Oral Communication in Context

SECONDQUARTER
MODULE 1 / LESSON 12
Speech Writing Process

WHAT I KNOW

Activity 1: “Get to know how you react”

This module will help you accomplish the learning competencies:

1. Differentiate the types of speech delivery;EN11/12OC-IIcj-23

2. Identify public speaking situations; EN11/12OC-Ifj-16

Learning Objectives:

In this lesson, you are expected to:

1. read and analyze the passages given;

2. identify and discuss the types of speech delivery used; and
3. develop a sense of appreciation in giving accurate details.
Conflict Stories

Directions: Read and analyze the short story given by answering the questions based on the given
guidelines below. Choose one story that relates your experience.

Tips for Conflict Resolution

General guidelines:

 Be open and honest

 Explain thoroughly.
 Use “I” statements.
a) I think we could have done a better project if you will hear me out with my proposal.
(CORRECT)
 You guys didn’t work out the project well. (NOT CORRECT)
 Analyze well the story – don’t let your own beliefs and assumptions get in the way.
 The goal is not to win. The goal is to reach solution you can agree on. (Teacher’s
might check how positive you are in thinking.)
 Stick to the problem.
Plan:

1. Roam around your house and look for an area which you are comfortable to reflect on.
Look for some quiet area in which concentration are always present.

2. Think through on how will you write your own speech and how will you respond.

Process:

1. Discuss the problem clearly.

2. Clarify as needed and confirm your understanding.

STORY 1

You have a part time job at a store that sells Camping and Hiking supplies. When you aren’t helping
customers you work in a small shred office, tracking inventory. Your co-worker is a neat curiosity and you are not.
For the last couple of weeks, when you go to help a customer, your co-worker cleans up your desk and the space
around it. You have trouble finding the things he puts away and it is frustrating to have to look for them before you
can start working when you return to the office.

STORY 2

You are leaving in a couple of days to go to a tournament in another barangay. The Person you will be
rooming with while you are there likes music that you really don’t like. You have shared a room with her before
and know that she also like to play it without using headphones. You have decided you will have discussion with
her so you don’t have to put up with her music the whole time.

STORY 3

A few of your team mates pick on the person who looks after the team’s equipment. He has speech
impediment and they make fun of him, when he tries to talk to them. Neither you, nor the rest of your teammates
support the behavior, but no one has said anything.

STORY 4

You are team of 4 in your group during Immersion day. You were tasked to do the following: Clean and
mop the floors, windows, wash the dishes and frying pans. Fix every corner of the classroom and make sure it is
order before leaving the Home Economic Laboratory. You noticed three of your group directly rushed to go home

after knowing it rained hard. So, the emptying of trash and tidying the plates used aren’t in place. And now, you
are concerned for the whole team for the consequences will happen after.

SCRIPT 1

1. How will you start the conversation?

2. How will you describe the problem?

3. What do you hope the discussion will achieve?

4. How would you end the conversation, if the conflict was resolved?

LESSON PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITING

14

2.1 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITING

What I need to know?

“The invention of writing is probably the most important tool for human advancement, making it
possible for each new generation to build upon the work of the previous, to transmit knowledge from
person to person, across cultures and time.“ Donald Norman – Stanford University

Writing has been given great emphasis in thePhilippine educational system since the teaching
and learning of English as a Second Language (ESL) support the aim of enhancing the English
competence of Filipino learners. Authorities agree that writing is one of the highest forms of academic
skills for it reflects a person’s level of language competence, concept development, and
abstraction(Saladino, 2009).It is endeavored by the Department of Education (DepEd) to improve the
academic performance of Filipino students by implementing the K to 12 Program as prescribed by the
Republic Act 10533 also known as the Enhanced Basic Education Act. The Senior High School (SHS)
curriculum of the K to 12 Program requires students to perform well academically.

