Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016

Sec. 2.4/ 20mins

1. Solve the IVP: [ ( − )+ ]+ ( − ′) = , with the initial value of

( )= , ( )= − , Then the solution comes out as:

= + + , Please find + + =? (10%)

Sol. 1 原式可表示為:
"−( + 2 ) ′ + ( + 2) =
$&
y" − "1 + % y′ + " %y = x
$ $'
or

Step 1: Find )
Knowing that * = is a solution, using the method of Reduction of Order.
解法 1:
If y = +( ) * = +( ) , then y = u x + u, y=u"x + 2u′. So,
"-(x +2x)y'+(x+2)y=x 3 u" + 2 + − + − 2 + − + − 2xu + + + 2+
2

= (+" − +′)
To find the second solution of the homogenous equation, we note that u = 0 $ is a solution
of u" − u′ = 0. = 0 $ . Thus, ) = 2* + 2 0 $ .
解法 2:

0 4 5 4"*&$%6$ 0$
= 3 7 = x3 7 = 0$

Thus, ) = 2* + 2 0 $ .
Step 2: Find 8
解法 1:
Continuing from Step 1, 解法 1, (+" − +′) = , so that u" − u′ = 1, which has a
particular solution in the form as u = Ax. (Ax)" − (Ax)′ = 1, so that A = −1. Therefore,
8 =+ =− .
解法 2:
Using the method of Variation of Parameters, let 8 = +* ( ) * ++ ( ) .
0$
W=; ;= 0$
1 0 + 0$
$

0 0$
W* = ; ;=− 0$
0 + 0$
$

0
W =; ;=
1
W* W
+* = = −1 + = = 0 4$
W W
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 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016
Therefore, +* = − , + = −0 4$ .
8 = +* ( ) * + + ( ) = (− ) + (−0 4$ ) 0 $ = − − .
Step 3: y = ) + 8
y = 2* + 2 0 $ −
Step 4: Apply the initial conditions
y = 2* + 2 0 $ − ,
y = 2* + 2 0 $ + 2 0 $ − 2
y(1) = 2* + 2 0 − 1, (1) = 2* + 22 0 − 2
Then 2* = 1, 2 = 1.
y= + 0$ −
So, p + q + r = 1 − 1 + 2 = 2.
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 計算 ? (+4 points)
2. 計算 @ (+4 points)
3. 代入 initial condition(+1 point)
4. 完全沒有計算過程, 卻寫出 p+q+r=2, (+1 point)
Sec. 2.4/ 20mins
2. A portion of a uniform chain of length 10 feet is loosely coiled around a peg at the edge of a high
horizontal platform, and the remaining portion of the chain hangs at rest over the edge of the platform.
Suppose that the length of the overhanging chain is 3 feet, that the chain weights 1 pound per foot, and
that the positive direction is downward. Starting at t = 0 seconds, the weight of the overhanging portion
causes the chain on the platform to uncoil smoothly and to fall to the floor. If x(t) denotes the length
6$
of the chain overhanging the platform at time t > 0, then C(D) = 6E
is its velocity. When all resistive

forces are ignored. (1m = 3.28ft)

(1). (2%) Find the mathematical model in terms of x(t) FG7 C(D)
(2). (4%) Converting (1) into an exact equation and solve it.
(3). (4%) Converting (2) into a Bernoulli equation and solve it.

