Integrated Science Grade 7 Weeks 1 - 4 Term 2

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME
INTEGRATED SCIENCE
GRADE 7
WEEK 1 LESSON 1
Topic: Matter
Sub-topic: States of Matter
What is Matter?
The word ‘matter’ can be used in many ways. Matter is what all things are made of.
Everything in the universe is made of matter. Plants and animals, rocks and soil, air and water,
are all made of matter. Some matters are hard, soft, shiny, dull, and brittle while some can bend
and stretch. Even the hair on your head and the air that you breathe is made of matter.
All these things can be weighed, to find how much matter is in them. This is called their mass.
Matter also takes up space. The amount of space occupied by something is called volume. So,
from the above discussion, we can define matter as anything that occupies space (has volume)
and has mass (can be weighed).
Let us look at one of the senses to see the difference between ‘matter’ and ‘non-matter’. The
sense we will look at is the feel of touch on the skin. For example, you can feel the air around
your skin. Another example is the feel of water. You can tell that water feels cold and wet. The
water is matter because you can feel the wetness on your body.
Atoms and molecules

Some substances are made up of only one type of particle. This particle is an atom. Other
substances like copper are made up of copper atoms. Other substances like water or the gas like
carbon dioxide are made up particles that are group of atoms. A single group of these atoms
which are changed in a particular pattern is called a MOLECULE. Many gases and liquids are
made up of molecules.
Nature of Matter
Scientists believe that matters are made up of tiny particles. Everything around us is made of
very tiny pieces or particles. Your body is made of particles. So is your desk, your chair and this
booklet. These particles are so tiny that no ordinary microscope can see them. It is impossible to
pick up just one of them and look at it.
Matters – made of particles
You can find evidence that things are made of particles. A good example is the dust. If you
switch on a torch in a closed dark room, you will notice the particles of dust moving about
randomly in all directions. The particles of dust continue moving indefinitely and their
movements do not stop. They hit the dust particles from all possible directions. It is due to the
impact of the molecules of the air that the dust particles move randomly.
Matter will behave in different ways when it is heated, cooled or when electricity flows
through it. The particles which make up matter have spaces between them. The state
of matter such as solids, liquids and gases are different from each other.
Categories of Matter: What do you think??
1. Solid: has a low energy level
2. Liquid: has a higher energy level
3. Gas: has the highest energy level

What makes a state of matter?
How are the molecules in solids,
States of Matter liquids and gases arranged?
Elements and compounds can move from one physical state to
another and not change. Oxygen (O2) as a gas still has the same Why is matter changing states?
properties as liquid oxygen. The liquid state is colder and denser
but the molecules are still the same. Water is another example. The
compound water is made up of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom. It has the
same molecular structure whether it is a gas, liquid, or solid. Although its physical state may
change, its chemical state remains the same.
Changing states of matter is about changing densities, pressures, temperatures, and other
physical properties. The basic chemical structure does not change.
Solids
Let’s take a look Solids are one of the three states of matter. Solids have a
particular shape and definite volume. It takes up space, meaning
their shapes will not change unless some force changes them.
Solids also cannot be squashed into smaller volume. You can
pick up and hold solids in your hands.
Liquids
Click on the link below:
Liquid is another state of matter. A liquid flows easily, has a
https://youtu.be/QQsybALJoew
definite volume but no definite shape. Unlike solids, its shape
https://youtu.be/vNvElea-124 depends on the container. You cannot pick up or hold liquids.
You can pour liquid and it flows into another container. It will
have the shape of that container.
Gases
A gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. It completely fills and takes the shape of
its container. You cannot pick up and hold gas with your hands. It spreads out in all directions-
we call that diffusion. We can weigh a gas and compress its volume; and it can go back to its
original size. That‘s the elastic property of gases!
References
http://fode.education.gov.pg/courses/Science/Grade%207/Grade7.Science.S3.pdf
https://www.google.com/search?q=solid+liquid+gas&sxsrf=ALeKk01CTdDsG8UnNyYAo4
2cY1-
uYTGNCA:1604350118720&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnoa_33eTsA
hXQnuAKHeJ5CJwQ_AUoAXoECBkQAw&biw=868&bih=765#imgrc=EgcNSJiobGHqh
M&imgdii=zLVrIzRGBAKW0M
WEEK 1 LESSON 1- WORKSHEET
Part A. Complete the following sentences.
1. All matter takes up __________ and has __________.
2. The three states of matter are __________, __________ and __________.
3. A __________ can be squeezed into smaller volume, but a solid or a __________ cannot.
4. When a liquid is poured from one container to another its shape changes, but its
__________ stays the same.
5. The volume and shape of a __________ stay the same, no matter what container you put
it in.
Part B. State whether the given is solid, liquid or a gas.
6. Sugar __________ 10. Glass __________
11. Paul‘s milk __________

7. Smell of onions __________
12. String __________

8. Sand __________
13. Nail polish __________

9. Cold ice cream __________
WEEK 1 LESSON 1- ANSWER SHEET
Part A
1. space/ has mass
2. solid, liquid and gas
3. gas/ liquid
4. volume
5. solid
Part B
6. solid
7. gas
8. solid
9. solid
10. solid
11. liquid
12. solid
13. liquid
WEEK 1 LESSON 2
Topic: Matter
Sub-topic: Properties of Matter
All substances have properties that we can use to identify them. For example we can identify a
person by their face, their voice, height, finger prints etc. The more of these properties that we
can identify, the better we know the person. In a similar way matter has properties - and there are
many of them. There are two basic types of properties that we can associate with matter.
Properties of matter can be classified as either:
1. extensive or intensive
2. physical or chemical
Examples of physical properties are: colour, smell, freezing point, boiling point, melting point,
attraction or repulsion to magnets and density. There are many more examples. Note that
measuring each of these properties will not alter the basic nature of the substance.
Examples of chemical properties are: heat of combustion, reactivity with water, pH, and
electromotive force. The more properties we can identify for a substance, the better we know the
nature of that substance. These properties can then help us model the substance and thus
understand how this substance will behave under various conditions.
Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, Let’s take a look

depend on the amount of matter that is being
measured.
Intensive properties, such as density and color, do not
depend on the amount of matter. Both extensive and
intensive properties are physical properties, which
means they can be measured without changing the Click on the links below:
substance’s chemical identity. For example, the
freezing point of a substance is a physical property: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEAiLm2zuvc
when water freezes, it’s still water (H2O)—it’s just in a https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6374reKwp2w
different physical state.
Summary:
Key points
 Physical changes only change the appearance of a substance, not its chemical
composition.
 Chemical changes cause a substance to change into an entirely new substance with a new
chemical formula.
 Chemical changes are also known as chemical reactions. The “ingredients” of a reaction
are called reactants, and the end results are called products.
Key terms
 Chemical change: a process that causes a substance to change into a new substance with a
new chemical formula.
 Chemical reaction: a process involving the breaking or making of interatomic bonds and
the transformation of a substance (or substances) into another.
 Physical change: a process that does not cause a substance to become a fundamentally
different substance.
Reference
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/physical-and-chemical-
properties-of-matter/
http://aven.amritalearning.com/index.php?sub=100&brch=294&sim=1472&cnt=3384
WEEK 1 LESSON 2 WORKSHEET
Instruction: answer all questions.
1. A ___________ change alters the form or appearance of matter but does not change
the substance's identity.
a) physical
b) chemical
c) substantial
d) climate
2. A substance that undergoes a physical change is ________ the original substance

after the change.
a) different from
b) the same as
c) slightly larger than
d) a clone of
3. What are some examples of physical changes that occur in nature?

a) Color
b) Shape
c) State of matter
d) All of the answers are correct.
4. A change in the size, shape, or state of matter.

a) chemical change c) chemical reaction
b) physical change d) electron change
5. Swimming and cooking are examples of uses of which state of water?
a) Gas c) Solid
b) Ice d) Liquid
6. Is hammering wood together to build a house a chemical or physical change?

a) chemical
b) physical
7. Is melting butter for popcorn a chemical or physical change?

a) chemical
b) physical
8. Which of these show how liquid water changes as the temperature of the air
decreases?
a) Water  Gas c) Water  Ice
b) Gas Water d) Ice Water
9. What are the properties of matter:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. Define each property highlighted in (9):
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. a) Extensive b) Intensive
10. a) Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of matter that is
being measured.
b) Intensive properties, such as density and color, do not depend on the amount of matter
WEEK 1 LESSON 3
Topic: Matter
Sub-topic: Physical Changes
Physical changes occur when objects undergo a change that does not change their chemical
nature or properties. This change involves a change in physical properties and does not produce a
new substance. Changes in state or phase (melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation,
sublimation) are physical changes.
An example of a physical change occurs when making a cricket bat. Wood is carefully crafted
into a shape which will allow a batter to best apply force on the ball. Even though the wood has
changed shape and therefore physical properties, the chemical nature of the wood has not been
changed. The bat and the original piece of wood are still the same chemical substance.
Other examples of physical changes include crushing a can,
melting an ice cube, breaking a bottle, sharpening pencil and Let’s take a look
grass knife, chopping of wood, tearing up a piece of paper or
cloth and the erosion of soil after heavy rain.
The different physical changes

It is important to understand physical changes. Physical
changes are about energy and states of matter. When you step Click on the links below:
on a can and crushed it, you have forced a physical change. The
https://youtu.be/4TNqZVRST0g
shape of the object has changed. It wasn't a change in the state
of matter, but something changed. When you melt an ice cube
you have also forced a physical change (adding energy). That example caused a change in the
state of matter. You can cause physical changes with forces like motion, temperature, and
pressure.
When you sharpen your bush knife, you have made a physical change. You have changed some
metal into powder but you have not made any new substance.
Physical changes include
- changes of state,
- dissolving and
- Separating mixtures.
When matter changes state, a physical change takes place.
Types of Changes in matter:

There are two types of change in matter:
1. Physical change
2. Chemical change
Physical Changes
Reversible Nature of Physical Properties
As the names suggest, a physical change affects a substance’s physical properties, and a
chemical change affects its chemical properties. Many physical changes are reversible (such as
heating and cooling), whereas chemical changes are often irreversible or only reversible with an
additional chemical change.
Another way to think about this is that a physical change does not cause a substance to become a
fundamentally different substance but a chemical change
causes a substance to change into something chemically new. NOTE WELL:
Blending a smoothie, for example, involves two physical Boiling water: Boiling water is an
changes: the change in shape of each fruit and the mixing
example of a physical change and
together of many different pieces of fruit. Because none of the
chemicals in the smoothie components are changed during not a chemical change because the
blending (the water and vitamins from the fruit are unchanged, water vapor still has the same
for example), we know that no chemical changes are involved. molecular structure as liquid water
Cutting, tearing, shattering, grinding, and mixing are further (H2 O). If the bubbles were caused
types of physical changes because they change the form but not by the decomposition of a molecule
the composition of a material. For example, mixing salt and into a gas (such as H2 O →H2 and
pepper creates a new substance without changing the chemical O2), then boiling would be a
makeup of either component.
chemical change.
Phase changes are changes that occur when substances are
melted, frozen, boiled, condensed, sublimated, or deposited.
They are also physical changes because they do not change the nature of the substance.
Activity 1
Let’s get Curious!!!! Take some ice in a glass or plastic

tumbler.
Melt a small portion of ice by placing
the tumbler in the sun.
You have now a mixture of ice and
water.
Interactive: Physical Properties
Now place the tumbler in a freezing
Check out the activities and share mixture (ice plus common salt).
your views.
Does the water become solid ice once
again?
Activity 2
Boil some water in a container. Do you see the steam rising from the surface of water?
Hold an inverted pan by its handle over the steam at some distance from the boiling
water.
Observe the inner surface of the pan.
Do you see any droplet of water there?
Observations from the Activities:
1. In Activities 1 and 2 water changed its state (from solid to liquid, or from gas to liquid).
Reference
11. How are solids different from liquids?

a) Solids have a fixed shape
b) Liquids have a fixed shape
c) Solids do not freeze
d) Liquids do not freeze
12. Olivia is making smores over a campfire. Her marshmallow falls into the fire and
burns. Which is true about her marshmallow?
a) The fire produces no change to the marshmallow.
b) The fire produces a physical change to the marshmallow.
c) The marshmallow turns into new matter (ashes).
d) The ashes left behind will turn back into a marshmallow.
13. How do you know matter has changed?

a) The matter stays the same.
b) New material is formed.
c) The matter gets more massive.
d) The matter gets less massive.
14. Is burning wood a chemical or physical change?

a) chemical
b) physical
15. Which of the following sports uses water it its solid state?
a) Water skiing
b) Canoeing
c) Ice Hockey
d) Swimming
16. Alex baked a batch of cookies. When the cookies came out of the oven, Alex noticed
that color of the cookies had changed. They smelled different than the raw cookie
dough. The raw cookie dough was sticky and soft and the baked cookies are dry and
firm. What kind of change has taken place in the cookies?
a) Chemical change- decaying c) Physical change- cooking
b) Chemical change- cooking d) Physical change- breaking
17. Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical change?

a) crumpled paper c) shrunken clothing
b) pencil sharpening d) sour milk
18. A pellet of sodium is sliced in two

a) chemical change
b) physical change
19. Explain how blending a smoothie with fruits is an example of physical change.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
20. Give three examples of activities can result in physical changes.

a)
b)
c)
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. B
9. Blending a smoothie, for example, involves two physical changes: the change in shape of
each fruit and the mixing together of many different pieces of fruit. Because none of the
chemicals in the smoothie components are changed during blending (the water and
vitamins from the fruit are unchanged, for example), we know that no chemical changes
are involved.
10. Cutting, tearing, shattering, grinding, and mixing, melting, freezing, boiling,
condensing, subliming or deposits.
WEEK 2 LESSON 1
Topic: Properties of matter

Sub-topic: Physical properties
All substances have properties that we can use to identify them. For example we can identify a
person by their face, their voice, height, finger prints etc. The more of these properties that we
can identify, the better we know the person. In a similar way matter has properties - and there are
many of them. There are two basic types of properties that we can associate with matter. These
properties are called Physical properties and Chemical properties:
Examples of physical properties are: colour, smell, freezing point, boiling point, melting point,
attraction or repulsion to magnets and density. There are many more examples. Note that
measuring each of these properties will not alter the basic nature of the substance.
What Are Physical Properties Of Materials?

In Science, we often describe the properties of a
material. ―Properties‖ means the special features or Let’s take a look
characteristics of a substance. It describe how a
material behaves when heated or cooled, scratched or
bent, when squashed or stretched and so on.
Properties of matter can be classified as either: Click on the links below:

3. extensive or intensive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEAiLm2zuvc
4. physical or chemical
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6374reKwp2w
Extensive properties, such as mass and volume,
depend on the amount of matter that is being
measured.
Intensive properties, such as density and color, do not depend on the amount of matter. Both
extensive and intensive properties are physical properties, which means they can be measured
without changing the substance’s chemical identity. For example, the freezing point of a
substance is a physical property: when water freezes, it’s still water (H2O)—it’s just in a
different physical state.
Properties of materials
You will have noticed that a piece of wood and a brick are different from each other. We say
they are different because they feel, smell and look different. These characteristics are called the
properties of materials. Properties tell the difference between one material and another.
Sometimes it is easy to determine the properties of a material, for example, cola and lemonade
look, taste and smell different to each other. But sometimes special tests or experiments have to
be conducted to determine properties.
A diamond and a quartz crystal may look similar, but in order to distinguish between them,
special hardness tests have to be conducted. Diamond is much harder than quartz. Diamond will
scratch quartz but quartz will not scratch diamond.
To describe the properties of different materials, some of the words used are shown below.
a) Strength is the property of a substance that allows it to retain or maintain its shape when
twisted, pulled or crushed.
b) Some flexible solids will bend without breaking. We say the solid is malleable. A solid is
called ductile if it can be stretched and drawn into wires. Solids which crumble and break
apart if you try to bend them is said to be brittle.
c) Materials which allow heat and electricity to flow through them easily are called
conductors. Insulators are materials which do not allow heat and electricity to flow
through them.
d) Elastic materials can be stretched and will return to their original shape when released.
e) Density is the ―heaviness‖ of the material and measures how closely particles are packed
together in a material. To find the density of a sample of material you measure its mass
and volume. Density is calculated by dividing the mass (in grams) by the volume (in
cubic centimeters).
f) Opaque does not allow light to pass through it. Transparent lets light through or ―see-
through‖ it.
g) The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which that substance changes state
from a liquid to a gas. Different substances have different boiling points.
h) The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which that substance changes state
from a solid to a liquid.
i) Hardness is the property of a substance that allows it to resist scratching. Hard materials
are used to cut softer ones. The hardest substance on Earth is diamond. Diamond tipped
drills is used to cut concrete; metal drills are hard enough to cut into wood.
Physical Properties
Physical properties are properties that can be measured or observed without changing the
chemical nature of the substance. Some examples of physical properties are:
 color (intensive)
 density (intensive) Let’s get Curious!!!!
 volume (extensive)
 mass (extensive)
 boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which Interactive: Physical Properties

a substance boils
Check out the activities and share
 melting point (intensive): the temperature at your views.
which a substance melts
Activity 1
Activity 2
Cut a piece of paper in four square pieces.
Collect the chalk dust lying on the floor
Cut each square piece further into four square pieces. near the blackboard in your classroom.
Or, crush a small piece of chalk into
Lay these pieces on the floor or a table so that the
dust.
pieces acquire the shape of the original piece of paper.
Add a little water to the dust to make a
Obviously, you cannot join the pieces back to make
paste.
the original piece. But is there a change in the property
of the paper? Roll it into the shape of a piece of
chalk. Let it dry.
Did you recover chalk from the dust?
Observations from the Activities:

2. In Activities 1 and 2 above, you saw that paper and a piece of chalk underwent changes
in size.
NB.
Properties such as shape, size, color and state of a substance are called its physical properties. A
change in which a substance undergoes a change in its physical properties is called a physical
change. A physical change is generally reversible. In such a change no new substance is formed.
Reference
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
1. Define the physical properties of materials.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the following physical properties.

a) strong _________________________________________
b) brittle _________________________________________
c) density _________________________________________
d) opaque _________________________________________
e) ductile _________________________________________
f) malleable _________________________________________
g) transparent _________________________________________
h) conductor _________________________________________
i) insulator _________________________________________
3. Write the uses of each materials based on their physical properties.

a) tin _______________________________________________
b) lead ______________________________________________
c) zinc ______________________________________________
d) copper ___________________________________________
e) aluminium ________________________________________
f) Magnesium _______________________________________
4. Describe a physical change.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Give 4 examples of physical changes and explain each.
a) ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
b) ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
c) ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
d) ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
1. The physical properties of materials are the physical aspects or characteristics of a

material and how it behaves.
2. a) Resists the effects of forces

b) Hard but breaks easily
c) The heaviness of the material
d) Light passes through but scatters it
e) Can be hammered into shape
f) Can be pulled out into wires
g) Light is ―see-through‖
h) Heat & electricity can pass through easily
i) Stops heat & electricity to pass through
3. a) Can be rolled into thin sheets of tinfoil. Used for coating iron like tin plating in tin
cans.
b) Used as fishing sinkers. Also used to make waterproof joints to stop water getting into
building.
c) Does not corrode easily. Used to coat iron to form galvanised iron. Used to make dry
cells for radios and torches.
d) An excellent conductor of electricity and heat. Used for wiring household electrical
appliances. Also used in water and gas piping
e) Used as cooking pots, aeroplanes and louvre frames. Also used as a wrapper for foods,
chocolates and other articles. Can be rolled into thin sheets used in ceiling to keep houses
cool.
f) The light it produced is useful in camera, flashbulbs, flares and fireworks.
4. When matter changes but no new substance is formed, it is called a physical change. For
example, when you sharpen your pencil you have made a physical change. You have
changed some of the wood and graphite into shavings and powder but you have not made
any new substances.
5. a. When you sharpen your bush knife, you have made a physical change.
You have changed some metal into powder but you have not made any new substance.
b. When water is cooled, it can change to ice. This is a physical change because no new
substances are formed. Although ice and water look different, they both are made of the
same water molecules and have the same formula, H2O.
c. When sugar dissolves in the water, it is called a physical change. You cannot see the
sugar but you know that it is there because you can taste it. Dissolving is a physical
change because no new substances are formed.
d. When two solids are mixed together the particles are not joined, they only mixed up.
This mixing is a physical change because no new substances are formed.
(any other suitable answers)
WEEK 2 LESSON 2
Topic: Physical Properties of Matter

Sub-topic: Change in state
What Is A Change Of State?