Considerably, one of the indicators of academic success of SHSstudents is having effective and
comprehensive writing skills. This explains the offering different subjects that seek to enhance language
communication skills, such as academic writing. Some of these are English for Academic and
Professional Purposes (EAPP), Creative Writing, Research in Daily Life, and Practical Research. In this
connection, being a Senior High School student, you are also expected to improve and demonstrate your
writing skill in Oral Communication specifically in the field of speech writing. In this lesson you will geared
towards improving the skill through writing speech of different types. The lessons herewith, are aimed at
enabling you to perform the tasks with ease and confidence.
 WHAT’S IN?
Activity 2: “Let’s see how well you know yourself!”

Directions: Tick the column that determines how often you practice what the statements says.
Do this as objectively as possible. Bear in mind that there are no wrong answers.

14.2PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITING

WHAT’S NEW?

2.1.1 THE SPEECH WRITING PROCESS

Just like events planning, or any other activities, writing an effective speech
follows certain steps or processes. The process for writing is not chronological or linear;
rather, it is recursive. That means you have the opportunity to repeat a writing procedure
indefinitely,or produce multiple drafts first before you can settle on the right one. Figure 1
shows the schematic diagram.
The following are the components of the speech writing process.

WHAT IS IT?

AUDIENCE PROFILE
• Audience analysis entails looking into the profile of your target audience. This is
done so you can tailor-fit your speech content and delivery to your audience. The profile
includes the following information.
 Demography (age range, male-female ratio, educational background and
affiliations or degree program taken, nationality, economic status,
academic or corporate designations)
 Situation (time, venue, occasion, and size)
 Psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial
ideologies, and needs)

LOGICAL ORGANIZATION

 Writing patterns, in general, are structures that will help you organize the ideas
related to your topic. Examples are biographical, categorical/topical, causal,
chronological, comparison/contrast, problem-solution, and spatial.

PATTERN DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES

Biographical Presents Specific To inform my audience about my
descriptions of your Purpose grandfather, the late former President
life or of a person, Ramon Magsaysay
famous or not Specific Describing the life and works of my
Topic grandfather, the late former President
Ramon Magsaysay
Categorical/ Topical Presents related Specific To persuade the community members
categories Purpose to reduce, reuse, and recycle as means
supporting the of eliminating garbage and protecting
topic the environment
Specific
Topic Why the community members should
promote reducing, reusing, and
recycling
Causal Presents cause Specific To inform my audience on the effects of
effect relationships Purpose overeating
Specific
Topic Explaining the possible effects of
overeating to one’s health
Chronological Presents the idea Specific To inform my audience about the
 in time order Purpose significant events in the 1986 EDSA
Revolution or People Power
Specific Describing the significant events
Topic before, during, and after the 1986
EDSA Revolution or People Power
Comparison/ contrast Presents Specific To persuade the audience that living in
comparison/ Purpose the Philippines is better than living in
contrast of two or Australia
three points Specific
Topic Explaining why the Philippines is more
habitable than Australia
Problem-solution Presents an Specific To persuade the audience to support
identified problem, Purpose the educational programs of the
its causes, and national government
recommended Specific Explaining the reasons for supporting
solutions Topic the government’s educational programs
seen as the primary means of
increasing the literacy rate in the
Philippines

DURATION
HOW LONG SHOULD YOUR SPEECH BE?
(From: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-ezFqSqOPo)

Your goal should be to communicate information in a memorable way that is

useful to your audience. Now there was a major study done by the U.S. Defense
Department in 1974 on length of speeches. And their conclusion was that the optimum
length of a speech is 17.5 minutes. If you are incredibly boring, two minutes is too long.
People are falling asleep.
On the other hand, if you are incredibly interesting and memorable and giving
useful information, as a speaker you can captivate an audience from 10:00 in the
morning to midnight. Your goal should not be some arbitrary length. Your goal should be
what are the handful of ideas that are really important to you, that you can make
memorable to your audience? And how can you use that time through examples, stories,
case studies, pictures, handouts, to make those ideas come alive. Because if it is an
important idea for you, and it's important to your audience, they will listen to you for
hours.Now all things being equal, if you are going to be boring, it is better to be boring
for three minutes than for an hour and three minutes. But that is not the choice. The
choice is between boring and interesting and relevant. The advice is to forget about the
time. Instead, focus on the ideas that you want your audience to know. Then focus on all
the ways that you can make it memorable.
Now there are occasions when you are given a strict time limit. A financial
presentation at a conference, and no one is allowed more than 15 minutes. Make sure
you rehearse with a timer and get it down. But just because you have less time, does not
mean speak faster, or strip out examples. That is not the solution. Remember, focus on
the ideas for your audience and the time will generally take care of itself.

