109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination

1. (1) (6%) Solve the following DE and give the corresponding largest interval for the solution. (If the
explicit solution exists, please do not write as the implicit solution. On the other hand, you may have to
express the solution in terms of an integral-defined function for some problem(s).)
𝐝𝐲
(𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 ) = 𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Sol. 原式可表示為：
𝟏 1
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐝𝐲 (1)
(𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 ) 𝒚𝟐
𝟏 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙
(𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 ) (𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 ⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝒙 𝟏
⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖
(𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝟏
⇒∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒖 + 𝒄 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄(2)
(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)
1 1
∫ 𝟐
𝐝𝐲 = − (3)
𝒚 𝒚
1
⇒y= − (4), I: (−∞, ∞), X ≠ ln(tan(−c))
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄

Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)式 (+1 points)
2. 計算到(2) or (4)式 (+3 points)
3. 計算到(3)式 (+1 point)
4. 寫出 interval (+1point)

1. (2) (6%) Solve the following DE and give the corresponding largest interval for the solution. (If the
explicit solution exists, please do not write as the implicit solution. On the other hand, you may have to
express the solution in terms of an integral-defined function for some problem(s).)
𝐝𝐲 𝟐
(1) = 𝒚𝒆−𝒙 𝑦(4) = 1
𝒅𝒙

Sol. 原式可表示為：
1 𝟐
𝐝𝐲 = 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (1)
𝒚
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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination
𝒙 𝒙
1 𝟐
∫ 𝐝𝐲 = ∫ 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟒 𝒚 𝟒
𝒙
𝟐
⇒ 𝒍𝒏𝒚(𝒙) − 𝒍𝒏𝒚(𝟒) = ∫ 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟒
𝒙
𝟐
⇒ 𝒍𝒏𝒚(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 (2)
𝟒

𝒙 −𝒕𝟐
⇒ 𝒚(𝒙) = 𝒆∫𝟒 𝒆 𝒅𝒕
, I : (−∞, ∞) (3)

Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1) (+1 points)
2. 計算到(2) or(3) (+4 points)
3. 寫出 interval (+1point)

1. (3) (6%) Solve the following DE and give the corresponding largest interval for the solution. (If the
explicit solution exists, please do not write as the implicit solution. On the other hand, you may have to
express the solution in terms of an integral-defined function for some problem(s).)
𝐝𝐏
+ 𝟐𝒕𝒑 = 𝒑 + 𝟒𝒕 − 𝟐
𝒅𝒕
Sol. 原式可表示為：
𝐝𝐏
+ (𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏)𝒑 = 𝟒𝒕 − 𝟐 (1)
𝒅𝒕
𝟐 −𝒕
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒆∫ 𝟐𝒕−𝟏𝒅𝒕 = 𝒆𝒕 (2)
𝒅 𝟐 𝟐
⇒ ∫ 𝒆𝒕 −𝒕 𝒑 = 𝒆𝒕 −𝒕 (𝟒𝒕 − 𝟐)
𝒅𝒕
𝟐 −𝒕 𝟐 −𝒕
⇒ 𝒆𝒕 𝒑 = 𝟐𝒆𝒕 + c (3)
−(𝒕𝟐 −𝒕)
⇒ 𝑷 = 𝟐 + 𝒄𝒆 I : (−∞, ∞) (4)

Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(2)式 (+2 points)
2. 計算到(4)式 (+3 points)
3. 寫出 interval (+1point)

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination
1. (4) (7%) Solve the following DE and give the corresponding largest interval for the solution. (If the
explicit solution exists, please do not write as the implicit solution. On the other hand, you may have to
express the solution in terms of an integral-defined function for some problem(s).)
𝑑𝑥
y 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 , 𝑦(1) = 5

Sol. P1_4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
− = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Integrating factor is

1
𝑒 − ∫(1/𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (1)
𝑦

1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
− =2
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2
𝑑 1
[ 𝑥] = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑦 (2)
𝑐 = −49/5 ,I : (−∞, ∞) (3)

Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)式 (+3 points)
2. 計算到(2)式 (+3 points)
3. 計算到(3)式 (+1 points)
4. 任何等價的答案皆正確