7
(D) = the length, C(D) = (the velocity)
Sol. 2(1)
7D
Q
Q= ∙1= (weight), T = = (TFVV)
U 32
7 7
F= (TC) = " C% = (G0D XYZ20)
7D 7D 32
]
⟹ ( ]) = ] +] =
\
Comments: 評分標準：

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 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016
1. 算出 mass 得(+1 point)
2. 算出結果得(+1 point)
Sol. 2(2) Differential form: (C − 32 )7 + C7C = 0 (not exact form)
Multiplying by integrating factor ^( ) = ⟹ ( C − 32 )7 + C7C = 0, this form
* $_ * $_
is the total differential of u = C − , so an implincit solution is C − =2

Letting = 3 FG7 C = 0 (initial condition) ⟹ 2 = −288

9
∴ C = 8d −
3

Comments: 評分標準：
1. 寫出 exact form 得(+2 points)
2. 帶入初始條件，求得結果得(+2 points)

6f *
+ $ C = 32C 4*
Sol. 2(3)
6$
Differential form:

g g
6f * 6h
Letting u = C YZ C = +' ⟹ 6$ = +4' 6$ ,

g g g
* 6h * 6h
⟹ +4' 6$ + $ +' = 32+4' YZ + $ + = 64,
6$

'
the euqation is linear with integrating factor 0 5k6$ =

7 64 2
⟹[ +] = 64 ⟹ C = +
7 3
Letting = 3 FG7 C = 0 (initial condition) ⟹ 2 = −64 ∙ 9

9
∴ C = 8d −
3

Comments: 評分標準：
6h
1. 寫出 6$ + $ + = 64 得(+2 points)

2. 寫出 integrating factor 得(+1 point)

3. 帶入初始條件，求得結果 (+1 point)

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 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016
Sec. 2.2-2.5/ 25mins
3. Find the solution of the following DE and give the largest interval l over which the solution is defined.
mn
+ 1 = 0 4($&o) sec( + )
6$
(1). (3%)

(2). (3%) [− VqG( ) + 2 2YV( )]7 + 2 2YV( )7 = 0 to solve with the integrating factor of
^( , ) =

(3). (3%) (e$ + e4$ )

6o
=
6$

, (1) = −√2
mn o ' 4$'
=
6$ $o
(4). (3%)

(5). (3%) [x − csc( + )]7 + 7 = 0

6h 6o
let u = x + y ⟹ du = dx + dy ⟹ 6$ = 1 + 6$ (+1 point)
Sol. 3(1)

7+ 7+
= 0 4h sec(+) ⟹ 4h = 7 ⟹ 0 h cos(+)7+ = 7
7 0 sec(+)

∫ cos(x)e ⋅ dx = cos(x)e + ∫ sin(x)e ⋅ dx = cos(x)e + {sin(x)e − ∫ [cos(x)]⋅ e ⋅ dx}

x x x x x x

∵ ⇒ 2 ∫ cos(x)e ⋅ dx = [sin(x) + cos(x)]⋅ e

x x

1
∫ cos(x)e ⋅ dx = [sin(x) + cos(x)]⋅ e
x x
⇒
2
5 0 h cos(+)7+ = 5 7 ⟹ 0 h [sin(u) + cos(+)] = 2 + 2
∴ 0 ($&o) [sin(x + y) + cos( + )] = 2 + 2 (+2 point)

Comments: 評分標準如標示。

Sol. 3(2) Multiplying at both sides,

Let M = − sin + 2 cos , u = 2 cos
s.t. Mo = −2 sin + 4 cos = N$ (+1 point)
from Xo = 2 2YV ⇒ X = 2YV + ℎ( ), h (y) = 0, h(y) = 0 (+1 point)
A solution is 2YV = 2 (+1 point)

Comments: 評分標準如標示

* * yk * *
7 = y k &y zk 7 = y 'k &* 7 ⟹ − o = tan4* 0 $ + 2 or y = − {|}zg y k &) (+2 point)
Sol. 3(3)
o'

A singular solution is y = 0 (+1 point)

Comments: 評分標準如標示。

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 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016
Sol. 3(4) The differential equation is homogeneous and we let y = ux.

Then (x 2
− y 2 ) dx + xydy = 0 .