WORD CHOICE
Your purpose is to make your audience see what you saw, hear what you heard,
feel what you felt. Relevant detail, couched in concrete, colorful language, is the
best way to recreate the incident as it happened and to picture it for the
audience. ~ Dale Carnegie

Word Choice is the use of rich, colorful, precise language that communicates not
just in a functional way, but in a way that moves and enlightens the reader. In good
descriptive writing, strong word choice paints pictures in the reader’s mind. In
informational writing, strong word choice clarifies, explains, and expands ideas. In
persuasive writing, strong word choice compels the reader to see things clearly and,
sometimes to agree with the reader. Effective word choice is characterized not so much
by exceptional vocabulary as by the ability to use everyday language naturally and in a
fresh or unexpected way.
GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS

As we all know, language is constituted by Vocabulary and Grammar. According

to Jeremy Harmer grammar is the system that describes the possibilities to what extent
a particular word can be changed or combined into sentences. Inevitably, grammar
seems to be an essential part of the language accusation.

Grammatical correctness is what usually meant by employer looking for

communication skills from employees. It is a must for all kinds of writers. When writing,
it is vital that you check to see that you have corrected any grammatical errors. The four
areas to check when checking for grammatical correctness are spelling(formation words
with letters according to the principles underlying accepted usage),punctuation(the use
of certain marks to clarify meaning of written material by grouping words grammatically
into sentences and clauses and phrases), grammar(in linguistics, the branch of
linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with
semantics)and style(way of expressing ideas through language.

Below are the major parts of a speech that equally requires grammatical
correctness:

 The introduction is the foundation of your speech. Here, your primary goal is to
get the attention of your audience and present the subject or main idea of your
speech.
 The body of thespeech provides explanations, examples, or any details that can
help you deliver your purpose and explain the main idea of your speech.
 The conclusion restates the main idea of your speech. Furthermore, it provides
a summary, emphasizes the message, and calls for action.

EXAMPLE/ILLUSTRATION:

Introduction: Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to your

subject. Use practical examples and explain their connection to your subject. Start with a familiar
or strong quote and then explain what it means. Tell a personal story to illustrate your point.

Body of speech: Present real-life or practical examples. Show statistics. Share ideas from the
experts or practitioners

Conclusion: Begin your conclusion with a restatement of your message. Use positive examples,
encouraging words, or memorable lines from songs or stories familiar to your audience. Ask a
question or series of questions that can make your audience reflect or ponder.

What’s More? Some Guidelines in Speech

Writing:

1. Keep your words short and simple. Your speech

is meant to be heard by your audience, not read.
2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words because they can confuse your
audience.
3. Make your speech more personal. Use the personal pronoun “I,” but take care
not to overuse it. When you need to emphasize collectiveness with your
audience, use the personal pronoun “we.”
4. Use active verbs and contractions because they add to the personal and
conversational tone of your speech.
5. Be sensitive of your audience. Be very careful with your language, jokes, and
nonverbal cues.
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to effectively convey your point.
7. Manage your time well; make sure that the speech falls under the time limit.
 What’s More?

Editing/Revising your written speech involves correcting errors in mechanics, such as

grammar, punctuation, capitalization, unity, coherence, and others. Andrew Dlugan (2013), an
awardwinning public speaker, lists six power principles for speech editing. Q Edit for focus. “So,
what’s the point? What’s the message of the speech?” Ensure that everything you have written,
from introduction to conclusion, is related to your central message.

Q Edit for clarity. “I don’t understand the message because the examples or supporting details
were confusing.” Make all ideas in your speech clear by arranging them in logical order (e.g.,
main idea first then supporting details, or supporting details first then main idea).