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination

2. Solve the following differential equations:

1 1 y   x  a x
(a) (6%) (exact)   2  2 2 
dx   ye y  2 0 Hint:  dx  tan 1  c
 x x x  y   x  y2  x a
2 2
a
(b) (6%) (modified exact) (2 y 2  3x)dx  2xy dy  0
Sol. (a) 1 1 y   y x   y 2  x2 
M   2  2 2 
, N   ye  2 2 
, M 2  N
x x x y   x  y  y (x  y ) 2 2
x
(Method 1)
1 1 y 
fx    2  2  (1)
x x x  y2 
1 x
f  ln x   tan 1    h  y  (2)
x  y
d
h  y   ye y
dy

h  y   ye y  e y (3)

1 x
ln x   tan 1    ye y  e y  c. (4)
x  y
(Method 2)
 x 
f y   ye y  2  (1)
 x  y2 
 y
f  ye y  e y + tan 1    g  x  (2)
x
d 1 1
g  x   2
dx x x
1
g  x   ln x  (3)
x
1  y
ln x  + tan 1    ye y  e y  c. (4)
x x
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)式 (+2 points)
2. 計算到(2)式 (+2 points)
3. 計算到(3)式 (+1 points)
4. 計算到(4)式 (+1 points)
5. 任何等價的答案皆正確
Sol. (b)  
M  4y  2y  N
y x

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination
M y  Nx 1
 (1)
N x
Integrating factor is

e
1/ x dx (2)
x
Multiply integrating factor to equation
(2xy 2  3x2 )dx  2x2 y dy  0

f x  2 xy 2  3x 2

f  x 2 y 2  x3  h  y  (3)

d
h y  0
dy

h y  0

x2 y 2  x3  c. (4)
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)式 (+2 points)
2. 計算到(2)式 (+1 points)
3. 計算到(3)式 (+2 points)
4. 計算到(4)式 (+1 points)
5. 任何等價的答案皆正確

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination

3. Solve the following differential equations with substitutions:

dy
(a) (7%) y1/2  y 3/2  1, y (0)  4
dx
dy 1
(b) (6%)  tan 2 ( x  y ) Hint: tan 2  u   1  sec 2  u  
dx cos 2  u 
Sol. (a) Standard form：
𝑑𝑦 1
+ 𝑦 = 𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥
Bernoulli’s equ with n= -1/2, let u = y1-n = y3/2
𝑑𝑦 2 −1 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑦 = 𝑢3 ,
= 𝑢 3 (1)
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
代入原式可表示為：
2 −1 𝑑𝑢 2 1
𝑢 3 + 𝑢 3 = 𝑢 −3
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 3 3
+ 2𝑢 = (2)
𝑑𝑥 2

1st order linear DE:

3 3
𝑒 ∫2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥

𝑑 3𝑥 3 3
[𝑒 2 𝑢] = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
3 3
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶

3
𝑢 = 1 + 𝐶𝑒 −2𝑥 (3)
3
代回 𝑢 = 𝑦 2

3 3
𝑦 2 = 1 + 𝐶𝑒 −2𝑥 (4)
y(0)=4 代入，C=7
3 3
𝑦 2 = 1 + 7𝑒 −2𝑥 (5)

Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)式, 正確假設 u (+2 points)
2. 計算到(2)式, 完成變數代換 u (+1 points)
3. 計算到(3)式 (+2 point)
4. 計算到(4)式, 代回原變數 y (+1 point)
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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination
5. 計算到(5)式, 解出 C (+1 point)

Sol. (b) Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 , 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑥 :

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
原式可表示為：
𝑑𝑢
− 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑢) + 1 = (1)
𝑑𝑥 cos2 (𝑢)
cos 2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
∫(cos(2𝑢) + 1)𝑑𝑢 = sin(2𝑢) + 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 (2)
2 4 2
代回 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∶
1 1
sin(2(𝑥 + 𝑦)) + (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝐶
4 2
sin(2(𝑥 + 𝑦)) + 2(𝑦 − 𝑥) = 𝐶1 (3)
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)式, 完成變數代換 u (+2 points)
2. 計算到(2)式 (+3 point)
3. 計算到(3)式, 代回原變數 y (+1 point)

