Rule 13: fdlh Hkh okD; esa ;fn Other ;k Rather dk n'kkZus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
iz;ksx gksrk gS rks buosQ lkFk Than dk iz;ksx gksxk u fd But Ex 1 She talks as if as though she were a princess.
dkA (vokLrfod ifjfLFkfr) (ü)
Ex 1 They are no other than my friends. (ü) Ex 2 He behaves as if/as though he knew you. (ü)

os dksbZ vkSj ugha cfYd esjs fe=k gSaA (Present dh vokLrfod ifjLFkfr)

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

1. No sooner had she arrived that her (a)/ friends (c) c (d) d
arranged a reception in her (b)/honour in the 4. This fabric is .......... though cheapter than
best resort in the town. (c)/No error (d) other fabrics.
(a) a (b) b (a) as good as (b) as good
(c) c (d) d (c) more good (d) so good as
2. I don't think, Neha is a wiser as (a)/ Sonali, so 5. I insisted but neither Praveen or his (a)/
she is not (b)/ competent for this job. (c)/ No friend Bharat is ready (b)/ to work on holiday.
error (d) (c)/No error (d)
(a) a (b) b (a) a (b) b
(c) c (d) d (c) c (d) d
3. Not only we saw (a) / the President but also 6. Hardly had he left (a)/ the stadium than it
(b) / the Chief Minister of Delhi. (c)/ No error began (b)/ to rain heavily. (c)/ No error (d)
(d) (a) a (b) b
(a) a (b) b (c) c (d) d

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7 Adverb

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) Ex 1 Samar eagerly narrated the whole incident.

A word used to modify a verb, an Adjective or (Adverb of manner)
another adverb and often used to show degree, lej us mRlqdrk ls iwjh ?kVuk lqukbZA
manner, place or time. (,d 'kCn tks ,d fozQ;k] fo'ks"k.k Ex 2 We quietly left the office so that no one would
;k vU; fozQ;k fo'ks"k.k dks la'kksf/r djus osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k know. (Adverb of manner)
tkrk gS vkSj vDlj le; dh Js.kh] rjhosQ vkSj LFkku dks n'kkZrk
ge pqipki vkWfiQl ls fudy x;s rkfd fdlh dks irk u
gSA)
pysA
Ex 1 Mohan speaks English fluently.
4. Adverb of Place (LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k)
(Ad.)
Behind, down, here, far, in, out, over, everywhere,
eksgu /kjkizokg (fcuk :dkoV osQ) vaxt
sz h cksyrk gSA near, away, upward, backward, towards, under,
Ex 2 Unfortunately, they all died in the accident. upstairs, etc.
(Ad.) Ex 1 Are you coming back to home?
nqHkkZX; ls] os lHkh nq?kZVuk esa ekjs x,A (Adverb of place)
D;k rqe ?kj okil vk jgs gS\a
Types of Adverb (fozQ;k fo'ks"k.k osQ izdkj)
Ex 2 I took her outside.
1. Adverb of Time (le;okpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k) (Adverb of place)
now, then, ago, daily, early, today, tomorrow, last eSa mls ckgj ys x;kA
night, last week, next day, next month, next year,
already, never, recently, before, since, shortly, soon 5. Adverb of Degree (ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k)
.... etc. Extremely, quite, almost, really, too, very, enough,
Ex 1 Soon, we will be at our destination. remarkably, barely, just, so, etc.
(Adverb of time) Ex 1 We have enough pens. (Adverb of Degree)
tYn gh ge vius xarO; ij gksxa As gekjs ikl i;kZIr dye gSAa
2. Adverb of Frequency Ex 2 Her friend was just leaving. (Adverb of Deg.)
(vko`fr dk fozQ;k fo'ks"k.k) mldk nksLr vHkh tk gh jgk FkkA
Often, seldom, hardly, ever, never, always,
6. Adverb of Reason (dkjdokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k)
sometimes, occasionally, eventually, rarely,
scarcely, usually etc. Thus, because, so, so that, purposely, since, hence,
therefore, in order to, lest, accidently, consequently,
Ex. 1 We seldom see John. (Adverb of Freq.) etc.
ge 'kk;n gh dHkh tkWu dks ns[krs gSAa Ex 1 Rohan bought a new book because his old
Ex 2 He is often late for work. (Adverb of Freq.) book got torn. (Adverb of reason)
mls dke osQ fy, vDlj nsj gks tkrh gSA jksgu us ,d ubZ fdrkc [kjhnh D;ksfa d mldh iqjkuh fdrkc
iQV xbZ FkhA
3. Adverb of Manner (fof/okpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k)
Ex 2 Since it was such a hot day, she went to the
Carefully, angrily, awkwardly, blindly, boldly,
bravely, busily, calmly, cruelly, cautiously, clearly, beach. (Adverb of reason)
correctly, closely, cruelly, eagerly, etc. pwf¡ d ;g bruk xeZ fnu Fkk fd og leqnz rV ij pyh xbZA
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7. Interrogative Adverb Ex 3 He is always happy.
(iz'uokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k) (Aux. V.) (Adv)
Why, When, Where, How, How Long, Whither, How
og ges'kk [kq'k jgrk gSA
Often, How much, How many, etc.
Rule 3: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Adverbs, Adjectives ;k nwljs
Ex 1 How did you go there? (Int. Adv.)
Adverbs osQ igys vkrk gSA
vki ogk¡ oSQls x,\
Ex 1 Ravi runs very fast.
Ex 2 When did you come home? (Int. Adv.)
og cgqr rst nkSMr+ k gSA
vki ?kj dc vk,\
Ex 2 It is very cold today.
8. Adverb of Negation and Affirmation
vkt cgqr BaM gSA
(udkjkRed vkSj ldkjkRed fozQ;k fo'ks"k.k)
No longer, not very, certainly, exactly, truly, Rule 4: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Adverb ml 'kCn osQ igys vkrs
definitely, doubtlessly, obviously, rarely, never, gSa] ftls ;s modify djrs gSaA ;fn lgh fLFkfr esa adverbs iz;ksx
hardly, surely, clearly, etc. u gks] rks okD; dk vFkZ cny tkrk gSA
Ex 1 I will definitely go to the cinema.
Ex 1 Only I caught my ball.
(Adv. of Aff.)
eSa flusek t:j tkšxkA osQoy eSua s viuh xsna idM+hA
Ex 2 She will never go to the cinema.
I only caught my ball.
(Adv. of Neg.) eSua s osQoy viuh xsna idM+hA (osQoy viuh xsna idM+h)
og flusek dHkh ugha tk,xhA I caught my only ball.
9. Relative Adverb (lac/
a okpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k) eSua s viuh bdykSrh xsna idM+hA (,dek=k xsna tks esjh Fkh)
Where, why, when, which, who, etc. I caught my ball only.
Ex 1 Temple is a place where peace of mind is eSua s viuh xsna dks gh idM+kA (xsna osQ vykok vkSj fdlh
attained. (Rel. Adv.) pht dks ugha idM+k)
eafnj ,d ,slh txg gS tgk¡ eu dh 'kkafr izkIr gksrh gSA
Rule 5: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Adverb of manner, Adverb
Ex 2 There was a time when teachers used to give
of place rFkk Adverb of time ,d lkFk vkus ij ,d
proper knowledge to the students. (Rel. Adv.)
particular sequence (fo'ks"k ozQe) MPT dk iz;ksx fd;k
,d le; Fkk tc f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks mfpr Kku nsrs FksA tkrk gSA
Position of Adverbs Ex 1 He put the table carefully in the office
today. (ü) (M) (P)
Rule 1: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Adverbs dk iz;ksx Intransitive

(T)
verbs osQ ckn ;k transitive verb + objective osQ ckn gksrk
gSA mlus vkt vkWfiQl esa est lko/kuh ls yxkbZA
He put the table in the office carefully
Ex 1 Mohan sang loudly. (Int. Verb)
today. (û) (P) (M)
eksgu us tksj ls xk;kA (T)
Ex 2 He treated his friends badly. (Tran. Verb)
He put the table today in the office
og vius nksLrksa osQ lkFk cqjk O;ogkj djrk FkkA carefully. (û) (T) (P)
(M)
Rule 2: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Adverbs ;k rks nks Auxiliary
Verbs osQ eè; ;k fiQj Auxiliary Verb rFkk Main Verb Rule 6: fuEufyf[kr Adverbs tSls&
osQ eè; gksrk gS] ;k rks fiQj Main Verb u gks] rks Auxiliary No sooner, hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, only the
day before, yesterday, only then, only in a few, only,
Verb osQ ckn vkrs gSaA
rarely, barely, yesterday, in no way, on no account,
Ex 1 You will never be sad. at no time, under no circumstances, next door, up
vki dHkh nq[kh ugha gksxa As there, down the street, miles away ;k far away,
next to me, so + adverb osQ lkFk Inversion dk iz;ksx
Ex 2 I will definitely follow your instructions.
fd;k tkrk gSA
eSa fu'p; gh vkiosQ funs'Z kksa dk ikyu d:¡xkA
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Ex 1 Seldom did you see the Tajmahal. (ü) Ex 1 He hardly does nothing now-a-days. (û)
(Adv) (Inv)
He hardly does anything now-a-days. (ü)
vkius rktegy 'kk;n gh ns[kk gksA og vktdy 'kk;n gh oqQN djrk gSA
Seldom you saw the Tajmahal. (û) Ex 2 He seldom goes there. (ü)
Ex 2 At no time does he read the book. (ü) og dHkh&dHkkj gh ogk¡ tkrk gSA
(Adv) (Inv) He does not seldom go there. (û)
og fdlh Hkh le; fdrkc ugha i<+rk gSA Rule 11: fdlh okD; esa too, also vkSj as well osQ iz;ksx
At no time he reads the book. (û) esa fHkUurk gksrh gSA
Ex 3 No sooner did she see her friend than she
Too Also As well
(Adv.) (Inv.)
lkekU;r% ,d ;g fozQ;k osQ igys ges'kk ,d okD;ka'k

hid behind the tree. (ü)
clause osQ var esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk (clause) osQ var
tSls gh mlus viuh lgsyh dks ns[kk og isM+ osQ ihNs fNi iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] lgk;d fozQ;k u esa j[kk tkrk gSA
xbZA gSA gks] rks eq[; fozQ;k
Rule 8: Never vkSj not nksuksa gh adverbs gSaA fdlh Hkh osQ igys yxrk gSA
okD; esa never osQ LFkku ij not dk iz;ksx xyr ekuk tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh igys dHkh Clause osQ
Ex 1 He never beat his brother last year. (û) laKk okD;ka'k igys Hkh iz;ksx

He did not beat his brother last year. (ü) (Noun Phrase) fd;k tkrk gSA
mlus fiNys lky vius HkkbZ dks ugha ihVk FkkA osQ ckn Hkh j[kk
tkrk gSA
Rule 9: Adjectives tks adverbs esa Hkh same iz;ksx gksrh
gSaA Ex 1 He also helped him. (ü)

Adjectives Adverbs mUgksua s mudh enn Hkh dhA

Niggardly in a niggardly manner He helped also him. (û)
Miserly in a miserly manner Ex 2 My friend and I will go there too. (ü)
Fast Fast eSa vkSj esjk nksLr Hkh ogk¡ tk,axAas
Direct Direct My friend and I too will go there. (û)
Late Late Ex 3 He shocked whether he too would be injured.
Safe Safe (ü)
Hardly Hardly og pkSd
a x;k fd D;k og Hkh ?kk;y gks tk,xkA
Loud Aloud He shocked whether he would be injured too.
(û)
Ex 1 My friend never fought cowardly. (û)
Ex 4 Plain food is better for everyone than fast food
My friend never fought in a cowardly manner.
and it contains more nutrients as well. (ü)
(ü)
esjk nksLr dHkh dk;jrkiwod
Z ugha yM+kA iQkLV iwQM dh rqyuk esa lknk [kkuk lHkh osQ fy, csgrj gksrk
gS vkSj blesa iks"kd rRo Hkh vf/d gksrs gSAa
Ex 2 The army moved fast. (ü)
lsuk rsth ls vkxs c<+hA Plain food is better for everyone than fast food
and it as well contains more nutrients. (û)
The army moved fastly. (û)
Ex 3 Romeo eats food late. (ü)
Rule 12: fdlh okD; esa Very rFkk Much osQ iz;ksx esa
fHkUurk gksrh gSA
jksfe;ks ges'kk nsj ls [kkuk [kkrk gSA
TT Very dk iz;ksx Present Participle vkSj positive
Romeo always eats food lately. (û)
degree osQ lkFk rFkk Very Much/Much dk iz;ksx Past
Rule 10: Nothing, never, hardly, neither, barely,
Participle vkSj Comparative Degree osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
rarely, nowhere, scarcely bu lHkh adverbs dk vFkZ
TT Very/much dk iz;ksx Superlative Degree osQ lkFk
udkjkRed (negative) gksrk gSA buosQ lkFk negative words
so + adverb dk iz;ksx xyr ekuk tkrk gSA
Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
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Ex 1 Mohan is very wise. (ü) (Pos. Degree) bldk iz;ksx ilan
eksgu cgqr cqf¼eku gSA (Preference) osQ fy, Hkh
Mohan is much wise. (û) fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 2 You are very daring person. (ü)
Ex 1 Sameer is fairly honest man. (ü)
(Pre. Participle)
lehj dkiQh bZekunkj vkneh gSA
vki cgqr lkglh O;fDr gSAa Sameer is fairly dishonest man. (û)
You are much daring person. (û) Ex 2 The milk is fairly hot. (ü)
Ex 3 He is much taller than her brother. (ü)
(vFkkZr~ oDrk dks xeZ nw/ ilan gSA)
(Com. Degree) The milk is rather hot. (ü)
og vius HkkbZ ls cgqr yack gSA (vFkkZr~ oDrk xeZ nw/ ilan ugha djrkA)
He is very taller than her brother. (û) Ex 3 He is rather too good. (ü)
Ex 4 He is very much luckier than his friend. (ü) og cgqr vPNk gSA
(Com. Degree) He is fairly too good. (û)
og vius fe=k ls cgqr vf/d HkkX;'kkyh gSA Ex 4 Sapna is rather younger than Aruna. (ü)
He is very luckier than his friend. (û) liuk v#.kk ls dkiQh NksVh gSA
Ex 5 Samar is the very best boy. (ü) (;gk¡ very dk Sapna is fairly younger than Aruna. (û)
vFkZ really gS) (Sup. Degree) Ex 5 He would enjoy religious ceremonies rather
lej cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSA than going in the parties. (ü) (preference)

Samar is the much best boy. (û) og ikfVZ;ksa esa tkus osQ ctk; /kfeZd lekjksgksa dk vkuan ysrk
FkkA (ilan)
Rule 13: fdlh okD; esa fairly vkSj rather osQ iz;ksx esa
fHkUurk gksrh gSA Rule 14: fdlh Hkh okD; esa rather, other vkSj otherwise
osQ ckn than rFkk else osQ ckn but dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Fairly dk iz;ksx Rather dk iz;ksx
Ex 1 It is nothing else but pure imagination. (ü)
Positive degree osQ lkFk Positive vkSj
gksrk gSA Comparative degree ;g dksjh dYiuk osQ vykok vkSj oqQN ugha gSA
Ex 2 Seeta had no other option than to go there.
nksuksa osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
(ü)
blosQ ckn Too dk iz;ksx ugha blosQ lkFk Too dk iz;ksx
lhrk osQ ikl ogk¡ tkus osQ vykok vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha FkkA
gksrk gSA gksrk gSA
Ex 3 Seema has no one else to backbite but Ritu.
blosQ ckn pleasant blosQ ckn unpleasant
(ü)
adjective (honest, adjective (bad, dark,
lhek osQ ikl fjrq osQ vykok pqxyh djus osQ fy, dksbZ ugha
lovely, happy, right etc) untrue etc) dk iz;ksx gksrk
FkkA
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA gSA

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

Directions: In the following questions out of the especial used for several medicinal purposes.
four alternatives select the alternative which will (a) a small, low-branching tree
improve the sentence. (b) found in many parts
(c) The frangipani tree is
1. As I see it, he appears (a)/ to be unreasonable
(d) which is especial used
anxious (b)/ about pleasing his wife. (c)/ No
error. 3. The army/ marched fearless/ towards/ the
(a) a (b) b enemy cantonment.
(c) c (d) d (a) towards
(b) the enemy cantonment
2. Found in many parts of India, the frangipani
(c) The army
tree is a small, low-branching tree which is
(d) marched fearless
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8 Verb

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) Ex 2 esa 'Are' dk iz;ksx gqvk D;ksafd 'They' ,d Plural

A word that is used to indicate that something Pronoun/Subject (cgqopu loZuke@drkZ) gSA
happens or exists. (,slk 'kCn tks fdlh ?kVuk osQ ?kVus ;k Ex 1 The thief stole his bike.
fdlh oLrq osQ vfLrRo esa gksus dk vFkZ nsA) (Transitive Verb & ldeZd fozQ;k)
Ex 1 What happened to you? pksj us mldh ckbd pqjk yhA
vkidks D;k gqvk\ Ex 2 She ate an apple.
Ex 2 She tells me everything. (Transitive Verb & ldeZd fozQ;k)
og eq>ls lc oqQN crkrh gSA mlus ,d lsc [kk;kA
Verb nks izdkj dh gksrh gS& TT Transitive Verbs (fozQ;kvks)
a osQ iz;ksx ls lnSo ^D;k* tSls
'kCnksa dk cks/ gksrk gSA
tSls & Stole & pqjk;k (rks D;k pqjk;k) & bldk mÙkj fey
tkrk gSA
Ate & [kk;k (rks D;k [kk;k)
Ex 3 Meera laughed. (Intransitive Verb)

ehjk g¡lhA
Ex 4 Sameer slept. (Intransitive Verb)
lehj lks;kA
TT Intransitive Verb (vdeZd fozQ;k) esa ^D;k* osQ iz'u dk
mÙkj ugha feyrk gSA
TT Intransitive Verb (vdeZd fozQ;k) ls ^dkSu* osQ iz'u
dk mÙkj feyrk gSA
Non-Finite Verbs
;s ,slh Verbs gksrh gSa] ftu ij okD; osQ Subject (drkZ) ;k
Person dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
Ex 1 She likes to eat fruits.

Finite Verbs og iQy [kkuk ilan djrh gSA

;s Verbs vius subject (drkZ) osQ Number (la[;k) vkSj Ex 2 They like eating fruits.
Person osQ vuqlkj iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA mUgsa iQy [kkuk ilan gS)
Ex 3 She has tried hard.
Ex 1 She is reading.
mlus cgqr dksf'k'k dh gSA
og i<+ jgh gSA
Ex 2 They are reading.
os i<+ jgs gSaA
Infinitive
Ex 1 esa 'Is' dk iz;ksx gqvk] D;ksafd 'She' ,d Singular To + Verb Ist
Pronoun/Subject gS (,dopu loZuke@drkZ) gSA
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Ex 1 To walk is useful. mlus iQVk gqvk dksV iguk gqvk gSA
Vgyuk mi;ksxh gSA Ex 3 Having finished his homework, he went to
Ex 2 They want to go to the cinema.
bed. (Perfect Participle)
os flusek tkuk pkgrs gSaA viuk x`gdk;Z iwjk djosQ og lksus pyk x;kA
Ex 3 He wants to read English book. Ex 1 esa Present Participle, Ex 2 esa Past Participle
og vaxzsth dh fdrkc i<+uk pkgrk gSA vkSj Ex 3 esa Perfect Participle; Non-finite Verbs osQ
Åij fn;s x;s Ex 1, Ex 2, Ex 3 esa Infinitive Verb (to :i esa iz;ksx gqvk gS ftu ij Subject osQ Number dk dksbZ
walk, to go, to read) ij okD; osQ Subject (drkZ) dk dksbZ izHkko ugha gSA
izHkko ugha iM+ jgk gSA Rule: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Had rather, Would
TT oqQN Verbs ,slh gksrh gS]a ftuosQ lkFk Bare Infinitive rather, Had sooner, Had better, Sooner than
(Infinitive fcuk to osQ gh) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ,slh verbs vkSj Rather than dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks buosQ lkFk Bare
tSls & know, bid, feel, help, let, make, hear, Infinitive (without 'to') dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
watch, etc. Ex1 She would rather write than read. (ü)
Ex 1 The teacher made the boy read a book.
She would rather to write than to read. (û)
f'k{kd us yM+oQs ls ,d iqLrd i<+ok;hA Rule: oqQN Verbs ,slh gksrh gSa] ftuosQ lkFk Bare Infinitive
Ex 2 Let the boy go now. dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;fn bu Verbs dk iz;ksx Active Voice
yM+osQ dks vc tkus nksA okD; esa fd;k x;k gS] rks tSls& Help, Watch, Hear, See,
Bid, Make, Feel etc.

