Body Condition Scores in Goats Langston University

Body Condition Scores in Goats
Dr. Mario Villaquiran, Dr. Terry Gipson, Dr. Roger

Merkel, Dr. Arthur Goetsch, and Dr. Tilahun Sahlu
Langston University
Introduction
Every goat producer has animals that are either too thin (under-conditioned) or too fat (over-conditioned).
Failure to recognize these animals and take corrective actions will cost dearly in terms of decreased fertility,
increased disease or internal parasite incidence, decreased milk production, and increased operating costs.
Thus, goats need to be maintained with a moderate amount of body condition. When overall body condi-
tion starts to decrease in the herd, it is a sign that managerial intervention is needed such as supplemental
feeding, deworming, pasture rotation, etc. Conversely, when overall body condition starts to increase in the
herd, it is a sign that the producer should reduce supplemental feeding. Ignoring an animal’s body condition
and waiting to intervene until goats become either too thin or too fat may result in production and(or) animal
losses or decreased profits from overfeeding. Therefore, producers need to develop skills in assessing body
condition of their goats so that a desired moderate body condition can be maintained.
Body condition score (BCS) has been shown to be an important practical tool in assessing the body
condition of cattle, sheep, and goats because BCS is the best simple indicator of available fat reserves which
can be used by the animal in periods of high energy demand, stress, or suboptimal nutrition.
Scoring is performed in goats using a BCS ranging from 1.0 to 5.0, with 0.5 increments. Examples of
BCS of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 are given using photographs and written descriptions. Assigning the 0.5
score increment is done when the animal being evaluated is intermediate to the BCS described. A BCS of
1.0 is an extremely thin goat with no fat reserves and a BCS of 5.0 is a very over-conditioned (obese) goat. In
most cases, healthy goats should have a BCS of 2.5 to 4.0. BCS of 1.0 , 1.5, or 2.0 indicate a management or
health problem. A BCS of 4.5 or 5 is almost never observed in goats under normal management conditions;
however, these BCS can sometimes be observed in show goats.
It is important to note that BCS cannot be assigned by simply looking at an animal. Instead, the animal
must be touched and felt. The first body area to feel in determining BCS is the lumbar area, which is the area
of the back behind the ribs containing the loin. Scoring in this area is based on determining the amount of
muscle and fat over and around the vertebrae. Lumbar vertebrae
have a vertical protrusion (spinous process) and two horizontal
protrusions (transverse process). Both processes are used in
determining BCS. You should run your hand over this area
and try to grasp these processes with your fingertips and hand.
The second body area to feel is the fat covering on the sternum
(breastbone). Scoring in this area is based upon the amount of
fat that can be pinched. A third area is the rib cage and fat cover
on the ribs and intercostal (between ribs) spaces.
With practice, evaluating the BCS of an animal will only
take about 10-15 seconds. By adding BCS as a regular part of
- 125 -
Lumbar Region
Spinous process
Fat
Muscle
Transverse process
Fat
Muscle
Sternum
Fat
- 126 -
BCS 1.0
Visual aspect of the goat: Emaciated and weak animal, the
backbone is highly visible and forms a continuous ridge.
The flank is hollow. Ribs are clearly visible. There is no fat
cover and fingers easily penetrate into intercostal spaces
(between ribs).
The spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae can be grasped

easily between the thumb and forefinger; the spinous process
is rough, prominent, and distinct giving a saw-tooth appear-
ance. Very little muscle and no fat can be felt between the
skin and bone. There is a deep depression in the transition
from the spinous to transverse process.
The hand can easily grasp the transverse processes of the

lumbar vertebrae which are very prominent. Clearly half of
the length of the transverse process is discernible.
Diagrams adapted from Edmonson, et. al, 1989. J. Dairy Science, 72:68-78. Used with
permission from the American Dairy Science Association.
Sternal fat can be easily grasped between thumb and fingers

and moved from side to side. The cartilage and joints joining
ribs and sternum are easily felt.
- 127 -
BCS 2.0
Visual aspect of the goat: Slightly raw-boned, the backbone
is still visible with a continuous ridge. Some ribs can be seen
and there is a small amount of fat cover. Ribs are still felt.
Intercostal spaces are smooth but can still be penetrated.
The spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae is evident

and can still be grasped between the thumb and forefinger;
however, a muscle mass can be felt between the skin and
bone. There is an obvious depression in the transition from
the spinous to transverse process.
The hand can grasp the transverse process but the outline
of the transverse process is difficult to see. About one-
third to one-half of the length of the transverse process is
discernible.
Sternal fat is wider and thicker but can still be grasped and
lifted by the thumb and forefinger. The fat layer can still be
moved slightly from side to side. Joints are less evident.
- 128 -
BCS 3.0
Visual aspect of the goat: The backbone is not prominent.

Ribs are barely discernible; an even layer of fat covers them.
Intercostal spaces are felt using pressure.
The spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae cannot be easily

grasped because the tissue layer covering the vertebrae is
thick. When running a finger over the spinous process, a
slight hollow is felt. There is a smooth slope in the transition
from the spinous to transverse process.
The outline of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae

is slightly discernible. Less than one-quarter of the length
of the transverse process is discernible.
Sternal fat is wide and thick. It can still be grasped but has
very little movement. Joints joining cartilage and ribs are
barely felt.
- 129 -
BCS 4.0
Visual aspect of the goat: The backbone cannot be seen.

Ribs are not seen. The side of the animal is sleek in
appearance.
It is impossible to grasp the spinous process of the lumbar

vertebrae, which is wrapped in a thick layer of muscle and
fat. The spinous process forms a continuous line. There is a
rounded transition from the spinous to transverse process.
The outline of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae is

no longer discernible. The transverse process forms a smooth,
rounded edge, with no individual vertebrae discernible.
Sternal fat is difficult to grasp because of its width and depth.

It cannot be moved from side to side.
- 130 -
BCS 5.0
Visual aspect of the goat: The backbone is buried in fat. Ribs

are not visible. The rib cage is covered with excessive fat.
The thickness of the muscle and fat is so great that reference

marks on the spinous process are lost. The spinous process
forms a depression along the backbone and there is a bulging
transition from the spinous to transverse process.
The thickness of the muscle and fat is so great that reference

marks on the transverse process are also lost. It is impossible
to grasp the transverse process.
The sternal fat now extends and covers the sternum, joining
fat covering cartilage and ribs. It cannot be grasped.
- 131 -
The proper citation for this article is:
Villaquiran, M., T. Gipson, R. C. Merkel, A. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2007. Body

Condition Scores in Goats. Pages 125-131 in Proc. 22nd Ann. Goat Field Day, Langston
University, Langston, OK.

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Body Condition Scores in Goats

Dr. Mario Villaquiran, Dr. Terry Gipson, Dr. Roger

The spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae can be grasped

The hand can easily grasp the transverse processes of the

Sternal fat can be easily grasped between thumb and fingers

The spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae is evident

Visual aspect of the goat: The backbone is not prominent.

The spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae cannot be easily

The outline of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae

Visual aspect of the goat: The backbone cannot be seen.

It is impossible to grasp the spinous process of the lumbar

The outline of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae is

Sternal fat is difficult to grasp because of its width and depth.

Visual aspect of the goat: The backbone is buried in fat. Ribs

The thickness of the muscle and fat is so great that reference

The thickness of the muscle and fat is so great that reference

Villaquiran, M., T. Gipson, R. C. Merkel, A. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2007. Body

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