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination

1 7
4. Solve the BVP: 𝑥 4 𝑦" + 𝑥 3 𝑦′ − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 , 𝑦(1) = 5 , 𝑦(2) = − 5 Then the solution comes out as:

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑟 + 𝑘𝑥 𝑞 , 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , r, q, k ∈ ℝ

(1) (5%) Using the method of Variation of Parameters, find the second solution 𝒙𝒓 of the associated
homogeneous equation.
(2) (4%) Using the similar method in (1a), find the particular solution 𝑘𝑥 𝑞 of the non-homogeneous
equation.
(3) (3%) Using boundary values, find 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 and 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑟 + 𝑘 + 𝑞 =?

Sol. (1) 解法 1：
Given
𝑦1 = 𝑥 2 (1)
Is a solution to
𝑥 4 𝑦'' + 𝑥 3 𝑦′ − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0
Because the homogenous solution can “only contain” the two terms 𝑐1 𝑥 2 and 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑟 by
theory, (Observe action of differential operator to annihilate all terms in the equation), Must
𝑐1 𝒙𝟐
mean = 𝑢[𝑥], because 𝑐1 𝒙𝟐 and 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑟 are independent by theory.
𝑐2 𝑥 𝑟

To find a second solution we use reduction of order, Let

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑢[𝑥] (2)
Then the product rule gives
𝑦′ = 𝑥 2 𝑢′ + 2𝑥𝑢 (3)
and 𝑦'' = 𝑥 2 𝑢'' + 4𝑥𝑢′ + 4𝑥𝑢′ + 2𝑢 (4)
So 𝑥 4 𝑦'' + 𝑥 3 𝑦′ − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 (𝑥𝑢'' + 𝑢′) = 0 (5)
Letting 𝑤 = 𝑢′ (6)
Thereby 𝑥𝑤′ + 5𝑤 = 0 (7)
Separating variables and integrating we have
𝑑𝑤 5 (8)
= − 𝑑𝑥
𝑤 𝑥
And ln❘𝑤❘ = −5ln𝑥 + 𝑐 (9)
Thus −5 (10)
𝑤=𝑥
And 1 (11)
𝑢 = − 𝑥 −4
4
A second solution is then
1 (12)
𝑦2 = 𝑥 2 𝑥 −4 =
𝑥2
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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination
and the general solution to the homogenous differential equation is
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 ⁄𝑥 2 (13)
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)或(2)式 (+2 points)
2. 計算到(10)或(11)式 (+2 points)
3. 計算到(12)或(13)大概式 (沒必要𝐶1 , 𝐶2 ) (+1 points)
4. 沒有計算過程, 可是寫出答案 (+1 point)

Sol. (2) 解法 1：
Substitute
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢[𝑥] = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4 + 𝑎5 𝑥 5 (1)
But as given in the question, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢[𝑥] = 𝑘𝑥 𝑞 , We can Substitute
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑞 (2)
Substitute into original equation:
𝑥 4 𝑦" + 𝑥 3 𝑦′ − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 5
𝑘(𝑥 4 𝑞(𝑞 − 1)𝑥 𝑞−2 + 𝑥 3 𝑞𝑥 𝑞−1 − 4𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑞 ) = 𝑥 5 (3)
𝑘(𝑞(𝑞 − 1)𝑥 2+𝑞 + 𝑞𝑥 2+𝑞 − 4𝑥 2+𝑞 ) = 𝑥 5 (4)
𝑘(𝑞(𝑞 − 1) + 𝑞 − 4)𝑥 2+𝑞 = 𝑥 5 (5)
This implies
2+𝑞 =5→ 𝑞 =3 (6)
And
1 (7)
𝑘(𝑞(𝑞 − 1) + 𝑞 − 4) = 1 → 𝑘 =
5
Thereby particular solution 𝑦𝑝 :
1 3 (8)
𝑥
5