( x 2 − u 2 x 2 )dx + ux 2 (udx + xdu )

= dx + uxdu = 0
dx
∴ udu = −
x
1
⇒ u 2 = − ln x + c
2
y2
⇒ 2 = −2 ln x + c1
x

The IC gives c1 = 2 so an implicit sol. is y 2 = x 2 (2 − 2 ln x ) ......(a)

Solving for y from (a) and being aure that the IC is satisfied, we have

y = − 2 x (1 − ln x )1/2 where −e ≤ x ≤ e so that 1 − ln x ≥ 0 (+2 point)

The graph of this function indicates that the derivate is ot defined at x = 0 and x = e
Thus th sol. of the initial value problem is

y = − 2 x(1 − ln( x))1/ 2 , for 0 < x < e (+1 point)

y = -sqrt(2).*abs(x).*sqrt(1-log(abs(x)))
2

1.5

0.5

0
y

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x

Comments: 評分標準如標示

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 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016
Sol. 3(5) let u = x + y ⟹ du = 2xdx + 2ydy (+1 point)
[x − csc( + )]7 + 7 = 0 ⟹ 7 + 7 = csc( + )7
$6$&o6o 6h
⟹ = = sin(+) 7+ = 7 (+1 point)
?~?($ ' &o ' ) ?~?(h)

3 sin(+) 7+ = 3 7 ⟹ −cos(u) = x + c1

∴ cos(x + y ) = −x + c (+1 point)

Comments: 評分標準如標示。

Sec. 4-2/ 4mins

4. (10%) Solve the given differential equation: y (4) − y′′ = 4 x + 2 xe− x

Sol. 4 By Chapter 4.4

Let y = 0 •$ , we get T€ − T = 0, T = 0,0,1, −1 (+2 points)
Then we get: ) = 2* + 2 + 2 0 $ + 2€ 0 4$
And we assume: 8 = • + ‚ + (ƒ + „ )0 4$ (+4 points)
8
( )
= 6• + 2‚ + [ƒ + („ − 4ƒ) + (2ƒ − 2„)]0 4$
8
(€)
= [ƒ + („ − 8ƒ) + (12ƒ − 4„)]0 4$
− ( ) = −6• − 2‚ − 4ƒ 0 4$ + (10ƒ − 2„) 0 4$
(€)

and we get −6A = 4; −2B = 0; 10C − 2D = 0; −4C = 2

(+3 points)

(+1 point)

Comments: 評分標準如標示。(分段給分)

Sec. 4-5/ 20 mins

5. Consider a driven undamped spring/mass system described by the initial value problem
d2x
2
+ ω 2 x = F0 sin n ( γ t ) , x(0) = 0, x′(0) = 0.
dt
(1). (7%) For n = 2 , discuss why there is a single frequency γ 1 2π at which the system is in pure

6
 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016
resonance.
(2). (8%) For n = 3 , discuss why there are two frequencies γ 1 2π and γ 2 2π at which the system is
in pure resonance.

*4?Š~( ‹E)
As n=2 VqG (‰D) =
Sol. 4(a)

Sol Œ

7 Œ
+• Œ =0
7D
=> Œ = c* cos •D + c* sin •D
Sol 8
’•
Ž• *4?Š~( ‹E) Ž•
8 = •' &‘' ( − '
cos(2‰D)
‘' 4( ‹)' &‘'
)=
’•
Ž•
Œ + 8 =c* cos •D + c sin •D + − '
cos(2‰D)
‘' 4( ‹)' &‘'
x=

x(0) = 0, “ (0) = 0
’•
Ž•
x(0) = c* + ‘'
− 4(
'
‹)' &‘'
=0

“ (0) = •c +0=0
”•
−”• 2
c* = +
2• −(2‰) + •
’• ’•
4Ž• Ž•
+ '
) cos •D + − '
cos(2‰D)
‘' 4( ‹)' &‘' ‘' 4( ‹)' &‘'
x=(
’•
Ž•
= ‘'
(1 − cos •D) + 4(
'
‹)' &‘'
(cos •D − cos(2‰D))