Q Edit for concision. “The speech was all over the place; the speaker kept talking endlessly
as if no one was listening to him/her.” Keep your speech short, simple, and clear by eliminating
unrelated stories and sentences and by using simple words.

Q Edit for continuity. “The speech was too difficult to follow; I was lost in the middle.” Keep the
flow of your presentation smooth by adding transition words and phrases.

Q Edit for variety.“I didn’t enjoy the speech because it was boring.” Add spice to your speech
by shifting tone and style from formal to conversational and vice-versa, moving around the
stage, or adding humor.

Q Edit for impact and beauty. “There’s nothing really special about the speech.”

Make your speech memorable by using these strategies: surprise the audience, use vivid
descriptive images, write well-crafted and memorable lines, and use figures of speech.

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

Post Test
Activity 3: “Know me better”

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer before the number.

1. What is the first step in speech writing?

a. Determining the purpose
b. Selecting a topic
c. Analyzing the audience
d. Rehearsing the piece
2. Which of the following is not a power principle in speech editing?
a. Edit for focus
b. Edit for clarity
c. Edit for continuity
d. Edit for harmony
3. This refers to the stage in speech writing when a writer chooses a structure for his/her
speech.
a. Data gathering
b. Outlining
c. Choosing a writing pattern
d. Editing
4. Which of the following is not an effective strategy in writing a speech?
a. Avoiding jargon
b. Being sensitive to your audience.
c. Writing whatever comes to mind
 d. Using contractions
5. Which part of the speech restates the main idea?
a. Body
b. Conclusion
c. Introduction
d. Transition
6. Which of the following is an effective speech delivery technique?
a. Pause to emphasize words
b. Rarely look the audience in the eye
c. Always be formal and serious
d. Use filler words to avoid dead air
7. Which of the following elements of communication refers to the information or ideas
conveyed by the speaker?
a. Receiver
b. Channel
c. Context
d. Message
8. Which model depicts communication as linear?
a. Transaction model
b. Inventive model
c. Shannon-Weaver model
d. Schramm model
9. Which function of communication is served when people’s feelings are being involved?
a. Information dissemination
b. control
c. Social interaction
d. Emotional expression
10. Which barrier is characterized by a set of vocabulary in a certain field?
a. International profession
b. Jargon
c. Emotional barrier
d. Specialized field of expertise
11. Which of the following refers to the use of simple yet precise and powerful words?
a. Vividness
b. Clarity
c. Brevity
d. Appropriateness
12. What mood/emotion/and quality is expressed in this passage: I am a Filipino, inheritor of
a glorious past, hostage to the uncertain future?
a. determination
b. courage
c. loved
d. pride
13. Which of the following statements shows positive regard to cultural differences?
a. I share relevant information about my culture, and make sure is it more than what
others share about theirs.
b. I do not think that my own culture is better than others.
c. I communicate for others to understand and appreciate my own culture.
d. I do not exert effort in learning about other’s cultures
14. Which of the following best defines intercultural communication?
a. It happens when individuals negotiate, interact, and create meanings while
bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds.
b. It is competition among people set to make their cultures known.
c. It is an organized procedure where everyone speaks of his/her culture.
d. It happens when a specific culture is regarded as the best among the rest
15. In which speech style are jargon, lingo, and street slang usually used?
a. Intimate
b. Formal
c. Casual
d. Covert
16. When a speaker wishes to give the listeners tips on how to make life more meaningful
and productive, he is likely to prepare _______________.
 a. informative speech
b. persuasive speech
c. speech to entertain
d. argumentative speech
17. These are interruptions, breaks, or pauses made between words in utterances or
between breath groups in sentences.
a. stress
b. intonation
c. juncture
d. pitch
18. Thinking, rationalizing and reflecting are examples of ________ communication.
a. interpersonal
b. intrapersonal
c. public
d. mass
19. The most important distinction of the interactive model of communication is the
addition of the concept of __________.
a. feedback
b. message
c. channel
d. receiver
20. Which of the following about persuasive speaking is NOT true?
a. There are various organizational patterns that can be observed in persuasive speaking.
b. The ultimate goal of a persuasive speaker is to convince the audience to believe in him.
c. Supporting statements are not really necessary in persuasive speaking.
d. Persuasive speech is delivered to call for an action.
21. Which of the following is employed in the ending of this speech? The future has several
names. For the weak, it is the impossible. For the faint-hearted it is the unknown. For the
thoughtful and the valiant, it is the ideal. The challenge is urgent, the time is now. Onto victory.
a. summarizing
b. using an illustration
c. stating a personal intention
d. issuing a challenge or an appeal
22. Which of the following is achieved in the lines from a speech: “We are saddened; we are
stunned; we are perplexed.”?
a. repetition
b. parallelism
c. figurative language
d. accuracy
23. Which communication barrier could result in wrong interpretations of the message especially
if the receiver fails to take note of the context in which the word was said?
a. mispronunciation
b. sudden shifts in topic
c. situation
d. delivery of the message
24. Which of the following is the common occurrence among learners taking up public speaking
when in front of an audience?
a. Excitement
b. Courage
c. Shyness
d. Stage fright
25. Which of the following should be emulated from good speakers?
a. How they walk
b. How they laugh
c. How they connect with the audience
d. How they walk away from the stage
26. The following are different delivery situations except for one.
a. Speaking in different venues
b. Speaking in a concert
c. Speaking with a microphone
d. Speaking with a podium
27. Good criticism places negative remarks into a broad positive context.
a. True
b. False
c. Almost True
d. It depends on the situation