When a substance changes from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, gas to liquid or liquid to solid, it
changes state or phase. These are called changes of states of matter. The type of material or
substance does not alter or change; it just changes from one state to another when they are heated
or cooled. As the substance is heated, the particles that make up the substance gain energy and
move around faster, eventually causing the substance to change state.
The five changes of states of matter
There are five changes of states of matter. The diagram below illustrates these changes.
Melting is a change of state where a substance changes from

solid to liquid. Just like an ice block, when it melts, it changes Let’s take a look
into liquid. When a solid is heated, its particles get more energy
and vibrate. This makes the solid expand. At the melting point,
the particles vibrate so much that they break away from their
positions. The solid becomes a liquid.
Evaporation is a change of state where a substance changes
from liquid to gas. A good example is the boiling of water. The
Click on the link below:
water will become gas if you continue boiling it! When a liquid https://youtu.be/QQsybALJoew
is heated, its particles get more energy and move faster. They
https://youtu.be/vNvElea-124
bump into each other more often and bounce further apart.
They overcome the forces holding them together and break away from the liquid and form a gas.
Condensation is a change of state where a substance changes from gas to liquid. In evaporation,
the water that turn into gas is called steam. When steam is cooled, it changes back to water. You
can see it on a cold glass of water. The water gas in the air condenses outside the glass. When a
gas is cooled, the particles lose energy. They move more and more slowly, bump into each other
but do not have enough energy to bounce away again so, they stay close together and a liquid
forms.
Freezing is a change of state where a substance changes from liquid to solid. A good example of
freezing is the water that turns into ice. When a gas is cooled, the particles lose energy and move
more slowly forming a liquid. When the liquid is cooled further, the particles slow down even
more; eventually stop moving except for tiny vibrations thus a solid form.
Some substances can change state from solid to a gas or from gas to a solid, without through the
liquid state. This is called sublimation. Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) changes directly into a
gas. This is because air pressure as well as temperature affects the state of matter. Another
substance which sublimes is iodine.
Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases causes an increase in the volume.

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the liquid boils and turns to vapor.
The melting point of a liquid is the temperature at which a given solid will melt.
The addition or removal of heat may easily change the state of a substance.
- If heat is removed from liquid, it will eventually change to a solid.
- If heat is added to liquid, it will eventually change into gas.
References
http://fode.education.gov.pg/courses/Science/Grade%207/Grade7.Science.S3.pdf
https://www.google.com/search?q=solid+liquid+gas&sxsrf=ALeKk01CTdDsG8UnNyYAo4
2cY1-
uYTGNCA:1604350118720&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnoa_33eTsA
hXQnuAKHeJ5CJwQ_AUoAXoECBkQAw&biw=868&bih=765#imgrc=EgcNSJiobGHqh
M&imgdii=zLVrIzRGBAKW0M
1. How many states of matter have we learned about?

a) 4
b) 1
c) 3
d) 2
2. What are the states of matter?

a) solid, liquid, and juice
b) solid and liquid
c) solid and gas
d) solid, liquid, and gas
3. Which form of matter has a definite shape and takes up space (has definite volume)?
a) liquid c) gas
b) solid d) Clay
4. Which form of matter take the shape of a container like this juice?
a) liquid c) glass
b) solid d) gas
5. Which form of matter fills the space like it has in the balloon?
a) liquid c) solid
b) string d) gas
6. The slower the particles in a substance move,

a) the colder it is.
b) the warmer it is.
c) the more energy it has.
d) the less energy it has.
7. Molecules are closest together in a
a) Solid c) Gas
b) Liquid d) plasma
8. What term describes a solid changing to a gas?

a) Deposition c) Evaporation
b) Sublimation d) Freezing
9. What is condensation?
a) gas to solid
b) gas to liquid
c) liquid to solid
d) solid to liquid
10. As temperature decreases, what happens to particles?

a) They speed up
b) They slow down
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. B
9. B
10. A
WEEK 2 LESSON 3
Topic: Matter
Sub-topic: Diffusion
Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration.
It occurs to spread particles equally across a given area/volume.
Diffusion is the process of movement of molecules under a concentration gradient. It is an

important process occurring in all living beings. Diffusion helps in the movement of substances
in and out of the cells. The molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of
lower concentration until the concentration becomes equal throughout.
Liquid and gases undergo diffusion as the molecules are able to move randomly.
Types of Diffusion
Diffusion is widely used in various fields such as biology, physics, chemistry, etc. Diffusion can
be classified into two main types: Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Simple diffusion
A process in which the substance moves through a
semipermeable membrane or in a solution without any help Let’s take a look
from transport proteins. For example, bacteria deliver small
nutrients, water and oxygen into the cytoplasm through simple
diffusion.
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is a passive movement of molecules across
the cell membrane from the region of higher concentration to Click on the link below:
the region of lower concentration by means of a carrier
molecule. https://youtu.be/jhszFBtBPoI
Dialysis: It is the diffusion of solutes across a selectively https://youtu.be/wX4iBnIn9ZQ
permeable membrane. A selectively permeable membrane is
the one that allows only specific ions and molecules to pass https://youtu.be/3TPxSbGA798
through, while it obstructs the movement of others.
https://youtu.be/LoxxG0Og6Mk
Osmosis: It is the movement of solvent molecules from the
region of lower concentration to the region of higher
https://youtu.be/aTn56X_fa7Y
concentration through a semipermeable membrane. Since
water is solvent in every living being, biologists define osmosis
as the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. For example, plants take
water and minerals from roots with the help of osmosis.
Factors affecting rate of diffusion include:

- Quantity of substance
- Temperature.
- Area of Interaction.
- Size of the Particle.
- The steepness of the concentration gradient
Causes of Diffusion
Diffusion is a natural and physical process, which happens on its own, without stirring or
shaking the solutions. Liquid and gases undergo diffusion as the molecules are able to move
randomly. The molecules collide with each other and change the direction.
Significance of Diffusion
Diffusion is an important process, which is involved in the different life processes. As mentioned
above, it is the net movement of particles, ions, molecules, solution, etc. In all living species,
diffusion plays an important role in the movement of the molecules during the metabolic process
in the cells.
Diffusion is important for the following reasons:
During the process of respiration, this process helps in diffusing the carbon dioxide gas out
through the cell membrane into the blood.
Diffusion also occurs in plant cells. In all green plants, water present in the soil diffuses into
plants through their root hair cells.
The movement of ions across the neurons that generates electrical charge is due to diffusion.
Examples of diffusion in everyday life

- You can smell perfume because it diffuses into the air and makes its way into your nose.
- Cigarette smoke diffuses into the air
- A few crystals of potassium permanganate in water will diffuse and turn the water purple.
- Leave a soda bottle and the carbon dioxide bubble will diffuse and leave it flat.
- A tea bag placed in a cup of hot water will diffuse into the water
- Aroma of food diffuses into the air and the smell reaches you
- In leaves, oxygen from the leaf cells diffuses out to the air.
- Alloys are examples of diffusion, as in copper being diffused in a copper alloy.
- Heat is diffused during heat conduction, such as a mug getting hot when a hot liquid is
placed in it.
Exercise
Complete the following by filling in the blanks. (Cooled, Solid, Heated, Expand, Melt)
1. When solids are heated they get larger; we say they________________
2. When solids get smaller, we say they ____________________
3. Liquids, solids and gases expand when they are __________________
4. Liquids solids and gases contract when they are __________________
5. When heat is removed from a liquid it changes to a __________________
Effects of Impurities and Pressure on the Boiling Point

- An increase in pressure on the surface of a liquid results in a rise of the boiling point, for example, the
0
pressure cooker. The boiling point is higher than 100 C.
- A reduction of pressure on the surface of a liquid results in a lower boiling point, for example, boiling
0
water on a high mountain. The boiling point is less than 100 C.
- The boiling point (B.P) of a liquid is raised by the presence of impurities.
Effects of Impurities and Pressure on the Melting Point

The melting point of ice can be changed by pressure, for example, a piece of wire with masses tied to the
ends is placed on a small block of ice. The ice below the wire will melt under the pressure and refreeze
above the wire. The wire will pass right through the ice leaving the block still in one piece.
Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases due to Heat
When substances are heated, their particles that are constantly vibrating convert the heat energy to
mechanical energy thereby increasing the speed of their vibrations and also the area that they vibrate in.
Uses of Expansion in Daily Life
- Bimetallic strip in an electrical switch
- Fitting steel tires on wheels (train)
- Riveting of steel plates (ships)
- Thermometers
- Fitting a steel rim on cartwheels
Summary
 Things in our environment are classified as either living matter or non-living matter
 Solids, liquids and gases have mass
 Solids, liquids, and gases expand when heated
 Solids, liquids and gases contract when cooled
 Heat energy can change the physical state of a substance
 When solid changes into a liquid, we say it melts
References
https://byjus.com/biology/diffusion/
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-1-cell-biology/14-membrane-
transport/facilitated-diffusion.html
Define the terms below:
1. Simple Diffusion:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Facilitated Diffusion
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Give three examples of diffusion in everyday life.
a)
b)
c)
4. Which of the following factors does NOT have a direct influence on the rate of
diffusion?
a) Molecule size
b) Color
c) Temperature
d) Barriers in the substance
5. A concentration gradient no longer exists when
a) no more molecules are being added to the substance.
b) all the molecules have reached equilibrium and stopped moving.
c) the color of the substance has evened out.

