Eastern Chalukyas (624 AD-1075 AD)

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● After Satavahanas, several parts of South India were ruled by the famous
Chalukyan dynasty for around six centuries.
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● Among them, those who ruled with Badami (Vatapi) in Bijapur district as
their capital formed the parental branch.

● Eastern Chalukyan dynasty who branched off from the Badami Chalukyas
ruled over Vengi uninterruptedly for four and half centuries and towards
the end, became the descendants of Thanjavur Cholas and ruled Tamil
region also for two and half centuries.

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 ● In the Chalukyan dynasty, Badami Chalukyas constituted the main branch.
This dynasty ruled (543-752 A.D.) the Maharashtra and Karnataka regions.

● Later, Eastern Chalukyas (Vengi Chalukyas, 624-1075 A.D.), Vemulavada

Chalukyas (750-973 A.D. ; who ruled northwestern Telangana areas as the
feudatories of the Rashtrakutas), Mudigonda Chalukyas (850-1200 A.D. ;
who ruled over the areas around Khammam) and Kalyani Chalukyas
(973-1157 A.D. ; who belonged to the Badami Chalukyan dynasty), have
carried on their rule in the respective areas.

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SOURCES:
1.Inscriptions
● In the inscriptions of the early rulers from Kubja Vishnuvardhana to
Vishnuvardhana V, only the names of the rulers of three generations (donor,
his father and grandfather) appear to us..
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○ Over and above this, no historically valuable information is available
about their victories.

● However, after Gunaga Vijayaditya or Vijayaditya III ascended the

throne some changes are seen in inscriptions.

● Sataluru (సాతలూరు) inscription:

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○ By Gunaga Vijayaditya or Vijayaditya III

○ The chronology of earlier rulers in the dynasty, their ruling period &
major events occurred during their reign are given.
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● Neelgund inscription (866 A.D.)

○ Gunaga Vijayaditya is the feudatory of Amoghavarsha I

(Rashtrakuta king) & paid tribute to the latter.
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● Sanjan copper plate inscription (872 A.D.)

○ Unlike other feudatories, Gunaga Vijayaditya has cleaned the walking

path of Amoghavarsha.

○ Among the Eastern Chalukyas, Kubja with the acceptance of Pulakesi

II, Badami Chalukya King, ruled over Vengi independently.

● Kopparam inscription (631 A.D.)

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 ○ This inscription mentions Kubja Vishnuvardhana, as the representative
of Pulakesi II.

○ It mentions - Pulakesi II has conquered coastal Andhra area.

● Cheepurupalli inscription (641 A.D.)

○ by Kubja Vishnuvardhana

○ He assumed the title of ‘Maharaja’.

● Aihole inscription

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○ Main source to know about the history of Pulakesi II, the greatest
ruler among the Badami Chalukyas.

○ This inscription was written in Sanskrit by Ravikeerthi, his Minister

for War.

● Satara Inscription
○ By Pulakesi II
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○ Pulakesi II appointed Kubja Vishnuvardhana as the ruler of Vengi.
● Nagarjuna Konda Inscription
○ The Mula Purusha of Badami Chalukyas is - Chelikeremmanaka.
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● In the same way, in order to know about the administrative details in

respect of Vemulavada Chalukyas who happened to be a Chalukyan branch
that ruled in Telangana region, some inscriptions, writings and copper plate
inscriptions are there as chief sources.
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○ Kollipara copper plate inscription

■ By Arikesari I
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○ Kuruvagattu stone inscription (Mahaboobnagar)

■ Issued by Beeragruha, second son of Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla.

○ Vemulavada copper plate inscription

■ by Arikesari II who ruled in the first half of the fifth century

A.D.

○ Chennur copper plate inscription (941 A.D.)

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 ■ It is being learnt that Yuddhamalla I has made an attack on
Vijayaditya (Mudigonda Chalukya king) who opposed the former.

■ Vijayaditya has sought the help of Arikesari II (Vemulavada

Chalukyan king)

■ Arikesari II has not only given shelter to Vijayaditya, but also

made him the ruler of Chennur area.

○ Kurkyala inscription (940.A.D.)

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■ written by Jayavallabha, who was the brother of the famous
poet, Pampa who adorned the court of Arikesari II is serving
as the main source for knowing the history of Arikesari II

■ It is learnt from this inscription that Pampa has written

'Adipurana' (941 A.D.).
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○ Repaka inscription (968 A.D.) of Arikesari

■ It is learnt that he has constructed a Jain temple at Repaka

and made land grants to it.

○ Parbhani copper plate inscription (966 A.D.) issued during the time
of Arikesari III, states that the Subahdar of the former has
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constructed Jain temples.

2.Literary sources

● 'Vikramarjuna Vijayam' written by the great poet Pampa in Kannada, forms

a prominent work during the time of Vemulavada Chalukyas.
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○ Pampa was patronised by Arikesari II (930-941 A.D.)

● During the time of the end kings of Vemulavada Chalukya dynasty,
"Yasastilaka Champukavyam” written by Somadevasuri a Jain scholar,
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forms the main source work.

○ It is also called as "Yasodhara Charitra". This work helps a lot in

knowing about the religious doctrines of Jainism, religious and social
details and some political aspects.

○ "Neetikavyamruta”, authored by Somadevasuri is also being

considered as a leading literary source of that time.

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3.Coins

● Some gold coins with the name 'Chalukya Chandra', issued during the time
of Eastern Chalukya Saktivarma (999-1011 A.D.) were found in Arakan and
Siam some years back.
● During the Chalukyan age, gold, silver and copper coins were in circulation.
○ Gold coin is called as 'gadya".
■ 'Gadya' coins had other names, such as "Rajanarayana gadya",
"Surabhi gadya' and 'Tyaga gadya'.

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○ Silver coin is called 'mada'
○ Copper coin is called 'kasu'
● These coins also provide information about the developments of Chalukyan
times.
4.Architecture and Sculpture
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● Monuments & Sculptures of Chalukyan times stand as testimony for their
religious patronage, architectural and sculptural development.

● It becomes clear from their architectural monuments that, irrespective of

their individual religion, they have treated equally the followers of all
religions, such as Jainism, Saivism and Vaishnavism.
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● It is of special significance that for Brahma, the first among the trimurthis
even though there were no temples in sacred India in his honour, Western
Chalukyas could meet this deficiency by constructing the Nava Brahma
temples at Alampur.
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● In the same way, the Raja Rajeswara temple built by the Vemulavada
Chalukyas at Vemulavada, has become famous as a Saiva temple of their
time.
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● Western Chalukyas have brought out famous structures of architecture at

Badami and Pattadakal.

Eastern Chalukyas (Vengi Chalukyas) (624-1075A.D.)