解法 2：
Variation of parameter means converting the question :
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢1 [𝑥]𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑢2 [𝑥] 𝑐2 ⁄𝑥 2 (9)
Which simplify our equations into
1 1 (10)
𝑥 4 𝑦𝑝 ′′ +x 3 𝑦𝑝 '-4x 2 𝑦𝑝 =x 5 → 𝑦𝑝 '' + 𝑦𝑝 ′ − 4 2 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
Substitute and simplify:
𝜕 1 (11)
[𝑦1 𝑢1′ + 𝑦2 𝑢2′ ] + (𝑦1 𝑢1′ + 𝑦2 𝑢2′ ) + 𝑦1 ′𝑢1′ + 𝑦2 ′𝑢2′ = 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑥
The below statement must be true:
𝑦1 ′𝑢1′ + 𝑦2 ′𝑢2′ = 2𝑐1 𝑥𝑢1′ + −2 𝑐2 𝑢2′ ⁄𝑥 3 = 𝑥 (12)
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109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination
And
𝑦1 𝑢1′ + 𝑦2 𝑢2′ = 𝑢1′ 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑢2′ 𝑐2 ⁄𝑥 2 = 0 (13)
From (13) see that for
𝑢1′ 𝑐1 𝑥 4 = −𝑢2′ 𝑐2
(12) becomes :
𝑦1 ′𝑢1′ + 𝑦2 ′𝑢2′ = 2𝑐1 𝑥𝑢1′ + 2 𝑢1′ 𝑐1 𝑥 = 𝑥
Thereby :
4𝑐1 𝑢1′ = 1 (14)

1 (15)
𝑢1 [𝑥] = 𝑥 + 𝑐3
4𝑐1
OR
𝑦1 ′𝑢1′ + 𝑦2 ′𝑢2′ = −2 𝑐2 𝑢2′ /𝑥 3 − 2 𝑐2 𝑢2′ /𝑥 3 = 𝑥
−4 𝑐2 𝑢2′ = 𝑥 4
1
𝑢2 [𝑥] = 𝑥 5 + 𝑐4
−4𝑐2 ∗ 5
Thereby :
4𝑐1 𝑢1′ = 1
1
𝑢1 [𝑥] = 𝑥 + 𝑐3
4𝑐1
Then 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢1 [𝑥]𝑦1 + 𝑢2 [𝑥]𝑦2
1 1
𝑐1 ( 𝑥 + 𝑐3 ) 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 ( 𝑥 5 + 𝑐4 ) /𝑥 2
4𝑐1 −4𝑐2 ∗ 5
But current form of 𝑦𝑝 is dependent on 𝑦1 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 , 𝑦2 = 𝑐2 ⁄𝑥 2
Thereby independent parts are
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 ( ) 𝑥 3 + 𝑐2 ( 𝑥3)
4𝑐1 −4𝑐2 ∗ 5
1 (16)
= 𝑥3
5

解法 3：
𝑥 5 (𝑥𝑢'' + 5𝑢′) = 𝑥 5 (17)
(𝑥𝑢'' + 5𝑢′) = 1 (18)
𝑢′ = 𝑤 (19)
(𝑥𝑤′ + 5𝑤) = 1 (20)
5 1 (21)
𝑤′ + 𝑤 =
𝑥 𝑥

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination
1 𝑥 𝑥3 (22)
𝑤 = → 𝑢 = → 𝑦𝑝 =
5 5 5
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)或(2)式 (+3 points)
2. 計算到(6)和(7)式 (+1 points)
3. 用解法 2, 計算到(12)或(13)大概式(沒必要𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 , 𝑐4 ) (+2 points)
4. 計算到(16)式 (+2 points)
5. 用解法 3, 計算到(17)或(18)式 (+1 points)
6. 計算到(22) (+2 points)
7. 沒有計算過程, 可是寫出答案 (+1 point)

Sol. (3) 1 1 (1)

𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + =
5 5

1 8 7 (2)
4𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + = −
4 5 5
4 4 (3)
𝑐1 = − , 𝑐2 = ,
5 5
4 4 1 6 (4)
𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑟 + 𝑘 + 𝑞 = − + + (−2) + + 3 =
5 5 5 5
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1), (2)或(3)式 (+2 points)
2. 計算到(4) (+1 points)
3. 沒有計算過程, 可是寫出答案 (+1 point)