d) the added molecules have evenly spread throughout the substance and equilibrium
has been reached.
6. The “random walk” of particles refers to
a) the spontaneous movement of particles as they interact with their environment.
b) the direct movement of particles from Point A to Point B.
c) a property of matter unique to liquids.
d) the average distance a particle travels between impacts with other particles.
7. When molecules diffuse through a substance, they appear to move down a

concentration gradient. This is because the molecules are
a) consciously moving to an area of the substance where there is more space.
b) chemically interacting with the substance and changing it.
c) randomly moving and colliding with one another.
d) increasing the substance’s temperature, which causes the molecules to move.
8. Diffusion is a process that only occurs in liquid substances.
a) true
b) false
9. Which of the following examples would diffuse the FASTEST?
a) Salt into salt water
b) Salt water into salt water
c) Salt into tap water
d) Salt water into tap water
10. The diffusion rate differs between gases, liquids, and solids because the
a) temperatures are different in each form.
b) molecules are different sizes in each form.
c) number of barriers in the molecule's way differ.

d) distance molecules have to travel before colliding with another molecule differ.
1. Simple diffusion
A process in which the substance moves through a semipermeable membrane or in a solution
without any help from transport proteins. For example, bacteria deliver small nutrients, water
and oxygen into the cytoplasm through simple diffusion.
2. Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is a passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane from the
region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration by means of a carrier
molecule.
3. Examples of diffusion in everyday life

a) You can smell perfume because it diffuses into the air and makes its way into your nose.
b) Cigarette smoke diffuses into the air
c) A few crystals of potassium permanganate in water will diffuse and turn the water purple.
d) Leave a soda bottle and the carbon dioxide bubble will diffuse and leave it flat.
e) A tea bag placed in a cup of hot water will diffuse into the water
f) Aroma of food diffuses into the air and the smell reaches you
g) In leaves, oxygen from the leaf cells diffuses out to the air.
h) Alloys are examples of diffusion, as in copper being diffused in a copper alloy.
i) Heat is diffused during heat conduction, such as a mug getting hot when a hot liquid is
placed in it.
4. b) Color
Correct! While color might indicate that there are other differences between two
substances, it is not a direct influence on the speed at which a molecule can diffuse.
Other factors, such as temperature, size, weight, and barriers in the substance
influence the rate at which diffusion can occur.
5. d) the added molecules have evenly spread throughout the substance and
equilibrium has been reached.
Correct! When the molecules that have been added to a substance have spread throughout a
substance, it is said to have reached equilibrium. At this point, the concentration of molecules
is equal throughout the substance and the gradient no longer exists.
6. a) the spontaneous movement of particles as they interact with their environment.

Correct! The “random walk,” also known as Brownian motion, refers to the way molecules
move through space, bouncing off of other particles and obstacles, and otherwise interacting
with their environment.
7. c) randomly moving and colliding with one another.
Correct! Diffusion is a process through which molecules move through a substance as a result
of their random motion and collision with other particles. Over time, molecules will move from
an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration and become evenly dispersed
throughout.
8. b) false
Correct! Diffusion is a process in which molecules of one substance move through another.
This can take place in gases, liquids, plasmas, and even solids.
9. c) Salt into tap water
Correct! We know that if a concentration gradient of a substance is high in relation to the
substance it is diffusing into it will diffuse faster than if the concentration gradient is low. Salt
and tap water have the highest concentration gradient of the choices.
10. d) distance molecules have to travel before colliding with another molecule differ.
Correct! A primary difference between these different forms is the distance between
molecules. In gases, molecules are spread further apart than in liquids or solids. Since
diffusion involves collisions between molecules, the distance between the molecules is an
important factor.
WEEK 3 LESSON 1
Topic: Chemical Properties

Sub-topic: Chemical Properties of Substances
A change in which one or more new substances are formed is called a chemical change. A
chemical change is also called a chemical reaction
Chemical changes are very important in our lives. All new substances are formed as a result of
chemical changes. For example, if a metal is to be extracted from an ore, such as iron from iron
ore, we need to carry out a series of chemical changes. A medicine is the end product of a chain
of chemical reactions. Useful new materials, such as plastics and detergents, are produced by
chemical reactions. Indeed, every new material is discovered by studying chemical changes.
We have seen that one or more new substances are produced in a chemical change. In addition to
new products, the following may accompany a chemical change:
Heat, light or any other radiation (ultraviolet, for example) may be given off or absorbed.
 Sound may be produced.
 A change in smell may take place or a new smell may be given off.
 A colour change may take place.
 A gas may be formed
Chemical Properties Take a look at this
Remember, the definition of a chemical property is that
measuring that property must lead to a change in the
substance’s chemical structure. Chemical properties cannot be
determined just by viewing or touching the substance; the
substance’s internal structure must be affected for its chemical
properties to be investigated. Here are several examples of Click on the link below:
chemical properties:
https://youtu.be/y3jzixVM9GA
 Heat of combustion is the energy released when a
compound undergoes complete combustion (burning)
with oxygen.
Burning of magnesium ribbon is a chemical change (in activity 1 below). Burning of coal, wood
or leaves is also a chemical change. In fact, burning of any substance is a chemical change.
Burning is always accompanied by production of heat
 Chemical stability refers to whether a compound will react with water or air (chemically
stable substances will not react). Hydrolysis and
oxidation are two such reactions and are both DID YOU KNOW?
chemical changes.
For rusting, the presence of both oxygen and
 Flammability refers to whether a compound will
water (or water vapour) is essential.
burn when exposed to flame. Again, burning is a
chemical reaction—commonly a high-temperature In fact, if the content of moisture in air is high,
reaction in the presence of oxygen. which means if it is more humid, rusting
 The preferred oxidation state is the lowest-energy becomes faster. So, how do we prevent
oxidation state that a metal will undergo reactions trusting? Prevent iron articles from coming in
in order to achieve (if another element is present to contact with oxygen, or water, or both. One
accept or donate electrons). simple way is to apply a coat of paint or
grease. In fact, these coats should be applied
Rusting of Iron- This is one change that affects iron articles regularly to prevent rusting. Another way is to
and slowly destroys them. Since iron is used in making deposit a layer of a metal like chromium or
bridges, ships, cars, truck bodies and many other articles, zinc on iron. This process of depositing a layer
the monetary loss due to rusting is huge.The process of of zinc on iron is called galvanization. The iron
rusting can be represented by the following equation: pipes we use in our homes to carry water are
galvanized to prevent rusting.
Iron (Fe) + Oxygen (O2, from the air) + water (H2O) →
Rust (iron oxide Fe2O3)
Stainless steel is made by mixing iron with carbon and metals like chromium, nickel and
manganese. It does not rust.
Chemical Change in matter

Chemical changes are also known as chemical reactions. The “ingredients” of a reaction are
called the reactants, and the end results are called the products. The change from reactants to
products is signified by an arrow:
Reactants → Products
The formation of gas bubbles is often the result of a chemical change (except in the case of
boiling, which is a physical change). A chemical change might also result in the formation of a
precipitate, such as the appearance of a cloudy material when dissolved substances are mixed.
Rotting, burning, cooking, and rusting are all further types of chemical changes because they
produce substances that are entirely new chemical compounds. For example, burned wood
becomes ash, carbon dioxide, and water. When exposed to water, iron becomes a mixture of
several hydrated iron oxides and hydroxides. Yeast carries out fermentation to produce alcohol
from sugar.
An unexpected color change or release of odor also often indicates a chemical change. For
example, the color of the element chromium is determined by its oxidation state; a single
chromium compound will only change color if it undergoes an oxidation or reduction reaction.
The heat from cooking an egg changes the interactions and shapes of the proteins in the egg
white, thereby changing its molecular structure and converting the egg white from translucent to
opaque.
The best way to be completely certain whether a change is physical or chemical is to perform
chemical analyses, such as mass spectroscopy, on the substance to determine its composition
before and after a reaction.
Let’s get Curious!!!! DID YOU KNOW??
A change with which you are quite familiar is the rusting of

iron. If you leave a piece of iron in the open for some time, it
Interactive: Chemical Properties acquires a film of brownish substance. This substance is
called rust and the process is called rusting. Iron gates of
Check out the activities and share parks or farmlands, iron benches kept in lawns and
your views. gardens, almost every article of iron, kept in the open gets
rusted. At home you must have seen shovels and spades
getting rusted when exposed to the atmosphere for some
time. In the kitchen, a wet iron pan (tawah) often gets
rusted if left in that state for some time. Rust is not iron. It
is different from iron on which it gets deposited.
Let us consider a few more changes

where new substances are formed.
COMPLETE THIS ACTIVITY AT HOME
1. Cut a fresh slice of apple and keep it away for 2 hours in an open environment at
room temperature.
2. Repeat the same activity with a slice of potato.
What do you observe?
OBSERVATION:
The fruits will change color.
The change of color in these cases is due to the formation of new substances. Are not these
changes chemical changes?
NOTE: OTHER ACTIVITIES THAT SHOULD BE COMPLETED IN THE PRESENCE OF
YOUR TEACHER IN THE LAB
Activity 1
Get a small piece of a thin strip or ribbon of magnesium. Clean its tip with sandpaper. Bring the tip near a
candle flame. It burns with a brilliant white light. When it is completely burnt it leaves behind a powdery
ash.
Does the ash look like the magnesium ribbon? The change can be represented by the following equation:
Magnesium (Mg) + Oxygen (O2 → Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Collect the ash and mix it with a small amount of water. Stir the mixture (aqueous solution) well. Test the
mixture with blue and red litmus papers. Does the mixture turn red litmus blue or Does the mixture turn
blue litmus red?
On the basis of this test, how do you classify the aqueous solution or basic? On dissolving the ash in water
it forms a new substance. This change can be written in the form of the following equation:
Magnesium oxide (MgO ) + Water (H2O) → Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]
Magnesium hydroxide is a base. So, magnesium oxide is a new substance formed on burning of
magnesium. Magnesium hydroxide is another new substance formed by mixing magnesium
oxide with water.
Activity 2
Dissolve about a teaspoonful of copper sulphate (blue vitriol or neela thotha) in about half a
cup of water in a glass tumbler or a beaker.
Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the solution. You should get a blue coloured
solution.
Save a small sample of the solution in a test tube or a small glass bottle.
Drop a nail or a used shaving blade into the remaining solution.
Wait for half an hour or so.
Observe the colour of the solution.
Compare it with the colour of the sample solution saved separately.
Take out the nail or the blade. The changes that you notice are due to a reaction between copper
sulphate and iron. The change of colour of the solution from blue to green is due to the formation
of iron sulphate, a new substance. The brown deposit on the iron nail is copper, another new
substance. We can write the reaction as:
Copper Sulphate solution (blue) + Iron → Iron Sulphate solution (green) + Copper (brown
deposit)
Activity 3
Take about a teaspoonful of vinegar in a The reaction between carbon dioxide and lime
test tube. water is as follows:
Add a pinch of baking soda to it.
You would hear a hissing sound and see
bubbles of a gas coming out.
Pass this gas through freshly prepared lime
water.
The change in the test tube is as follows:
Vinegar (Acetic acid) + Baking soda