● Eastern Chalukyas (also known as Vengi Chalukyas) stand as important among

those dynasties who have rendered yeomen services to Telugu culture and
literature.

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 ● Vengi (region between the Krishna and Godavari rivers) became their capital.

● In Andhra region, after the Badami Chalukyas, Eastern Chalukyas had highly
praiseworthy history who ruled Andhra region for four and half centuries
(C.E. 624 to 1075).

● 'Hariti Putra (హారీతీ పుత్ర)' is a maternal sign/gesture used in Eastern

Chalukya Prasastas.

Political Developments
● The founder of the Chalukya kingdom in the south was Pulakesi I

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● As the Kadambas and Vishnukundins weakened, Pulakesi I established an
independent Chalukya kingdom with 'Badami' as his capital in northern
Karnataka.

● During the reign of his son Kirti Varma, the kingdom expanded further.
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● Kirti Varma's son is the Pulakesi II ,who became famous in history.

○ There are details of his victory in the Aihole inscription.

● In the Eastern Digvijaya Yatra - Pulakesi II Conquered Kosala, Kalinga and

invaded Vengi.

● Vengi (north of the Krishna river), was under the rule of the Durjayas at
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that time. Unleashing all their strength, the Durjayas faced the mighty
Pulakesi.

● The Marutur and Kopparam inscriptions issued by Pulakesi II stating that

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he defeated the Pallava king Mahendra Varma and conquered the area
between the Krishna and Godavari rivers.

● In 611 AD, Pulakesi II appointed his brother Kubjavishnuvardhana as his

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representative in the vengi Kingdom.

● Kubjavishnuvardhana acted as the representative of Pulakesi II from 617 to

624 AD. He then became independent in 624 AD. From then they are called
Eastern Chalukyas or Vengi Chalukyas.

● According to the Nagarjunakonda inscription, the progenitor / Mula Purusha

of Badami Chalukyas was Chelikeremmanaka.

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 ● According to Bilhana's ‘Vikramankadeva Charitra’ they emerged from
'Brahmachulaka (i.e. Palm/Chulaka of Brahma) - so they got the name
‘Chalukya’.

● They ruled the eastern coast with Pithapuram as first capital and then
Pedavegi as second capital and provided political stability.

● Dandi's work which mentions Vengi as Andhranagara - Dasakumaracharitra

Theories regarding the origin of Vengi Chalukyas.

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● Maharashtra origin:
○ Durga Prasad Dixit (D.P.Dixit)
○ D.P Dixit said that the people of the border areas of Karnataka and
Maharashtra are Chalukyas.

● Karnataka origin:
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○ Hiuen Tsang mentions Pulakesi as Maharashtrian.

○ Dinesh Chandra Sarkar (DC Sarkar)

○ Based on their names Pulakesi and Bhattarasa ,Sarkar is of the opinion
that they are from Kannada region.
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● North Indian origin:

○ Nandampudi inscription (rejected.)
○ In the Nandampudi inscriptions of Rajaraja Narendra, the Eastern
Chalukyas claim to be Chandravamsa Kshatriyas from Ayodhya.
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Kubja Vishnuvardhana (624-641 A.D.)

● Founder of the Eastern Chalukyan Empire

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● He first continued to rule as the representative of his brother,Pulakesi II

and became independent in 624 AD.

● The Kopparam inscription of C.E. 631 tells us that Pulakesi II has permitted
him to rule independently.

● His capital: Pithapuram

● His inscriptions:

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 ○ Thimmapuram inscription

■ Timmapuram inscription has praised him as the devotee of

Vishnu and as 'Paramabhagavata"

○ Chipurupalli inscription

■ The Chipurupalli inscription refers to Vishnuvardhana as

'Maharaja’.

● The temple built by him is Kunti Madhava Temple (Pithapuram).

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● The "Kalavakonda" inscription of Visakha district reveals that he first
extended his kingdom up to Diviseema.

● His kingdom extended from Munneru river in present day Nellore district to
Nagavalli in Srikakulam district.

● His titles:

○ Kamadeva

○ Makaradhwaja
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○ Paramabhagavata

● He has also come to be known as 'Kartikeya Kaki', meaning a devotee of

goddess Durga.
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● His wife, Ayyanna Mahadevi favoured Jainism.

○ She built Nedumbi Basadi in Vijayawada for Kavaruragana Jains. She

donated the Mushinikonda village for its maintenance.

○ The Mushinikonda inscription mentions this village donation.

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● Inscription about Jains in Andhra- Mushinikonda inscription.

● Buddhavarma - military officer of Kubja Vishnuvardhana.

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● During his time Chinese traveller Hiuen-Tsang (C.E. 600-644) has visited
and gave an account of the conditions that prevailed at that time.

○ Hiuen Tsang is known as the "King of Pilgrims", he wrote ‘Si-Yu-Ki’.

Jayasimha Vallabha I (642-673 A.D.):

● Son of Kubja Vishnuvardhana ; ruled for 33 years.

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 ● His titles:

○ Sarvasiddhi ○ Sakala Lokasraya

○ Sriprithvi Vallabha

● His inscription: Vipparla inscription (Guntur district).

○ This is the first complete Telugu inscription.

○ From this, it is known that Telugu language was in prominence even

from the time of Jayasimha Vallabha I

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● Clashes started between Vengi Chalukyas and Pallavas during his reign.

● He conquered the Boya Kottas held by the Pallavas.

● Jayasimha Vallabha shifted the capital from Pithapuram to Vengi.

● Ghatika Sthana built by him is - Asanapuram Ghatikasthanam

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○ The Sanskrit Vidyalayas of this period are known as Ghatika
Sthanams.

● He built the city of Sarvasiddhi in Yalamanchili Taluka of Visakha District

(Devarashtra).

Indra Bhattaraka (673 A.D.):

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● He was the son of Kubja Vishnuvardhana and the brother of Jayasimha

Vallabha I.

● He ruled only for seven days.

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● He commissioned the 'Kondanaguru' inscription.

● He has the title "Tyagadhenu".

Vishnu Vardhana II (673-682 A.D.):

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● Indrabhattaraka was succeeded by his son Vishnuvardhana II.

● He commissioned the Rayuru inscription.

● His inscriptions show that some villages in Palnadu area of Kamma state were
given to Brahmins as Agraharas.

● It is known for building anakatta for the first time at Kolleru lake.

● People praised him as 'Dharmasastravetta".

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 ● He had the titles such as 'Vishamasiddhi, 'Makaradhwaja, 'Sarvalokesaraya'
and 'Pralayaditya".

○ It is learnt from the title of 'Vishamasiddhi" that he has assumed the

titles of Kubja Vishnuvardhana.