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination

5. (5%) Solve the IVP:

𝑑𝑦 1 𝜋
= ,𝑥( ) = 1
𝑑𝑥 2 sin(𝑦) + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦) 2
Sol. 3 解法：
Separation of variables and integrating:
𝑑𝑦 1 1 (1)
= =
𝑑𝑥 2 sin(𝑦) + 𝑥 sin(𝑦) (2 + 𝑥) sin(𝑦)
1 (2)
sin(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
(2 + 𝑥)
− cos(𝑦) + 𝑐 = Log[2 + 𝑥] (3)
𝑒 −cos[𝑦]+𝑐 − 2 = 𝑥 (4)
𝜋
For , 𝑥 (2 ) = 1

𝜋 (5)
𝑒 −cos[2 ]+𝑐 − 2 = 𝑒 𝑐 − 2 = 1
Thereby 𝑐 = ln 3 (6)
Thereby 3 𝑒 −cos[𝑦] − 2 = 𝑥 (7)

Comments: 評分標準：
5. 計算到(1)或(2)式 (+2 points)
6. 計算到(3)或(4)式 (+2 points)
7. 計算到(5),(6)或(7) (+1 points)

12
 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination

6. Suppose a student carrying a flu virus returns to an isolated island of Q students. If it is

observed that after 4 days Pi (4)  50, i  1, 2 Please derive equations:
𝑄
(a) (3%) non-linear Logistic Equation 𝑃1 (𝑡) ≅ 1+(𝑄−1)𝑒 −𝑡

(b) (2%) linear population growth equation. 𝑃2 (𝑡) ≅ 𝑒 +𝑡

(c) (3%) Find the minimum number of Q students with similar number of infected students after 6 days,
like 𝑃1 (6) ≅ 0.9 ∗ 𝑃2 (6), [𝑒 −6 = 0.002479]
1
Hint: Don’t attempt to find accurate number of function “ ln ” like ln  50   0.98 , and please use
4
symbols in all equation derivations.

Sol. (a) 解法：

Generally when total population is fixed at Q, we want rate of infection to slow down 0 as
total infected population P becomes closer to Q.
The corresponding differential equation are :
𝑑𝑃 (1)
= 𝑘 𝑃(𝑄 − 𝑃)
𝑑𝑡
Because the population of healthy students to be infected by P students at rate k, decreases
(𝑄 − 𝑃).

𝑄
Where from the question 𝑃1 (𝑡) ≅ 1+(𝑄−1)𝑒 −𝑡

k=1 (2)
Thereby :
𝑑𝑃 (3)
= 𝑃(𝑄 − 𝑃)
𝑑𝑡

Derivation:
By separation of variables and integrating:
𝑑𝑃
= 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑃(𝑄 − 𝑃)
𝑑𝑃
= 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑃(𝑄 − 𝑃)
1 𝑃
Log (− ) = 𝑘 𝑡 + 𝑐1
𝑄 𝑄−𝑃
Given
𝑄
P[0] = 1 , 𝑄(𝑐 )
= 1 → 𝑐1 = 𝑄 −1 (log(1 − 𝑄))
1−𝑒 1

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination
𝑒 𝑘𝑄𝑡 𝑄 𝑄
P[t] = 𝑘𝑄𝑡 𝑄𝑐
=
𝑒 − 𝑒 1 1 − (1 − 𝑄)𝑒 𝑄(−𝑘𝑡)
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)或(3)式 (+2 points)
2. 計算到(2) (+1 points)
3. 沒有計算, 可是寫出(3) (+1 point)

Sol. (b) 解法：

Population growth differential equation (assuming Q approaches infinity) is given by :
𝑑𝑃
= 𝑘 𝑃(𝑄 − 𝑃) = 𝑘 𝑃(1 − 𝑃/𝑄)
𝑑𝑡
Thereby corresponding differential equation is
𝑑𝑃 (1)
=𝑘 𝑃
𝑑𝑡
P[t] = 𝑐 𝑒 𝑘 𝑡
Where P[0] = 1
P[t] = 𝑒 𝑘 𝑡