(Sodium hydrogencarbonate) → Carbon
dioxide + other substances
Carbon dioxide (CO2) + Lime water[Ca(OH)2] → Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) + Water (H2O)
Observations:
In Activity 1, the ash was the new substance formed when magnesium was burnt. In Activity 2,
the reaction of copper sulphate with iron produced iron sulphate and copper. Both of these are
new substances. Copper was deposited on the shaving blade of iron. In Activity 3, vinegar and
baking soda together produced carbon dioxide, which turned lime water milky.
Summary:
 a chemical change has taken place when matter changes and new substances are formed.
 a chemical change makes a substance that wasn't there before. There may be clues that a
chemical reaction took place, such as light, heat, colour change, gas production, odour, or
sound.
 chemical changes can be slow such as an iron nail rusting or they can be fast such as
burning fuel in an engine.
 many chemical changes are useful such as the food that you eat that make new substances
to help your body grow and give you energy.
 other chemical changes are not useful. Examples are spoiling the food and chewing betel
nut with lime that can lead to cancer of the mouth.
 the change is physical, if after the change it still looks the same and you can change it
back.
 the change is chemical, if after the change the looks are different, and you cannot change
it.
Reference
1. Which of the following observations indicates a chemical reaction?

a) burning fire wood
b) rusting iron
c) ice cubes melting in a glass of water
2. Which of the following observations indicates a chemical reaction?

a) solid calcium forming at the bottom of a test tube after mixing two solutions
b) crushing a solid cube of NaCl into a fine powder
c) a car’s liquid windshield cleaner freezing
3. A change that lead to the formation of new substances. These are called ___
a. Physical Change
b) Chemical Changes
c) Changes affect only the substance that is undergoing a change.
4. A chemical change is temporary and no new substance is formed.

a. False b) True
5. A chemical change is generally___.

a) Irreversible b) Reversible
6. Water and oxygen in the air react with iron to create a new substance called rust.
The properties of rust are different than that of iron. This is a
a) Chemical change b) Physical change
7. The Chemical changes involve Digestion of food, Formation of calcium carbonate,
Rusting of iron, Burning of magnesium ribbon.
a) False b) True
8. What kind of properties can only be observed when a substance changes into a
different substance?
a) physical properties
b) chemical properties
c) liquid properties
d) real properties
9. Mrs. Ruiz asked her science class what would happen if a substance were to
undergo a chemical change. The students said that a new substance would be
formed. Which of the following would NOT provide evidence that supports the
students’ claim?
a) change in odor
b) change in color
c) presence of bubbles
d) change in size and shape
10. Keira is observing a piece of kiwi for 10 days. She notices the kiwi becomes soft,
black and brown spots appear on its skin. The kiwi is starting to give off a strong,
bad odor. Keira hypothesizes that the kiwi is changing because of the heat in the
room. What is an observation AND an inference that Keira made?
a) Keira notices the texture has changed.
b) Keira infers that the heat is responsible for the changes.
c) Keira notices the the color has changed and infers that the heat is responsible for the
changes.
d) Keira does not observe any changes.
11. The rusting of iron can be prevented by coating iron with something else, such as
paint, or with zinc through a process called _____________________
12. Dilion left his bike outside for several weeks. During this time, it rained often. How
does Dilion know that a change has taken place in the bike that resulted in a new
substance?
a) The bike is wet
b) The paint is peeling
c) The water has evaporated
d) The bike has reddish rust
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. C
11. Galvanization
WEEK 3 LESSON 2
Topic: Chemical Properties

Sub-topic: Equations
Content:
Atoms, elements and compounds
Chemists use symbols and formulae to represent elements and compounds. Word equations and
balanced chemical equations represent the changes that happen in chemical reactions.
Word equations
A word equation represents a chemical reaction using the names of the substances involved.
Word equations do not show any chemical symbols or formulae.
Reactants and products

Let’s take a look
Reactants are substances that react together in a
chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction,
the atoms or ions in reactants separate from one
another. They join back together in a different way to
form products.
Word equations always take this form: Click on the links below:
Reactants → Products https://youtu.be/4jISjQvdyhs
A + sign separates two or more reactants, or two or https://youtu.be/zmdxMlb88Fs
more products.
Signs of a chemical reaction

We know that chemical reactions produce new substances with new properties. It is easy to tell if
a reaction has occurred, but difficult to tell at times. Some reactions occur very quickly while
others are very slow. A chemical reaction occurs if one or more of the following takes place.
1. There is a permanent colour change.
2. Heat, light and sound may be produced.
3. A gas is released producing bubbles and or fizzing.
4. The temperature of the substance changes (rises or falls).
5. An insoluble solids forms (called a precipitate). The precipitate usually settles on the
bottom of any container
Elements make compounds
Chemical elements are the simplest kind of matter and made up of only one kind of particle or
atom. There are over 100 elements. When two or more different elements join together, a
compound is formed.
Compounds are made up of two or more different kinds of atoms joined together. The smallest
unit of a compound is called a molecule. A molecule is a larger particle formed by the chemical
combination of two or more atoms.
When a compound is formed, the elements in it are rearranged and cannot be separated again.
The compound is a completely different substance to the elements formed it. The name of a
compound tells you which elements have been joined together to make it. Take the elements
sodium and chlorine, these two elements combine to form the compound we call sodium chloride
(NaCl).
Example word equations

Potassium hydroxide reacts with sulfuric acid. Potassium sulfate and water are formed in the
reaction. This means that:
 the reactants are potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid
 the products are potassium sulfate and water
 the word equation is: potassium hydroxide + sulfuric acid → potassium sulfate +
water
Chemical equations contain an arrow and not an equals sign.
Think about it!!!
The arrow means 'reacts to make'.
There can be different numbers of reactants and products. Question
For example:
Nitrogen and hydrogen react
 sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride together to form ammonia. Give the
 calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide word equation for the reaction.
Symbols and formulae of common elements

Sodium is made of sodium atoms only; so it is an element. We say that an element is a substance
that is made of only one kind of atom. Carbon and mercury are also elements. Altogether, 105
different elements are known. Of these, 90 have been obtained from the Earth‘s crust and
atmosphere, and 15 have been artificially made by scientists.
Every element has a name and a symbol. Here are some of them.
Element Symbol Element Symbol
Aluminium Al Bromine Br
Copper Cu Carbon C
Iron Fe Chlorine Cl
Lead Pb Hydrogen H
Magnesium Mg Nitrogen N
Mercury Hg Oxygen O
Potassium K Phosphorus P
Silver Ag Sulphur S
Sodium Na Silicon Si
It is easy to remember that the symbol for aluminium, Al and for carbon is C. But some symbols
are harder to remember, because they are taken from Latin names for other elements. For
example, potassium has the symbol K, from its Latin name Kalium. Sodium has the symbol Na,
from its Latin name Natrium. Iron has the symbol Fe, from its Latin name Ferrum. Copper has
the symbol Cu, from its Latin name Cuprum. Silver has the symbol Ag, from its Latin name
Argentum. The formula of most elements is represented simply by the symbol. This system
applies to all the metals and the noble gases helium, neon and argon. However, some gases
consist of atoms joined up in pairs as molecules. The formula of the element is written as the
symbol followed by a small ‘number’ which is written lower than the other symbols. Examples
of these are given below.
Element Symbol Formula

Bromine Br Br2
Chlorine Cl Cl2
Hydrogen H H2
Nitrogen N N2
Oxygen O O2
Phosphorus P P4
Sulphur S S8
Formulae of some common compounds

The formula for all compounds is the combination of two or more element symbols. For
example, the formula for water is H2O. In each water molecule there are two atoms of hydrogen
joined to one oxygen atom. To read such a formula aloud we say ‘H two O’. The two capital
letters show that there are two elements in the compound, H and O. The ‘2’ after the hydrogen
shows that there are two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom in a water molecule.
The chemical name for table salt is Sodium chloride. Its formula is NaCl. This shows salt
molecules consist of one sodium atom for every one chlorine atom. To read such a formula aloud
we say the letters in order ‘N, a, C, l’.
The sugar in our bodies that we need for energy is called glucose. The formula for glucose is
C6H12O6. To read it aloud we say ‘C, six, H, twelve, O, six’. The formula shows that there are 6
atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen and 6 atoms of oxygen in each molecule of glucose.
There is only one correct way to spell a word. In a similar way, each element and compound has
a definite composition which is represented by one formula only.
The table below shows formulae of some common compounds.