Gerund Ex1 The teacher made the student read the lesson
in the class. (ü)
Ex2 My father watched eat. (ü)
Definition (ifjHkk"kk)
;fn bu lHkh Verbs dk iz;ksx Passive Voice Tense esa gks]
V Ist + ing
rks buosQ lkFk Infinitive dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
;g okD; esa ,d Noun (laKk) osQ :i esa iz;ksx gksrh gSA Ex1 The student was made to read the lesson by
Ex 1 Smoking is injurious to health. the teacher.
Ex2 I was helped to move into my new apartment
/zweiku LokLF; osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSA
by my friends.
Ex 2 She likes reading comic.. Rule:
og dkWfed i<+uk ilan djrh gSA See, Watch, V Ist + ing dk;Z gksrs jgus osQ vFkZ
;gk¡ Ex 1 o Ex 2 esa Gerund ij okD; osQ Subject (drkZ) Hear esa
osQ Number ;k Person dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+k gSA okD; esa Keep, Try V Ist + ing dksbZ result ;k
Smoking vkSj reading nksuksa Gerund osQ :i esa iz;ksx gqbZ
experiment dh
gSA
ckr gks] rks
Participle Avoid, Worth, V I + Ing
Mind, hate
V Ist + ing (Present Participle), Can't bear, Can't V I + ing
help, Can't stand
Verb + ed ;k en (Past Participle),
Having + V IIIrd (Perfect participle) Rule:
V I + ing Possessive osQ Ex He likes Mohan's
Ex 1 While reading the book, she fell asleep. ckn writing.
(Present Participle) V I + ing Possessive Ex He will not mind
fdrkc i<+r&s i<+rs og lks xbZA Adjective osQ my coming late.
Ex 2 He is wearing a torn coat. ckn
(Past Participle)
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V I + ing Allow, Ex2 My brother addict (O;lu esa fyIr addicted addicted
Advise, advises reading in the gks tkuk)
Permit, morning.
adjourn (LFkfxr dj adjourned adjourned
Forbid osQ lkFk Ex2 My brother
advises me to read in nsuk)
ing vkrk gS]
the morning. admit (izo's k djus admitted admitted
ijarq ;fn buosQ
ckn Object nsuk@HkrhZ djuk)
vk;s] rks to + advise (lykg@ijke'kZ advised advised
V Ist dk iz;ksx nsuk)
gksrk gSA affect (izHkko Mkyuk@ affected affected
vlj djuk)
Rule: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Do/Does/Did/Modal Auxiliary
agree (lger gksuk) agreed agreed
Verbs dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks buosQ lkFk V Ist form dk iz;ksx
aim (fu'kkuk yxkuk) aimed aimed
gksrk gSA
allow (vuqefr nsuk] allowed allowed
Ex1 My sister does not go there.
eatjw djuk)
Ex2 She did not write a letter.
amuse (eu cgykuk) amused amused
Ex3 Samar may do this work.
Ex4 I can help him. apologize (ekiQh apologized apologized
ek¡xuk@ {kek ;kpuk
Rule: ;fn fdlh okD; esa to be dh forms (Is/Are/Am /
djuk)
Was/Were) dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] rks buosQ lkFk V Ist + ing dk
appoint (fu;qDr appointed appointed
iz;ksx djsaxsA ijarq Passive Voice esa V IIIrd dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
djuk)
Ex1 Roopa is eating food in the kitchen.
appreciate (vf/d appreciated appreciated
Ex2 A book is written by me.
egRo nsuk)
Rule: Has/Have/Had osQ lkFk V IIIrd dk iz;ksx fd;k approach (fudV approached approached
tkrk gSA vkuk] izLrko@ izkFkZuk
Ex1 Radha has not eaten food. ysdj tkuk)
Ex2 They have written a sad letter. arrive (igqp ¡ uk) arrived arrived
Ex3 Some boys had made a noise in the classroom. ascend (c<+uk) ascended ascended
Important Verbs Forms assess (lEifÙk dk assessed assessed
Past ewY;kadu djuk)
Present Tense Past Tense
Participle attempt (iz;kl attempted attempted
V1 V2
V3 djuk)
abandon (R;kx nsuk) abandoned abandoned attract (vkdf"kZr attracted attracted
abate (de abated abated djuk)
djuk@?kVkuk) authorize (izkf/o`Qr authorized authorized
accelerate pky c<+uk] accelerated accelerated djuk)
rsth ls pyuk) await (izrh{kk djuk) awaited awaited
accompany (lkFk accompanied accompanied awake (tkxuk@lfozQ; awoke awoken
nsuk) gksuk)
accuse (vfHk;ksx accused accused balance (rkSyuk@ balanced balanced
yxkuk@nks"kh Bgjkuk) larfq yr djuk)
acquit (vfHk;ksx ls acquitted acquitted ban (izfrca/ yxkuk) banned banned
eqDr djuk) baptize (bZlkbZ cukuk) baptized baptized
bare (izdV dj nsuk) bared bared
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bathe (Luku djuk@ bathed bathed care (ijokg ;k fpark cared cared
ikuh ls /ksuk ;k lkiQ djuk)
djuk) cast (isQa duk@ fxjkuk @ cast cast
bear (cnkZ'r djuk@ bore borne R;kxuk)
<ksuk) catch (idM+uk@ caught caught
bear (tUe nsuk) bore born/borne yiduk)
begin ('kq: djuk) began begun certify (izekf.kr certified certified
bend (eksMu+ k@ >qduk) bent bent djuk)
bind (ck¡/uk) bound bound chase (ihNk djuk@ chased chased
blow (cguk) blew blown ck/k djuk)
bring (ykuk) brought brought chatter (O;FkZ dh ckr chattered chattered

build (cukuk) built built djuk)

chew (nk¡rksa ls pckuk) chewed chewed
buy ([kjhnuk) bought bought
choose (pquuk@ilan chose chosen
beg (Hkh[k ek¡xuk) begged begged
djuk)
behold (ns[kuk@ beheld beheld/
beholden claim (viuk vf/dkj claimed claimed
fugkjuk)
trkuk@ nkok djuk)
bet (ckth yxkuk) bet bet
clarify (Li"V djuk) clarified clarified
befit ('kksHkk nsuk@ vPNk befitted befitted
cleanse (vPNh rjg cleansed cleansed
yxuk)
lkiQ djuk)
befriend (fe=k cukuk@ befriended befriended
climb (p<+uk) climbed climbed
nksLrh djuk)
close (can djuk@ gksuk) closed closed
believe (fo'okl believed believed
djuk) cling (dldj fyiV clung clung

bethink (fopkjuk@ bethought bethought tkuk)

lkspuk) clutch (idM+uk) clutched clutched

betray (/ks[kk nsuk) betrayed betrayed coerce (tcjnLrh coerced coerced

beware (lko/ku bewared bewared djuk@ /edkuk)

jguk@ è;ku j[kuk) coincide (vkdkj@ coincided coincided

bid (vkeaf=kr djuk) bade/bid bidden/bid fopkj esa lekurk gksuk)

colonize (mifuos'ku colonized colonized
boil (mckyuk) boiled boiled
djuk@ cLrh cukuk)
borrow (m/kj ysuk) borrowed borrowed
colour (jaxuk) coloured coloured
Bycott (cfg"dkj boycotted boycotted
command (vkns'k commanded commanded
djuk)
nsuk)
burst (iQVuk@ foLiQksV burst burst
commence (izkjaHk commenced commenced
djuk)
djuk)
bury (tehu esa xkM+ burried buried
commend (iz'kalk commended commended
nsuk)
djuk)
canvass (er;kpu canvased canvased
commit (vijk/ committed committed
djuk@ i{k izpkj djuk)
djuk)
capitulate capitulated capitulated
compare (rqyuk compared compared
(vkReleiZ.k djuk)
djuk)
capture (canh cukuk) captured captured

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compensate ({kfriwfrZ compensated compensated copy (udy djuk) copied copied

djuk) counsel (lykg djuk) counselled counselled
compete (Li/kZ competed competed cut (dkVuk) cut cut
djuk) commence (izkjaHk commenced commenced
complain (f'kdk;r complained complained djuk)
djuk) dig ([kksnuk) dug dug
complicate (tfVy complicated complicated draw ([khapuk) drew drawn
cukuk) drink (ihuk) drank drunk
comprehend (iwjh comprehen- comprehen-
drive (gk¡duk) drove driven
rjg le> ysuk) ded ded
dwell (jguk) dwelt dwelt
compose (cukuk@ composed composed
dry (lq[kkuk) dried dried
fuekZ.k djuk)
drop (fxjkuk) dropped dropped
compute (fglkc computed computed
dare (fgEer djuk) dared dared
yxkuk)
darken (v¡/js k djuk) darkened darkened
conceive (xHkZorh conceived conceived
gksuk) deceive (/ks[kk nsuk) deceived deceived

concentrate (è;ku concentrated concentrated declare (?kks"k.kk djuk) declared declared

osQa fnzr djuk) decline (euk djuk@ declined declined
conclude (var gksuk@ concluded concluded fxjkoV vkuk)
fu"d"kZ fudkyuk) decrease (de djuk@ decreased decreased
condemn (cqjk crkuk@ condemned condemned gksuk)
vijk/h Bgjkuk@ eky defeat (gjkuk@ijkftr defeated defeated
tCr djuk) djuk)
condole ([ksn izdV condoled condoled defend (cpko djuk) defended defended
djuk@ lgkuqHkwfr fn[kkuk) defer (LFkfxr djuk] deferred deferred
conduct (lapkyu conducted conducted eku ysuk] >qduk)
djuk@ fctyh) deny (vLohdkj djuk) denied denied
confine (oSQn djosQ confined confined derive (izkIr djuk@ derived derived
j[kuk) ikuk)
confirm (lqn< ` + djuk) confirmed confirmed descend (mrkjuk) descended descended
conflict (rkyesy u conflicted conflicted despair (fujk'k gksuk) despaired despaired
j[kuk) destroy (u"V djuk@ destroyed destroyed
consider (fopkj considered considered cckZn djuk)
djuk@ lkspuk) develop (fodflr developed developed
console (lkaRouk iznku consoled consoled gksuk)
djuk) diagnose (jksx dk diagnosed diagnosed
construct (fuekZ.k constructed constructed funku djuk)
djuk) disappear (vn`'; gks disappeared disappeared
continue (tkjh j[kuk) continued continued tkuk@ lekIr gks tkuk)
contribute (pank contributed contributed disclose (izdV djuk) disclosed disclosed
nsuk) discuss (fookn djuk) discussed discussed
convict (vijk/h convicted convicted disperse (frrj&fcrj dispersed dispersed
Bgjkuk) djuk)
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display (iznf'kZr displayed displayed flee (Hkkxuk) fled fled

djuk) forbid (euk djuk) forbade forbidden
divorce (rykd nsuk) divorced divorced forgive (ekiQ djuk) forgave forgiven
donate (nku djuk) donated donated flow (cguk) flowed flowed
enter (izo's k djuk) entered entered forsake (lkFk NksM+ forsook forsaken
elect (pquuk) elected elected nsuk)
edit (laiknu djuk) edited edited forbear (lgu djuk) forbore forborne
electrify (fctyh electrified electrified face (lkeus ns[kuk) faced faced
yxkuk) falsify (>wBk cukuk) falsified falsified
emancipate (eqDr emancipated emancipated fear (Mjuk@Mjkouk) feared feared
djuk) fertilize (moZj cukuk) fertilized fertilized
embrace (vaxhdkj embraced embraced finish (lekIr gksuk) finished finished
djuk) fire (vkx yxkuk@ fired fired
emphasize (tksj nsdj emphasized emphasized tykuk)
dksbZ ckr dguk) follow (vuqdj.k followed followed
employ (fu;qDr djuk@ employed employed djuk)
dke esa yxkuk) force (foo'k djuk) forced forced
enhance (o`f¼ djuk@ enhanced enhanced forecast (iwokZueq ku forecasted forecasted
c<+kuk) djuk)
enjoy ([kq'kh eukuk) enjoyed enjoyed give (nsuk) gave given
enlarge (vkdkj enlarged enlarged go (tkuk) went gone
c<+kuk@ o.kZu djuk) grind (ihluk) ground ground
entertain (euksjt a u entertained entertained
grow (mxuk@mxkuk) grew grown
iznku djuk)
gain (vftZr djuk) gained gained
eradicate (u"V djuk@ eradicated eradicated
gargle (xjkjk@oqQYyk gargled gargled
tM+ lfgr m[kkM+uk)
djuk)
escape (Hkkx tkuk) escaped escaped
gasp (eqf'dy ls cksy gasped gasped
establish (LFkkfir established established
ikuk)
djuk)
germinate (vaoQq juk] germinated germinated
evaluate (ewY;kadu evaluated evaluated
vaoQq jkuk] iSnk djuk)
djuk)
glitter (txexkuk) glittered glittered
exaggerate exaggerated exaggerated
gobble (fuxyuk) gobbled gobbled
(c<+k&p<+k dj dguk)
govern ('kklu djuk@ governed governed
exceed (ls Js"B gksuk) exceeded exceeded
v/hu gksuk)
excite (mÙksftr djuk) excited excited
grant (Lohdkj djuk) granted granted
excuse ({kek djuk) excused excused
gratify (lar"q V djuk) gratified gratified
exhaust (Fkdku gksuk) exhausted exhausted
greet (Lokxr djuk) greeted greeted
expire (var gksuk) expired expired
grieve (nq%[k nsuk@ grieved grieved
exploit ('kks"k.k djuk) exploited exploited
nq%[kh gksuk@ 'kksd eukuk)
feed (f[kykuk) fed fed
guarantee (xkjaVh guaranteed guaranteed
feel (eglwl djuk) felt felt nsuk)
find (ikuk) found found

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guess (dYiuk djuk@ guessed guessed injure (pksV@ gkfu injured injured
vankt yxkuk) igqp
¡ kuk)
hand (yVdkuk] Vk¡xuk] hung hung inquire (iwNuk) inquired inquired
yVduk) insist (vkxzg djuk) insisted insisted
hear (lquuk) heard heard inspire (izjs .kk nsuk@ inspired inspired
hide (fNiuk@ fNikuk) hid hidden jpukRed 'kfDr iznku
hold (idM+uk) held held djuk)
hope (vk'kk djuk) hoped hoped insult (vieku djuk) insulted insulted
harden (etcwr hardened hardened interchange interchanged interchanged
djuk) (fofue; djuk@ ysu&nsu
hasten (tYnh djuk) hastened hastened djuk)
hate (?k`.kk djuk) hated hated interface (gLr{ksi interfaced interfaced
heat (xeZ djuk) heated heated djuk)
hinder (ck/k Mkyuk) hindered hindered introduce (ifjp; introduced introduced

hoist (Åij mBkuk@ hoisted hoisted djkuk)

Å¡pk djuk) invent (vkfo"dkj invented invented

honour (lEeku honoured honoured djuk)

djuk) invite (fuea=k.k nsuk) invited invited

hospitalize (vLirky hospitalized hospitalized job (NksVk&eksVk dke jobbed jobbed

esa HkrhZ djuk) djuk)
hover (e¡Mjkuk) hovered hovered join (feykuk@ tksMu+ k) joined joined

hunt (f'kdkj djuk) hunted hunted joint (tksM+ yxkuk@ jointed jointed

hush ([kkeks'k djuk@ hushed hushed nsuk)

gksuk) judge (fu.kZ; nsuk) judged judged

identify (igpkuuk) identified identified justify (U;k; ls justified justified

ignore (mis{kk djuk) ignored ignored izekf.kr djuk@ U;k;

laxr Bgjkuk)
illuminate (Li"V illuminated illuminated
labour (ifjJe djuk) laboured laboured
djuk)
lie (>wB cksyuk@ /ks[kk lied lied
imagine (dYiuk imagined imagined
djuk@ vuqeku yxkuk) nsuk)
lie (ysVuk@foJke djuk) lay lain
immerse (Mqckuk) immersed immersed
languish (ean gksuk ;k languished languished
immigrate (nwljs ns'k immigrated immigrated
esa tkdj cluk) lqLr gksuk)
lash (pkcqd) lashed lashed
import (vk;kr djuk) imported imported
laugh (g¡luk) laughed laughed
impress (eu ij xgjk impressed impressed
izHkko Mkyuk) launch (vkjaHk djuk) launched launched

improve (lq/kjuk) improved improved lean (>qduk] Vs<k+ leaned/leant leaned/leant

infect (laoQz fer djuk) infected infected gksuk)

learn (lh[kuk) learnt learnt
inform (tkudkjh@ informed informed
lwpuk nsuk) leave (NksMu+ k) left left

initiate (vkjaHk djuk) initiated initiated lend (m/kj nsuk) lent lent

inject (batDs 'ku nsuk) injected injected level (lery djuk) levelled levelled

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liberate (nklrk ls liberated liberated modify (ifjorZu modified modified

eqDr djuk) djuk@ fo'ks"krk crkuk)
like (ilan djuk) liked liked mourn ('kksd djuk) mourned mourned
limit (lhfer djuk) limited limited multiply (xq.kk djuk) multiplied multiplied
listen (è;ku ls lquuk) listened listened murder (gR;k djuk) murdered murdered
load (cks> yknuk) loaded loaded narrate (o.kZu djuk@ narrated narrated
lock (rkyk yxkuk) locked locked dguk)
look (ns[kuk) looked looked nationalize nationalized nationalized

love (izes djuk) loved loved (jk"Vªh;dj.k djuk)

lowered lowered neglect (mis{kk djuk) neglected neglected
lower (uhps djuk@
fxjuk) negotiate (r; djuk@ negotiated negotiated

maintain (pkyw j[kuk] maintained maintained lkSnk djuk)

ikyu&iks"k.k djuk] cpko nominate (ukekafdr@ nominated nominated
djuk) fu;qDr djuk)
make (cukuk) made made notify (lwpuk nsuk) notified notified

man (vkneh tqVkuk) manned manned nourish (ikyu djuk) nourished norished

manage (O;oLFkk managed managed obey (vkKkikyu obeyed obeyed

djuk) djuk)
march (oqQN djuk@ marched marched object (fojks/ djuk) objected objected
pyuk) observe (è;ku nsuk] observed observed
master (prqj gksuk] mastered mastered vuqlj.k djuk)
fot; izkIr djuk) obstruct (:dkoV obstructed obstructed
match (leku gksuk] matched matched djuk)
lkeuk djuk) obtain (izkIr djuk) obtained obtained
mean (vFkZ crkuk) meant meant occupy (dCtk dj occupied occupied
meditate (fparu meditated meditated ysuk@ è;ku@ le; ;k
djuk) LFkku ysuk)
meet (feyuk) met met omit (Hkwy tkuk@ NksM+ omitted omitted

melt (fi?kyuk) melted melted nsuk)

memorized memorized open ([kksyuk) opened opened
memorize (d.BLFk
dj ysuk) oppress (nckuk) oppressed oppressed

mend (ejEer djuk) mended mended organize (lqO;ofLFkr organized organized

merge (,d esa feyuk@ merged merged :i nsuk)

yhu gksuk) overflow (meM+uk@ overflowed overflowed

milk (nw/ nqguk) milked milked yckyc Hkj tkuk)

minded minded own (vf/dkj esa gksuk) owned owned
mind (è;ku j[kuk)
mingled mingled pacify ('kkar@ lar"q V pacified pacified
mingle (feJ.k djuk@
feykuk) djuk)
misbehaved mis-behaved pack (xV~Bj cukuk) packed packed
misbehave (nqjkpj.k
djuk) pardon ({kek@ ekiQ pardoned pardoned

mock (fp<+kuk@ mocked mocked djuk)

frjLdkj djuk) pass (mÙkhZ.k gksuk) passed passed

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part (vyx@ foHkkftr parted parted protect (j{kk djuk) protected protected
djuk) prove (lkfcr djuk) proved proved
pay (pqdkuk] Hkqxrku paid paid publish (izdkf'kr published published
djuk) djuk)
peak (pksVh ij igqp ¡ uk) peaked peaked punish (naM nsuk) punished punished
perceive (vuqHko@ perceived perceived purchase ([kjhnuk) purchased purchased
Kkr djuk) purify (lkiQ@'kq¼ purified purified
perish (uk'k gksuk) perished perished djuk0
permit (vuqefr nsuk) permitted permitted puzzle (my>k nsuk) puzzled puzzled
persist (vkxzg djuk) persisted persisted rain (o"kkZ gksuk) rained rained
personify (ekuoho`Qr personified personified raise (mBkuk@ lap; raised raised
djuk) djuk)
phone (iQksu djuk) phoned phoned range (drkj esa ranged ranged
pierce (Hksnuk@ ?kqluk) pierced pierced yxkuk)
place (j[kuk] fu;r placed placed rationalize (roZQ rationalized rationalized
djuk) lfgr le>kuk)
plant (isM& + ikS/s yxkuk@ planted planted reach (igqp ¡ uk) reached reached
LFkkfir djuk) realize (vuqHko realized realized
play ([ksyuk) played played djuk)
please (larks"k iznku pleased pleased reap (iQly dkVuk) reaped reaped
djuk@ izlUu djuk) rebuke (l[rh ls rebuked rebuked
poll (ernku djuk) polled polled crkZo djuk)
possess (vf/dkj esa possessed possessed recall (okil cqykuk) recalled recalled
gksuk) receive (ikuk] Lokxr received received
pour (mM+y s uk) poured poured djuk)
pray (izkFkZuk djuk) prayed prayed recite (ikB djuk] recited recited
preach (mins'k nsuk) preached preached lqukuk)
predict (Hkfo";ok.kh predicted predicted recognize (igpkuuk) recognized recognized
djuk) record (fyfic¼ recorded recorded
presume (lR; eku presumed presumed djuk@ vafdr djuk)
ysuk) redden (yky djuk) reddened reddened
pretend (cgkuk pretended pretended reduce (de djuk@ reduced reduced
cukuk) ?kVkuk)
print (Nkiuk) printed printed reform (lq/kj djuk) reformed reformed
produce (mRiknu produced produced refrain (nwj jguk@ refrained refrained
djuk) cprs jguk)
profit (ykHkkfUor gksuk) profited profited refuse (vLohdkj refused refused
project (;kstuk cukuk) projected projected djuk)
propose (izLrko proposed proposed regard (vfHkoknu regarded regarded
j[kuk) djuk)
prosecute (tkjh prosecuted prosecuted regulate (fu;fer regulated regulated
j[kuk@ vfHk;ksx yxkuk) djuk)