As 2γ → ω according to L’Hôpital’sRule
’•
Ž• E Ž• Ž
(1 − cos •D) + 4 '
sin(•D) = (1 − cos •D) + 4€‘
•
t × sin(•D)
‘' ‘ ‘'
x=

As t increase |x|->∞
∴ Frequency 2γ/2π = ω/2π as pure resonance
Comments: 1. 解出x• (+2 points)
2. 解出x@ (+2 points)
3. 解釋 a single frequency (+3 points) (只要用 L’Hôpital’sRule 而列出
t sin(… t) term 就算解釋對了)
4. 若直接寫對 a single frequency 但是無解釋給 (+3 points)

7
 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016

As n=3 VqG (‰D) = € sin(‰D) − € sin(3‰D)

Sol. 4(b) *

Sol 8
_’• ’•
Ž• *
8 = ' ( sin(‰D) − sin(3‰D))= ' sin(‰D) − sin(3‰D)
• ' &‘ € € 4(‹)' &‘ 4( ‹)' &‘'
_’• ’•

x= Œ + 8 =c* cos •D + c sin •D + 4(‹)' &‘ '

sin(‰D) −
4( ‹)' &‘'
sin(3‰D)

x(0) = 0, “ (0) = 0
x(0) = c* = 0
_’• ’• _’• ’•
4
“ (0) = •c + ‰- 4( 3 ‰=0=>c = (4(‹)' &‘' )‘ ‰+ (4( 3‰
4(‹)' &‘' ‹)' &‘ ' ‹)' &‘' )‘
_’• ’• _’• ’•
4
x=((4(‹)' &‘' )‘ ‰ + 3 ‰)sin •D + sin(‰D) − 4( sin(3‰D)
(4( ‹)' &‘' )‘ 4(‹)' &‘' ‹)' &‘'
_’• ’•
‹ ‹
= (4(‹)' &‘' ) (sin(‰D) − ‘ sin •D)- (4( ‹)' &‘' )
(sin(3‰D) − ‘
sin •D)

As γ → ω according to L’Hôpital’sRule
_’• ’•
*
x= 4 ‘
(D cos(•D) − ‘ sin •D)- (4¡‘ ' )
(sin(3•D) − 3 sin •D)

As 3γ → ω according to L’Hôpital’sRule
_’• ’•
‘E * *
¢ ' (sin − sin •D)- (4 ‘)
(D sin(•D) − ‘ sin •D)
‘
x=
£

As t increase |x|->∞
∴ Frequency γ/2π = ω/2π or3γ/2π = ω/2πas pure resonance

Comments: 1. 解出 Œ (+1point)
2. 解出 8 (+3point)
3. 解釋 two frequencies (+4 points) (只要用 L’Hôpital’sRule 而列出
t sin(… t) term 就算解釋對了)
4. 若直接寫對 two frequencies 但是無解釋給 (+4 points)
Sec. 4-5/ 4mins
6. (10%) Find the charge on the capacitor ¤ (\) and the current ¥(\) in an LRC-series circuit (Fig.1).
Noted that ¤ (\) and ¥(\) are made up of the parameters ¦§ , ¨, ©, ª

8
 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016

Fig.1

« *
Let q ) t 0 •E , we get T T 0, T ® ¯ ••
Sol. 6
¬ ¬-

« *
with: ® •• (+3 points)
¬ √¬-

q) t 0 4°E ±2* cos²³® •• ´D 2 sin²³® •• ´Dµ, 2* , 2 ∈ · (+3 points)

¹
« * « * ÀÁ
¸2 D 0 4'º E »2* cos ¼½ ¾D 2 sin ¼½ ¾ D¿ (+2 points)
¬ ¬- ¬ ¬- -

6 Â) E
i D 6E
(+2 points)

Comments: 評分標準如標示。(分段給分)