Compound Formula Compound Formula
Water H2O Sodium chloride NaCl
Carbon dioxide CO2 Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Methane CH4 Silver chloride AgCl
Glucose C6H12O6 Magnesium oxide MgO
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Calcium oxide (lime) CaO Hydrochloric acid HCl
Silica (sand) SiO2 Iron sulphide FeS

Reference
https://youtu.be/4jISjQvdyhs
https://youtu.be/zmdxMlb88Fs
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/SCC%3A_CHEM_300_-
_Beginning_Chemistry/SCC%3A_CHEM_300_-
_Beginning_Chemistry_(Faculty)/07%3A_Chemical_Reactions
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zg2h4qt/revision/4
1. Which of the following changes can be reversed (changed back)?

a) Bread going mouldy
b) Burning a piece of wood
c) Adding vinegar to baking soda
d) Heating a piece of iron until white hot
2. Which one of the following is a chemical change?

a) Melting a block of ice
b) Burning magnesium ribbon
c) Air expanded when heated
d) Magnetizing a piece of ribbon
3. Ruth carried out an experiment and the results were given below.
For each one, state a reason how she knew there was a chemical reaction.
Choose from these reasons:
Gas produced , Permanent colour change, Precipitate formed, Heat produced
a) Ruth mixed two clear solutions and a white solid settled to the bottom of the tube.
_______________________________________
b) After a while the test tube felt warm.
_______________________________________
c) When she added water the mixture fizzed.
_______________________________________
d) When she added the acid, the mixture turned red.
_______________________________________
4. Some food was left in a closed plastic container on the kitchen table. After two
weeks, the lid started to bulge as shown. Give a reason why the container bulged.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Write the symbols for the following:
Elements
5. Hydrogen-
6. Aluminum-
7. Oxygen-
8. Sodium-
9. Chlorine-
10. Iron-
Compounds
11. Water-
12. Salt -
13. Glucose-
1. D
2. B
3. Ruth carried out an experiment and the results were given below. For each one, state a
reason how she knew there was a chemical reaction.
Choose from these reasons:
Gas produced, Permanent colour change, Precipitate formed, Heat produced
a) Precipitate formed
b) Heat produced
c) Gas produced
d) Colour changed
4. The food rotted. This was a chemical reaction which produced new substances. Some of
these new substances were gases. It was these that caused the lid to bulge.
Elements
5. H- Hydrogen
6. Al- Aluminum
7. O- Oxygen
8. Na- Sodium
9. Cl- Chlorine
10. Fe- Iron
Compounds
11. H2O- Water

12. NaCl- Salt
13. C6H12O6- Glucose
WEEK 3 LESSON 3
Topic: Chemical Properties of Matter

Sub-topic: Equations
What is a Chemical Equation?

A chemical change can be represented and described by an equation. It can be written down as in
a word equation or a chemical equation. An equation shows that the chemical particles before the
change are equal to the chemical particles after the change. Word equation is an easy way to
describe a reaction and a shorthand way of describing what happens in a chemical reaction. The
word equation can be written once you know the names of the chemicals at the start of the
reaction, and the final chemicals. The representation of a chemical reaction in the form of
symbols and formulae is called chemical equation.
Reactants and products
You can divide the substances in any chemical reaction into two groups – reactants and products.
The reactants are the substances you start with and which react with
each other. The products are the new substances produced in
Can you give the reaction. For example, vinegar reacted with baking soda
some examples to produce bubbles of gas that caused fizzing. So in this case
the vinegar and baking soda are the reactants, and the gas
of word
(called carbon dioxide) is the product. Instead of saying
equation? baking soda reacts with vinegar to produce Carbon dioxide,
you write it as word equation like:
Baking Soda + Vinegar  Carbon dioxide
The reactants are on the left-hand side of the
Let’s take a look
equation, and the product is on the right-hand
side. Sometimes there is only one reactant and
sometimes there are two or more. The same goes
for the products. The reactants and products can
be solids, liquids or gases. Sometimes it is hard to
know exactly what the reactants and products are.
For example, when wood burns it reacts with Click on the links below:
oxygen (an invisible gas present in the air), and https://youtu.be/4jISjQvdyhs
produces another invisible gas- carbon dioxide.
Here are some examples of word equation:

1. When zinc is added to copper sulphate solution, copper is formed. We say zinc and
copper sulphate gives copper and zinc sulphate. A word equation is written with an
arrow,  . The arrow means ‘gives’ or ‘changes to’. A plus sign, +, is used to mean ‘and’
or ‘added to’.
For the above reaction, we write this equation:
Zinc + Copper Sulphate  Copper + Zinc Sulphate
2. Calcium hydroxide and copper sulphate gives calcium hydroxide and copper hydroxide.
We can write the equation like this:
Calcium Hydroxide + Copper Sulphate  Calcium Sulphate + Copper
In some reactions, the groups of chemicals that are formed may have special names. For
example, water is a compound that contains hydrogen and oxygen. Water could be called
“hydrogen hydroxide’ in this reaction.
3. If hydrogen is burnt in oxygen, the equation for the reaction

is this: REMEMBER
Hydrogen + Oxygen  Water
Word equation a shorthand way of
However, in some reactions the groups of chemicals in a describing what happens in a chemical
group can be broken. This is shown in the next example. reaction.
4. When calcium carbonate is heated, the carbonate group of

chemicals splits up. Carbon dioxide and calcium are formed.
We write:
Calcium Carbonate  Calcium Oxide + Carbon dioxide
Steps in writing a chemical equation

1. The reactants and products are written down as a word equation.
2. The formula for each reactant and product is then written underneath each word.
3. An atom check is done by counting the number of atoms of each element on each side of
the equation.
4. Balance the equation. In order to balance the equation, additional molecules/atoms of
reactants or products must be added until the number of atoms of each side is equal.
Take a look at this example.
1. Aluminum and oxygen react to form aluminum oxide.
Write the word equation
Aluminum + oxygen aluminum oxide
2. Write the symbols and formulae for the reaction
Al + O2  Al2O3
3. Balanced chemical equations
A balanced chemical equation represents a chemical reaction using the formulae of
the reactants and products. It shows the number of units of each substance involved.
Atom check
Balancing oxygen atoms, the equation can be written as:
Al + 3O2  2Al2O3
Balancing aluminium atoms, the equation can be written as:
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
4. Balance the equation
4Al +3O2  2Al2O3 This equation is balanced.
Or, using an atom check:
Reactants Products
Al: 4(4x1) 4 (2x2)
O: 6(3x2) 6 (2x3)
State symbols
Balanced chemical equations sometimes include state symbols in brackets after each formula.
They show the physical state of that substance.
State symbol Meaning
(s) Solid
(l) Liquid
(g) Gas
State symbol Meaning
(aq) Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution forms when a substance dissolves in water.

State symbols are useful because they show what a substance is like. For example:
 H2O(l) is liquid water but H2O(g) is steam and H2O(s) is ice
 HCl(g) is hydrogen chloride gas but HCl(aq) is hydrochloric acid
Balancing an equation
The law of conservation of mass states that no atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction,
so the total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactants.
This means that chemical reactions can be represented by symbol equations. A balanced symbol
equation has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the arrow.
To balance an equation, add numbers to the left of one or more formulae. Here is one way to
work out how to do this for the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen.
Step Result
Check to see if there are an equal number of atoms of each

N2 + H2 → NH3
element on both sides. There aren't.
There are two nitrogen atoms on the left but only one on the
N2 + H2 → 2NH3
right, so put a big 2 on the left of the NH3.
Check again. There are two hydrogen atoms on the left but (2 ×
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
3) = 6 on the right, so put a big 3 in front of the H2.
Check again to see if there are equal numbers of each element on (Two nitrogen atoms and six
both sides. There are. hydrogen atoms)
Add the state symbols if asked to do so. N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

Balanced chemical equations only show formulae, not names. A balancing number, written
in normal script, multiplies all the atoms in the substance next to it.
Reference
https://youtu.be/4jISjQvdyhs
https://youtu.be/zmdxMlb88Fs
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/SCC%3A_CHEM_300_-
_Beginning_Chemistry/SCC%3A_CHEM_300_-
_Beginning_Chemistry_(Faculty)/07%3A_Chemical_Reactions
1. Sodium combines with oxygen to form sodium oxide.
a) Write the word equation
______________________________________________________________________________
b) Write the symbols and formulae
______________________________________________________________________________
c) Atom check
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
d) Balance the equation
2. Hydrogen combines with chlorine to form Hydrogen chloride.
a) Write the word equation
______________________________________________________________________________
b) Write the symbols and formulae
______________________________________________________________________________
c) Atom check
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. Aluminium burns in chlorine to form aluminium chloride, AlCl3.
Write a word equation and balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
Word equation:
______________________________________________________________________________
Chemical equation:
______________________________________________________________________________
Balanced equation:
______________________________________________________________________________
4. When hydrochloric acid is added to calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, water and
carbon dioxide are produced. This reaction is used in the laboratory to make carbon
dioxide gas.
a) What are the names of the reactants?
________________________________________________________
b) What are the names of the products?
________________________________________________________
c) Write a word equation for this reaction.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
d) Write a chemical equation and balance it.
________________________________________________________
5. Some rescue flares contain aluminium powder. It reacts with oxygen in the air to
form aluminium oxide, Al2O3, a white solid.
a) Write a word equation for the reaction.
______________________________________________________________________________
b) Write a chemical equation and balance it.
______________________________________________________________________________
1. a) sodium + oxygen  sodium oxide

b) Na + O2  Na2O
c) Atom check
Balancing oxygen atoms, the equation can be written as:
Na + O2 2Na2O
Balancing sodium atoms, the equation can be written as:

4Na + O2  2Na2O

4Na + O2  2Na2O is the balanced equation.
2. a) hydrogen + chlorine hydrogen chloride

b) H2 + Cl2 HCl
c) Atom check
Balancing chlorine atoms, the equation can be written as:
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Balancing hydrogen atoms, the equation can be written as:

H2 + Cl2  2HCl

H2 + Cl2  2HCl is the balanced equation.
3. Word equation:
Aluminium + Chlorine  Aluminium chloride

Chemical equation:
Al + Cl2  AlCl3
Balanced equation:
2Al + 3Cl2  2AlCl3
4. a) Calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
b) Calcium chloride, water and carbon dioxide
c) Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate  calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide
d) 2HCl + CaCO3  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
5. a. Aluminium + Oxygen  Aluminium oxide
b. 4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3

WEEK 4 LESSON 1
Topic: Matter
Sub-topic: Pure Substances and Mixtures
What is the Difference between a Pure Substance and a Mixture?