28. When the participants have feelings of unhappiness, but these are accompanied by a
sense of relief, they are in the ____________________.
a. stagnating
b. intensifying
c. experimenting
d. circumscribing
29. When people express their ideas, attitudes, and values to see how the other person will
react, they are in the ________________________.
a. stagnating
b. intensifying
c. experimenting
d. circumscribing
30. When couples believe it is better to stay away from points of conflict in the relationship in
order to avoid a full-scale fight, they are in the ___________________.
a. stagnating
b. intensifying
c. experimenting
d. circumscribing
31. Nathalie and Judy have been college roommates for three years. Their relationship has
reached the ____________________.
a. stagnating
b. intensifying
c. experimenting
d. circumscribing
32. When couples do most things together and reflect about their common experiences, they
have reached the _________________
a. stagnating
b. intensifying
c. experimenting
d. circumscribing
33. A complaint is an expression of dissatisfaction with a(n) _________________.
a. behavior, attitude, or belief
b. attitude
c. tradition
d. learning environment
34. Which of the following is an example of a frozen speech style?
a. Panatang Makabayan
b. The President’s SONA
c. A commencement speech
d. Opening remarks
35. A commercial for non-fat milk is addressed to the consumer’s need to be healthy and to
maintain a beautiful body is an example of _________.
a. logical appeal
b. personal appeal
c. psychological appeal
d. sociological appeal
36. Oral communication is the interchange of _____________ between the sender and receiver.
a. cues and clues
b. written messages
c. verbal messages
d. signs and gestureS
37. Body talk is also known as:
a. physical communication
b. leakage
c. noise
d. overflow
38. The foremost barrier to oral communication is:
a. poor listening
b. interestedness
c. humility
d. concentration
39. The effectiveness of oral communication depends on the speaker’s ability to use:
a. simple language
b. complex words
c. foreign words
d. long sentences
40. To convert a message into groups of words, symbols, gestures, or sounds that present
ideas or concepts is called:
a. encoding
b. feedback
c. noise
d. media richness
41. Manuals and policy statements are referred to as:
a. upward communication
b. horizontal communication
c. downward communication
d. none of the above
42. Which of the following is not a potential problem (barrier) to personal communications?
a. credibility of the sender
b. personal makeup of the parties involved
c. some individuals tend to be disorganized
d. none of the above (all are potential problems)
43. ______________ is the process by which the receiver interprets the symbols used by the
source of the message by converting them into concepts and ideas.
a. decoding
b. listing
c. encoding
d. none of the above
44. Noise is not a problem at which stage of the communication process?
a . source
b. receiver
c. decoding
d. none of the above (noise is a problem at all stages)
45. The _____________ is the individual or group that develops the message to be
communicated to internal and external parties.
a. source
b. encoder
c. decoder
d. jargon
 46. Which of the following is not a medium of transmission?
a. memos
b. policy statements
c. discussions
d. none of the above
47. The following rules are appropriate for dealing with touch violations:
a. begin by assuming the first touch violation is accidental
b. provide gentle nonverbal signs of rejection for repeat offenders
c. describe your reaction and the behavior that produces the perception of violation to the
offender
d. both a and c
48. To communicate competently with nonverbal communication
a. observe multiple nonverbal cues before drawing any conclusions about a person's
communication
b. try to match nonverbal and verbal communication to avoid mixed messages
c. monitor your own nonverbal communication
d. all of the above
49. How close you place your body relative to another person's conveys meaning when you
send a message. Social distance covers from about ________ to ______ Feet.
a.1, 2
b. 4, 12
c. 1.5, 4
d. 2, 6
50. Moving your head, face, and eyes away from another person is often interpreted as a lack of
___________.
a. Self-confidence
b. Self-control
c. Self-respect
d. Self-esteem