Mangi Yuvaraju (682-706 A.D.)

● Vishnuvardhana II was succeeded by his son Mangi who ruled for 25 years.

● His titles:

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○ Sarvalokashraya ○ Vijayaditya

○ Samastha Bhuvanashraya ○ Vijayasiddhi

● He has two wives. The first wife had two sons, Jayasimha Vallabha and
Kokkili Vikramaditya, while the second wife had a son, Vishnuvardhana III,

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and a daughter named "Prithvipori".
● Mangi died in 706 AD and was succeeded by his son Jayasimha Vallabha II.

Jayasimha Vallabha II (706-718 A.D.)

● From his time onwards, wars of succession have started. From these wars,
the Chalukyan kingdom got weakened.

● As he had no children, after him, his brothers Kokkili Maharaju (C.E. 718-19)
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and after him, his brother Vishnuvardhana III, have ascended the throne.

Kokkili Vikramaditya (718-19 A.D.):

● Jayasimha II was followed by his brother Kokkili Vikramaditya.
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● After 6 months of rule, he founded a new kingdom in 'Yalamanchili' and

renounced the Vengi kingdom.

Vishnuvardhana III (719-755 A.D.)

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● Titles :

○ Samastha Bhuvanasraya ○ Tribhuvanankusa

○ Parambhattaraka

● He supported Vedic and Jain religions equally.

● He overthrew Kokkili and ascended the throne of Vengi.

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 ● When he was in fight with Kokkili, Boya Kottalu in Nellore region were taken
back by the Pallavas.

● His son - Vijayaditya I.

Vijayaditya I (755-772 A.D.):

● Conflicts between Vengi Chalukya and Rashtrakuta clans started during

the reign of Vijayaditya.

○ The Chalukya - Rashtrakuta wars which started from his time,

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continued for around 200 years and history got tainted with blood.
○ At last, Vengi was made to accept the suzerainty of Manyakheta.
● He is contemporary of Rashtrakuta founder Dantidurga (753-56 AD)

○ Around C.E. 755, Rashtrakutas under the leadership of Dantidurga,

ended the Badami Chalukyan dynasty and established a new empire.
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○ 1st capital of Dantidurga was Ellora (Ellapuram)

○ 2nd capital of Rashtrakutas was Manyakheta.

○ Dantidurga killed Kirtivarma II, the last king of Badami Chalukya and
established Rashtrakuta kingdom.

○ The Eastern Chalukyas helped the Badami Chalukyas in the wars

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between the Badami Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas, which led to

clashes between the Rashtrakuta and Eastern Chalukya kingdoms.

Vishnuvardhana IV (772-808 A.D.):

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● Son of Vijayaditya I ; contemporary of poet Pampa

● He has started his rule as the feudatory of Rashtrakuta king, Krishna I.

○ Because his father got defeated, he got reduced to this condition.

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● When Krishna I died in 722 AD, war of succession took place among his sons
- Govinda and Dhruva .Dhruva won this battle of succession.

● Vishnuvardhana IV went to the aid of Govinda in the succession wars

between these sons.

● Dhruva has sent Arikesari I (Vemulavada Chalukyan King) against

Vishnuvardhana IV who helped his brother Govinda in the war of succession.

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 ○ Arikesari has defeated Vishnuvardhana.

○ Parbhani inscription (C.E. 966) is informing that Arikesari has

conquered Vengi and Kalinga.

○ Vishnuvardhana has accepted the sovereign authority of the

Rashtrakutas and gave his daughter, Seelamahadevi in marriage to
Dhruva.

○ But, none of such political agreements was able to stop the deadly
enemity between these two dynasties.

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● Vishnuvardhana IV had two sons: - Vijayaditya II , Bhimasalki

● After the death of Vishnuvardhana IV, Bhimasalki became king with the
help of Rashtrakuta king Govinda by overthrowing Vijayaditya II and
ruled for 12 years.

Vijayaditya II (808-847A.D.): KH
● He overthrew his brother Bhimasalki and ascended the throne in 818 AD.

● He also had the name of Narendra Mrigaraju.

● His titles:
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○ Chalukya Raya ○ Vikrama Davali

○ Narendra Mrigaraju

● He fought endless battles with the feudatories of the Rashtrakutas, viz.,

Western Ganga and Vemulavada Chalukyas.
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● With the help of Nruparudra who belonged to the Haihaya dynasty, he

fought 108 battles over more than twelve years with the supporters of
Bhimasalki, and at last, occupied Vengi.
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○ Because of these victories, he got the titles 'Narendreswara',

'Narendramrugaraju, 'Chalukyaraya' and Vikramadavali’.

● He built 108 Shiva temples with the name of Narendra Mrigeswaralayam

as expiation (papa pariharam) for his 108 wars.

○ The Satuluru inscription of Gunaga Vijayaditya III states that he

built 108 Shiva temples.

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 ● Bejawada became Vijayawada in his name.

● When King Govinda III of Rashtrakuta died, his son Amoghavarsha was a 2
year old boy.

● At this time Vijayaditya II invaded the Rashtrakuta kingdom and defeated

the Rashtrakuta army.

● The guardian of Amoghavarsha ,Suvarnavamsha Karkaraju has accepted the

supremacy of Vijayaditya II

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○ Suvarnavamsha Karkaraju gave Amoghavarsha's sister Sheela
Mahadevi to Vijayaditya's son Kala Vishnuvardha in marriage and made
a truce.

○ With this peace was established between the two kingdoms.

● Vijayaditya II was succeeded by his son Kalivishnuvardhana (846-848 AD)

who ruled for two years. KH
● Kalivishnuvardhana was succeeded by Vijayaditya III

● Another name of Vijayaditya III is Gunaga Vijayaditya

Gunaga Vijayaditya / Vijayaditya III (849-892 A.D.):

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● He was the grandson of Vijayaditya II, the son of Kalivishnuvardhana.

● Gunaga Vijayaditya was the greatest of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty. He

ruled for 43 years.

● He marched from the Ganges in the north to the Kaveri in the south with
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the victory flag of the Chalukyas.

● Temples built by Gunaga Vijayaditya in East Godavari district:

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○ Birudaankaprolu (Bikkavolu) ○ Golingeswara Temple

○ Chandrasekhara Temple ○ Rajaraja temple

● He is proficient in mathematics. That is why he got the name 'Gunaga'.

● His Important Inscriptions:

○ Machilipatnam inscription ○ Addanki (Taruvoja Vrittam)

○ Satalur inscription ○ Guntur

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● In the first year of his accession to the throne, Vijayaditya declared war
on the Boya Kottas.

