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PTY Unit 2 Notes

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15 views4 pages

PTY Unit 2 Notes

Uploaded by

rosechicuarimba333
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

❖ PROVIDE A BRIEF DESCRIPTION + CAUSE OF RESPECTIVE DISEASES


❖ CLASSIFY THE DIFFERENT DISEASES + PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH

TASK 1: CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES

• ICD = International Classification of Disease; The ICD provides a method of classifying


diseases, injuries + causes of death
• WHO = World Health organisation -> responsible to direct and lead global health in the
United Nations

COMMUNICABLE VS NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

COMMUNICABLE/INFECTIOUS/TRANSMISSIBLE NON-COMMUNICABLE
• Illness that results from the infection, • Medical condition/disease which is
presence of pathogens non-infectious + cannot be passed
• pass from 1 individual to another from person to person
• Inheritable • Can be heritable
e.g. measles, HIV, STDs, hepatitis e.g. heart disease, stroke, cancer

INTRINSIC VS EXTRINSIC DISEASE

INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC
• Disease causing factors which exist • Disease causing factors which enter
within the human body (act from the human body from outside
within individual)
• Diseases caused by intrinsic factors
-> organic or metabolic disease
i.e organ function, person’s age, co-morbid i.e. environmental, cultural, related to lifestyle
disease Diseases: Malaria, rabies, night blindness

CONGENITAL VS AQUIRED DISEASE

CONGENITAL AQUIRED
• Present at the time of birth • Acquired during the lifetime of an
individual
• Not present @ birth
e.g. down syndrome, cystic fibrosis e.g. influenza, bacterial pneumonia

Notes by Gabriella Adolphe


2

TASK 2: CONGENITAL & AQUIRED

CONGENITAL

1. Genetic factors = caused due to mutations in one/more genes or damage to


chromosomes e.g. Down syndrome
2. Contracted in utero = factors in utero e.g. spina bifida
3. Developmental = e.g. polydactyly, heart defects, limb defects

AQUIRED

1. Traumatic injuries = caused by a wide variety of blunt, penetrating + burn mechanisms


(external forces on the body) e.g. sport injuries, falls, MVAs, natural disasters
2. Infective = caused by the spread/direct transfer of bacteria + viruses (pathogens)
e.g. influenza, measles
3. Neoplastic = conditions that cause tumour growth – both benign + malignant; due to a
pathological process called neoplasia e.g. lymphoma, breast cancer
4. Endocrine = caused by defective functioning of the endocrine glands
e.g. hyperthyroidism + hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes, dwarfism
5. Metabolic =
• Due to a lack of essential food/nutrints/vitamins
e.g. Rickets -> lack of vitamin D
• Disturbances in the metabolic processes
e.g. Defective removal of uric acid
6. Chemical poisoning = due to entry of chemical poisons into body
e.g. cyanide poisoning, lead, arsenic, insectisides
7. Allergies = a damaging immune response by the body to a substance to which it is
hypersensitive e.g. pollen, hayfever
8. Psychiatric = Due to mental status -> caused by genes, family history, life experiences,
traumatic brain injury
e.g. depression, dementia, bipolar disorder
9. Iatrogenic = adverse effect caused by medical treatment -> side effects of prescribed
medications
e.g. hair loss due to radiation/chemo
10. Idiopathic = arising from an unknown cause e.g. idiopathic scoliosis, essential
hypertension

Notes by Gabriella Adolphe


3

DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT

THERAPY

▪ Treatment of disease with the aim of :


o Achieving a cure
o Reducing the signs + symptoms to a level where normal function can be
restored
▪ Different types of therapy (Davies: 12-16)
o Medical treatment
o Palliative treatment -> treatment to relieve symptoms, but not curing the cause
o Surgical treatment
o Physiotherapy (work closely with occupational therapists)
o Electrotherapy -> used to maintain active muscle contractions
o Hydrotherapy
o Radiotherapy -> treatment by ionizing radiation
o Psychiatric treatment

DRUGS FOR PREVENTION/TREATMENT

DRUG THERAPY:
Substances that are taken into the body/applied to the body surface (topical) for the
prevention/treatment of a disease or relief of its symptoms
▪ Certain drugs may destroy infecting organisms (e.g. Antibiotics), while certain drugs may
only relieve the symptoms -> the underlying cause is not corrected (e.g.
Anticonvulsants)
TASK 3: FUNCTIONS OF DRUGS

▪ Anaesthetics = produces loss of sensitivity to touch + pain (local) or consciousness


(general) ->prevent pain during surgery + other procedures
▪ Analgesics = relieve pain (headaches, injuries, arthritis)
▪ Antibiotics = treat/prevent some types of bacterial infection
▪ Anticoagulants = prevent + treat existing blood clots (blood thinners)
▪ Antihypertensives = treat high blood pressure -> prevent heart failure, heart
attack/stroke
▪ Antihistamines = block action of histamine responsible for allergic reactions -> treat
symptoms of allergies, may also be used to prevent motion sickness
▪ Laxatives = -> promote bowl movement (increases bulk in stool ) ->treat
constipation
▪ Contrast media = used in radiographic practices to increase the visibility of organs
(soft tissue)
▪ Cytotoxins = destroys malignant cells -> the treatment of cancer to prevent dividing
+ spreading
▪ Diuretics = increase secretion of urine -> help rid your body of sodium + water
▪ Disinfectants = chemicals that destroy pathogens
▪ Hormones = secretions of endocrine glands or chemical substitutes -> used to treat
menopausal symptoms

Notes by Gabriella Adolphe


4

▪ Hypnotics = used to induce & improve the quality of sleep + relieve pain
▪ Sedatives = slow down your brain activity + feel more relaxed; induce sleep -> used
for anxiety disorders, panic disorders, sleep disorders
▪ Steroids = anti-inflammatory drug, treat rheumatologic disease e.g. arthritis,
vasculitis
▪ Tranquilizers =to reduce anxiety, fear, agitation + related states of mental
disturbance
▪ Vaccines and sera = boost the immune system + prevent serious, life-threatening
diseases

Notes by Gabriella Adolphe

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