WHAT ICAN DO?

Activity 4: “Practice writing makes you perfect”

TASK:Read the sample speech below, and then, using the Six Power
Principles for Speech Editing of Andrew Dlugan, edit the speech. Underline
the part which you think needs editing for focus, clarity, concision, continuity, variety, and
impact and beauty. Then, write the revised version in the second column and the
principle you used in the last column.

Speech Editing
Speech Title: May Fifteen Edited/Revised Version Principle
May 15 of this year, I woke up with a happy
heart. I thought to myself, “when I reach 50
years old, 60 or beyond, I will look back to this
day and smile.” Then, I paid attention to my
college graduation picture, framed on a 4x6
decorative wood edging emblazoned with
beautiful memories. I reached for it, and held it
closely, and uttered, “10 years, and I think you
did a pretty good job!” I slowly put it back to the
side table, off to my working station across my
sliding window to fulfill one in my daily routine:
journal writing. Then, I started: Dear journal, “In
my 10 years as a member of the noblest
profession in the universe, I have encountered
several influential, inspiring and fabulous
people. So, today, as a tribute, I’m going to write
about them, starting off with my top three
favorites”. To begin with, I did not like my first
pick. She was someone who would always,
always disagree with my ideas and decisions. I
remember one time while I asked her to sign my
college admission papers, she was infuriated
because of my choice because I ticked Mass
Communications as my priority. It was a very
long battle of verbal argument. As expected, I
did not win. Another, I came home from school
sharing I would want to extract the tooth of my
lab partner without an anesthesia because he’s
irresponsible and ridiculous. Instead of letting
me vent and giving me a back rub, she
defended the behavior of my lab partner saying,
“He must have a bad day. You have to
understand.” Precisely, she’s a devil’s advocate.
But, I have loved her. In fact, I have been
playing as a devil’s advocate since college. I
think it’s important to see a situation from
different perspectives. In that sense, I can think
critically and make reasonable decisions. In the
academic context, I employ it as a strategy to
make my students be effective communicators,
critical and creative thinkers, service-driven
citizens, and reflective life-long learners through
exposing them to several relevant activities. I
learned this from her, from someone I know a
devil’s advocate. However, she left me. And for
once, it broke my heart. If United Kingdom has
the late Margaret Thatcher, and China has Wu
Yi, I have a friend, too, an Iron Lady who is my
second choice. And, I’m lucky to have known
her. Coined by Russian journalist Captain Yuri
Gavrilov in 1976, the iron metaphor is used to
describe a lady who is “strong-willed”.
Strongwilled, that’s a perfect word that describes
my friend. I was in grade six back then when I
witnessed the misery that happened to her
family. I knew how it felt though I was still
younger. Their business went bankrupt; her
husband was hospitalized fighting against death;
and, she was falling downward spiral. But, she
did not let go. She stood her ground, fought
back, and turned every tragedy into triumph.
That’s why she’s an Iron Lady to me. Being
strong-willed and turning tragedy into triumph
are lessons which I learned from my Iron Lady
friend. Had I not applied these lessons to my
personal and professional life, I would have lost
my sanity and remained miserable. However,
she left me. And for the second time, it broke my
heart. Of course, we all have heard the story
about a university professor who sought a
Japanese master for enlightenment about his
questions on Zen. The master served the
professor with tea, poured the cup full, and kept
on pouring. The professor suddenly said, “It is
overflowing”. The master replied, “You are like