● Brahmin commander-in-chiefs who were the main reason for his

victories:

○ Panduranga ○ Kadiaraja

○ Vinayudisharma ○ Rajyaditya

● Gunaga sent his senani Panduranga to conquer these Boya kottas.

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● Panduranga occupied 12 Kottas of those Boyas, burnt Nellore, their main
centre, and for the security of the region, made Kandukuru a very strong
fort similar to Bejawada.

○ Panduranga built Pandurangapuram and Panduranga Maheshwara

Temple at Pulicat Lake and ruled with Kandukur as capital - as known
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from the 'Addanki inscription'.

○ Panduranga commissioned the famous Addanki inscription (AD 748).

■ It is the first poetic inscription (పద్య శాసనం) in telugu.

● As Krishna II who came to the kingdom after Amoghavarsha was weak,

Gunaga defeated Krishna II ,his brother-in-law Sankila and the Chalukya
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king Baddega of Vemulavada(who came to their aid).

○ He destroyed Baddega's Chakrakutapuram (Bastar-Madhya Pradesh)

and entered the Dahala country, a region between the Ganga and
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Narmada rivers and occupied Kiranapuram, Alapuram, Chakrakutam.

● He became a great warrior by defeating Krishna II.

● Conquering Nellore, Achalapuram and Kiranapuram earned Gunagana the title

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"Tripura Martya Maheswara (త్రిపుర మర్త ్య మహేశ్వర)".

● Gunagana received the titles of Samadhigata ,Panchamahasabhada,

signifying sovereignty of Dakshinapatha by taking charge of Palidhvajam,
Ganga-Yamuna toranam from the Rashtrakutas.

● According to the Satalur inscription of Gunaga Vijayaditya, it is learnt that

he obtained victories against Pallavas and Pandyas.

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 ○ Defeating Pallavas and Pandyas, Vijayaditya might have saved Chola
king (he might be Aditya Chola) who sought the shelter of Panduranga.

● Titles of Gunaga Vijayaditya:

○ Parachakrarama ○ Prtihvi Vallabha

○ Vira Makara Dhwaja ○ Bhuvana Kundarpa

○ Ranaranga Shudraka ○ Manuja Prakasa

○ Gunakesallata (Great in

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Guna)

○ Tripura Marta Maheshwara

Chalukya Bhima I (892-921 A.D.):

● His original name was Vishnuvardhana VI ; ruled Vengi for 30 years.

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● As Gunaga Vijayaditya had no sons, his elder brother Vikramaditya's son -
Chalukya Bhima ascended the throne.

● Since he assumed the kingship in 892 AD, his reign was uneventful.

● Chalukya Bhima I's accession to the throne was opposed by his uncle, Gunaga
Vijayaditya's brother, Yudhamalla I.
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● Contemporaries of Chalukya Bhima I:

○ Rashtrakuta king - Krishna II

○ Vemulavada Chalukya king - Baddega

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○ Chalukyan king of Mudigonda - Kusumayudha.

● With the help of Rashtrakutas and Vemulavada Chalukyas, Yuddhamalla

faced Chalukya Bhima I.
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● During his reign, King Krishna II of Rashtrakuta declared independence.

● King Krishna II of Rashtrakuta invaded Vengi twice.

● According to Vikramarjuna Vijayam (by Pampa) - With the help of the

Rashtrakutas and Vemulawada Chalukyas, Yuddhamalla captured the Chalukya
Bhima, who was hiding in Kolleru .

○ He was captured by Baddega, the Chalukya king of Vemulawada.

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● Chalukya Bhima escaped with the help of Mudigonda Chalukya king
Kusumayudha.

● Chalukya Bhima gathered some vassals and ousted Krishna II and ascended
the throne again.

● After some time Rashtrakuta king Krishna invaded Vengi again.

● Bhima's son Irimarthiganda with adequate military strength clashed with

the Rashtrakuta forces at Niravadyapuram and Pedavangur and
Irimarthiganda died of injuries.

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● The Rashtrakuta troops retreated. But, in the memory of his son, he built a
town called ‘Chalukya Bhimavaram’(near Samarlakota) in East Godavari
district and built a Shiva temple in it named Kumararamam / Bheemaramam.

● He was a great devotee of Shiva.

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● He established the tradition of Pancharama in Andhra.

● Along with Komararam, he built 4 other big Shiva temples.

● They are known as Pancharamam along with Kumararam.

● Pancharamam:
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○ Draksharamam - East Godavari district

○ Kumararamam / Bheemaramam (Samarlakota) - East Godavari District

○ Somaramam (Bhimavaram) - West Godavari District

○ Ksheeraramam (Palakollu) - West Godavari District

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○ Amararamam (Amaravati) - Guntur District.

● Other temples built by him:

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○ Kumaraswamy Temple - Chebrolu

○ Bhimeswara Temple - Narasaraopet

● His Senapati Bhattapa built the Partishwara temple on the Indrakiladri

mountain in Bejawada.

● The Pithapuram inscription of Mallapadeva states that Chalukya Bhima I

fought 360 wars.

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 ● During his time, around C.E. 900, Kanchipuram Pallavas empire was conquered
by the Cholas.

● Inscriptions of Chalukya Bhima :

○ Machilipatnam

○ Pandipaka Inscription

○ Attili Inscription

● Challavva was his court dancer and singer

AN
○ Her title is Gaandharva Visaarada (గాంధర్వ విశారద)

● He donated the village of Attili and two kandikala of land to Chellava.

● The Attili inscription mentions that Chellava was Bhima's court singer and
her father Mallappa was a great musician.

of Kolatam)

● His court poet- Bhattavamana

KH
● A popular recreational sport during Chalukya Bhima's time - Hallisaka (type

○ His book - Kavyalankara Sutras

○ His title is Kavi Vrishabha

AZ

● After him Vijayaditya IV ruled for six months. After him Ammaraju I ruled
the kingdom.

Vijayaditya IV:
IY

● His title is Kollabhiganda; he ruled only for six months.

● He attacked the Eastern Kalinga king Vajrahastu I and defeated him near
Virajapuri.
R

● Vijayaditya, died fighting with the state allies.

● After him, his son Ammaraju I became the king.
Ammaraju I (921-927 A.D.):
● He was the son of Vijayaditya IV (Kollabhiganda) ; ruled for 7 years.

● His titles are - Rajamahendra, Vishnuvardhana

● The inscription of this king is the Chekurru Tamra (చేకుర్రు తామ్ర) inscription.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● His military generals - Mahakala, Bandanadhitya

● Ammaraja I built a town called Rajamahendravaram on the banks of the

Godavari river and ruled it as his capital.

● He shifted the capital from Vengi to Rajamahendravaram (Rajahmundry).