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Rojgar Publication General English

reject (vLohdkj rejected rejected search (ryk'kh ysuk] searched searched

djuk) [kkstuk)
rely (Hkjkslk j[kuk) relied relied secured (lqfuf'pr secured secured
remember (;kn remembered remembered djuk)
djuk) sentence (fu.kZ; nsuk@ sentenced sentenced
remind (;kn djkuk) reminded reminded naM nsuk)
repair (ejEer djuk) repaired repaired shave (nk<+h cukuk) shaved shaved
repel (ysus ls euk repelled repelled shiver (Mj@ lnhZ ls shivered shivered
djuk] nwj djuk) dk¡iuk)
repent (iNrkuk) repented repented shorten (NksVk djuk) shortened shortened
report (lwpuk nsuk) reported reported shrink (floqQM+uk) shrank shrank
resist (vkxs c<+us ls resisted resisted signify (lwfpr djuk) signified signified
jksduk) shriek (ph[kuk] Bgkdk shrieked shrieked
ride (lokjh djuk) rode ridden yxkuk)
ring (ctkuk) rang rung skip (mNyuk] Nyk¡x skipped skipped
seek ([kkstuk) sought sought ekjuk)
See (ns[kuk) saw seen slip (lary q u [kksuk@ slipped slipped

send (Hkstuk) sent sent fiQlyuk)

smile (eqLdjkuk) smiled smiled
shake (fgykuk) shook shaken
sob (fllduk) sobbed sobbed
shine (peduk) shone shone
soften (eqyk;e djuk) softened softened
shoot (xksyh ekjuk) shot shot
solicit (izkFkZuk djuk) solicited solicited
show (fn[kkuk) showed showed
spin (lwr dkruk) span spun
shut (can djuk) shut shut
stare (Vd&Vdh stared stared
sink (Mwcuk) sank sunk
yxkdj ns[kuk)
slide (fi?kyuk) slid slid
starve (Hkw[k ls ejuk) starved starved
sow (cksuk) sowed sowed
stay (Bgjuk) stayed stayed
speak (cksyuk) spoke spoken
step (dne j[kuk) stepped stepped
spoil (cckZn djuk) spoilt/ spoilt /
spoiled spoiled stop (jksduk] can dj stopped stopped
spread (iSQyuk) spread spread nsuk)
stand ([kM+k gksuk) stood stood submit (lefiZr submitted submitted

steal (pksjh djuk) stole stolen djuk)

succeed (liQy gksuk) succeeded succeeded
study (vè;;u djuk) studied studied
suggest (izLrko suggested suggested
swear (dle [kkuk) swore sworn
djuk)
swim (rSjuk) swam swum
summon (cqykuk) summoned summoned
sail (uko@ tgkt [ksuk) sailed sailed
supervise (ns[kHkky supervised supervised
satisfy (r`Ir djuk) satisfied satisfied
djuk)
scatter (frrj&fcrj scattered scattered
suppress (nck nsuk) suppressed suppressed
djuk)
survive (thfor jguk) survived survived
scratch (ydhj scratched scratched
sweep (>kMw yxkuk) swept swept
[khapuk)
talk (ckr djuk) talked talked
scream (ph[kuk) screamed screamed
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 Rojgar Publication General English

take (ysuk) took taken understand understood understood

teach (i<+kuk) taught taught (le>uk)
tell (dguk) told told undertake (dksbZ dke undertook undertaken
think (fopkj djuk) thought thought djus osQ fy, jkth gksuk)
throw (isQa duk) threw thrown wake (tkxuk@ txkuk) woke woken

tame (ikyrw cukuk) tamed tamed wear (iguuk) wore worn

tease (rax djuk) teased teased weave (cquuk) wove woven

threaten (/edh threatened threatened weep (jksuk) wept wept

nsuk) win (thruk) won won
tie (ck¡/uk) tied tied wash (/ksuk) washed washed
toil (ifjJe djuk) toiled toiled walk (Vgyuk) walked walked
torture (d"V tortured tortured want (pkguk) wanted wanted
igqp
¡ kuk) work (dke djuk) worked worked
train (izf'k{k.k iznku trained trained wet (fHkxksuk) wet wet
djuk) ware (lko/ku jguk) wed / wedded wed/ wedded
transfer (LFkkukarj.k transfered transfered warn (psrkouh nsuk) warned warned
djuk) watch (j[kokyh watched watched
transport (,d LFkku transported transported djuk)
ls nwljs LFkku ij ys whistle (lhVh ctkuk) whistled whistled
tkuk) wipe (iksNa uk) wiped wiped
tremble (dk¡iuk@ trembled trembled
worship (iwtk djuk) worshipped worshipped
FkjFkjkuk)
wrap (yisVuk) wrapped wrapped
trespass (vfrozQe.k trespassed trespassed
wrestle (oqQ'rh wrestled wrestled
djuk)
yM+uk)
try (iz;kl djuk) tried tried

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

Find out which part of the sentence has an error and perseverance towards (a)/ goal realisation
select the appropriate option. If a sentence is free and enable positive (b)/ thoughts to permeate
from error, select 'No error'. one's subconsciousness. (c)/ No error (d)
(a) a (b) b
1. I decided (a)/ to climbed to the (b)/ top of the (c) c (d) d
hill. (c)/ No error (d)
5. Our school administration should seriously
(a) a (b) b
consider (a)/ given students more res-
(c) c (d) d
ponsibility and empowering (b)/ the student
2. Reading (a)/ provides nutrition (b)/ with the council to play more than a symbolic role. (c)/
mind. (c)/ No error (d) No error (d)
(a) a (b) b (a) a (b) b
(c) c (d) d (c) c (d) d
3. Looking forward to something (a)/ in 6. On the way he was bited on his toe by a
anticipation is what helps us (b)/ moving poisonous snake.
forward in life. (c)/ No error (d) (a) On the way
(a) a (b) b (b) he was bited
(c) c (d) d (c) on his toe
4. Affirmations fire the will to focus and (d) by a poisonous snake
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 Rojgar Publication General English

Subject Verb
9 Agreement

TT Subject Verb Agreement ls rkRi;Z fdlh okD; osQ Rule 3:

Subject osQ Number ;k Person osQ vuqlkj Verb dk
All Uncountable Noun (ek=kk Singular Verb
iz;ksx djuk gSA
osQ fy,)
Singular Subject Singular Verb All Countable Noun (la[;k osQ Plural Verb
She/He/It/Singular is/am/has/does/ was/ fy,)
Noun were/ V Ist + s/es
Plural Subject Ex 1 All is going well. (Uncountable Noun)
verb Hkh plural
We/They/You Are/Were/Have/Do + V lc Bhd py jgk gSA
Ist Ex 2 All are good at home. (Countable Noun)
I osQ lkFk Am/Was (Be dh form) ?kj ij lHkh vPNs gSaA
rFkk Have/do dk iz;ksx Hkh Ex 3 All grass is getting longer.
gksrk gSA (Uncountable Noun)
Ex 1 She eats ice cream. (ü) ?kkl yach gksrh tk jgh gSA
og vkblozQhe [kkrh gSA Ex 4 All the monkeys were eating bananas.
Ex 2 They eat ice cream. (ü) (Countable Noun)
os vkblozQhe [kkrs gSaA lHkh canj osQys [kk jgs FksA
Ex 3 I was once your well wisher. Rule 4 : Cardinal Adjectives tSls one, two, three ....
eSa dHkh vkidk 'kqHkfpard FkkA etc dk iz;ksx fdlh fuf'pr jde (Amount), otu (Weight),
Subjunctive Mood esa I osQ lkFk were dk use gksrk gSA
vof/ (Period), nwjh (Distance) ;k Å¡pkbZ (Height) osQ
lkFk gqvk gks rks buosQ lkFk Plural Noun vkSj Singular
Ex If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
vxj eSa ,d i{kh gksrk] rks eSa vkdk'k esa mM+ tkrkA
Ex 1 Ten days is not a long time to wait. (ü)

Rule 1 : It ,d Introductory Subject gS vkSj blosQ lkFk nl fnu bartkj osQ fy, yack le; ugha gSA
ges'kk ,dopu fozQ;k (Singular Verb) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Ten days have passed. (ü)
Ex 1 It is my house. Ex 2 Fifty thousand rupees is not enough to buy
;g esjk ?kj gSA this bike. (ü)

Ex 2 It is 6 O' clock. ipkl gtkj #i;s bl ckbd dks [kjhnus osQ fy, dkiQh
6 cts gSaA ugha gSaA
Fifty thousand rupees have been spent on
Rule 2 : There okys okD;ksa esa Verb, There osQ ckn vkus children's fees, grocery and rent. (ü)
okys Noun/Pronoun osQ vuqlkj iz;ksx gksrh gSA TT tc Cardinal Numbers osQ }kjk fdlh vyx&vyx
Ex 1 There is a book on the table. unit dk cks/ gks] rks bUgsa Plural :i esa Use fd;k tkrk
est ij ,d fdrkc gSA gSA buosQ lkFk Plural Verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 2 There are two books on the table.
Rule 5 : tks okD; Suppose, I wish, As though, As
est ij nks fdrkcsa gSaA if, If ;k Would that ls 'kq: gksrs gSa muls dksjh dYiuk osQ
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 Rojgar Publication General English
Hkko dk cks/ gksrk gSA ,sls 'kCnksa osQ ckn Subject esa fdlh Hkh Ex 2 Either of two girls is beautiful. (ü)
Number ;k Person dk iz;ksx gks] rks mlosQ lkFk were dk nks yM+fd;ksa esa ls dksbZ ,d lqanj gSA
iz;skx gh gksrk gSA Either of two girls are beautiful. (û)
Ex 1 I wish, I were the president of America. (ü) Ex 3 Each girl has gone. (ü)
dk'k! eSa vesfjdk dk jk"Vªifr gksrkA izR;sd yM+dh pyh xbZ gSA
I wish, I was the president of America. (û) Rule 9 : Many a/an osQ lkFk Singular Verbs rFkk many
Ex 2 If I were a heroine, I would wear expensive
osQ lkFk Plural Verbs dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
clothes. (ü)
Ex 1 Many a man has gone there. (ü)
vxj eSa ghjksbu gksrh] rks eg¡xs diM+s igurhA
cgqr ls vkneh ogk¡ x, gSaA
If I was a heroine, I would wear expensive
clothes. (û) Many a man have gone there. (û)
Rule 6 : ;fn nks 'kCn Preposition ls tqM+s gSa] rks Verb Ex 2 Many men have gone there. (ü)
Preposition ls igys iz;ksx gq, 'kCn (Subject) osQ vuqlkj cgqr ls vkneh ogk¡ x, gSaA
iz;ksx gksrh gS] u fd Preposition osQ Object osQ vuqlkjA Many men has gone there. (û)
Ex 1 The children of this village are very Rule 10 : Not only ..... but also, neither ..... nor,
(P.N.) (P.V.) either ..... or, none ...... but vkfn Pairs (tksM+s) okys

intelligent. okD;ksa esa Verbs utnhd okys (nearest) Noun (laKk) osQ
bl xk¡o osQ cPps cgqr cqf¼eku gSaA vuqlkj iz;ksx gksrh gSA
Ex 2 The fruits of this tree are not sweet. Ex 3 Neither she nor his friends are good. (ü)
(P.N.) (P.V.) u rks og vkSj u gh mlosQ nksLr vPNs gSaA
bl isM+ osQ iQy ehBs ugha gSaA Neither she nor his friends is good. (û)
Ex4 Not only the students but also the principal
Rule 7 : ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCn as well as, unlike, is going for a picnic. (ü)
besides, with, together with, along with, and not, osQoy Nk=k gh ugha cfYd iz/kukpk;Z Hkh fidfud eukus
rather than, like, more than, nothing but, etc 'kCnksa ls tk jgs gSaA
tqM+s gSa] rks Verb igys okys Noun (laKk) osQ vuqlkj vk;sxhA Not only the students but also the principal
Ex 1 My brother as well as my friends is going to are going for a picnic. (û)
(S.N.) (S.V.) Rule 11 : fuEu Chart (lkj.kh) dk vè;;u djsaA

Delhi. Nouns Verbs
esjs HkkbZ osQ lkFk esjs nksLr Hkh fnYyh tk jgs gSaA A number of Plural Plural Verbs
Ex 2 The politician along with the news A large number of Countable
reporters is expected shortly. (ü) A great number of Noun
lekpkj laoknnkrkvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk jktusrk osQ 'kh?kz vkus The amount of Uncountable Singular Verb
dh mEehn gSA Quantity of Noun
The politician along with the news reporters The number of Plural Noun Singular Verb
are expected shortly. (û) Ex 1 A number of fruits are rotten. (ü)
Rule 8 : fdlh okD; esa Everyone, Someone, Nobody, dbZ iQy lM+s gq, gSAa
More than one, Neither, None, Either, Each, Every, A number of fruit is rotten. (û)
Anyone, etc osQ fy, Singular Verbs (,dopu fozQ;k) Ex 2 The number of people lined up for tickets
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA was two hundred. (ü)
The number of people lined up for tickets
Ex 1 Everyone of us has completed the work. (ü)
were two hundred. (û)
(S.W.)
Ex 3 The amount of sugar is not sufficient. (ü)
ge esa ls izR;sd us dke iwjk dj fy;k gSA
The amount of sugar are not sufficient. (û)
Everyone of us have completed the work. (û)
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 Rojgar Publication General English
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh (Chart) dk vè;;u Hkh djsaA (dkxt)] Leisure (vkjke)] Poverty (xjhch)] Pottery
Quantity of, Some buosQ lkFk Singular (feV~Vh osQ crZu)] Beauty (lqanjrk)] Bread (cszM)]
Lots of, Much, A Uncountable Verb Evidence (lcwr)] Fuel (b±/u) etc dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] rks
great deal of, Little, noun dk iz;ksx buosQ fy, singular verbs dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
A lot of, Plenty of
gksrk gSA Ex 1 His hospitality has been greatly appreciated
A few, Few, Very Plural Noun Plural by them. (ü)
few Verb muosQ vkfrF; (esgeku uokth) dh mUgksaus dkiQh ljkguk
A few of, Few of, The Plural Noun/ Plural dh gSA
few of Pronoun Verb
His hospitality have been greatly appreciated
Little of, A little of, Singular Singular by them. (û)
The little of Uncountable Verb
Ex 2 Poverty is curse for India. (ü)
Noun
xjhch Hkkjr osQ fy, vfHk'kki gSA
Little, A little, The Singular Singular
little Uncountable Verb Poverty are a tragedy for India. (û)
Noun TT bu Nouns esa oqQN Particular Nouns osQ lkFk mUgsa
Lots of, Some, Few, buosQ lkFk Plural Plural Plural :i nsus osQ fy, oqQN Particular Verbs dk
Plenty of, A lots Uncountable Verb iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA rc buosQ lkFk Plural Verbs (cgqopu
of, A number of, Noun dk iz;ksx fozQ;k) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Numerous, Many
gksrk gSA Ex 1 All pieces of jewellery given by me, were
Rule 12 : fdlh okD; esa And (Conjunction) ls ;fn nks stolen. (ü)
;k nks ls vf/d Nouns/ Pronouns/Adjectives tqM+s gSa] rks esjs }kjk fn, x, lHkh vkHkw"k.k pksjh gks x,A
Plural Verb (cgqopu fozQ;k) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA All pieces of jewellery given by me, was stolen.
(û)
Ex 1 My father and his friend are going to the
(P.V.) Rule 14 : Scissors (oSQa ph)] Tongs (fpeVk)] Tweezers
garden. (ü) (fpeVh)] Goggles (p'esa)] Binoculars (nwjchu)]
esjs firkth vkSj muosQ fe=k cxhps esa tk jgs gSaA Earnings (vk;)] Belongings (leku)] Premises
Ex 2 You and he were beating him. (ü)
(ifjlj)] Surroundings (ifjos'k)] Trousers (itkek)]
Savings (tek&iw¡th)] Fetters (csfM+;k¡)] Alms (Hkh[k)]
(P.V.)
Wages (osru@etnwjh)] Assets (laifÙk)] Remains
vki vkSj og mls ihV jgs FksA
You and he was beating him. (û) ([kaMgj)] Tactics (;qfDr)] Bellows (/kSaduh)] Handcuffs
TT ;fn And ls tqMs+ dksbZ nks ;k vf/d Nouns/Adjectives
(gFkdM+h)_ ;s ,sls Nouns (laKk) gSa ftudk iz;ksx lnSo
Plural Form (cgqopu) esa gksrk gSA buosQ ckn yxs 's' dks
ls ,d gh O;fDr@oLrq dk Hkko Kkr gks] rks Singular Verbs
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA gVkdj bUgsa Singular ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gSA buosQ fy,
Plural Verbs dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 1 Slow and steady wins the race. (ü)
Slow and steady win the race. (û) Ex 1 Why are the belongings lying here? (ü)
Ex 2 My sister, well wisher and guide teaches me lkeku ;gk¡ D;ksa iM+k gS\
English. (ü) Why is the belongings lying here? (û)
esjh cgu] 'kqHkfpard vkSj ekxZn'kZd eq>s vaxzsth i<+krh gSA Ex 2 Where are the scissors kept? (ü)
My sister, well wisher and guide teach me oSaQph dgk¡ ij j[kh gS\
English. (û) Where is the scissors kept? (û)
Rule 13 : ;fn fdlh okD; esa Uncountable Noun Rule 15 : ;fn fdlh okD; esa Each ls igys dksbZ Plural
(vx.kuh; laKk) tSls & Happiness ([kq'kh)] Damage Noun/Pronoun gS] rks blosQ fy, Plural Verb dk iz;ksx
(vk?kkr)] Hair (cky)] Help (lgk;rk)] Employment gksrk gSA
(jkstxkj)] Equipment (midj.k)] Hospitality Ex We each are honest and intelligent. (ü)
(esgekuuokth)] Scenery (utkjk)] Advice (lykg)] ge esa ls izR;sd bZekunkj vkSj cqf¼eku gSA
Knowledge (Kku)] Jewellery (xgusa@vkHkw"k.k)] Paper We each is honest and intelligent. (û)
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Rule 16 : ftl okD; esa Subject osQ :i esa One dk iz;ksx esa blosQ lkFk Plural Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
gks] rks ogk¡ Singular Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Ex 1 The team have changed their uniform. (ü)
Ex One should love one's motherland. (ü) Vhe us viuh onhZ cny nh gSA
viuh ekr`Hkwfe ls izse djuk pkfg,A The team has changed their uniform. (û)
Rule 17 : tc fdlh okD; esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d Noun; Rule 19 : fdlh okD; esa chekfj;ksa osQ uke] [ksyksa osQ uke]
'And' ls tqM+s gksa rFkk nksuksa esa ls igys Noun osQ lkFk Article ns'kksa osQ uke] fo"k;ksa osQ uke] iqLrdksa osQ uke dk mYys[k gS] rks
;k Possessive Adjective vk;k gks] rks blls ,d gh Noun ogk¡ Singular Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;s Nouns ns[kus esa
dk cks/ gksrk gS vkSj buosQ lkFk Singular Verb dk iz;ksx Plural izrhr gksrs gSa] ijarq ;s vFkZ esa Singular gksrs gSaA
gksrk gSA
tSls& Economics, Civics, Politics, Physics, Statistics,
Ex 1 My friend and brother is very intelligent. (ü) West Indies, Measles, Mumps, Rickets, Chess,
esjk nksLr vkSj HkkbZ cgqr le>nkj gSaA Wuthering Heights (iqLrd dk uke) etc.
My friend and brother are very intelligent. (û) Ex 1 Measles is not a dangerous disease. (ü)
Ex 2 The principal and teacher was teaching us
[kljk dksbZ [krjukd chekjh ugha gSA
mathematics. (ü)
Measles are not a dangerous disease. (û)
iz/kukpk;Z vkSj f'k{kd gesa xf.kr i<+k jgs FksA
The principal and teacher were teaching us Ex 2 Chess is a game of the mind. (ü)
mathematics. (û) 'krjat fnekx dk [ksy gSA
TT vkSj ;fn nksuksa Noun osQ lkFk Article ;k Possessive
Chess are a game of the mind. (û)
Adjective vk;k gS] rks blls nks vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa dk Mathematics & calculation (x.kuk) osQ fy,
cks/ gksrk gS vkSj blosQ fy, Plural Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Statistics & data (vk¡dM+ksa) osQ fy,
Ex 1 The principal and the teacher are scolding Politics & jktuhfrd fopkjksa osQ fy,
the children. (ü) iz;ksx gks rks buosQ lkFk plural verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
iz/kukpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks Mk¡V jgs gSaA
The principal and the teacher is scolding the Rule 20 : Deer (fgju)] Sheep (HksM+)] Mullet (iap dksuk
children. (û) rkjk)] Species (iztkfr;k¡)] Bourgeois (iw¡thifr)] Patois
Rule 18 : fdlh okD; esa Collective Noun dk iz;ksx gks] (vf'kf{kr dh Hkk"kk)] Precise (laf{kIr)] Fish (eNfy;k¡)]
rks mlosQ lkFk singular verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls& Staff, Series ( Ük`a[kyk)] Aircraft (foeku)] Mews (?kqM+lky)]
Public, Jury, Mob, Team, Club, Flock, Union, Chair, etc oqQN ,slh Nouns gSa] tks Singular ;k Plural nksuksa osQ
Government, Committee, Crowd, Firm, Council, forms fy, iz;ksx gksrh gSaA
Ministry, Family, Audience, Police, Board, etc.
Ex 1 Fish is an aquatic animal. (ü)
Ex 1 The litter of puppies is whining. (ü) eNyh ,d tyh; tho gSA
fiYyksa dk >qaM djkg jgk gSA Ex 2 Three fish are swimming in an aquarium.(ü)
The litter of puppies are whining. (û) ,d eRL;ky; esa rhu eNfy;k¡ rSj jgh gSaA
Ex 2 The circle of friends was playing cards. (ü) Ex 3 Mullet is shining in the sky. (ü)
fe=kksa dh eaMyh rk'k [ksy jgh FkhA iapdks.k rkjk vkleku esa ped jgk gSA
The circle of friends were playing cards. (û) Ex 4 Four mullet are shinging in the sky. (ü)
TT ijarq ;fn Collective Noun ls erHksn dk cks/ gksrk gS] rks pkj iapdks.k rkjs vkleku esa ped jgs gSaA
mlls vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa dks n'kkZ;k tkrk gS rks ,slh fLFkfr