Sec. 4-6 ~ 4-10 / 35 mins

7. Find the solutions of the following DEs
(1). (7%) ( x + 2) 2 y′′′ − 2 y′ = 0

(2). (7%) y ′′′ + y ′ = tan x

Hint: ∫ sec x dx = ln sec x + tan x

(3). (8%) y1 ( x ) + 2 d y2 ( x ) + y2 ( x ) = x
dx
d y ( x) + 2 y ( x ) + d y ( x) = ex
dx 1 1
dx 2

9
 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016

(4). (8%) y′′ + 2 y ( y′)3 = 0

Sol. 7(a) Let u = y '

Rewrite the equation: ( x + 2) 2 u ''− 2u = 0 .
Let u = ( x + 2) m ⇒ m(m − 1)( x + 2) m − 2( x + 2) m = 0

⇒ ( x + 2)m ( m2 − m − 2 ) = 0, Then m = 2, −1

So u = y ' = C1 ( x + 2)2 + C2 ( x + 2)−1

y = C1 ( x + 2)3 + C2 ln( x + 2) + C3

Comments: 評分標準：
1. 寫出 ( x + 2) 2 u ''− 2u = 0 (+2 points)
2. 算出 m=2,-1 (+3 points)
3. 寫出 y 的完整解 (+2 points)
Sol. 7(b) Auxiliary function: m3 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m(m 2 + 1) = 0
yc = c1 + c2 cos( x) + c3 sin( x) , W = 1
u1' = W1 = tan( x) u2' = W2 = − sin( x)
cos 2 ( x) − 1
u3 = W3 = − sin( x) tan( x) = = cos( x) − sec( x)
cos( x)
u1 = − ln | cos( x) |
u2 = cos( x)
u3 = sin( x) − ln | sec( x) + tan( x) |
So y = c1 + c2 cos( x) + c3 sin( x) − ln | cos( x) | + cos 2 ( x) + sin 2 ( x) − sin( x) ln | sec( x) + tan( x) |
= c4 + c2 cos( x) + c3 sin( x) − ln | cos( x) | − sin( x) ln | sec( x) + tan( x) |
for − π / 2 < x < π / 2
Comments: 評分標準：
1.算出 complementary solution (+2 points)
2.算出 particular solution (+5 points)

Sol. 7(c) Use D as differentiator.

10
 Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016

 y1 + (2 D + 1) y2 = x (1)

( D + 2) y1 + Dy2 = e (2)
x

( D + 2) × (1) − (2)
[2 D 2 + 4 D + 2] y2 = 2 x − e x + 1 (3)
Compute the y 2 c : D = −1, −1, thus y 2 c = c1e− x + c2 xe − x
Write y2 p as Ax+B+Ce x taking into (3)
Ax + ( B + 2 A) + 4Ce x = x − (e x / 2) + (1/ 2)
A=1 B=-3/2 C=-1/8
3 1
Together, y2 = c1e − x + c2 xe − x + x − − e x , and take into (3)
2 8
1 3
We get y1 = (2c1 − c2 )e− x + c2 xe − x − + e x
2 8
Comments: 評分標準：
1. 寫出 y1c, y1p, y2c, y2p 各 (+2 points)
2. 直接寫出完整 y1 y2 也可各 (+4 points)

Sol. 7(d) Use y ' = u

du
Then the equation becomes: u + 2u 3 y = 0
dy
Separate the variable :
du
+ 2 ydy = 0
u2
−1 2
⇒ + y = C1
u
1
⇒u= 2 = y'
y − C1
⇒ ( y 2 − C1 )dy = dx
1 3
⇒ y − C1 y = x + C2
3
Comments: 評分標準：
du
1. 寫出 u + 2u 3 y = 0 (+2 points)
dy
1
2. 寫出 u = (+3 points)
y − C1
2

1
3. 寫出 y 3 − C1 y = x + C2 ( +3 points)
3

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Differential Equations: Midterm Examination 2016

12