● His contemporary was Rashtrakuta king - Indra III.

Yuddhamalla II (C.E. 928-934):

● Son of Talaraju I

AN
● Capital - Chebrolu (Guntur District)

● He beautified Vijayawada.

● Temple built by him in Vijayawada - Karthikeya or Kumaraswamy temple

● In those days, the ceremonial idol of Kumaraswamy was brought from the
KH
Kumaraswamy temple in Chebrolu to the temple of Bejawada Karthikeya and
then taken to Chebrolu in a procession.

● The big festival in those days was the procession of Kumaraswamy

● He commissioned Bejawada inscription in telugu language for the first time

with Madhyakkara poem(మధ్యాక్కర పద్యం).
AZ

● Jayanthi Ramaiah Panthulu researched this inscription

● Chalukya Bhima II ascended the throne after him.

Chalukya Bhima II (934-945 A.D.):

IY

● His titles: Rajamahendraganda Marthanda, Brihadchima

● He had two wives:
○ Ankidevi (Kalinga princess)
R

■ Her son was Danarnava (దానార్ణ వ)

● (Daanarnava commissioned the Magallu inscription)
○ Lokamba (Princess of the Telugu Cholas)
■ Her son was Ammaraja II

Ammaraju II (945-970 A.D.):

● He was the son of Chalukya Bhima II.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● He ascended the throne in 945 AD with the help of his maternal telugu
cholas.

● He followed Jainism.

● His wife: Chamakamba (Princess of Pattawardhani clan)

○ She was a Jain devotee and built a Jain temple called

Sarvalokashrayam in Eluru.

● A village named 'Kaluchambarru' was donated to this Jain temple by -

AN
Ammaraju II.

● Duggaraju, the army chief of Ammaraju, built Katikabharana Jinalaya in

Dharmavaram, Prakasam district.

○ Ammaraju donated the village of Maliampudi in Kamma rastra to this

temple.
KH
● His court poets - Potanabhattu, Madhava Bhattu, Bhattudeva.

○ Title of Bhattudeva - Kavichakravarthi

● Titles of the Ammaraju II:

○ Sarvalokashraya, Kavigayaka Kalpataruvu, Parama Brahmanya,

AZ

Parama Bhattaraka.

● His half-brother Danarnava with the help of Rastrakuta king Krishna III in
970 AD killed Ammaraju II and ascended the throne.

Danarnava (దానార్ణ వ, 970-973 A.D.)

IY

● Danarnava ruled the kingdom for only three years.

● Danarnava's death forced his two sons Saktivarma I and Vimaladitya to go
into exile.
R

● They fled to Chola country and got the help of Chola emperor Rajarajachola
(C.E. 985-1013).
● The Chola king Rajaraja not only gave shelter to them but also gave his
daughter Kundavva to Vimaladitya in marriage.
● Jatachoda Bhima, a relative of Ammaraju II, made an attack on him, killed
him and declared himself as the king.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Jatachoda Bhima (973-999 A.D.):

● Kailasanatha Temple Inscription - mentions about Jatachoda Bhima.

● His clan/Vamsa - Telugu Chodha clan
● He was the greatest of the medieval Andhra Mahaveeras of that time.
● His capital - Peddakallu (Kurnool District)
● His mother was the granddaughter of Chalukya Bhima I, the famous Vengi
king and daughter of Kollabhiganda Vijayaditya.

AN
● As the mother of Ammaraju II was his sister, Jatachoda Bhima attacked
Danarnava in revenge for killing Ammaraju II and killed him and occupied
Vengi.
● His title: Chodhatrinetra

KH
● Danarnava had two sons: Shaktivarma, Vimaladitya
○ Both of them could not bear the torture of Jatachoda Bhima and
went to the court of Rajaraja Chola who ruled Thanjavur and sought
his help and took shelter.
○ Rajarajachola gave shelter to them and married his daughter
Kundavva to Vimaladitya with the intention of establishing his power
AZ

in coastal Andhra.
● The Western Chalukyas helped Vijayaditya VII to expand the kingdom
● The Western Chalukyas were the dynasty that opposed the power of the
Cholas in the Vengi Kingdom of coastal Andhra.
IY

● Clashes started between the Western Chalukyas and the Cholas during the
time of the Western Chalukya king Tailapadeva.
R

● With the help of Cholas, Shaktivarma & Vimaladitya killed Jatachodha Bhima
and occupied Vengi. (Prabhuparru and Penneru inscriptions give the details of
those wars)
Shaktivarma I (1000-1011 A.D.):

● The first son of Danarna was Shaktivarma I.

● Both these brothers, Saktivarma & Vimaladitya were anaxious to bring Vengi
under their control. The prestige of the Chalukyan dynasty began to decline.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Western Chalukyas have realised that, if the Cholas dominance in Vengi is
ignored, it would affect the balance of power in South Indian politics.

○ The expansion of Chola empire was not liked by the Western

Chalukyas.

○ That is the reason why clashes started occurring between Chola

Rajaraja (C.E. 985-1013) and Western Chalykya ruler,
Satyasraya.

● In 1006 AD, the Chalukya emperor of Kalyani, Satyasraya, sent an army

AN
commander named Bayyalanambi to conquer Vengi.

● Shaktivarma defeated the Chalukya army of Kalyani with the help of

Rajaraja Chola.

● Title of Shaktivarma - Chalukya Chandra

KH
● Shaktivarma ruled for 9 years. He had a son named Vijayaditya VII. But
Chola Raja placed his son-in-law Vimaladitya on the throne.

Vimaladitya (C.E.1011-1018):

● Titles: Rajamarthanda, Mummadi Bhima, Paramabrahmanya, Parama

Parameswara
AZ

● Inscriptions by him: Ranastapudi; Ramakonda

● He was originally a Shaiva. Later he took Jainadiksha.

● He excavated a cave named Ramakonda in Ramatirdham in Vijayanagara for

IY

his guru Trikalayogi Siddhanti.

● He has two wives.

○ Kundavva (daughter of Rajarajachola) - whose son was Rajaraja

R

Narendra

○ Melama (daughter of Jatachoda Bhima) - whose son was Vijayaditya

VII.

● Vimaladitya was the only Eastern Chalukya king who converted to Jainism

● After the death of Vimaladitya, Rajaraja Narendra ascended the throne in

1018 AD.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Rajaraja Narendra (1019-1061 A.D.):

● Cholas were the ones who helped him in the expansion of the kingdom

● Rajarajachola's son Rajendrachola married his daughter Ammangadevi to

Rajaraja Narendra in 1022.

● Rajaraja Narendra also married Malayavati, the daughter of Kalyani

Chalukyas.