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

1. Mr. Gupta with his wife (a)/ and younger (a) a (b) b
brother (b)/were present at the station. (c)/ No (c) c (d) d
error (d)
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10 Auxiliary Verb

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) Rule 2: fdlh okD; esa Has/Have/Had dk iz;ksx Present,

Auxiliary verbs are words that help the main verb Past rFkk Future osQ Tenses esa Verb dh III form osQ
in many ways. (lgk;d fozQ;k os 'kCn gSa] tks eq[; fozQ;k dh igys gksrk gSA
dbZ izdkj ls lgk;rk djrs gSaA) Ex 1 It had been two years since we left Delhi.
Ex 1 He may be right.
(A.V.)
Ex 2 Ravi is a bad boy.
gesa fnYyh NksMs+ nks lky gks pqoQs gSAa
Ex 3 She can speak English.
Ex 2 She has broken the glass.
Ex 4 It must be wrong.
(A.V.)
TT Verbs nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa
mlus dk¡p rksM+ fn;k gSA
1. Main Verb (eq[; fozQ;k)
Ex 3 After Priya had finished her work, she went to
2. Auxiliary verb ;k Helping verb (lgk;d fozQ;k)
lunch.
TT Auxiliary verbs rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSAa
fiz;k viuk dke [kRe djus osQ ckn yap djus pyh xbZA
Primary Modal Marginal Ex 4 They will have taken their revenge.
Auxiliary Auxiliary auxiliary
verbs verbs verbs (A.V.)
Is, Am, Are Can, Could, Need, Dare, os viuk cnyk ys pqoQs gksxa As
Shall, Should, Used to Rule 3: fdlh okD; esa Is/Am/Are/Was/Were/Has/
Will, Would,
Have/Had/Do/Does/Did/Been dk iz;ksx main osQ :i
May, Might,
Must, Ought to esa Hkh gksrk gS vkSj buosQ ckn lqfo/kuqlkj Infinitive 'to' dk
iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
Rule 1: fdlh okD; dks izHkkoh (Emphatic) cukus osQ fy,
Ex 1 She is honest.
Simple Present Tense ;k Simple Past Tense esa rFkk
okD; dks Interrogative cukus osQ fy, Do, Does, ;k Did og bZekunkj gSA
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Imperative okD; dks Negative Ex 2 They were good friends.
;k Emphatic cukus osQ fy, Hkh Do dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA os vPNs fe=k FksA
Ex 1 I do work in the office. (Emphatic sentence) Ex 3 I was at the store.
(A.V.) eSa LVksj ij FkkA
eSa vkWfiQl esa dke t:j djrk gwA¡
Ex 4 He has to go there.
Ex 2 Do you eat mango? (Interrogative)
(A.V.) mls ogk¡ tkuk gSA
D;k vki vke [kkrs gks\ Ex 5 The train is to start.
Ex 3 Did he go to Agra? xkM+h pyus okyh gSA
D;k og vkxjk x;k\ Ex 6 You were to go somewhere else.
Ex 4 Don't make a noise. (Negative imperative) vki dgha vkSj tkus okys FksA
'kksj er epkvksA
Must, May and Might
Ex 5 I do run in the morning.
eSa lqcg t:j nkSMr+ k gwA¡ Rule 4: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Strong Intention (iDdk bjknk)]
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Compulsion (ckè;rk)] Strong Moral Obligation (n`<+ Ex 2 I wish I might have met to Mahatma Gandhi.
uSfrd drZO;)] Instruction (funsZ'k) dk cks/ gks] rks Must (Pure imagination)
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dk'k! eSa egkRek xk¡/h ls feyk gksrkA
Ex 1 We must surrender ourselves to the police.
(iDdk bjknk)
Should, Ought to
gesa Lo;a iqfyl osQ lkeus vkReleiZ.k dj nsuk pkfg,A Rule 9: Should, shall dks Past Tense form osQ :i esa
Ex 2 You must do your homework before going to iz;ksx gksrk gSA Should dk iz;ksx ought to osQ cnys fd;k
bed. (Compulsion) tkrk gSA
lksus ls igys vkidks viuk x`gdk;Z djuk pkfg,A Should Ought to
Ex 3 Being a citizen of India, we must respect our Possibility (laHkkouk) dks Strong possibility (izcy
National Flag. O;Dr djus osQ fy, iz;ksx laHkkouk dks O;Dr djus osQ

Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksus osQ ukrs gesa jk"Vªh; èot dk lEeku fd;k tkrk gSA fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
djuk pkfg,A (n`<+ uSfrd drZO;) Past duty dks O;Dr djus Past dh vLoho`Qfr dks O;Dr
Rule 6: ;fn fdlh okD; esa More possibility (vf/d osQ fy, should have + V djus osQ fy, Ought not to
laHkkouk)] Wish, Pray, Bless, Curse (bPNk] izkFkZuk] IIIrd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk + have + V III dk iz;ksx
vk'khokZn] vfHk'kki)] Purpose (mn~ns';)] Permission gSA fd;k tkrk gSA
(vuqefr) dk Hkko gS] rks okD; esa May dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Moral obligation (uSfrd Moral obligation (uSfrd
Ex 1 I may purchase a mobile today. (Possibility) nkf;Ro) osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k nkf;Ro) osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k
eSa vkt ,d eksckby [kjhn ldrk gwA¡ (laHkkouk) tkrk gSA tkrk gSA
Ex 2 May your child live long! (Blessing) Advice (lykg nsus) osQ Hkko Advice (lykg nsus) osQ Hkko
vkidk cPpk nh?kkZ;q gksA (vk'khokZn) osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 3 May I take your comb? (Permission & vuqefr) Lest osQ lkFk should dk
D;k eSa vkidh oaQ?kh ys ldrh gw\¡ iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 4 I train hard to run so that I may win the
marathon. (purpose) Ex 1 We should respect our elders.
eSa nkSMu+ s dk dfBu vH;kl djrk gw¡ rkfd eSjkFku thr lowQa A (moral obligation)
(mn~n's ;) gesa vius cM+kas dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A (uSfrd nkf;Ro)
Ex 2 I should have taken mother to the doctor
Rule 7: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Less possibility (de
yesterday but I could not take her. (Past duty)
laHkkouk)] Polite request/Assent (uez fuosnu@vuqefr) dk
Hkko gS] rks May dh past form osQ fy, Might dk iz;ksx eq>s ekrkth dks dy MkWDVj osQ ikl ys tkuk pkfg, Fkk]
fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu eSa mUgsa ugha ys tk ldkA
Ex 1 I might go to Delhi but seeing the weather, I Ex 3 He should not smoke. (Advice)
don't have much expectation. (less possibility) mls /weiz ku ugha djuk pkfg,A (lykg)
eSa fnYyh tk ldrk gw¡ ijarq ekSle dks ns[kdj eq>s T;knk Ex 4 I ought to return the book. (Strong Possibility)
vk'kk ugha gSA (de laHkkouk) eq>s fdrkc ykSVk nsuh pkfg,A (izcy laHkkouk)
Ex 2 Might I see your credit card, please? Ex 5 You ought not to have laughed at his costume.
D;k eSa vkidk ozQs fMV dkMZ ns[k ldrk gw\¡ vkidks mudh iks'kkd ij g¡luk ugha pkfg, FkkA
Rule 8: ftu okD;ksa ls dksjh dYiuk (Pure imagination) Ex 6 We ought to respect our elders.
(Moral obligation)
dk Hkko iznf'kZr gksrk gS vkSj os okD; & as if, as though, if
only, suppose, I wish, we wish, he wishes vkfn ls 'kq:
gesa vius cM+kas dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A (uSfrd nkf;Ro)
gksrs gksa] rks Might dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Ex 7 We ought to exercise in the morning. (Advice)
Ex 1 If he had worn warm clothes, he might not ges a lqcg O;k;ke djuk pkfg,A (lykg)
have felt cold. (Pure imagination) Ex 8 We said, "We shall do this work."
We said that we should do that work.
vxj mlus xeZ diM+s igus gksrs rks 'kk;n mls BaM u yxrhA
(shall dh Past form)
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Rule 10: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Permission (vuqefr)] Promise (izfrKk)] Threatened (/edh)]
Ability (;ksX;rk)] Capacity (lkeF;Z)] Power ('kfDr) Determination (iDdk Promise (izfrKk)]
rFkk Theoretical possibility (lS¼kafrd laHkkouk) dk Hkko bjknk)] Threatened (/ Command (vkns'k)]
gS] rks bUgsa O;Dr djus osQ fy, can dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Determination (n`<+
edh)] Willingness ladYi)] Compulsion
Ex 1 You can do whatever you want to do. (bPNk) osQ fy, okD; esa (vfuok;Zrk) osQ fy, okD;
(Permission) will dk iz;ksx I vkSj we osQ esa Shall dk iz;ksx IInd
vki tks djuk pkgrs gSa dj ldrs gSAa (vuqefr nsuk) lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA person rFkk IIIrd person
Ex 2 He can write a book. (Ability)
osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 1 I will not let him park the car here.
og fdrkc fy[k ldrk gSA (;ksX;rk)
(Determination)
Ex 3 Mistake can happen to anyone.
(Theoretical possibility) eSa mls ;gk¡ dkj ikoZQ ugha djus nwx¡ kA (iDdk bjknk)
Ex 2 If you park the car here, I will beat you.
xyrh fdlh ls Hkh gks ldrh gSA (lS¼kafrd laHkkouk)
(Threatened)
Rule 11: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Polite request (uez fuosnu)]
vxj rqe ;gk¡ dkj ikoZQ ([kM+h) djksxs rks eSa rqEgsa ihVwx¡ kA
Possibility (laHkkouk)] Past dh Ability (;ksX;rk)]
(/edh)
Capacity (lkeF;Z)] Power ('kfDr) dk Hkko gS] rks mls
Ex 3 I will eat hot food. (Willingness)
O;Dr djus osQ fy, Could dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Could
dks Can dh Past tense form osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA eSa xeZ [kkuk [kkšxkA (bPNk)
Ex 4 I will do anything for my country. (Promise)
Ex 1 Could you give me a pen? (Polite Request)
eSa vius ns'k osQ fy, oqQN Hkh d:¡xkA (oknk@izfrKk)
D;k vki eq>s ,d isu ns ldrs gS\a (uez fuosnu)
Ex 2 He could swims across the river when he was Ex 5 Will you give him a gift? (To get information)
young. (Past dh Capacity) D;k vki mls migkj nsxa \s (lwpuk izkfIr osQ fy,)
tc og NksVk Fkk rc og unh dks rSj dj ikj dj ldrk Ex 6 Arjun, you shall go there at once. (Command)
FkkA vtquZ ] rqe rqjra ogk¡ tkvksA (vkns'k)
Ex 3 Could I sit here? (Formal request) Ex 7 I will work hard and pass the examination.
D;k eSa ;gk¡ cSB ldrk gwA¡ (vkSipkfjd fuosnu) (Determination)
Ex 4 She could have gone to any college she wanted eSa dM+h esgur d:¡xk vkSj ijh{kk ikl d:¡xkA (n`<+ fu'p;)
to. Ex 8 You shall not enter this place again.
(Threatened)
Will, Would and Shall
rqe bl LFkku esa iqu% izo's k ugha djksxAs (/edh)
Rule 12: Ex 9 You shall be given a present if you win the
Will Shall match. (Promise)
Future (Hkfo";) osQ fdlh Future (Hkfo";) osQ fdlh ;fn vki eSp thrrs gSa rks vkidks migkj fn;k tk,xkA
dk;Z ;k ?kVuk dks O;Dr djus dk;Z ;k ?kVuk dks O;Dr djus (oknk)
osQ fy, IInd person rFkk osQ fy, Ist person osQ Rule 13: fdlh okD; esa Past habit, Polite request (uez
IIIrd person osQ Subject Subject osQ lkFk Shall dk fuosnu)] Wish (bPNk)] Determination (n`<+ fu'p;)]
osQ lkFk Will dk iz;ksx osQ iz;ksx gksrk gSA Past willingness (rRijrk)] Preference or choice (ilan
lkFk gksrk gSA
;k pquko) dk Hkko gS] rks Would dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls
lwpuk izkIr djus osQ fy, Suggestions (lq>koksa) osQ
will dh Past Tense Form osQ fy, Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Interrogative okD; esa Hkko dks O;Dr djus osQ fy,
Ex 1 She would go to the temple every morning.
will dk iz;ksx IInd ;k Shall dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
(Past habit)
IIIrd Person osQ lkFk fd;k gSA
tkrk gSA og jkst lqcg eafnj tkrh FkhA (Hkwrdky dh vknr)
Ex 2 Would you go there with me? (Polite request)

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D;k vki esjs lkFk ogk¡ tkvksx\s (uez fuosnu) Need (vko';d gksuk)
Ex 3 Would that I were a king. (Desire)
Rule 17: Need dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh okD; esa Main Verb
dk'k! eSa jktk gksrkA (bPNk) vkSj Auxiliary Verb nksuksa izdkj ls gksrk gSA
Ex 4 She would be a teacher. (Possibility)
Ex 1 I needed your help.
og ,d f'kf{kdk gksxhA (laHkkouk)
eq>s vkidh lgk;rk dh vko';drk FkhA
Ex 5 He would rather sleep than eat. (Preference)
Ex 2 She does not need to weep.
og [kkus osQ ctk; lksuk ilan djsxkA (ilan)
mls jksus dh vko';drk ugha gSA
Ex 6 Ravi said, "He will read the letter."
Rule 18: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Need not/Needn't dk iz;ksx

Ravi said that he would read the letter.
Negative Form esa Modal Auxiliary osQ :i esa gks] rks
(Will dh Past Form)
blosQ lkFk to (Infinitive) dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
Rule 14: ;fn fdlh okD; esa badkj ;k dksbZ Unreal
Ex 1 He need not go there. (ü) (without 'to')
Condition (dksjh dYiuk) tks fd Present ;k Past ls
lacaf/r gks] dk Hkko gS] rks Would dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mls ogk¡ tkus dh t:jr ugha gSA
He need not to go there. (û) (with 'to')
Ex 1 If I were a king, I would rule the world.
Ex 2 They need not beat him. (ü) (without 'to')
vxj eSa jktk gksrk rks nqfu;k ij jkt djrkA
Ex 2 If he had gone to Meerut, he would have
mUgsa mls ihVus dh t:jr ugha gSA
definitely met you. They need not to beat him. (û) (with 'to')
vxj og esjB x, gksrs rks vkils t:j feyrsA Rule 19: fdlh Hkh okD; esa Modal Auxiliary vkSj Main
Ex 3 He would not bring any books. (Refusal) Verb osQ :i esa need dk iz;ksx interrogative esa bl izdkj
og dksbZ fdrkc ugha yk;sxkA (badkj) fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 1 Need I write a letter? (modal auxiliary)
Used to
D;k eSa ,d i=k fy[krk gwA¡
Rule 15: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Past habit (Hkwrdky dh
Ex 2 Need he run fast? (modal auxiliary)
vknr)] Discontinued habit (can vknr) dk Hkko gS] rks
D;k mls rst nkSMu+ s dh vko';drk gS\
okD; esa Used to dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 3 Does she need my pen? (main verb)
Ex 1 My father used to exercise. (Past habit)
D;k mls esjh dye dh vko';drk gS\
esjs firkth O;k;ke djrs FksA (Hkwrdky dh vknr)
Ex 4 Did they need to go there? (main verb)
Ex 2 I used to go to temple, now I go to church.
(Discontinued habit) D;k mUgsa ogk¡ tkus dh t:jr Fkh\
eSa eafnj tkrk Fkk] vc eSa ppZ tkrk gwA¡ (can vknr) Dare (lkgl ;k fgEer djuk)
Rule 16: fdlh okD; esa Used to osQ iz;ksx ls Be Rule 20: fdlh okD; esa Dare dk iz;ksx ^lkgl ;k fgEer*
accustomed to (vH;Lr gksuk) dk cks/ gksrk gSA osQ vFkZ esa Main Verb osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 1 I am not used to sitting for long. Ex 1 She dares to fight him. (Main verb)
eq>s T;knk nsj cSBus dh vknr ugha gSA og mlls yM+us dh fgEer djrh gSA
;k Ex 2 He dared to cross my path.
eSa cgqr nsj cSBus dk vknh ugha gwA¡ (Past tense o Past Participle)
Ex 2 He is not used to writing. mlus esjk jkLrk dkVus dh fgEer dhA
mls fy[kus dh vknr ugha gSA Rule 21: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Dare not ;k Daren't dk
;k iz;ksx Modal auxiliary verb osQ :i essa gks] rks Infinitive
og fy[kus dk vH;Lr ugha gSA (to) dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
Ex 1 He dare not talk to her. (auxiliry verb)
mldh mlls ckr djus dh fgEer ugh gqbAZ
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Ex 2 I dare not go with him. (auxiliary verb) (infinitive) dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
esjh mlosQ lkFk tkus dh fgEer ugha gSA Ex 1 Dare she go there? (ü) (without 'to')
Dare she go to there. (û) (with 'to')
Rule 22: fdlh okD; esa Dare dk iz;ksx Interrogative
Ex 2 Dare I make this toy? (ü) (without 'to')
okD; esa Modal auxiliary verb osQ :i esa gksus ij to
Dare I make to this toy? (û) (with 'to')