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. The particle theory of matter states that all
matter is made up of tiny particles.
Matter can be broken down into two categories: pure substances and mixtures.
Pure substances are further broken down into elements and compounds. A pure substance
contains only one type of particle. Substances don't usually occur in their pure form in nature, so
in order to obtain pure substances, people must refine raw materials. Some examples of pure
substances are gold, aluminum, and sugar.
Mixtures are physically combined structures that can be separated into their original
components. A mixture is composed of different types of atoms or molecules that are not
chemically bonded. Mixtures may consist of elements, compounds or both. The substances
which make up a mixture may be solids, liquids or gases.
Classification of mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixtures
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of
two or more chemical substances
Let’s get Curious!!!!
Interactive: Oil and Water

Explore the interactions that cause
water and oil to separate from a
mixture.
(elements or compounds), where the
different components can be visually
distinguished and easily separated by physical means.
Examples include:
 mixtures of sand and water
 mixtures of sand and iron filings
 a conglomerate rock
 water and oil
 a salad
 trail mix
 mixtures of gold powder and silver powder
Homogenous Mixtures
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances (elements or
compounds), where the different components cannot be visually distinguished. The composition
of homogeneous mixtures is constant. Often separating the components of a homogeneous
mixture is more challenging than separating the components of a heterogeneous mixture.
Examples of Homogeneous mixtures – alloys, salt and water, alcohol in water, etc.
Useful Mixtures
Let’s take a look
Some useful mixtures include:
(a) Clean air – mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and water vapour, etc.
(b) Mineral water – mixture of minerals like calcium,
sodium, potassium and magnesium in water. Click on the link below
(c) Alloys – mixture of metals with small amounts of
other metals or non-metals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=7N2JVzCLnuc
Characteristics of Mixtures
Mixtures have the following characteristics:
 No chemical reaction takes place during the formation of mixtures.
 The properties of mixtures are similar to the properties of the substances that make up the
mixtures.
 The substances in mixtures can be mixed in any proportion by mass.
 The components in a mixture can be separated easily using physical methods (such as
filtration, evaporation and distillation).
Types of Mixtures
Mixtures can be classified into one of the following groups:
(a) Suspensions
(b) Solutions
(c) Colloids
Reference
https://byjus.com/chemistry/mixtures/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7N2JVzCLnuc
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/substances-and-mixtures/
Instruction: Answer all questions
Identify each material as either a mixture or pure substance.

 If the material is a mixture, identify it as either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
 If the material is a pure substance, identify it as an element or a compound.
Material Mixture Homogeneous or Heterogeneous

Pure Substance Element or Compound
1. Aluminum foil Pure Element
2. Air Mixture Homogenous
3. Soil
4. Water (H2O)
5. Steel
6. Bag of M&M’s
7. Sugar
8. Sugar water
9. Pizza
10. Blood
11. Table Salt
12. Iron Filings
13. Gasoline
14. Coffee
15. Orange Juice
16. Pencil lead
17. Copper
18. Bronze
19. Milk and Cereal
20. Acetic acid
Material Mixture Homogeneous or Heterogeneous

Pure Substance Element or Compound
1. Aluminum foil Pure Element
2. Air Mixture Homogeneous
3. Soil Mixture Heterogeneous
4. Water (H2O) Pure Compound
5. Steel Mixture Homogeneous
6. Bag of M&M’s Mixture Heterogeneous
7. Sugar Pure Compound
8. Sugar water Mixture Homogeneous
9. Pizza Mixture Heterogeneous
10. Blood Mixture Heterogeneous
11. Table Salt Pure Compound
12. Iron Filings Pure Element
13. Gasoline Mixture Homogeneous
14. Coffee Mixture Homogeneous
15. Orange Juice Mixture Homogeneous
16. Pencil lead Pure Element
17. Copper Pure Element
18. Bronze Mixture Homogeneous
19. Milk and Cereal Mixture Heterogeneous
20. Acetic acid Pure Compound
WEEK 4 LESSON 2
Topic: Mixtures
Sub-topic: Suspension, Solution & Colloid
Suspensions
A suspension is a mixture in which the solid or liquid particles are suspended in a liquid or gas.
Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures. Heterogeneous means “non-uniformed”. This means
that the particles for each component are not evenly or uniformly distributed within the mixture.
Other characteristics of suspensions include:
 The particles are large and can be observed with the
Let’s take a look
naked eye.
 The particles separate and settle to the bottom if left to
stand for some time.
 Suspensions block light from passing through.
 The components of a suspension can be separated by
filtration.
Click on the links below:
Some common examples of suspensions include:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
(a) Medicines =XEAiLm2zuvc
(b) Fruit juice with their pulp https://www.youtube.com/watch?
(c) Chalk and water v=6374reKwp2w
Solutions
A solution is a mixture in which one or more of the solutes dissolve in a solvent.
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. Homogeneous means “uniformed”. This means that the
particles for the solute are evenly or uniformly distributed within the solvent.
TERMS TO NOTE:
(a) Solute – this is the substance that dissolves.
(b) Solvent – this is the substance that the
solute dissolves in and it forms the bulk of
the solution.
For example, if we mix some sugar in
water, the sugar seems to ‘disappear’. However, we
know that the sugar is in the water because it tastes
sweet. The sugar is said to be “dissolved” in the
water to form a “sugar solution”. In this case, the
sugar acts as the solute while the water is the solvent.
Types of solutions:
Dilute solution: contains a small amount of solute in a large volume of solvent.
Concentrated solution: contains a large amount of solute that is dissolved in its solvent.
Saturated solution: contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in the solvent
and is unable to dissolve more solute at a given temperature.
Super-saturated solution: is a saturated solution that is able to dissolve more solute only if the
temperature or pressure is increased.
Other characteristics of suspensions include:
 The particles are tiny and the solute particles are mixed thoroughly with the solvent
particles.
 The solute particles do not settle when left to stand.
 Solutions allow light to pass through.
 The components of a suspension cannot be separated by filtration.
Some common examples of solutions include:

(a) In homes: water dissolves detergents,
water dissolves drink mix
(b) In agriculture: water dissolves fertilizers
and weed-killers
(c) In medicine: eye-drops, some cough
mixtures, anti-septic lotions
(d) In industries: Water is used in the
manufacture of many energy drinks, soap,
etc. Turpentine and alcohol is used in the
manufacture of paints, inks and dyes.
Colloids
A colloid is a mixture in which the particles of one substance are dispersed in another substance.
The particles do not dissolve NOR do they settle.
A colloid is an intermediate mixture between a solution and a suspension.
Other characteristics of colloids include:

 The dispersed particles are larger than that of the solute in a solution but smaller than
those in a suspension.
 The solute particles do not settle when left to stand.
 Solutions scatter light (Tyndall effect).
 The components of a suspension cannot be separated by filtration.
Some common examples of colloids are:

 Aerosol (e.g. aerosol spray, fog)
 Sol (e.g. paint, ink)
 Gel (e.g. gelatin, agar)
 Emulsion (e.g. milk, mayonnaise)
 Foam (e.g. shaving cream, styrofoam)
Differences between Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids

In order to differentiate between the types of mixtures, we do the following:
 Observe their appearance
 Shine a light on them
 Find out if they can be separated by filtration
The following table summarises the differences between solutions, suspensions and colloids.
Type of Size of particle Appearance Do the Effect of Can be
Mixture particles light separated by
settle at the filtration?
bottom
Solution Tiny (with size Clear and No Allows light No
below 1nm) transparent to pass
through
Colloid Groups of tiny Opaque No Scatters No
particles (with light(Tyndall
size between 1- effect)
1000 nm)
Suspension Large (visible Murky and Yes Blocks light Yes
to the naked cloudy
eye)
Activity
Let us do a simple experiment.
Aim: To test the solubility of various substances in water.
Materials: 6 test tubes (labeled A, B, C, D, E, and F), test tube rack, small spatula, samples of
(salt, sugar, coffee, flour, sand and chalk)
Title: Which dissolves in water?

1. Use the spatula to pick up a small amount of salt-about the size of a grain of rice. Place this
salt in test tube A.
2. Half fill the test tube with water. Stir the mixture by tapping the tube. As you shake each tube,
hold it up to the light. Is it cloudy or does the light shine through it? Is the liquid colored or
colorless?
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for each of the other solids in turn.
4. Carefully observe each test tube and decide whether the substances are:
a. soluble (dissolves completely)
b. insoluble (will not dissolve
5. Record your observations. Use the table given below
Test Observation
Tube Substance (Cloudy/ Colored/ Clear) Soluble/ Insoluble
A Salt
B Flour
C Chalk
D Coffee
E Sand
F Sugar
Answer
Test Observation
Tube
Substance (Cloudy/ Colored/ Clear) Soluble/ Insoluble
A Salt Clear Soluable
B Flour Cloudy Soluable
C Chalk Cloudy Insoluable
D Coffee Coloured Soluable
E Sand Clear Insoluable
F Sugar Clear Soluble
Reference
https://www.beei.com/blog/whats-the-difference-between-solutions-suspensions-and-
colloids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEAiLm2zuvc
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/colloids/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Kentucky/UK%3A_CHE_103_-
_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)/Chapters/Chapter_7%3A_Solids%2C_Liquids%2
C_and_Gases/7.6%3A_Colloids_and_Suspensions
1. A mixture in which some of the material settles out is called a
a. precipitate
b. suspension
c. colloid
d. solution
2. One of the following is not a property of a solution
a. homogeneous mixture
b. particle size less than 1 nm
c. can filter material out of solution
d. does not scatter light
3. Large particles are characteristic of a
a. suspension
b. colloid
c. solution
d. solid
4. All of the following are colloids except
a. smoke
b. butter
c. milk
d. cola drink
5. Fill in the Blank: busing appropriate terms provided
SOLVENT SOLUTION CHEMICAL SOLUTE
A ______________ is a homogeneous mixture of two or more __________ substances. The

substance present in the greatest amount is called the _______________ while the substance(s)
present in lesser amounts is called the __________.
6. What are the three different types of mixtures?
a) b) c)
7. What is a solution?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Classify each of the following as a heterogeneous mixture or a homogeneous

mixture.
a. Salad-
b. Tap water-
c. Muddy water-
9. What is the different between a solute and solvent?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. What is considered to be the ‘universal’ solvent?
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. Not all solutions are solids dissolved in liquids. Provide two examples of other types
of solutions.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. In what type of mixture is to easiest to separate the component substance? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. Fill in the Blank: busing appropriate terms provided
SOLVENT SOLUTION CHEMICAL SOLUTE
A SOLUTION is a homogeneous mixture of two or more CHEMICAL substances. The

substance present in the greatest amount is called the SOLVENT while the substance(s) present
in lesser amounts is called the SOLUTE.
6. What are the three different types of mixtures?
Solutions
Colloids
Suspensions
7. What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixtures that does not scatter light or settle out
8. Classify each of the following as a heterogeneous mixture or a homogeneous

mixture.
a. Salad- heterogeneous
b. Tap water- homogeneous
c. Muddy water- heterogeneous
9. What is the different between a solute and solvent?
A solute is the substance that gets dissolved, typically the smaller amount
A solvent is the substance that does the dissolving, typically the larger amount
10. What is considered to be the ‘universal’ solvent?
Water
11. Not all solutions are solids dissolved in liquids. Provide two examples of other types
of solutions.
Air- Mixture of gases
12. In what type of mixture is to easiest to separate the component substance? Why?
Suspension - they easily filter out using filter paper and a funnel
WEEK 4 LESSON 3
Topic: Separating Techniques