● His titles - Kavyageethi priyudu, Rajarajanarayana, Baraganda Bhairava,

AN
Rajaparameshwara

● Rajahmundry became famous during the time of Rajaraja Narendra.

● He built a Vishnu temple in Rajahmundry. He commissioned an inscription

there.

KH
● Rajaraja built a temple named after himself at Bikkavolu.

● Just as his contemporary, Bhojamaharaja patronised Sanskrit poets,

Rajaraja Narendra also patronised Telugu poets and won fame.

● He laid the foundation for the progress of Telugu literature.

● His court poet - Nannaya Bhattu

AZ

● Rajarajanarendra was defeated by Vijayaditya VII who came with the help
of the Western Chalukya king Jayasimha II.

○ In 1034 AD he then came to Rajamahendravaram, made it his

capital and ruled.
IY

● Rajendrachola defeated Vijayaditya VII at a place called Kalidindi & gave

back the kingdom lost by Rajaraja Narendra.

○ In honor of the Chola soldiers who were defeated and died in this
R

battle at Kalidindi, 3 Shiva temples were built by Rajaraja Narendra.

● The Western Chalukya king of Kalyani who succeeded Jayasimha, Somesvara

I defeated Rajaraja Narendra and appointed Narayanabhattu as his
representative in his court.

○ Nannayabhattu translated the Mahabharata from Sanskrit language

into Telugu language with the help of Narayanabhattu.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● The process of translation in Telugu literature started from the age of
Vengi Chalukyas.

Court Poet of Rajaraja Narendra - Nannaya:

● Nannaya translated 2 1/2 Parvas (Adi, Sabha, half of Aranya Parvam) of

Mahabharata into Telugu.

● Andhra Mahabharatam - Adi grantham in Telugu.

● Nannaya Titles:

AN
○ Adikavi ○ Vagamasasanudu

○ Vidyadwaitudu ○ Sabdasasanudu

○ Akshara Ramyata

● His Sanskrit work: Andhrasabda Chintamani (Grammar Text)

● Telugu works:

○ Indra Vijayam
KH ○ Chamundika Vilasam

● Rajaraja Narendra donated the village "Nandampudi" as a gift to

Narayanabhattu, who helped translate the Mahabharata into Telugu.

● The village of Nava Khandavada was donated by Rajaraja Narendra to the

AZ

author of 'Ganita Sarasangraham' - 'Pavuluri Mallana'.

● Nannaya wrote the Nandampudi inscription.

● Nannayabhattu is renowned as Vubhaya Bhasha Kavya Rachana Sobhita

IY

and Narayanabhattu as Vagmaya Duramdhara.

Rajendra Kulottunga:

● Rajendra ascended the throne after Rajaraja Narendra

R

● Son of Rajaraja Narendra & Ammangadevi

● Rajaraja Narendra's half-brother was Vijayaditya VII.
● Rajendra's paternal grandfather - Vijayaditya VII.
● Rajendra was ousted by Vijayaditya VII and took over the kingdom in 1070
AD.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Rajendra fled to Tamilnadu and succeeded in the Chola Empire under the
name of Kulottunga Chola.
● As Vijayaditya died in C.E. 1075, Vengi Chalukya dynasty came to an end.
○ Rajendra who ascended the Chola throne with the title of Kulottunga
Chola, has finally joined Vengi in Chola empire.
● Chola king Veera Rajendra gave his daughter Madhurantaka in marriage to
Rajendra Kulottunguna
● Rajendra ruled the "Chola (Tamil) and Chalukya (Andhra)" kingdoms

AN
together.
● Due to the death of Veera Rajendra and his son Adi Rajendra in internal
strife in Tamil Nadu, the Chola Empire was inherited by 'Madhurantaka' and
Rajendra inherited the Chalukya Empire after the death of Vijayaditya VII

KH
(Rajendra Kulottanguna’s Paternal uncle).
● He united these two kingdoms and formed the Chola-Chalukya empire.
● Rajendra Kulottunga was the king of the Chola Empire from 1070 AD and
became the king of the Chalukya Empire from 1075 AD and became famous
by the name Chola Chalukya.
AZ

● Rajendra Kulottungu - founder of the Chola -Chalukya empire.

● The last king of the Eastern Chalukyas- Vijayaditya VII.
● “Jaya Gondar” in the text “Kalinga Parni” states that Rajendra Kulottunga
conquered Kalinga with his 'great naval power'.
IY

● Built "Kulottunga Cholapuram" (Visakhapatnam) after his name.

● The influence of the Chalukya Cholas declined with the rise of the Pandyas.
● The Chodas of Velanati, Kakatiyas - are their vassals.
R

Administrative System of Eastern Chalukyas:

● The Middle Ages began in Andhra with the establishment of the kingdom of
the Eastern Chalukyas.

● Kumarila Bhattu propagated Purva Mimamsa method during Eastern

Chalukyan period

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
● Since they splitted from the Badami Chalukyas, their system of governance
was similar to Badami Chalukyas.

● The king was autocratic, the power of the kingdom passed down to the
eldest son by descent, and administration of the kingdom was carried out
through 'Saptangas' (seven divisions) and Ashtadasa Tirthas (18 offices).

● Sabha meetings were held through 'Varagoshti'.

● The kingdom is divided as follows:

AN
○ Kingdom - King

○ Rashtra/State- Kumara Matya

○ Vishayas - Vishyapati / Mandaleswara (Niyoga Vallabha)

○ Kottari/ Villages : Rattadi (Chief Officer in Villages)

KH
● A prince helps the king especially in the matter of governance. The Council
of Ministers is called Tirthas.

● Chief among the tirthas - Samaharta

● Vishayas

○ Head of Vishayas is called - Niyogavallabha / Vishayapati.

AZ

○ These were also called Nadus.

○ It is known from inscriptions that there were 30 Nadus during their
period.
■ Palnadu: Macharla, Gurjala
IY

■ Kammanadu: Bapatla, Ongole, Narsaraopeta

■ Pakanadu : Nellore District
R

■ Venginadu: Krishna, Godavari

● Grama

○ Foundation of governance system – village.

○ The village was under the authority of villagers. All decisions at the
village level were made with their consent. There was a royal servant
called Gramani to oversee the administration of the village.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ The head of the village was called by different names
Grameyaka, Gramani, Urgavunda.

○ The toll collectors in the village were called 'Manneyas'.

○ Disputes in villages were settled by 'Panchavara' ( Grama Sabha).

● Judiciary:

○ For judicial administration they used to follow Yajnavalkya Smriti.

○ Koravi inscription:

AN
■ This inscription specifies details about the criminal
investigation procedure & the type of punishment to be
imposed depending on the nature of the crimes.