this cup. I cannot show you Zen unless you
empty your cup.”
I first learned this story from my third choice, i.e.,
my teacher who I used to call master. That was
supposed to be a lifechanging tale for me
because I was very stubborn and unreceptive
back then. But, my master taught me to be more
open with new perspectives and continue to
seek inspirations from other people who I can
call masters, too, and to absorb and just filter
later. As Bruce Lee said, “Absorb what is
useful.” Hopefully, after I have taken everything
in, I will have evolved into a better educator, just
like my master and ultimately, a better creative
person. I want to reach that “zen point”, where
everything is intuitive and instinctive, where
teaching and I are one (like the samurai and the
sword are one), where I can see beyond what
my eyes tell me as what swordsman Miyamoto
Musashi said. Yes, I am aware of the dangers of
having too many masters. But mixed martial arts
taught us that we can learn different fighting
styles from different masters, and eventually,
evolve into a well-rounded warrior. I guess the
secret lies in keeping an open mind. I learned
that from my master. So, I just make sure that
when I meet other people and listen to their
stories, I go with an empty cup. Nevertheless,
she left me. Again, it broke my heart. Right after
I signed on my journal entry, I heard euphonous
voices of these three personalities fused into
one calling my name. It was my mom. She came
in to my room with two pieces of cake each
shaped with letters P and J enough to be carried
by her hands. The letters are initials of my first
name- Philippe John. Planted on the edge of
each cake were five tiny well-lit candles. I stood
from my post, grabbed the pieces from my
mom’s shaky hands, and put them on my desk.
Then, I hugged her. It was one of the tightest
hugs I had given her. And, she told me, “You’re
now a decade young teacher. Way to go, my
love, and I promise I will not leave you anymore.
Never.” I couldn’t thank her more. May 15 of this
year, I woke up with a happy heart. And, again. I
thought to myself, “when I reach 50 years old,
60 or beyond, I will look back to this day again
and again and again.”

SUMMARY
1. Understanding the basics and building of a strong foundation which focuses on the basic
principles of communication will enable students to position themselves more confidently
in various communicative functions, making them more effective and responsible
communicators.
2. Communication is broadly defined as the imparting and exchanging of information.
3. There are five functions of communication
a. Control
b. Social Interaction
c. Motivation
d. Emotional Expression
e. Information Dissemination
4. These elements of communication are: Speaker, Message, Encoding, Channel,
Decoding, Receiver, Feedback, Context and Barrier.
5. There are at least four type of speech context: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Public and
Mass Communication.
6. The following are the types of speeches:
a. Manuscript Speech
b. Memorized Speech
c. Impromptu Speech
d. Extemporaneous Speech
e. Entertainment Speech
f. Informative Speech
g. Persuasive Speech
7. There are at least seven Communication Strategies that must be used to start and
maintain a conversation. Such as: Nomination, Restriction, Turn-taking, Topic Control,
Topic Shifting, Repair and Termination.
8. The components of speech writing process are the following:
a. Audience Profile
b. Logical Organization
c. Duration
d. Word Choice
e. Grammatical Correctness
9. The principles of Speech Delivery are the following:
a. Articulation
b. Modulation
c. Stage Presence
d. Facial Expressions
e. Gestures and Movements
f. Rapport with the Audience
10. Ultimately, this learning module aims to instill a lasting commitment to lifelong learning
and critical thinking despite the difficult situation brought forth by the pandemic
encouraging students to be more accountable and responsible of their one’s own
learning.