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

Direction: Find out which part of the sentence (c) asked the waiter
has an error and select the appropriate option. If a (d) along with your coffee
sentence is free from error, select 'No error'. 10. Ranbir could not went/ to the award
1. Hema doesn't has (a)/ to give (b)/ the ceremony/ as he was busy/ shooting/ for a film/
dissertation to me. (c)/ No error (d) in Maldives.
(a) a (b) b (a) as he was busy
(c) c (d) d (b) for a film
2. My mother (a)/ is having (b)/ grey hair. (c)/ No (c) to the award ceremony
error (d) (d) Ranbir could not went
(a) a (b) b 11. Mr Rao asked the newcomer/ to his office/ if he
(c) c (d) d will minded/ working late that day.
(a) Mr Rao asked the newcomer
Direction: In the following questions, out of the (b) if he will minded
four alternatives, select the alternative which will (c) to his office
improve the sentence. (d) working late that day
3. You may left the class when you have 12. He/ can have been/ more polite/ to her.
completed the test. (a) more polite (b) He
(a) the class (b) when you have (c) to her (d) can have been
(c) completed the test (d) You may left 13. Sunita told me that she ............ go to Chennai
4. The Prime Minister holding is the important next month.
meeting to review the security and safety of (a) would (b) shall
doctors working in government hospitals. (c) will (d) should
(a) of doctors (b) working in 14. He is such/ an untruthful man/ that no one/
(c) to review (d) holding is the will believing him.
5. I am really bored of this movie! When was it (a) will believing him (b) He is such
end? (c) that no one (d) an untruthful man
(a) it end? (b) I am really bored 15. When you have worked out/ this sum/ you
(c) of this movie (d) When was may/ went out to play.
6. I use to going for a morning walk when I was (a) When you have worked out
living in Dehradun. (b) went out to play
(a) living in Dehradun (c) this sum
(b) for a morning walk (d) you may
(c) when I was 16. Will you/ care for/ a cup of/ hot coffee?
(d) use to going (a) care for (b) hot coffee
7. I can swim very fast when I was only five. (c) Will you (d) a cup of
(a) very fast (b) I can swim 17. You look very tired; you would go to bed now.
(c) when I was (d) only five (a) You look (b) to bed now
8. Need you to buy so many books? (c) you would go (d) very tired
(a) so many books (b) Need you 18. She didn't thank you for your help, but she
(c) to buy (d) No error may have done it.
9. "Would you liked/ to have/ some fries/ along (a) but she (b) you for your help
with your coffee,/sir?"/asked the waiter. (c) She didn't thank (d) may have done it
(a) Would you liked 19. Rahul told his brother he needn't to worry.
(b) some fries (a) Rahul told (b) his brother
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11 Tense

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) Ex 2 os vkxjk tkrs gSAa (cgqopu)

Tense is the form of the verb that tells about time. They go to Agra.
(dky fozQ;k dk og :i gS] tks le; osQ ckjs esa crkrk gSA) Ex 3 eSa mls ugha ihVrk gwA¡ (cgqopu)
Tense rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& I do not beat him.
1. Present Tense (orZeku dky) Ex 4 jk/k xkuk ugha xkrh gSA (,dopu)
(i) Present Indefinite Radha does not sing a song.
(ii) Present Continuous uksV% Interrogative Sentence nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa&
(iii) Present Perfect (i) Ist type : Yes/No type Hkh dgrs gSaA
(iv) Present Perfect Continuous (ii) IInd type : Wh family osQ words blesa gksrs gSaA
2. Past Tense (Hkwrdky)
Ex 5 vki ogk¡ D;ksa tkrs gS\a (Wh family type)
(i) Past Indefinite
Why do you go there?
(ii) Past Continuous
(iii) Past Perfect Ex 6 D;k vki ogk¡ tkrs gks\ (Yes/No Type) ;k (Ist type)
(iv) Past Perfect Continuous
Do you go there?
3. Future Tense (Hkfo"; dky) TT bl dky dk iz;ksx lkekU;r% fnup;kZ (Routine), LFkk;h
(i) Future Indefinite dk;Z (Permanent Action), vknr (Habit), lkekU; lR;
(ii) Future Continuous (General Truth) osQ Hkko dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, fd;k
(iii) Future Perfect tkrk gSA
(iv) Future Perfect Continuous TT buosQ lkFk lkekU;r% Always, Usually, Sometimes,
Daily, Normally, Generally, Often, Seldom,
Present Indefinite Never, Occasionally, Rarely, Habitually,
igpku % ftu okD;ksa esa ^rk gS] rh gS] rs gS* bR;kfn 'kCn Scarcely etc. dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
fozQ;k osQ var esa vkrs gSa] ogk¡ Present Indefinite Tense Ex 1 Mohan goes to school daily.(Routine & fnup;kZ)
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA eksgu jkst LowQy tkrk gSA
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Ex 2 Riya teaches in Dewan Public School.
Subject + Subject + do Question word fj;k nhoku ifCyd LowQy esa i<+krh gSA (LFkk;h dk;Z)
Verb Ist + not + V Ist + + do + Subject Ex 3 He smokes cigarettes.
Object + etc. Object + etc. + not + V Ist +

og flxjsV ihrk gSA (Habit & vknr)
(cgqopu) (cgqopu) Object + etc + ?
(cgqopu) TT fdlh fudV Hkfo"; (Near Future) dh O;oLFkk
Subject + Subject + does Question word (Arrangement) osQ fy, Present Indefinite Tense
Verb Ist + s ;k not + V Ist + + does + Subject dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
es + Object + Object + etc. + not + V Ist + TT fdlh Newspaper dh Headlines ;k Sports dh
etc (,dopu) (,dopu) Object + etc + ? Commentary osQ fy, Present Indefinite Tense
(,dopu) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 1 og [kkuk [kkrh gSA (,dopu)
She eats food.
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Ex 1 fjrq vxys lIrkg eqc
a bZ osQ fy, fuoQysxhA Ex 1 og vius xk¡o x;kA
Ritu leaves for Mumbai next week. (Near He went to his village.
future arrangement)
Ex 2 mlus viuk x`gdk;Z iwjk fd;kA
Ex 2 Kohli hits the ball, runs and takes two runs.
(Commentary)
She completed her homework.
Ex 3 eksgu us mls ugha ihVkA
TT fdlh Hkh Conditional Sentence esa iz;ks x gksus okys
If, After, Before, Till, Until, Unless, As soon as, Mohan did not beat him.
When, In case 'kCnksa ls 'kq: gksus okys okD; esa Present Ex 4 He did not drink water.
Indefinite Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA mlus ikuh ugha fi;kA
Ex 1 ;fn vki esgur djksx]s rks ijh{kk ikl dj yksxAs Ex 5 D;k jfo us mls xkyh nh\

If you work hard, you will pass the Did Ravi abuse him?
examination. Ex 6 og ;gk¡ ls dgk¡ x;k\
Ex 2 vxj os rst ugha nkSMx
s+ ]s jsyxkM+h ugha idM+ ik;sxa As Where did he go from here?
Unless they run fast, they will not catch the TT Hkwrdky dh dksbZ vknr (Past habitual actions) ;k
train. Past dk dksbZ action ftlls dk;Z osQ gksrs jgus dk cks/ gks]
TT oqQN Verbs (fozQ;k,¡) tSls laons ukRed fozQ;k,¡ ogk¡ Past Indefinite Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(Sensational verbs), eu dh fLFkfr O;Dr djus okyh TT Time expressing words tSls Afternoon,
fozQ;k,¡ (Verbs expressing state of mind), vf/dkj Yesterday, Yesterday evening, Yesterday noon,
fn[kkus okyh fozQ;k,¡ (Verbs showing possession) Last evening, Last night, Last month, Last
;s lHkh Non progressive verbs gksrh gS budk iz;ksx moment, In April 1996 .... etc. dk iz;ksx Past
Present Indefinite Tense esa gksrk gSA Indefinite Tense esa gksrk gSA
TT (See, Hear, Smell, Taste, Mean, Mind, Own, TT Past Habitual Activities osQ fy, Rarely, Never,
Have, Belong, Contain, Possess, Comprise, Always, Daily, Every Week, Seldom, Often,
Like, Want, Wish, Hate, Appear, Affect, Cost, Scarcely, Once a day etc. dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Require, Become, etc.)
Ex 1 og lnSo iqLrdky; esa i<+hA (Past dh Activity)
Ex 1 She owns a house. (ü) She always studied in the library.
She is owing a house. (û)
Ex 2 tc og lksrh Fkh] rks og i<+rk FkkA
Ex 2 This perfume smells good. (ü)
This perfume is smelling good. (û) While she slept, he studied. (Past esa dk;Z gksrs
Ex 3 My mother sees me as an extension of herself. jgus dk Hkko)
(ü) Ex 3 og dy jkr eq>ls feyus vk;hA
My mother is seeing me as an extension of She came to see me last night.
herself. (û)
TT ;fn fdlh okD; esa It is high time, It is about time ;k
Past Indefinite
It is time dk iz;ksx gks] rks buosQ lkFk Past Indefinite
igpku % ftu okD;ksa osQ var esa ^rk Fkk] rh Fkh] rs Fks] ;k] ;s] Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
;h] vk] bZ* tSls 'kCn fozQ;k osQ lkFk tqM+s gksrs gSa] ogk¡ Past Ex 1 It is high time we left for the office.
Indefinite Tense dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx
Ex 2 It is time she started dancing.
Hkwrdky osQ dk;ks± (Past Actions) osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
TT fdlh okD; esa Suppositional Sentence, If, I wish,
We wish, He wishes, If only, As though, As if,
Subject + Subject + Did + Subject + not +
She wishes, They wish etc. ls 'kq: gks] rks buosQ lkFk
Verb IInd + did not + V V Ist + Object + etc
Simple Past Tense dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Object + etc. Ist + Object +?
+ etc. Question Word + did Ex 1 She wishes she were a queen.
+ Subject + not + V Ex 2 I wish I were the Prime Minister of India.
Ist + Object + etc + ?
Future Indefinite
igpku % ftu okD;ksa esa ^xk] xh] xs* bR;kfn 'kCn fozQ;k osQ var
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esa vkrs gSa] ogk¡ Future Indefinite Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Are : cgqopu drkZ osQ lkFkA
TT Future Tense dk iz;ksx ,sls dk;ks± osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] Is : ,dopu drkZ osQ lkFk
tks Hkfo"; esa ?kfVr gksus okys gksrs gSAa Am : I osQ lkFk
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Subject + will/ Subject + will/ Will/Shall + Ex 1 og eafnj tk jgh gSA
shall + verb Ist shall not + V Subject + not + She is going to the temple.
+ Object + etc. Ist + Object + V Ist + Object + Ex 2 os cxhps esa ugha [ksy jgs gSAa
etc. etc + ?
Question Word
They are not playing in the garden.
+ will/shall + Ex 3 og mUgsa D;ksa cqyk jgk gS\
Subject + not + Why is he calling them?
V Ist + Object +
TT Present Continuous Tense esa oqQN Time
etc + ?
Expressing Words (le; lwpd 'kCnks) a dk iz;ksx gksrk
Will - He, She, They vkSj Noun osQ lkFk iz;ksx fd;k gS_ tSl&s This morning, Currently, This evening,
tkrk gSA At this moment, Now, At present, This evening,
Shall - I vkSj We osQ lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA etc.
Ex 1 My friend is reading English at Present. (;k
Ex 1 og ,d i=k fy[ksxkA at this time)
He will write a letter. esjk nksLr bl le; vaxt
sz h i<+ jgk gSA
Ex 2 ehjk LowQy ugha tk;sxhA Ex 2 She is washing clothes at this moment.
Meera will not go to school.
og bl le; diM+s /ks jgh gSA
Ex 3 og vius firk osQ lkFk D;ksa ugha tk;sxk\ Ex 3 Krishana is eating now.
Why will he not go with his father? o`Q".kk vc [kk jgk gSA
TT Future Tense dk iz;ksx Conditional Sentences, osQ TT fdlh Temporary activity (vLFkk;h dk;Z) osQ fy, ;k
Principal Clause esa fd;k tkrk gSA Near furture (fudV Hkfo";) osQ fdlh Fixed plan
Ex 1 If you go there, he will beat you. (fuf'pr ;kstuk) osQ fy, (Present Continuous Tense)
vxj rqe ogk¡ tkvksx]s rks og rqEgsa ihVsxkA dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 2 When the chief guest comes, there will be Ex 1 My father is reading the Bhagavad Gita.
applause. esjs firkth Hkxon~ xhrk i<+ jgs gSAa (vLFkk;h dk;Z)
tc eq[; vfrfFk vk,¡x]as rks rkfy;k¡ ctsxa hA Ex 2 These days he is cleaning a garden.
Present Continuous bu fnuksa og ,d cxhps dh liQkbZ dj jgk gSA
igpku % ftu okD;ksa osQ var esa jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa bR;kfn 'kCn Ex 3 The chief minister is going on a visit to China
fozQ;k osQ lkFk iz;ksx gksrs gS]a ogk¡ Present Continuous Tense next week.
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;g ,sls dk;ks± osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks eq[;ea=kh vxys lIrkg phu osQ nkSjs ij tk jgs gSAa
oDrk osQ cksyus osQ le; gks jgk gksrk gSA TT Present Continuous Tense ls Future Tense
Affirmative Negative Interrogative dk cks/ djkus osQ fy, Next day, Next week, Next
Subject + is/ Subject + is/ Is/Am/Are + morning, Tonight, Tomorrow, This morning, etc
am/are + V Ist am/are + not Subject + not dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
+ ing + Object + V Ist + ing + + V Ist ing +
+ etc. Object + etc Object + etc + ? Past Continuous Tense
Q.W. + is/am/ igpku% ftu okD;ksa esa ^jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks* bR;kfn 'kCn
are + Subject + fozQ;k osQ var esa vkrs gSa vkSj os Hkwrdky osQ fdlh dk;Z osQ tkjh
not + V Ist ing jgus dk cks/ djkrs gS]a ogk¡ Past Continuous Tense dk
+ Object + etc
+?
iz;ksx gksrk gSA

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Affirmative Negative Interrogative Ex 1 og dy lqcg i<+ jgk gksxkA

Subject + Subject + Was/Were + Subject He will be studying tomorrow morning.
was/were + was/were + + not + V Ist ing + Ex 2 og jfookj dks fofM;ks xse ugha [ksy jgk gksxkA
V Ist ing + not + V Ist Object + etc + ?
Object + etc ing + Object
He will not be playing video games on Sunday.
Q.W. + was/were +
+ etc. Subject + not + V Ist Ex 3 os bl dk;Z'kkyk ;k dkj[kkus esa dk;Z D;ksa ugha dj jgs gksx
a \s
ing + Object + etc + ? Why will they not be working in this
Ex 1 og dejs esa lks jgh FkhA workshop?
She was sleeping in the room. Present Perfect Tense
Ex 2 jk/k cxhps esa ikS/ksa dks ikuh ugha ns jgh FkhA ftu okD;ksa osQ var esa fozQ;k osQ lkFk ^pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqoQs gS]a ;k
Radha was not watering the plants in the gS] bZ gS] ;s gS] , gks* bR;kfn 'kCn vkrs gSa vkSj dk;Z osQ vHkh&vHkh
garden.
lekIr gksus dk cks/ gks] rks ogk¡ Present Perfect Tense dk
Ex 3 os LowQy ls ugha ykSV jgs FksA
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
They were not returning from school.
Ex 4 vè;kid cPps dks D;ksa Mk¡V jgs Fks\ Affirmative Negtive Interrogative
Why was the teacher scolding the children? Subject + Subject + Has/Have + Subject
Rule : tc dHkh Hkwrdky esa nks dk;Z ,d gh le; esa gks jgs gksa has/have + V has/have + + not + V IIIrd +
IIIrd + Object not + V IIIrd Object + etc + ?
vkSj muls dk;Z osQ tkjh jgus osQ Hkko dk cks/ gks] rks nksuksa dk;ks± osQ
+ etc + Object + Q.W. + has/have +
fy, Present Continuous Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA etc Subject + not + V
Ex 1 While my sister was cooking, I was studying. IIIrd + Object + etc
(ü) +?
tc esjh cgu [kkuk cuk jgh Fkh] rks eSa i<+ jgk FkkA
While my sister cooked, I was studying. (û) has :,dopu drkZ osQ lkFkA
Ex 2 While they were going to school, he was have : cgqopu drkZ osQ lkFk
loitering. (ü)
tc os LowQy tk jgs Fks] rks og vkokjkxnhZ dj jgk FkkA Ex 1 og bl eksgYys esa jg pqdk gSA
While they were going to school, he loitered. He has lived in this locality.
(û)
Rule: tc ,d dk;Z igys ls gh tkjh gks] nwljk dk;Z dks tkjh Ex 2 mlus ikVhZ esa dkWiQh ugha yh gSA
gq, FkksMk+ le; gks x;k gks] rks igys ls pys vk jgs dk;Z dks She has not taken coffee in the party.
Present Continuous esa vkSj vHkh tkjh gq, dk;Z dks Past Ex 3 vkt geus fdl ekWy esa fiQYe ns[kh gS\
Indefinite esa cukrs gSAa In which mall have we seen a movie today?
Ex 1 He was playing video game, when his father Rule : Present Perfect Tense esa Just, Yet, Already,
come. (ü) Since, For, So far, Lately, Before, Till, After, etc
He was playing video game, when his father Time Expressing Words (le; lwpd 'kCnks) a dk iz;ksx
had come. (û) gksrk gSA
Future Continuous Tense Ex 1 They have already gone to school.
ftu okD;ksa osQ var esa fozQ;k osQ lkFk ^jgk gksxk] jgs gksxa ]s jgh gksxh* os igys gh LowQy tk pqoQs gSAa
bR;kfn 'kCn vkrs gS]a vkSj dk;Z oqQN le; rd tkjh jgrk gS] rks Ex 2 Mother has not cooked the food yet.
ogk¡ Future Continuous Tense dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ekrkth us vHkh rd [kkuk ugha cuk;k gSA
Affirmative Negative Interrogative TT Present Perfect Tense esa Since vkSj For osQ iz;ksx osQ
Subject + Subject + Will/shall + Subject + fy, fuEu chart (lkj.kh) dk vè;;u djsAa
will/shall + will/shall not + be + V Ist ing + TT Period of time osQ fy, for dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
be + V Ist ing + not + be Object + etc + ?
+ Object + + V Ist ing TT Point of time osQ fy, since dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Q.W. + will/shall +
etc. + Object + Subject + not + be + V
etc ing + Object + etc + ?