○ Prabhudurru inscription :

KH
■ The king used to punish corrupt officials.

■ This inscription specifies how these punishments are to be

carried out.

○ The administration of justice in the villages was conducted by the

Gramani and the gram sabhas.
AZ

○ The basis for gram sabhas comes from the Machilipatnam inscription
of Chalukya Bhima II.

○ During the trial of the criminals, if there was no evidence, they would
conduct tests called Divya.
IY

■ Divyas - started in the age of Vishnu Kundis. Punishments were

severe.

■ Treason was punishable by death.

R

■ Trials and judgments were conducted on the basis of Dharma

Sasanas.

● Pradvi Vakkulu (ప్రా డ్వి వాక్కులు):

○ Special judges - They used to resolve border disputes and water canal
disputes between villages.

● GramaTalari (గ్రా మ తలారి):

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Village safety & protection was looked after by village Talari.

○ If there is a theft in the village, the thief should be caught and the
stolen money should be given to the original owner.

○ If the stolen money cannot be caught, Grama Talari should pay the
money. This is called the Achchu Kavali (అచ్చు కావలి) method.

● Military System:

○ They used to collect Padameri tax and Sandhi Vigrahadi tax for the

AN
maintenance of the army.

○ Chalukyas Maintained Chaturanga Balas (చతురంగ బలాలు) - Ratha, Gaja,

Turaga, Padati

○ There were special commanders and troops to protect the fort on the
border of the kingdom.
KH
○ The salaries of the army were paid in cash. These were called Jeetapu
Rallu (జీతపు రాళ్లు ).

○ They would blow the horn if they wanted to make peace in war. It was
called Dharmadhara (ధర్మధార).

○ Those who quit the battle are not killed. They followed the principles
AZ

of Dharma in war. This was called Yuddha Dharma.

● Financial conditions:

○ Agriculture was the main occupation of the people of this period

IY

○ Land tax is the main source of revenue for the government

○ Land tax was 1/6th of the produce. This was called ‘Koru(కోరు)’.

○ The land tax paid to the king is called 'Koraku/ Aripannu/

R

Siddayya' (కొరకు/ అరిపన్ను/ సిద్దయ్య).

○ During the period of the Eastern Chalukyas, the tax collectors were
the Manneyas (మన్నేయులు).

○ Agricultural lands are classified for taxation purposes.

■ Waste lands (or) Tari lands

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Dry Lands (or) Metta Bhoomulu

○ "Sarva Kara Pariharapu (సర్వ కర పరిహారపు)” means lands or villages

exempted from taxation.

Important taxes of this period

Ari tax (అరి పన్ను) Tax payable after conversion of crops

AN
Siddhayam (సిద్ధా యం) Pre-determined tax regardless of whether the
crops are harvested or not.

Pullari tax (పుల్ల రి పన్ను) Tax levied on pasturage for cattle grazing.

Sandhi Vigraha tax (సంధి విగ్రహ పన్ను) Tax levied to protect the kingdom from enemy

Padivaale tax (పడివాలె పన్ను)

KH attacks.

Tax levied for the maintenance of an army

Dogaraja tax (దొ గరాజ పన్ను) Tax payable as tribute to a prince/Yuvaraja

AZ

Kodena tax (కోదేన పన్ను) Tax laid on umbrella manufacturers.

● The tax-free land was called "Mumbaali (ముంబాలి)".

● Vijayaditya I fixed the following land taxes for the people of “Malleshwara
IY

Mahadeva Town” in Vengi Mandal :

Oodpu paddy field For one putti - 2 chinnas

R

Oodpu field For one putti - 6 chinnas

Dry land For one putti - 4 chinnas

New land For one putti - 2 chinnas

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● The Draksharamam inscription of the Kulottunga Chola I specified the
amount of tax to be levied on different grains and different occupations.

Coins in use during this period

Maadalu (మాడలు) Gold coins

Gadyanalu (గద్యాణాలు), Rookalu (రూకలు) Silver coins

AN
Chinnam (చిన్నం) Copper coins

● Following is the relation of different coins in use at that time as mentioned

in a book by Pavuluri Mallanna.

4 Gokara Kanulu (గోకర కానులు)

4 Sora Kanulu
KH 1 Sarakani (సారకాని)

1 Pitha (పీఠ)

4 Pithas 1 Kani (కాని)

4 Kanulu 1 Veesem (వీశెం)

AZ

4 Veesalu 1 Pattika (పట్టిక)

4 Pattikalu 1 Chinnam (చిన్నం)

4 Chinnams 1 Mada (మాడ)

IY

Trade:
● The trade of this period was prominently under the control of Vaishya guild
R

called ‘Nakara' .

● The trade associations of this period were called Nakaras.

● Major trade associations of this period :

○ Ayyavolu Trade Association - They belong to Kannada region.

○ Penugonda Trade guild - Great trading center of this period :

Penukonda

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Telika Sangam - Its business center : Vijayawada

● Some Nakaras are involved in domestic business, some in foreign trade.

○ Paradesa - is a trade union of foreigners

● It is known that people from many countries or regions are members of

Nanadesi and Ubhaya Nanadesi associations.

● These trade guilds formed their own armies to protect their goods from
thieves during cargo transport.

AN
● In an inscription in Tripurantaka the names of all the members of Nakara
are written.

Tax Collecting Officers:

● Sunka Peggada (సుంకపెగ్గడ): One who collects business tax (sales and
purchase tax).
KH
● Kolagandru (కొలగాండ్రు ): Handlers of measurements and weights.
● Tirparulu (తీర్పరులు): Those who charge tax according to the quality of the
goods.
● The transportation of goods was carried out by land and sea.
● There were special workers involved in the transportation of goods. They
AZ

were called 'Perikas (పెరికలు)’.

Foreign Trade:
● Paradesi is the Nakara which conducts foreign trade.

● Countries with which foreign trade is conducted: Thailand, Malaysia,

IY

Indonesia, Sri Lanka

● Port towns of this period:

R

○ Kalingapatnam ○ Ghantasala ○ Visakhapatnam

○ Korangi ○ Motupalli ○ Chinaganjam

○ Krishnapatnam ○ Machilipatnam

● Some port towns have been given Tamil names.

○ Visakhapatnam - Kulottunga Chola Pattanam

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Ghantasala - Chola Pandya Puram

○ Motupalli - Deshikonda Pattanam

○ Gandagopala puram - Krishnapattanam

● The Ahadanakara (అహదనకర) Inscription gives details of the trade of this

period.