Where from the question 𝑃2 (𝑡) ≅ 𝑒 +𝑡

k=1 (2)
Thereby original differential equation should be :
𝑑𝑃 (3)
=𝑘 𝑃
𝑑𝑡

Thereby
𝑡 (4)
P[t] = 𝑒
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)或(3)式 (+2 points)

Sol. (c) 解法 1：
From the question solve :
𝑄 (1)
𝑃1 (6) ≅ ≅ 0.9 𝑒 + 6
≅ 0.9 𝑃2 (6)
1 + (𝑄 − 1)𝑒 − 6

𝑄 ≅ −9 + 9𝑒 6 (2)
𝑄 ≅ 3621.86 (3)
𝑄 = 3622 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 (4)
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1),(2),(3)或(4) (+3 points)

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination

7. Solve the following higher-order DEs.

(1) (6%) y  x   2 y   x   4 y  x   8

(2) (6%) y  x   4 y   x   4 y   x   1

(3) (6%) y  x   4 y  x   cos  2 x   cosh  x 

Sol.(1)
The auxiliary equation m2  2m  4   m  1  3  0
2

has roots m1  1  3i and m2  1  3i (1)

Hence the complementary function is yc  e x c1 cos   3x   c sin  3x 

2 (2)

Because 8 is a constant, let us assume y p is also a constant, and we get y p  2 (3)

The general solution is y  yc  y p  e x c1 cos   3x   c sin  3x   2

2 (4)

Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)式 (+2 points)
2. 計算到(2)式 (+2 points)
3. 計算出(3)式 (+2 points)
4. 只有答案(4)沒有過程 (+1 point)
Sol. (2)
The auxiliary equation m3  4m2  4m  m  m  2   0
2

has roots m1  0 and m2  m3  2 (1)

Hence the complementary function is yc  c1  c2e2 x  c3 xe 2 x (2)

1
Because 1 is a constant, let us assume y p  ax , and we get y p  x (3)
4
1
The general solution is y  yc  y p  c1  c2 e 2 x  c3 xe 2 x  x (4)
4
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)式 (+2 points)
2. 計算到(2)式 (+2 points)
3. 計算出(3)式 (+2 points)
4. 只有答案(4)沒有過程 (+1 point)

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination
Sol. (3)
The auxiliary equation m 2  4  0 has roots m1  2i and m2  2i (1)

Hence the complementary function is yc  c1 cos  2 x   c2 sin  2 x  (2)

Corresponding to cos  2x  we assume y p1  Ax cos  2 x   Bx sin  2 x 

Corresponding to cosh  x  we assume y p2  C cosh  x   D sinh  x 

Substituting y p  y p1  y p2  Ax cos  2 x   Bx sin  2 x   C cosh  x   D sinh  x  (3)

into the equation

y p  4 y p  4 B cos  2 x   4 A sin  2 x   5C cosh  x   5 D sinh  x   cos  2 x   cosh  x 

1 1 1 1
and we find A  D  0 , B  , C  . Therefore y p  x sin  2 x   cosh  x  (4)
4 5 3 5
1 1
The general solution is y  yc  y p  c1 cos  2 x   c2 sin  2 x   x sin  2 x   cosh  x  (5)
3 5
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)式 (+1 point)
2. 計算到(2)式 (+1 point)
3. 列出(3)式 (+2 points)
4. 計算到(4)式 (+2 points)
5. 只有答案(5)沒有過程 (+1 point)

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 109-1 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination

8. (7%) Find the annihilator of g  x   x 2 sin  2 x   xe x

Sol.
The annihilator of x 2 sin  2 x  is D 
3
2
4 (1)

The annihilator of xe x is  D  12 (2)

The annihilator of x 2 sin  2 x   xe x is D   D 1

3 2
2
4 (3)

Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算到(1)式 (+3 points)
2. 計算到(2)式 (+3 points)
3. 計算到(3)式 (+1 points)
4. 任何等價的答案皆正確

17