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For Since Affirmative Negative Interrogative

For + Numeral Since + Yesterday/ Last Subject + had Subject + Had + Subject + not
Adjectives + Weeks/ night/ Last week/ Last + V IIIrd + had not + + V IIIrd + Object +
Months/ Days/ Years/ month/ Last year, etc Object + etc. V IIIrd + etc + ?
Hours/ Minutes/ Object + Q.W. + had + Subject
Centuries/ Decades etc. etc + V IIIrd + Object +
For + A/An + Month/ Since + Name of the etc + ?
Minute/ Hour/ Week/ seasons (Summer/ Ex 1 mlus viuk x`gdk;Z iwjk dj fy;k FkkA
Day/ Year/ Century/ etc Winter etc.)
He had completed his homework.
For + The last _ Since + Name of the
Numeral Adjectives + days (Monday, Friday Ex 2 We had not bought four dozen bananas.
Weeks / Days/ Months/ etc) ge pkj ntZu osQys ugha [kjhn pqoQs FksA
Years/ Minutes etc
Ex 3 Why had he beaten his brother?
For + Hours/ Weeks/ Since + Name of the
Years/ Centuries/ parts of the days (noon, mlus vius HkkbZ dks D;ksa ihVk Fkk\
Decades/ Days evening, etc) Rule : tc fdlh okD; esa nks ,sls dk;ks± dk cks/ gks] ftlesa ,d
Since + o'clock/ p.m. dk;Z igys lekIr gks pqdk gks vkSj nwljk dk;Z igys dk;Z osQ oqQN
/a.m. le; ckn lekIr gqvk] rks&
Since + Name of the TT igys lekIr gq, dk;Z osQ fy, & Past Perfect Tense
festivals (Deepawali/ TT ckn esa lekIr gq, dk;Z osQ fy, & Past Indefinite Tense
Holi etc)
Ex 1 The teachers had come before the principal
Since + Childhood/
youth/ old age/ left.
adulthood etc izkpk;Z osQ tkus ls igys f'k{kd vk x, FksA
Ex 1 My mother has cooked for the last two hours. Ex 2 As soon as she had finished her food, she went
to sleep.
esjh ek¡ us fiNys nks ?kaVs ls [kkuk cuk;k gqvk gSA
T;ksga h mlus viuk [kkuk lekIr fd;k Fkk] og lksus pyh xbZA
Ex 2 She has studied for an hour.
Ex 3 I studied after she had slept.
mlus ,d ?kaVs rd i<+kbZ dh gSA mlosQ lks tkus osQ ckn eSua s i<+kbZ dhA
Ex 3 Sita has wept for hours. Ex 4 When Ravi reached the railway station, the
lhrk ?kaVksa jksbZ gSA train had left.
Ex 4 Mohan has worked on the computer since
tc jfo jsyos LVs'ku igqp
¡ k] rc jsyxkM+h tk pqdh FkhA
monday. Future Perfect Tense
eksgu us lkseokj ls oaQI;wVj ij dke fd;k gSA ftu okD;ksa osQ var esa fozQ;k osQ lkFk ^pqdk gksxk] pqdh gksxh] pqoQs
Ex 5 They have gone to Delhi since evening. gksx]as ;k gksxa k] bZ gksxh] , gksxa *s bR;kfn 'kCn vkrs gSa vkSj dk;Z Hkfo";
os 'kke ls fnYyh pys x;s gSAa esa [kRe gks pqdk gksxk] ogk¡ Future Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
Ex 6 I have not slept properly since Deepawali.
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
nhikoyh osQ ckn ls eSa Bhd ls lks;k ugha gwA¡
Subject + Subject + Will/shall + Subject +
Past Perfect Tense will/shall will/shall + not + have + V IIIrd +
+ have + have + not Object + etc + ?
ftu okD;ksa osQ var esa fozQ;k osQ lkFk ^pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqoQs Fks]
V IIIrd + + V IIIrd Q.W. + will/shall +
;k Fkk] bZ Fkh] ;s Fks] , Fks* bR;kfn 'kCn vkrs gSa vkSj ,d dk;Z fdlh Object + etc + Object + Subject + not + have
nwljs dk;Z osQ 'kq: gksus ls igys gh lekIr gks pqdk gks] rks Past etc. + V IIIrd + Object +
Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA etc + ?
Ex 1 esjh cgu diM+s bL=kh dj pqdh gksxhA
My sister will have ironed the clothes.
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Ex 2 os viuk dk;Z lekIr ugha dj pqoQs gksxa As TT ckn esa lekIr gksus okyk dk;Z & Present Indefinite
Tense
They will not have finished their work.
Ex 1 He will have gone to the temple before you
Ex 3 vej ;g dk;Z D;ksa iwjk ugha dj pqdk gksxk\
read the book.
Why will Amar not have completed this work?
mlosQ fdrkc i<+us ls igys og eafnj tk pqdk gksxkA
Ex 4 vxys lIrkg bl le; rd] eSa vesfjdk osQ fy, jokuk gks
vfuf'pr le; (for) fuf'pr le; (since/from)
pqdk gksÅx¡ kA
Hours & ?kaVs Name of months
By this time next week, I will have left for
America. Minutes & feuV Name of days
Days & fnuksa Name of the parts of the
Rule : Future Perfect Tense esa By + Name of day
months, By + Name of days, By + Name of part of
Months & eghuksa O' clock/P.M./A.M.
days, etc Time expressing words (le; lwpd 'kCnks)
a
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Years & o"kks± Name of the festivals
Weeks & lIrkg Stages of life
Rule : ftu okD;ksa esa nks ,sls dk;ks± dk cks/ gks] ftlesa ,d dk;Z
igys lekIr gks pqdk gks vkSj nwljk dk;Z igys dk;Z osQ oqQN le; Centuries & 'krkCnh Name of the seasons
i'pkr lekIr gks] rks mlosQ fy,& Decades & n'kdksa
TT igys lekIr gqvk dk;Z & Future Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous

Subject + has/have + been + Subject + had + been + V Ist ing Subject + will/shall + have been
V Ist ing + Object + etc + since/ + Object + etc + since/for + time + V Ist ing + Object + etc + from/
for + time for + time
Subject + has/have + not + been Subject + had + not + been + Subject + will/shall + not + have
+ V Ist ing + Object + etc + since/ V Ist ing + Object + etc + since/ + been + V Ist ing + Object + etc +
for + time for + time from/for + time
Has/have + Subject + not + been Had + Subject + not + been + Will/Shall + Subject + not + have
+ V Ist ing + Object + etc + since/ V Ist ing + Object + etc + since/for been + V Ist ing + Object + etc +
for + time + ? + time + ? from/for + time + ?
Q.W. + has/have + Subject + not Q.W. + had + Subject + not + been Q.W. + will/shall + Subject + not
+ been + V Ist ing + Object + etc + + V Ist ing + Object + etc + since/ + have been + V Ist ing + Object +
since/for + time + ? for + time + ? etc + for/from + time + ?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense

ftu okD;ksa osQ var esa fozQ;k osQ lkFk ^jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gS*a 'kCn ftu okD;ksa osQ var esa fozQ;k osQ lkFk ^jgk Fkk] jgs Fks] jgh Fkh* 'kCn
vkrs gSa vkSj lkFk esa fuf'pr ;k vfuf'pr le; fn;k gks rFkk dk;Z vkrs gSa vkSj lkFk esa fuf'pr ;k vfuf'pr le; fn;k gks rFkk tks
Hkwrdky (Past) ls 'kq: gksdj orZeku (Present) esa Hkh tkjh dk;Z fufnZ"V le; ls Past esa tkjh Fks] muosQ fy, Past Perfect
gks] rks Present Perfect Continuous Tense dk iz;ksx fd;k Continuous Tense iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
tkrk gSA Ex 1 og pkj fnuksa ls ikS/ksa esa ikuh ugha ns jgk FkkA
has been & ,dopu osQ lkFk He had not been watering the plants for four
have been & cgqopu osQ lkFk days.
Ex 2 og lkseokj ls LowQy ugha tk jgk FkkA
Ex 1 eSa 2012 ls bl edku esa jg jgk gwA¡ He had not been going to school since Monday.
I have been living in this house since 2012. Ex 3 og nks ?kaVs ls fozQosQV D;ksa [ksy jgk Fkk\
Ex 2 og ik¡p cts ls ugha lks jgk gSA Why had he been playing cricket for two
He has not been sleeping since 5 O' clock. hours?
Ex 3 og rhu fnu ls ml O;fDr dks D;ksa /edk jgk gSA

Why has he been threatening that person for Future Perfect Continuous Tense
three days? ftu okD;ksa osQ var esa fozQ;k osQ lkFk ^jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs
gksxa *s bR;kfn 'kCn vkrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh muesa fuf'pr ;k vfuf'pr
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le; fn;k gks] vkSj okD; tc Hkfo"; esa dksbZ dk;Z oqQN le; for two days.
rd yxkrkj tkjh jgus dk cks/ djk;s rks ogk¡ Future Perfect Ex 2 jfo ,d ?kaVk rd i=k ugha fy[k jgk gksxkA
Continuous Tense dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Ravi will not have been writing a letter for an
Ex 1 og nks fnuksa ls ,d gh fiQYe ns[k jgk gksxkA hour.
He will have been watching the same movie

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

Direction: Find out which part of the sentence email. (c)/ No error (d)
has an error and select the appropriate option. If a (a) a (b) b
sentence is free from error, select 'No error'. (c) c (d) d
1. As soon as I will reach (a)/ Delhi, I will send 10. I have went through the write-ups guideline
you (b)/ the books you have asked for. (c)/ No (a)/ too but still want to clear on mail (b)/
error (d) communication for topic confirmation. (c)/ No
(a) a (b) b error (d)
(c) c (d) d (a) a (b) b
2. We were living (a)/ in Canada for (b)/ around (c) c (d) d
eight years. (c)/ No error (d) 11. I use to bunk classes to sneak in the (a)/
(a) a (b) b library and most of my class notebooks (b)/
(c) c (d) d were filled with poems and essays. (c)/ No
3. In order to reach his office on time (a)/ Rohan error (d)
has jogged two miles a day (b)/ until he bought (a) a (b) b
his bike. (c)/ No error (d) (c) c (d) d
(a) a (b) b 12. Many firms fail because when they begin (a)/
(c) c (d) d exporting, they have not research the (b)/
4. I finished my household chores (a)/ before he target markets or have not planned enough.
reached (b)/ my place after so long. (c)/ No (c)/ No error (d)
error (d) (a) a (b) b
(a) a (b) b (c) c (d) d
(c) c (d) d 13. This will explains the decision taken (a)/ to
5. The Manager warned his team members (a)/ impose a blockade on the country in (b)/ the
that if they persist in their (b)/ obstructionist midst of a crisis. (c)/ No error (d)
attitude they would be punished. (c)/No error (a) a (b) b
(d) (c) c (d) d
(a) a (b) b 14. As several studies shows over (a)/ the years,
(c) c (d) d the annual data is useful in (b)/ reviewing
6. A raise is important (a)/ since one had to beat trends of extreme events. (c)/ No error (d)
(b)/ rising prices. (c)/ No error (d) (a) a (b) b
(a) a (b) b (c) c (d) d
(c) c (d) d 15. You occasionally stop to admire the
7. A lot of efforts may (a)/ fell like they (b)/ are intellectual (a)/ scenery, or you sometimes
going unnoticed. (c)/ No Error (d) retrace your steps (b)/ to make sure you had
(a) a (b) b seen everything. (c)/ No error (d)
(c) c (d) d (a) a (b) b
8. What a comfort to see that you (a)/ have (c) c (d) d
organizing and planning (b)/ everything for 16. India, a country of more than 1 billion (a)/
us. (c)/ No error (d) population, is emerged as the (b)/ economic
(a) a (b) b superpower of the world. (c)/ No error (d)
(c) c (d) d (a) a (b) b
9. Please note that you will be eligible for (a)/ (c) c (d) d
the voucher only if you (b)/ had received this 17. Radium is so expensive that you (a)/ could be
a millionaire if you own (b)/ only half a pound
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12 Conditional Sentences

Definition (ifjHkk"kk)
Were I a Spider Man, I climbed up a building.
(û)
Conditional sentences (l'krZ okD;) nks Hkkxksa ls feydj
Ex 2 I wish I had been there, when you won the
cus gksrs gSa&
championship. (ü)
1. Main Clause ;k Principal Clause
dk'k! eSa ogk¡ gksrk] tc vkius pSafi;uf'ki thrhA
2. If Clause ;k Subordinate Clause I wish I were there, when you won the
Conditional Sentences esa oqQN 'krZ lwpd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx championship. (û)
gksrk gS] tSls& Rule 2 : Future dh Real ;k Possible Condition crkus
Unless ..... , ;fn ------ ugha osQ fy, Present Tense esa Conditional Sentence dk
(blosQ lkFk not dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS) structure bl izdkj gS&
If ...... vxj TT If + present indefinite, future indefinite
As soon as tSls gh ----------- oSls gh Ex 1 If he goes there, I will beat him. (ü)
As long as/So long as & tc rd vxj og ogk¡ tk;sxk] rks eSa mls ihVwxkA
Until ..... , tc rd ----- ugha If he will go there, I will beat him. (û)
(blosQ lkFk not dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS) Ex 2 If she reads the book, I will not read it. (ü)
No sooner ..... than & tSls gh ----- oSls gh vxj og ml fdrkc dks i<+sxh] rks eSa ugha i<w¡xhA
Provided & c'krsZ If she will read that book, I will not read it. (û)
Ex 1 If it rained, you would get wet. Rule 3 : Past tense esa Conditional Sentence dk
vxj ckfj'k gksrh rks vki Hkhx tkrsA structure (if + past indefinite, sub + would + V Ist)
blls past dh dksjh dYiuk dk cks/ djk;k tkrk gSA
Ex 2 I would have believed you if you hadn't lied to
me before. Ex 1 If I had new dress, I would go to the party. (ü)
eSaus rqe ij fo'okl fd;k gksrk vxj rqeus eq>ls igys >wB vxj esjs ikl ubZ iks'kkd gksrh] rks eSa ikVhZ esa tkrhA
ugha cksyk gksrkA If I have new dress, I would go to the party.
Ex 3 You can borrow the car so long as you don't (û)
drive too fast. Ex 2 If he came to Delhi, she would meet me. (ü)
If he came to Delhi, she will meet me. (û)

vki dkj m/kj ys ldrs gSa tc rd fd vki cgqr rst
Ex 3 If I were a king, I would rule the world. (ü)
ugha pykrs gSaA
vxj eSa ,d jktk gksrk] rks eSa lkjh nqfu;k ij jkt djrkA
Rule 1 : ;fn fdlh okD; esa If, As if, If only, I wish, We If I was a king, I would rule the world. (û)
wish, He wishes, etc osQ lkFk Present dh Imaginary
Rule 4 : Past dh unreal ;k Imaginary Situation
Situation gS] rks V IInd/were dk iz;ksx vkSj ;fn Past dh
(dkYifud fLFkfr) dks crkus osQ fy, past perfect tense esa
Imaginary Situation (dkYifud fLFkfr) gS] rks had + V
Conditional Sentence dk structure bl izdkj gS&
IIIrd dk use gksrk gSA
TT If + Subject + were + ..... , Subject + would + V
If past perfet (had + V IIIrd), sub + would + have +
Ist V IIIrd) ;k
TT If + Subject + had + V III ....., Subject + V II (Had + sub + V IIIrd + Object; Sub + would + have
+ V IIIrd)
Ex 1 Were I a Spider Man, I would climb up a
building. (ü) Ex 1 If he had seen me, he would have stopped me.
(ü)
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vxj mlus eq>s ns[kk gksrk] rks og eq>s jksd ysrkA Rule 6:
If he had seen me, he will have stopped me. 1- okD; esa If clause, Simple Main clause esa
(û) laHkkouk rks Present Tense esa will osQ LFkku ij

Had he seen me, he would have stopped me. (V Ist) may/might
(ü)
2- okD; esa lykg If clause, Simple Main clause esa
Rule 5: ;fn fdlh Conditional sentence esa lkoZHkkSfed
;k mins'k rks Present esa (V Ist) will osQ LFkku ij
lR; osQ fo"k; esa ckr gqbZ vkSj okD; orZeku esa gS ;k fdlh must/should
General Truth esa gS] rks Main Clause, Present
Ex1 If she cries, she may get punished. (ü)
Indefinite Tense esa Hkh curk gSA ,sls okD;ksa esa If + Simple
If she cries, she will get punished. (û)
Present, Simple Present dk Rule, follow fd;k tkrk gSA Ex2 If my mother wants to be healthy, she should
Ex If they touch a fire, they get burned. (ü) go for a walk daily. (ü)

If they touch a fire, they will get burned. (û) If my mother wants to be healthy, she will
go for a walk daily. (û)

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

1. If you will finish your homework I (a)/ will (c) I am getting
give you (b)/ an ice-cream. (c)/ No error (d) (d) a good deal of experience
(a) a (b) b 9. If you had ............ you would have certainly
(c) c (d) d got the scholarship.
2. Had she not known (a)/ about it she should (a) worked hard (b) been worked hard
(b)/ have stayed longer. (c)/ No error (d) (c) work hard (d) have worked hard
(a) a (b) b 10. Nisha will be happy if you (will recognise her)
(c) c (d) d work.
3. If I was he, (a)/ I wouldn't (b)/ accept this gift. (a) would have recognise her
(c)/ No error (d) (b) recognise her
(a) a (b) b (c) will be recognising her at
(c) c (d) d (d) No improvement
4. If you had (a)/ told me earlier (b)/ I will help 11. ............ you work hard, you cannot succeed.
you. (c)/ No error (d) (a) If (b) Till
(a) a (b) b (c) Until (d) Unless
(c) c (d) d 12. If Shruti had worked hard she ......... got the
5. If she was marrying Mr. Gupta (a)/ she would job.
have been (b)/ recognized as Mrs. Gupta. (c)/ (a) will had (b) would have
No error (d) (c) can have (d) shall have
(a) a (b) b 13. If you don't like mathematics at school, you
(c) c (d) d don't like it at college too.
6. If I was he (a)/ I wouldn't (b)/ accept the offer. (a) No improvement
(c)/ No error (d) (b) you haven't liked it at college too
(a) a (b) b (c) you will not like it at college too
(c) c (d) d (d) you are not liking it at college too
7. If the car hadn’t broken down we will be at 14. If I meet him, I .......... give him your message.
the office now. (a) could (b) will
(a) If the car (c) should (d) would
(b) we will be 15. If the economy fails/ this year it reflect badly/
(c) hadn't broken down on the government.
(d) at the office (a) this year it reflect badly
8. If I join a software company I am getting a (b) No error
good deal of experience. (c) on the government
(a) If I join (d) If the economy fails
(b) a software company 16. If he is more careful, he wouldn't have had an
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13 Voice

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) ij verb osQ vuqlkj Other prepositions dk iz;ksx Hkh

The form of a verb that shows whether the main fd;k tkrk gSA
subject of the verb is the subject or the object. (fozQ;k Active Passive
dk og :i ftlls ;g irk pyrk gS fd fozQ;k dk eq[; fo"k; V Ist form Is/Am/Are/ + V IIIrd form
dÙkkZ ;k deZ gSA) V IInd form Was/Were + V IIIrd form
vFkkZr dÙkkZ }kjk dksbZ dk;Z directly or indirectly fd;k Will/Shall + V Ist Will/Shall + be + V IIIrd
tkrk gSA Is/Am/Are + V I + Is/Am/Are + being + V IIIrd
Voice ing
Was/Were + V + ing Was/Were + being + V IIIrd
Will/Shall + be + V Will/Shall + being + V IIIrd
Active Passive
ing
Voice Voice
Has/Have + V IIIrd Has/Have + been + V IIIrd
dr`ZokP; deZokP; Had + V IIIrd Had + been + V IIIrd
TT oqQN egÙoiw.kZ fu;eksa ij è;ku nsuk vfuok;Z gS& Will/Shall | Have + Will/Shall + have been +
V III IIIrd
1. Active voice ls Passive voice esa cnyrs le; Active
Modal + V I Modal + V IIIrd
sentence osQ Subject dks Object esa rFkk Object dks
Modal + have + V Modal + have been + V IIIrd
Subject esa Change djrs gSAa
IIIrd
2. Passive okD; osQ Subject osQ vuqlkj Auxiliary verb
Modals Modals + be + V IIIrd
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Continous (V ing) being + V3
3. Main verb dh IIIrd form dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
4. By (preposition) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ LFkkuksa Has/Have/Had Has/Have/Had + been + V
IIIrd

Tense Active Passive

Present Indefinite Subject + V Ist + s ;k es + Object + etc Object + is/am/are + V IIIrd + by +
subject + etc (.)
Subject + do/does + not + V Ist + Object Object + is/am/are + not + V IIIrd + by
+ etc (.) + subject + etc (.)
Q.W. + do/does + subject + not + V Ist + Q.W. + is/am/are + Object + not + V
Object + etc + ? IIIrd + by + subject + etc + ?
Present Continuous Subject + is/am/are + V I + ing + object Object + is/are/am + being + V IIIrd +
+ etc (.) by + subject + etc (.)
Subject + is/am/are + not + V Ist + ing Object + is/am/are + not + being + V
+ object + etc. IIIrd + by + subject + etc (.)
Q.W. + is/am/are + subject + not + V Ist Q.W. + is/am/are + object + not + being
+ ing + object + etc ? + V IIIrd + by + subject + etc + ?