Sub-topic: Separating different mixtures
The components of a mixture can be separated by physical

means.
Let’s take a look
However, it is important to note that the method of separation

that is chosen depends on the following:
 The type of mixture to be separated
 The difference in the properties of the components of the
mixture Click on the links below:
 Which component of the mixture is to be retained
https://youtu.be/lL1Nv1j3bWQ
Magnetic Attraction
https://youtu.be/vi_SJBnxmHo
Magnetic attraction is used to separate objects made from
magnetic materials (such as iron, steel, nickel, etc) from other
objects that are made of non-magnetic materials.
How the process works

A mixture of objects is usually passed along a conveyor belt near strong magnets. The objects
made from magnetic materials are then attracted to the magnets and as such, are removed from
the mixture.
Magnetic attraction is used in the following industries:
 Sewage treatment
 Sugar refinery
Activity  Mining
Attracting opposites
Separating a mixture of identical solids can be challenging Filtration
until you identify a property that differentiates one from the Filtration is used to separate insoluble solids
other. Gather a collection of aluminum bolts and steel bolts, from the liquid in a suspension.
and make sure that both sets are identical. Then, mix the NOTE: It can also be used to separate solid
bolts thoroughly in a plastic bowl. Lower a bar magnet particles from gases (such as dust particles
toward the bolts. The steel bolts are magnetic and will in the air).
attract to the magnet as it gets close. As space on the
magnet fills, remove the attracted bolts and place them in a
separate container. Keep passing the magnet over the bowl
until you have removed all of the steel bolts.
The components in a suspension can be filtered because typically the solid particles are too large
to pass through a filter. In the lab, when a mixture is filtered using a filter paper, the insoluble
solid particles are trapped in the filter as the residue while the liquid passes through the filter and
is collected as the filtrate.
Filtration is the separation technique used in/by:
 The purification of water (one step)
 Vacuum cleaners
 Face masks
 The engines of vehicles
 The hair in our nose
Activity
Fun Filtering
In this experiment you will observe how rudimentary

separating techniques are better suited for certain
mixtures, while others require slightly higher technology.
Mix uncooked rice, kidney beans and flour in a mixing bowl.
Spread the mixture onto a large sheet of wax paper, and
you'll notice that the beans are easy to see. Pick them out
by hand and place them in a cup. Separating the rice from
the flour, however, won't be so easy. Prepare a sieve by
cutting out a square section of window screen large
enough to fit over the bowl. Set the screen over the mouth
of the bowl, and affix it with a large rubber band. Gather
the wax paper into a funnel shape, and slowly pour the
flour and rice mixture onto the screen. The flour will pass
through, leaving the rice on top.
1. One beaker contains a mixture of solid and liquid. The other contains a funnel with filter
paper.
2. The solid and liquid mixture is poured into the filter funnel.
3. The filter paper holds back the solid particles while allowing the liquid to drip through.
Evaporation
Evaporation is the technique used to separate a solute from a solvent.

The solution is heated and so, the liquid or solvent in the solution evaporates (changes into
gaseous state) and leaves behind the solute (dissolved solid) as residue.
Activity
In some parts of the world, salt is
Mystery Mixture obtained by evaporating seawater
trapped in salt pans. The gradual heat
Have a friend create a batch of mystery mix for you to from the sun causes the water to
separate. Your friend can use any or all of the following evaporate in the pans, and the salt is
ingredients: water, sand, sugar, soil and vegetable oil. then heaped in piles and left to dry.
When your friend presents the mixture, split it into several
samples and perform experiments to identify its individual
components. For example, if water is present, you can first
try filtering the solution through a coffee filter to remove NOTE:
any sand or dirt. You could then boil the water to reveal Whenever the soluble solid
the presence of sugar. If the mixture is dry but looks oily, decomposes on heating,
you can add water to make the oil rise to the surface, and crystallization is used instead of
then skim it off. evaporation. The solid that remains
(in this case) is obtained in the form
of crystals.
Sugar is obtained via crystallization.
Chromatography
Chromatography is the method used for separating mixtures of gases, liquids or dissolved
substances which have different affinities for an absorbing medium (e.g. paper, alumina) through
which they pass.
How paper chromatography works

Paper chromatography is used to separate and identify the different coloured components in dyes
or inks.
It works because different components in the mixture travel at different rates on paper as some
components are attracted to the paper more than others.
1. Spots of ink or plant dye are placed on a pencil line.
2. Some of the dye spreads up the paper as it is lowered into the solvent.
3. The dye spreads up the paper as it absorbs the solvent.

Separating
Mixture Example
technique
Insoluble solid and liquid Filtration Sand and water
Soluble solid and liquid Crystallization (by Salt water (sodium chloride
(solution) evaporation) solution)
Soluble solids dissolved in a

Paper chromatography Food colorings, dyes and inks
solvent
Reference
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zmbmrj6/revision/10
https://www.ducksters.com/science/chemistry/separating_mixtures.php
https://sciencing.com/separate-copper-sulfate-sand-7630875.html
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-7/separating-mixtures/07-separating-mixtures
https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=10989&title=Mixtures%20And%2
0Solutions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVcvIEZeNcA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XC1RxloV0Mo
Multiple Choice:
1. Which statement about mixtures is FALSE?

a) A mixture containing more than one ingredient
b) A mixture can be separated
c) The ingredients of a mixture keep their physical properties
d) All mixtures are food or drink
2. What is the best way to separate a mixture of sand and iron filings?
a) Use filter paper to catch the sand
b) Use tweezer to pick out the iron filings
c) Use strainer to trap the iron filings
d) Use magnet to attract the iron filings
3. Which of the following is an example of a solution?

a) Salt and pepper c) Sand and rock
b) Oil and water d) Sugar and vinegar
4. Which of the following is an example of a mixture?

a) Salt and water
b) Food coloring and water
c) Lemonade
d) Fruit salad
5. What is the scientific name for the ingredient that dissolves in a solution?
a) Convent c) Solution
b) Solvent d) Disingredient
6. A substance that will dissolve has which physical property?

a) Thermal conductivity c) Electrical Conductivity
b) Solubility d) Magnetism
7. What is the best way to separate salt and water?

a) Use filter paper to trap salt
b) Let the water evaporate
c) Use tweezers to pick out salt
d) Use magnet to attract the salt
8. What is the best way to separate sand and water?

a) Use magnet to attract sand
b) Use tweezers to pick out sand
c) Let the water evaporate
d) Use filter paper to trap sand
9. What is the best way to separate a mixture of cork and small rocks?
a) Use water to make rock sink
b) Let the cork evaporate
c) Use a magnet to attract cork
d) Use a filter paper to trap rock
10. Which of the following ingredients are soluble in water?

a) Cork
b) Sugar
c) Oil
d) Glass
11. In filtration, what name is used to describe the solid left in the filter paper?
a) Filtrate
b) Residue
c) Distillate
12. If you wanted to separate salt from water from sea water, what process would you use?
a) Filtration
b) Distillation
c) Evaporation
13. What is the correct order for obtaining salt from a mixture of sand and salt?
a) Dissolving in water - filtration - evaporation
b) Evaporation - filtration - dissolving in water
c) Filtration - dissolving in water - evaporation
Multiple Choice
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. A

Integrated Science Grade 7 Weeks 1 - 4 Term 2

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME

Atoms and molecules

Categories of Matter: What do you think??

1. Solid: has a low energy level

2. Liquid: has a higher energy level

3. Gas: has the highest energy level

Part A. Complete the following sentences.

1. All matter takes up __________ and has __________.

2. The three states of matter are __________, __________ and __________.

Part B. State whether the given is solid, liquid or a gas.

6. Sugar __________ 10. Glass __________

11. Paul‘s milk __________

12. String __________

13. Nail polish __________

1. space/ has mass

2. solid, liquid and gas

Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, Let’s take a look

Instruction: answer all questions.

2. A substance that undergoes a physical change is ________ the original substance

3. What are some examples of physical changes that occur in nature?

4. A change in the size, shape, or state of matter.

6. Is hammering wood together to build a house a chemical or physical change?

7. Is melting butter for popcorn a chemical or physical change?

9. What are the properties of matter:

10. Define each property highlighted in (9):

The different physical changes

Types of Changes in matter:

Let’s get Curious!!!! Take some ice in a glass or plastic

Observe the inner surface of the pan.

Do you see any droplet of water there?

Observations from the Activities:

11. How are solids different from liquids?

13. How do you know matter has changed?

14. Is burning wood a chemical or physical change?

17. Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical change?

18. A pellet of sodium is sliced in two

20. Give three examples of activities can result in physical changes.

Topic: Properties of matter

What Are Physical Properties Of Materials?

Properties of matter can be classified as either: Click on the links below:

 density (intensive) Let’s get Curious!!!!

 boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which Interactive: Physical Properties

Observations from the Activities:

1. Define the physical properties of materials.

2. Describe the following physical properties.

3. Write the uses of each materials based on their physical properties.

4. Describe a physical change.

1. The physical properties of materials are the physical aspects or characteristics of a

2. a) Resists the effects of forces

f) The light it produced is useful in camera, flashbulbs, flares and fireworks.

Topic: Physical Properties of Matter

What Is A Change Of State?

Melting is a change of state where a substance changes from

Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases causes an increase in the volume.

1. How many states of matter have we learned about?

2. What are the states of matter?

6. The slower the particles in a substance move,

8. What term describes a solid changing to a gas?

10. As temperature decreases, what happens to particles?

1. All matter takes up and has .

2. The three states of matter are , and __.

6. Sugar 10. Glass