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Present Perfect Subject + has/have + V IIIrd + object + Object + has/have + been + V IIIrd + by
etc (.) + subject + etc (.)
Subject + has/have + not + V IIIrd + Object + has/have + not + been + V
object + etc (.) IIIrd + by + subject + etc (.)
Q.W. + has/have + subject + not + V Q.W. + has/have + object + not + been +
IIIrd + object + etc + ? V IIIrd + by + subject + etc + ?
Ex-1 Sameer writes a letter. (Active) Ex-8 My grandfather has not cut the tree. (Active)
A letter is written by Sameer. (Passive) The tree has not been cut by my grandfather.
Ex-2 She does not sing a song. (Active) (Passive)
A song is not sung by her. (Passive) Ex-9 Why has Sita not written a letter? (Active)
Ex-3 Why do you not watch the match? (Active) Why has a letter not been written by Sita?
Why is the match not watched by you? (Passive)
(Passive) TT Who ls cuus okys okD; esa by dk iz;ksx Whom osQ lkFk
Ex-4 The children are making a noise. (Active) (by whom) fd;k tkrk gSA
A noise is being made by the children.
Ex-1 Who calls you? (Active)
(Passive)
Ex-5 She is not helping you. (Active)
By whom are you called? (Passive)
You are not being helped by her. (Passive) ;k
Ex-6 Why is Mohan not taking tea? (Active) Who are you called by? (Passive)
Why is tea not being taken by Mohan? Ex-2 Who has stolen the jug? (Active)
(Passive)
By whom has the jug been stolen? (Passive)
Ex-7 You have washed the clothes. (Active)
;k
The clothes have been washed by you.
(Passive) Who has the jug been stolen by? (Passive)
Tense Active Passive
Past Indefinite Subject + V IInd + object + etc (.) Object + was/were + V IIIrd + by + subject
+ etc (.)
Subject + did not + V Ist + object + etc (.) Object + was/were + not + V IIIrd + by +
subject + etc (.)
Q.W. + did + subject + not + V Ist + Q.W. + was/were + object + not + V IIIrd +
object + etc + ? by + subject + etc + ?
Past Continuous Subject + was/were + V Ist + ing + object Object + was/were + being + V IIIrd + by +
+ etc (.) subject + etc (.)
Subject + was/were + not + V Ist + ing + Object + was/were + not + being + V IIIrd
object + etc (.) + by + subject + etc (.)
Q.W. + was/were + subject + not + V Ist Q.W. + was/were + object + not + being +
+ ing + object + etc + ? V IIIrd + by + subject + etc + ?
Past Perfect Subject + had + V IIIrd + object + etc (.) Object + had + been + V IIIrd + by +
subject + etc (.)
Subject + had + not + V IIIrd + object Object + had + not + been + V IIIrd + by +
+ etc (.) subject + etc (.)
Q.W. + had + subject + not + V IIIrd + Q.W. + had + object + not + been + V IIIrd
object + etc + ? + by + subject + etc + ?
Ex 1 The waiter filled the cup with tea. (Active) Ex 3 Why did my father give him the money?
The cup was filled with tea by the waiter. (Active)
(Passive) Why was he given the money by my father.
Ex 2 He did not read this book. (Active) (Passive)
This book was not read by him. Passive) Ex 4 My father was writting a letter. (Active)
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A letter was being written by my father. Ex 8 The carpenter had made the furniture before
(Passive) the master came. (Active)
Ex 5 The postman was not delivering the letters. The furnitrue had been made by the carpenter
(Active) before the master came. (Passive)
The letters were not being delivered by the Ex 9 The children has not completed their
postman. (Passive) homework. (Active)
Ex 6 Why were they calling me? (Active) Their homework had not been completed by
Why was I being called by them? (Passive) the children. (Passive)
Ex 7 Mother had cooked food. (Active) Ex10 Who had called you at the door? (Active)
Food had been cooked by mother. (Passive) By whom had you been called at the door?
(Passive)
Tense Active Passive
Future Indefinite Subject + will/shall + V Ist + object + Object + will/shall + be + V IIIrd + by +
etc (.) subject + etc.
Subject + will/shall + not + V Ist + Object + will/shall + not + be + V IIIrd +
object + etc (.) by + subject + etc (.)
Q.W. + will/shall + subject + not + V Ist Q.W. + will/shall + object + not + be + V
+ object + etc + ? IIIrd + by + subject + etc + ?
Future Perfect Subject + will/shall + have + V IIIrd + Object + will/shall + have been + V IIIrd
object + etc (.) + by + subject + etc (.)
Subject + will/shall + not + have + V Object + will/shall + not + have been + V
IIIrd + object + etc (.) IIIrd + by + subject + etc (.)
Q.W. + will/shall + subject + not + have Q.W. + will/shall + object + not + have
+ V IIIrd + object + etc + ? been + V IIIrd + by + subject + etc + ?

Ex 1 I shall purchase a mobile. (Active) Rule : Modal auxiliary verbs dks okD;ksa esa Active ls
A mobile shall be purchased by me. (Passive) Passive cukus osQ fy, fuEu Rules dks follow fd;k tkrk
Ex 2 You will not play a flute. (Active) gS&
A flute will not be played by you. (Passive)
Active : Subject + modal verb + verb Ist form +
Ex 3 Why will Sita read the Ramayana. (Active)
object + etc (.)
Why will the Ramayana be read by Sita.
(Passive) Passive : Object + modal verb + be + V IIIrd + by +
Ex 4 I shall have done this work. (Active) subject + etc ).)
This work has been done by me. (Passive) Active : Subject + modal verb + not + V Ist + object
Ex 5 You will not have drunk the water. (Active) + etc (.)
The water will not have been drunk by you. Passive : Object + modal verbs + not be + V IIIrd +
(Passive) by + subject + etc (.)
Ex 6 Why will she have washed these clothes? Active : Q.W. + modal verb + subject + not + V Ist
(Active) + object + etc + ?
Why will these clothes have been washed by Passive : Q.W. + Modal verb + object + not be + V
her? (Passive) IIIrd + by + subject + etc + ?
TT Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect
Modal auxiliary verbs : Could, Can, May, Might,
Continuous, Future Continuous vkSj Future Should, Would, Must, Ought, Shall, Will, etc.
Perfect Continuous dks passive esa change ugha Ex 1 She can write English. (Active)
fd;k tkrk gSA English can be written by her. (Passive)
TT By osQ ckn ges'kk Objective pronoun dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Ex 2 They may not read this page. (Active)
Subjective Objective Subjective Objective This page may not be read by them. (Passive)
I Me She Her Ex 3 Why should you not respect your countrymen?
(Active)
You You He Him
Why should your countrymen not be respected
We Us They Them by you? (Passive)
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Rule : tks okD; Indefinite pronoun ;k noun ls 'kq: gksrs Ex 3 Don't insult the poor. (Active)
gSa] mu okD;ksa dks Active ls Passive esa change djrs le; Let the poor not be insulted. (Passive)
By + subject dk iz;ksx djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA Ex 4 Help the needy person. (Active) (suggestion)
The needy person should be helped. (Passive)
Ex 1 Someone has stolen my pen. (Active)
Ex 5 Sit down. (Active)
My pen has been stolen. (by someone (û))
(Passive) You are ordered to sit down. (Passive)
Ex 2 Nobody can leave her. (Active) Rule : tks Imperative okD; let ls 'kq: gksrs gSa] muosQ fy,
She can not be left. (Passive) Let + Direct object + be + V IIIrd + by + Indirect
Ex 3 People gave him a lot of love. (Active) object) osQ fu;e dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
He was given a lot of love. (Passive) Ex 1 Let him read the book. (Active)
TT tks okD; there + verb + noun + to + V Ist osQ fu;e (ind. Obj.) (Direct Obj.)
ij cus gksrs gS]a muosQ Passive cukrs le; there + verb Let the book be read by him. (Passive)
+ noun + to be + V III dks follow (vuqlj.k) fd;k Ex 2 Let you drink water. (Active)
tkrk gSA Let water be drunk by you.
Ex 1 There is no way to go. (Active) Rule : tks okD; Let us ls 'kq: gksrs gSa vkSj muls fdlh
There is no way to be gone. (Passive) suggestion (lykg) dk Hkko fn[ks] rks bUgsa Passive esa
Ex 2 There was time to fight. (Active) cnyus osQ fy, It is suggested that + we + should +
There was time to be fought. (Passive) Verb Ist dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 3 There is something to tell. (Active)
Ex 1 Let us sleep. (Active)
There is something to be told. (Passive)
It is suggested that we should sleep. (Passive)
TT ftu okD;ksa esa Is/Am/Are/Was/Were/Has/Have/Had
Ex 2 Let us swim. (Active)
+ to + V Ist dk iz;ksx gks] og okD; Passive esa Change It is suggested that we should swim. (Passive)
djus osQ fy, Object + is/am/are/was/were/has/ Ex 3 Let us dance together. (Active)
have/had + to + be + VIII + by + subject dk It is suggested that we should dance together.
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA (Passive)
Ex 1 He has to do this work. (Active) Rule : tc fdlh okD; esa It + verb + noun + to + V
This work has to be done by him. (Passive) Ist + object dk fu;e Follow fd;k tkrk gS] ml okD; dks
Ex 2 Sita had to scold her son. (Active) Passive esa change djrs le; It + verb + noun + for
Her son had to be scolded by Sita. (Passive) + object + to be + V IIIrd dk fu;e follow (vuqlj.k)
Ex 3 She is to buy a pen. (Active) fd;k tkrk gSA
A pen is to be bought by her. (Passive)
Ex 1 It is time to read the book. (Active)
Rule : Imperative sentence dks Passive esa change It is time for the book to be read. (Passive)
djus osQ fy, fuEu fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA& Ex 2 It is time to eat food. (Active)
1. Let + object + be + V IIIrd It is time for food to be eaten. (Passive)
;k Ex 3 It is time to wash the clothes. (Active)
You are ordered/advised/requested etc + to + It is time for the clothes to be washed.
verb Ist + object (Passive)

2. Object + should + be + V IIIrd. (suggestion osQ Rule : ftl Active okD; esa Prepositions dk iz;ksx gksrk
fy,) gS] mu Prepositions osQ lkFk Hkh by dk iz;ksx dj okD; dks
Passive okD; esa cnyk tkrk gSA
Ex 1 Give me a book. (Active)

Let a book be given. (Passive) Ex 1 He has come to this conclusion. (Active)
This conclusion has been come to by him.
;k (Passive)
You are requested to give me a book. (Passive) Ex 2 The man laughed at you. (Active)
Ex 2 Kindly post this letter. (Active) You were laughed at by the man. (Passive)
You are requested to post this letter. (Passive)
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Rule : oqQN Verbs ,slh gksrh gSa ftuesa By osQ LFkku ij Ex 1 Mother bids the children go. (Active)
Passive okD; esa muosQ lkFk iz;ksx gksus okyh Preposition The children are bidden to go by mother.
iz;ksx gksrh gSaA (Passive)
Ex 2 She makes them finish all the work. (Active)
Ex 1 They pleased the teacher. (Active)
They are made to finish all the work by her.
The teacher was pleased with them. (Passive (Passive)
(ü)
The teacher was pleased by them. (û) Rule : tc dksbZ okD; that clause ls tqM+k gS rks bldk
Ex 2 He has amazed his parents. (Active) passive voice cukus osQ fy, It + auxiliary verb +
His parents have been amazed at him.(ü) V IIIrd + that + clause dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ;fn
(Passive) fdlh okD; esa know/report/say/think/claim/consider/
His parents have been amazed by him. (û) believe/find vkfn verbs vk;h gSa rksA
Ex 3 My teacher satisfied me. (Active) (ü) Ex 1 People believe that the politicians are corrupt.
I was satisfied with my teacher. (ü) (Passive) (Active)
I was satisfied by my teacher. (û) It is believed that the politicians are corrupt.
(Passive)
Pre- Pre-
Verb Verb
;k
positions positions
acquainted to Digusted at The politicians are believed to be corrupt.
astonished at dressed in Ex 2 They know that laborers are hardworking.
absorbed in engaged in (Active)
It is known that laborers are hard working.
annoyed at impressed with
(Passive)
based on obliged to
;k
confused with prepared for
committed to scared of
Laborers are known to be hard working.
Ex 3 Everbody thinks that the scientists are
compared to worried about
intelligent. (Active)
Rule : ;fn fdlh Active okD; esa Bid, Make, Help, See, It is tought that the scientists are intelligent.
Watch, Hear, Let dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks muosQ lkFk Passive (Passive)
esa to (infinitive) dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] D;ksafd bu Verbs dks ;k
Bare infinitive dgrs gSaA ;s Active okD; esa Without 'to' The scientists are tought to be intelligent.
iz;ksx gksrh gSA (Passive)

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

Direction: Change the following active voice tense 9. Somebody told me that there had been a
into passive voice tenses. robbery in the jewellery exhibition.
1. Why do you waste money? 10. He saw him conducting the seminar on
personality development.
2. The homeowners remodelled the house to
help it sell. 11. The residents celebrated Diwali.
3. The director will give you instructions. 12. Who teaches you Mathematics?
4. Ram was singing a beautiful song for his 13. He shall have bought a car.
mother. 14. I hope that I shall win this dance competition.
5. Please guide me. 15. I saw him leaving the movie theatre.
6. After driving Dr. Bose to the hospital he 16. The tutor always answers the students'
dropped him at his guest house. questions.
7. She teaches us English. 17. The travel agent is making all the reservations.
8. The kids were laughing at the old lady. 18. The maid vacuums and dusts the house
everyday.
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14 Narration

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) og ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gSA

A sentence is a group of words that makes a complete Ex 2 Riya is not a good singer.
sense. It (sentence) contains subject, predicate,
fj;k ,d vPNh xkf;dk ugha gSA
object, phrase and complement. (okD;] 'kCnksa dk ,d
,slk lewg gS ftlls iw.kZ vFkZ fudyrk gSA blesa fo"k;] fo/s;] 2. Interrogative Sentences (iz'uokpd okD;)
deZ] okD;ka'k vkSj iwjd 'kkfey gksrs gSaA) bu okD;ksa esa iz'u iwNus osQ Hkko dk cks/ gksrk gSA
TT A sentence must contain a main verb. (,d okD; Interrogative words (iz'uokpd 'kCn) % Who (dkSu)]
esa fozQ;k vo'; gksuh pkfg,) Where (dgk¡)] Why (D;ksa)] When (dc)] How (oSQls)]
Ex 1 Eating the cat cake a is (No sense) Whom (fdldks)] Whose (fdldk) vkfnA

The cat is eating a cake. igpku% Question Mark = ?
fcYyh ,d osQd [kk jgh gSA Ex 1 Who is calling you?
Ex 2 That not is he fine says he (No sense) rqEgsa dkSu cqyk jgk gS\

He says that he is not fine. Ex 2 Where do you live?
og dgrk gS fd og Bhd ugha gSA rqe dgk¡ jgrs gks\
Ex 3 eats apple an she (No sense) Ex 3 How are you?

She eats an apple. rqe oSQls gks\
og lsc [kkrh gSA 3. Imperative Sentence (vkKklwpd okD;)
Classification of Sentences ftu okD;ksa ls fdlh lykg] vkKk] izkFkZuk] fu"ks/ vkfn osQ Hkko dk
(okD;ksa dk oxhZdj.k) cks/ gksrk gS] mUgsa Imperative Sentence dgrs gSAa
1. Assertive Sentence (fof/ lwpd okD;) Ex 1 Don't go there. (Order & vkns'k)
2. Interrogative Sentence (iz'uokpd okD;) ogk¡ er tkvksA
3. Imperative Sentence (vkKklwpd okD;) Ex 2 Please, give me a pen. (izkFkZuk & Request)
4. Exclamatory Sentence (foLe;lwpd okD;) o`Qi;k] eq>s ,d isu nsaA
5. Optative Sentence (bPNk lwpd okD;) Ex 3 Let us play ludo.
1. Assertive Sentence pyks] ywMks [ksyrs gSaA
;s nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& Ex 4 Don't spit on the platform.
(i) Affirmative ;k Positive (ldkjkRed) % ;s okD;ksa
IysViQkWeZ ij er Fkwfd,A (fu"ks/ & Prohibition)
osQ ldkjkRed igyq dk cks/ djkrs gSAa Ex 5 Let me go there. (izkFkZuk Request)
eq>s ogk¡ tkus nksA
Ex 1 He is a good boy.
og ,d vPNk yM+dk gSA 4. Exclamatory Sentence
Ex 2 Riya is a good singer. (foLe;kfncks/d okD;)
fj;k ,d vPNh xkf;dk gSA bu okD;ksa ls nq%[k] g"kZ] mYykl] [kq'kh] vk'p;Z vkfn Hkkoksa dk
(ii) Negative (udkjkRed) % ;s okD; osQ udkjkRed igyq cks/ gksrk gSA
dk cks/ djkrs gSAa igpku % Exclamation Mark = !
Ex 1 He is not a good boy. Exclamation Words (foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn) % Alas!,
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Hurrah!, Fie!, Ahha!, Oh! etc Present ;k Future Tense esa gS] rks ml okD; dks Indirect
Ex 1 Hurrah! we have won the match. ([kq'kh) Speech esa change djrs le; Reported Speech osQ
gqj!Zs geus eSp thr fy;k gSA Pronouns dks NksM+dj oqQN ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA
Ex 2 Alas! his only son died. (nq[k) TT Says to - tells esa
vjs! mldk bdykSrk csVk ej x;kA TT say to - tell esa change djrs gSAa
5. Optative Sentence (bPNk lwpd okD;) TT Inverted commas ( " ") dks that esa change djrs gSAa
bu okD;ksa ls bPNk] 'kqHkdkeuk] vk'khokZn vkfn Hkkoksa dk cks/ Ex 1 Radha says to you, "I am very busy."
gksrk gSA (Direct Speech)
Radha tells you that she is very busy.
Ex 1 May you live long! (vk'khokZn)
(Indirect Speech)
vki nh?kkZ;q gks!
Ex 2 They say to me, "You are a naughty boy."
Ex 2 Wish you a happy birthday! ('kqHkdkeuk) (Direct Speech)
vkidks tUefnu dh gkfnZd 'kqHkdkeuk,¡! They tell me that I am a naughty boy.
(Indirect Speech)
Narration (dFku) Rule 2 : ;fn fdlh Direct Speech dh Reporting Verb
Past Tense esa gS] rks okD; esa fuEu ifjorZu gksrs gSa&
Narration nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa&
TT said to - told esa vkSj inverted commas (" ") osQ LFkku
1. Direct Speech % oDrk }kjk dgs x;s 'kCnksa dks Express
ij that dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(O;Dr) djrk gSA
Direct Indirect
2. Indirect Speech : oDrk }kjk dgs x, 'kCnksa dks viuh
Hkk"kk esa O;Dr djrk gSA is/am/are Was/Were
was/were Had been
Ex 1 Ravi said, "I am a good fellow." (Direct speech)
Do/Does Did
Ex 2 Ravi said that he was a good fellow. (Indirect
V Ist + s ;k es V 2nd form
speech)
Did/ V 2nd form Had + V 3rd form
Direct speech osQ nks Hkkx (part) gksrs gSa& 1. Reporting
Has/Have Had
verb 2. Reported speech
Ravi said, " I am a good fellow." Shall/Will Should/Would
(Reporting verb) (Reported speech) Can/May Could/Might
Yesterday The previous day/The day
TT Direct ls Indirect esa change djrs le; first, before
second vkSj third person dks change djus osQ fu;e& Today That day
First Second Third Tonight That night
Person Person Person Last night/day etc The previous night/day etc
(Subject osQ (Object osQ (No change) Tomorrow The next day
vuqlkj) vuqlkj) This That
I - my, mine, You - your, He - him, his, These Those
myself, me yourselves himself Here There
We - us, our, She - her, herself,
Now Then
ourselves They - them, their,
themselves Ago Before
Hence Thence
TT Noun Hkh IIIrd person dk gh Part gksrk gSA
Thus So
Assertive Sentence
Ex 1 You said to him, "I am going to school
fdlh Assertive Sentence dks Direct Speech ls now." (Direct Speech)
Indirect Speech esa cnyus osQ fu;e% You told him that you were going to school
then. (Indirect Speech)
Rule 1 : ;fn fdlh Direct Speech dh Reporting Verb
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Ex 2 She said to us, "You can not beat me." Ex 2 They said to us, "Are they writing letters?"
She told us that we could not beat her. (yes/no type)
Ex 3 My friend said, "He speaks English." They asked us wheather/if they were
My friend said that he spoke English. (ü) writing letter.
My friend told that he spoke English. (û) Ex 3 The student said to the teacher, "Why have
you not punished Sohan?" (Wh-family type)
Rule 3 : ;fn fdlh Direct Speech esa dksbZ Historical The student questioned the teacher why he
Fact (,sfrgkfld rF;)] Proverb (dgkor)] Universal had not punished Sohan.
Truth (lkoZHkkSfed lR;) fn;k x;k gS] rks ml okD; dks
Imperative Sentence
Indirect Speech esa cnyrs le; Reported Speech esa dksbZ
ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA Rule 5 :fdlh Direct speech esa Imperative Sentence
dk iz;ksx gksus ij ml okD; dks Indirect esa change djrs le;
TT said to - told esa vkSj Inverted Commas dks That
fuEu fu;eksa dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS&
esa cnyrs gSAa
TT says to & requests/suggests / orders/ advises
Ex 1 The teacher said, "Indira Gandhi was the first
Indian woman prime minister." bR;kfn esa vkSj
(Historical fact) TT said to & requested/ suggested/ ordered/ forbade
The teacher said that Indira Gandhi was the vkSj advised bR;kfn esa change fd;k tkrk gSA
first Indian woman prime minister.
TT Inverted Commas (" ") osQ LFkku ij conjunction 'to'
Ex 2 My father said, "Honesty is the best policy."
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(Proverb)
My father said that honesty is the best policy. TT Negative okD;ksa esa ;k rks to ls igys not dk iz;ksx ;k
Ex 3 My friend said, "The Earth rotates on its said to osQ LFkku ij Forbade dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
axis." (Universal Truth) TT okD; esa kindly, please yxk gS] rks Indirect speech esa
My friend said that the earth rotates on its bUgsa gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
axis.
Ex 1 He said to me, "Give me a pen."
Interrogative Sentence He requested me to give him a pen.
Rule 4 : ;fn dksbZ Direct Speech Interrogative dk Ex 2 The teacher said to the students, "sit down."
The teacher ordered the students to sit
Hkko fy;s gS] rks ml okD; dks Indirect esa change djus osQ down.
fuEufyf[kr fu;e gksrs gS&a Ex 3 He said to me, "Don't go there".
TT says to - asks/enquires/qestions esa vkSj say to - He ordered me not to go there.
ask/enquire/question esAa ;fn fdlh okD; esa madam ;k sir dk iz;ksx gS] rks Indirect
TT said to - asked/enquired ;k questioned esa change speech esa buosQ LFkku ij respectfully dk iz;ksx dj sir
djrs gSAa ;k madam dks okD; ls gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
TT Interrogative nks izdkj osQ gksrs gS&
a
Ex 4 He said to us, "Please, give me a penny."
Ist type & Yes/No type
IInd type & WH family osQ words gksrs gSAa
(izkFkZuk)
TT Inverted Commas (" ") osQ LFkku ij Ist type esa If/
He requested us to give him a penny.
Ex 5 The student said to the principal, "Sir, please
Whether dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
give me your phone number."
TT Inverted Commas (" ") osQ LFkku ij IInd type esa The student requested the principal
WH family words dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA respectfully to give him his phone number.
TT okD; esa Question mark (?) osQ LFkku ij full stop (.) Rule 6 : fdlh okD; esa ;fn fu"ks/ (Prohibition) dk Hkko
dk iz;ksx dj okD; dks Assertive esa change djrs gSAa gS] rks Indirect Speech esa said to osQ LFkku ij prohibited
TT Enquires/ enquire/ enquired osQ lkFk of dk iz;ksx ;k prevented dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Object osQ ckn
fd;k tkrk gSA from dk iz;ksx dj V Ist form + ing dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 1 He said to me, "Do you want my cap?" Ex 1 He said to them, "Don't spit on the platform."
(yes/no type) He prohibited them from spitting on the
He asked me if I wanted his cap. platform.
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Ex 2 The principal said to the teacher, "Stop Exclamatory Sentence
beating the child."
Rule 9 : ;fn fdlh Direct Speech esa Exclamatory
The principal prevented the teacher from
beating the child. sentence dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks Indirect esa change djrs
le; fuEu ckrksa dk è;ku j[ks&a
Rule 7 : ;fn dksbZ Direct Speech 'Let + him, me,
TT bu okD;ksa ls [kq'kh (Joy), ?k`.kk (Contempt)] vk'p;Z
them, her, noun' bR;kfn ls 'kq: gksrk gS] rks Indirect
(Surprise)] ozQks/ (Anger), i'pkrki (Regret) vkfn
Speech esa change djrs le; fuEu ckrksa dk è;ku j[ks&
a
dk Hkko gksrk gSA
TT ,sls okD;ksa ls vkKk (Order), izkFkZuk (Request), lykg
TT buesa said to osQ LFkku ij&
(Advise), bR;kfn osQ Hkko dk cks/ gksrk gSA
Exclaimed with joy & [kq'kh] g"kZ] mYykl & Hurrah!
TT blesa said to osQ LFkku ij requested, advised, ordered
Exclaimed with surprise & vk'p;Z@foLe; & My
bR;kfn dk Hkko osQ vuqlkj iz;ksx gksrk gSA
goodness.
TT Inverted commas (" ") osQ LFkku ij Conjunction 'to'
Exclaimed with sorrow & nq%[k] 'kksd] & Alas!
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Exclaimed with contempt & ?k`.kk] migkl & Fie!
TT Let dk iz;ksx Indirect Speech esa Hkh gksrk gSA
Applauded + Object + saying & iz'kalk & Bravo!
Ex 1 He said to you, "Let me play now." (izkFkZuk)
TT buesa Inverted Commas (" ") osQ LFkku ij That dk
He requested you to let him play then.
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex 2 Ram said to him, "Let Radha study." (lykg)
Ex 1 She said, "Alas! he died so young."
Ram advised him to let Radha study.
She exclaimed with sorrow that he had
Ex 3 The teacher said to the peon, "Let the students
died so young.
enjoy now."
The teacher ordered the peon to let the Ex 2 He said, "Hurrah! I got a prize."
students enjoy then. He exclaimed with joy that he had got a
prize.
Rule 8 : ;fn fdlh Direct Speech esa Let osQ lkFk us dk
Ex 3 My father said to him, "Bravo! you have done
iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks Indirect Speech esa change djrs le; well."
fuEu fu;eksa dk ikyu djs&a My father applauded him saying that he
TT bu okD;ksa esa said to osQ LFkku ij proposed ;k suggested had done well.
osQ lkFk to dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;fn okD; dh reporting Rule 10 : ;fn fdlh okD; osQ Direct Speech esa
verb esa object dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks& Exclamatory Sentence esa How vkSj What dk iz;ksx
TT Inverted Commas ( " ") osQ LFkku ij That dk iz;ksx exclamation osQ Hkko dks crkrk gS] rks fuEu fu;e dk iz;ksx djsAa
gksrk gSA TT How ;k What osQ LFkku ij Very ;k Great dk iz;ksx
TT Let us osQ LFkku ij they should ;k we should dk gksrk gSA Very - Adjective osQ lkFk vkSj Great - Noun
iz;ksxs fd;k tkrk gSA osQ lkFk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
TT okD; ls let us dks gVk fn;k tkrk gSA TT Said to osQ LFkku ij Exclaimed dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 1 He said to his mother, "Let us go to the TT Inverted Comma (" ") osQ LFkku ij That dk iz;ksx djrs
picnic." (lq>ko) gSa vkSj okD; dks Assertive esa change djrs gSAa
He suggested to his mother that they Ex 1 He said, "How beautiful you are!"
should go to the picnic. He exclaimed that I was very beautiful.
Ex 2 Reetu said to you, "Let us practice the game." Ex 2 They said, "What an idea."
Reetu suggested to you that we should They exclaimed that it was a great idea.
practice the game.
Rule 11 : ;fn fdlh Direct Speech esa Oh that/Oh for/
;k
O that!, Would that!, O!, Oh if! vkfn dk iz;ksx gqvk gS]
Reetu suggested to you that they should
practice the game. rks&
TT ;fn Reporting verb osQ lkFk Object u gks] rks TT Indirect Speech esa said to osQ LFkku ij wished rFkk
Suggested/ Proposed osQ ckn 'to' dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k Inverted Comma osQ LFkku ij That dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tkrk gSA
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TT okD; ls Exclamation Words dks gVk nsrs gSAa Rule 13 : ;fn fdlh Direct Speech esa ^vfHkoknu* osQ Hkko
TT Exclamation Mark (!) osQ LFkku ij Full Stop (.) okys words ('kCnks) a dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] tSls good morning,
yxkdj okD; dks Assertive Sentence esa change djrs good afternoon, good evening, good day etc. rks
gSAa TT said to dk wished vkSj inverted commas dks that

Ex 1 The old lady said, "Alas! My dog died esa vkSj ;fn okD; esa ^fonkbZ* osQ Hkko okys words iz;ksx gq,
yesterday!" gS]a tSls good night, good bye, farewell etc rks
The old lady exclaimed with sorrow that TT said to osQ LFkku ij & bade
her dog had died the previous day.
TT Inverted Commas osQ LFkku ij That dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 2 The captain said, "Hurrah! we have won the
match." TT bu okD;ksa esa fdlh Hkh conjunction dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA

The captain exclaimed with joy that they Ex 1 She said, Good morning, Avni!"
had won the match. She wished Avni good morning.
Optative Sentence Ex 2 Mother said to me, "Good night!"
Mother bade me good night.
Rule 12 : ;fn fdlh Direct speech esa Optative okD;
Rule 14 : fdlh Direct speech esa Must dk iz;ksx present
dk iz;ksx gqvk gS] rks okD; dks Indirect speech esa change
djrs le;& ;k Future Tense esa gksus ij Must dks Indirect speech esa
Had to, Have to, Would Have to, Will Have to, has
TT said to osQ LFkku ij Prayed (izkFkZuk)] Wished
to esa change dj fn;k tkrk gSA
('kqHkdkeuk)] Cursed (vfHk'kki)] Blessed (vk'khokZn)
TT said to - told esa vkSj Inverted Commas (" ") dk
bR;kfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
That esa iz;ksx djrs gSAa
TT Inverted Commas osQ LFkku ij That dk iz;ksxA
Ex 1 She said to me, "He must do it."
TT okD; dks Assertive Sentence esa change djrs gSAa
She told me that he had to do it.
Ex 1 The old lady said, "May God bless you!" Ex 2 Samar said, "I must leave for office next
The old lady prayed that God might bless week."
him. Samar said that he would have to leave for
Ex 2 My friend said, "May you succeed in all your office the following day.
endeavours!"
My friend prayed that I might succeed in all
;fn Direct speech esa must dk iz;ksx fdlh uSfrd
my endeavours. drZO; (Moral duty), fu;e (Rules) ;k ftEesnkjh
Ex 3 The saint said, "May the queen live long!" (Responsibility) vkfn osQ Hkko osQ fy, gqvk gS rks Indirect
The saint blessed that the queen might live speech esa must dk iz;ksx must gh gksxkA
long.
Ex 1 He said, "Everyone must respect the national
;fn okD; esa IInd person gS vkSj Reporting Verb osQ flag".
lkFk Object ugha gS] rks Object lqfo/kuqlkj eku fy;k tkrk He said that evryone must respect the nation
gSA flag. (uSfrd dÙkZO;)

All PYQs asked from 2017 to 2022

Directions (Q. 1-59): Change the following 6. I said to my friends, "let us go to a picnic for a
sentences into Indirect Speech. change".
1. "Please don't cry" he said. 7. Nisha said to Swati, "Will you help me in my
project just now?"
2. The doctor said, "Well, what can I do for you?"
8. Ram said to Rohan, "Don't run so fast."
3. She asked Ravi, "What is worrying you?"
9. "Do you want some more chocolates?" asked
4. "What makes you so sad?" she asked Manoj.
my cousin.
5. The teacher said, "The Earth revolves around
10. Rohan said, "Where shall I be this time next
the sun."
month"
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15 Question Tag

Definition (ifjHkk"kk) shall + not shan't ..... shall .....

Question tag is usually described as a short question should + not shouldn't ..... should .....
following a simple sentence. (Question Tag lkekU;r% will + not won't ..... will .....
fdlh lk/kj.k okD; osQ ckn ,d NksVs iz'u osQ :i esa of.kZr would + not wouldn't ..... would .....
fd;k tkrk gS) may + not mayn't ..... may .....
Ex 1 She works hard, doesn't she? (ü) might + not mightn't ..... might .....
Ex 2 He went to Kanpur with his friend, didn't
he? must + not mustn't ..... must .....
used + not usedn't ..... used .....
Question Tag
ought + not oughtn't ..... ought .....
Question tag osQ fy, fuEu ckrksa dk ikyu djuk
vfuok;Z gS& Marginal auxiliary Negative Affirmative
A. ;fn okD; Positive (ldkjkRed) gS] rks Question Tag verbs + not Q.T. Q.T.
'Negative' (udkjkRed) gksxkA need + not needn't ..... need .....
B. ;fn okD; Negative (udkjkRed) gS] rks Question dare + not daren't ..... dare .....
Tag 'Positive' (ldkjkRed) gksxkA
Rule 1 : fdlh okD; esa Question tags osQ fy, subject
C. Question tag esa ges'kk Auxiliary verb dh
'pronoun ;k there' dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] u fd 'noun' dkA
Contracted forms dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 1 Ravi went to Agra, didn't he? (ü)
Question Tags esa iz;ksx gksus okys Auxiliary Ravi went to Agra, didn't Ravi? (û)
Verbs Ex 2 Nidhi goes to school daily. doesn't she? (ü)
Nidhi goes to school daily, doesn't Nidhi? (û)
Primary auxiliary Negative Affirmative Ex 3 There were many great kings, weren't there?
verbs + not Q.T. Q.T. (ü)
is + not isn't is ...... There were many great kings, weren't kings?
(û)
are + not aren't ..... are ......
am I not aren't I .....? am I? Rule 2: fdlh okD; esa Question tags dk iz;ksx gksus ij
was + not wasn't ....... was ......... question tags esa dHkh Hkh main verb (eq[; fozQ;k) dk
were + not weren't were ..........
iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS] cfYd auxiliary verb (lgk;d fozQ;k)
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
has + not hasn't ...... has ........
Ex 1 My brother fought bravely, didn't fought
have + not haven't ...... have ........ he? (û)
had + not hadn't ..... had ......... My brother fought bravely, didn't he? (ü)
do + not don't ..... do ........ Ex 2 Mohan never tells a lie, does tell he? (û)
Mohan never tells a lie, does he? (ü)
does + not doesn't ........ does
did + not didn't ....... did ........ Rule 3: fdlh okD; esa One/That/This/There/ These/
Those dk iz;ksx okD; osQ Subject osQ :i esa gS] rks blosQ
Modal auxiliary Negative Affirmative fy, Question tags, This o That — it,
verbs + not Q.T. Q.T. These o Those — they,
can + not can't ..... can ...... There — There vkSj
could + not couldn't ..... could ..... one — one dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
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 Rojgar Publication General English
Ex 1 This is my cat, isn't it? (ü) :i esa gqvk gS] rks buosQ fy, Question Tag esa 'It' dk iz;ksx
This is my cat, isn't this? (û) gksrk gSA
Ex 1 That is your pen, isn't it? (ü) Ex 1 Nothing is permanent here, is it? (ü)
That is your pen, isn't that? (û) Nothing is permanent here, are they? (û)
Ex 3 These are very bad, aren't they? (ü) Ex 2 Something has been missed, hasn't it? (ü)
These are very bad, aren't these? (û) Something has been missed, haven't they? (û)
Ex 4 One should not betray one's motherland, Rule 8: Imperative Sentence dk affirmative esa iz;ksx
should one? (ü)
gksus ij fdlh Hkh okD; esa Question Tag 'will you?' ;k
One should not betray one's motherland,
'Won't you?' nksuksa dk iz;ksx gks tkrk gS] tcfd Negative
should he? (û)
Imperative Sentence esa osQoy 'will you?' dk iz;ksx gksrk
Rule 4: ijarq ;fn fdlh okD; esa one/that/this/these/ gSA
those osQ ckn dksbZ noun vk;k gS] rks question tags esa Ex 1 Don't go there, will you? (ü)
noun osQ gender/person/number osQ vuqlkj it/they/ Don't go there, won't you? (û)
she/he vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Ex 2 Don't tell a lie, will you? (ü)
Don't tell a lie, won't you? (û)
Ex 1 This cat is mine, isn't it? (ü)
Ex 3 Give me some pens, won't you? (ü)
This cat is mine, isn't this? (û)
Ex 4 Give me some pens, will you? (ü)
Ex 2 This boy is cute, isn't he? (ü)
Ex 5 Read the book again, will you? (ü)
This boy is cute, isn't this? (û)
Ex 6 Read the book again, won't you? (ü)
Ex 3 These men are very bad, aren't they? (ü)
These men are very bad, aren't these? (û) Rule 9: Let us ;k Let's okys Imperative Sentence esa
Ex 4 One boy should do his work, shouldn't he? Question tag, 'shall we' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(ü) Ex 1 Let us go to picnic, shall we? (ü)
One boy should do his work, shouldn't one? Let us go to picnic, shouldn't we? (û)
(û) Ex 2 Let's cook something, shall we? (ü)
Rule 5: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Everybody, Anybody, Let's cook something, shalln't we? (û)
Nobody, Somebody, Someone, No one, Anyone, Rule 10: ;fn Let osQ lkFk me, him, her, them, you ;k
Everyone dk iz;ksx okD; osQ Subject osQ :i esa gqvk gS] rks fdlh noun dk iz;ksx Imperative okD; esa gks] rks buosQ fy,
buosQ fy, Question Tag, 'They' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA question tag 'will you?' dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Ex 1 Somebody hit me from behind, didn't they? Ex 1 Let me go now, will you? (ü)
(ü) Let me go now, won't you? (û)
Somebody hit me from behind, didn't he? (û) Ex 2 Let them work, will you? (ü)
Ex 2 Nobody can do this, can they? (ü) Let them work, won't you? (û)
Nobody can do this, can he? (û) Ex 3 Let Reema sleep, will you? (ü)
Ex 3 No one goes there, do they? (ü) Let Reema sleep, won't she?/will she? (û)
No one goes there, does it? (û) Rule 11: Anyone of us, Anyone of you, Anyone of
them, All of us, All of you, All of them, None of us,
Rule 6: fdlh okD; esa Neither, No one, Nobody,
None of them, None of you, All of you, All of them,
Not, Few, Little, Never, Seldom, Scarcely, Rarely,
One of us/you, Either of you, Either of us, Either of
Hardly, ... etc. osQ fy, affirmative (ldkjkRed) them, Neither of you/us/them, Everyone of you/us/
Question Tag dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA them, Most of you/us/them ;fn fdlh okD; esa Subject
Ex 1 Few boys were coming towards us, were osQ :i esa iz;ksx gksaxs] rks Question Tag osQ fy, We, You
they? (ü)
vkSj They dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Few boys were coming towareds us, weren't
Ex 1 Either of us has to pay the fine, haven't we?
they? (û)
(ü)
Ex 2 She has nothing, has she? (ü) Either of us has to pay the fine, heven't they/
She has nothing, hasn't she? (û) you? (û)
Ex 3 She could hardly walk, could she? (ü) Ex 2 Most of you are laborious, aren't you? (ü)
She could hardly walk, couldn't she? (û) Most of you are laborious, aren't they/we? (û)
TT ;s lHkh Negative vFkZ nsrs gSAa Ex 3 All of them can achieve success, can't they?
(ü)
Rule 7: ;fn fdlh okD; esa Something, Nothing, All of them can achieve success, can't you/he?
Anything, Everything dk iz;ksx okD; osQ subject osQ (û)
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