Social conditions:
● The society was patriarchal (like that of Satavahanas)

AN
● Chaturvarna system - Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra
● Brahmins:
○ During the period of the Eastern Chalukyas, Brahmins held an
important position in the society.
○ Brahmins were of 3 categories
KH
■ Stotriya - reciter of mantras (yajna, sacrifices)
■ Vedika - Temple maintenance.
■ Niyoga - assisted the king in the administration of the kingdom.
● Kshatriyas:
AZ

○ Kshatriyas of 2 types:
■ Suryavansa Kshatriyas - Cholas, Gajapatis
■ Chandravamsa Kshatriyas - Eastern Chalukyas, Vijayanagara
Kings, Pandyas
IY

● Vaishyas:
○ They are engaged in trade
○ They were called Komatas during this period.
R

○ Their trade associations are called Nakaras.

● Shudras:
○ In the Chaturvarna system, the varna which does not belong to the
above 3 varnas are treated as Shudras.
○ Some of them took up the agricultural profession and some took up
the handicrafts.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Most of those who adopted a military career in the wars of the middle
ages undoubtedly belonged to this class.
○ Apart from entering the military jobs and becoming socially strong,
some of this class also got a chance to take the state power by taking
advantage of the opportunity.
Religious conditions:

● Buddhism:

○ There was no mention of Buddhism during this period. By this time,

AN
the patronage of kings or Buddhism had died out.

○ The 'Buddharamas' became Saiva temples during the Vengi Chalukya

period.

○ Dhanyakatakam in Guntur became Amareswara temple and Buddhist

KH
monastery in Chebrolu became Shiva temple.

○ Hiuen Tsang, who visited Andhra in 639 AD, reported that the
Buddhist sites of Nagarjunakonda & Amaravati were in decline.

■ He mentioned in his work Si-Yu-Ki that,by their time, all the

Buddhist hermitages had become brothels.
AZ

● Jainism:

○ Jainism gained popularity.

○ Shudras also adopted Jainism for social advancement.

IY

○ Jainism was in a high position during the period of these kings.

○ Ayyana Mahadevi built the Nedumbi Basadi for the Jain devotees
and donated the village of Mushinikonda to it.
R

○ On the wish of Chaamakamba (చామకంబ), Ammaraja II donated the

village of Kuluchumburru to a Jain monk named Arhanandi.

○ Vimaladitya supported Jainism.

■ Vimaladitya's Jain teacher was Trikalayogi (త్రికాలయోగి)

■ Vimaladitya built the Ramakonda cave for the Jains of

Ramatirtha (Vijayanagaram district).

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Jainism flourished in Vijayawada, Siddavatam, Aryavatam and
Ramathirtham.

○ Ugraditya, a Jain poet who resided in Ramatirtha, wrote a medical

treatise called "Kalyana Karakam (కళ్యాణ కారకం)".

○ Durgaraja, the military general of Gunaga Vijayaditya, built Katika

Bhavarana (కటికా భవరణ) Jinalayam at Dharmavaram in Prakasam
district.

■ Gunaga Vijayaditya donated the village of Malliampudi

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(మల్లియంపూడి) for this Jinalayam.

○ A Svetambara Jain Basadi called Pudvithilakavasati (పుద్వితిలకవసతి) is

located in Munugodu, Guntur.

■ Gonkaraju, a vassal of Kulutthongachola, donated some land to

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this Jain Basadi .

○ Baddega (Vemulawada Chalukya raja) constructed Vemulawada

Subhadama (సుభదామ) Jain temple and the Pradhana Acharya of this
temple was Somadevasuri.

○ The most famous Jain poet of this period was Pampa Kavi
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(contemporary of Vishnuvardhana IV).

○ Jains begin their education with the sentence "Om Namah Siddham
namah (ఓం నమః సిద్ధం నమః)" (In Hinduism Vedic education begins with
the Upanayana rite, Buddhists with the Pabbaja Vrat , Muslims with
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the Bismillah , Christians with the Baptist method).

● Hinduism:

○ Eastern Chalukyas were devotees of Vedic religion.

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○ They said in the traditional Prasasti, "Ane Kasva Medha

Vabhridhasnana Pavitra Kritavapusham".

○ The Eastern Chalukyas assumed the titles of Parama Mahesvara,

Parama Brahmanya, Parama Bhagavata and Vishnuvardhana.

○ Brahmins used to perform Hiranyagarbha and Bahu Suvarna (బహు

సువర్ణ ) Vratas for rebirth.

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 ○ Brahmins were given tax-free villages by kings.

○ The Koya Kottas, a wild tribe, were integrated into the Brahmin
society. It happened during the reign of Vengi Chalukya King Jaya
Simha Vallabha II.

○ Institutions called "Ghatikas" were established for higher education.

E.g. 'Asanapuram (అసనపురం)' Ghatika is located near Wantheru in
Guntur district.

○ Agamas, Darshanas, Puranas, Upanishads, Dharmashastras, Devangas,

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Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika were the main subjects studied.

○ Shaivism sect 'Pasupatam (పాశుపతం)' entered Andhra. Along with

this Kalamukham (కాలాముఖం) branch was formed.

○ Chalukya Bhima, who fought 360 wars, built 360 temples.

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○ Jataras were first held during the period of the Eastern Chalukyas.

○ According to the Bejawada Yuddhamalla inscription, the procession

of 'Mahasena' was carried out from 'Chebrolu' to Bejawada.

● Vaishnavism

○ Kubjavishnuvardhana practiced Vaishnavism and built the Kunthi

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Madhava temple in Pithapuram.

○ Jayasimha Vallabha embraced the Vedic religion and performed the

Aswamedha Yaga.
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○ Vijayaditya II is compared to Arjuna in Mahabharata.

○ Danarnava followed Vaishnavism.

○ Vaishnava temples of this period:

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■ Srikakulam - Andhra Maha Vishnu Temple

■ Pithapuram - Kunthi Madhava Swamy Temple

■ Ahobilam - Narasimhaswamy Temple

■ Narsavaram - Bhavanarayana Swamy Temple

● Shaivism:

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○ Andhradesa was called Trilinga desam due to the presence of 3 Saiva
Kshetras during their time.

■ Draksharamam : East Godavari (Andhra)

■ Kaleshwaram : Karimnagar (Telangana)

■ Srisailam : Kurnool (Rayalaseema)

○ Vijayaditya II built 108 Narendra Mrigeswara temples in 108

battlefields.

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○ Gunaga Vijayaditya embraced Shaivism and built Shiva temples in
Bikkavolu (East Godavari).

○ During the reign of Chalukya Bhima I , Pancharamas were

transformed into Shaiva Kshetras.

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■ Literary sources that mentioned about Pancharamalu:

● Skandhapuranam

● Srinatha's Bhimeswara Purana

○ Vishnuvardhana, son of Mangi Yuvaraju, donated land for three Siva

temples in Vasantavada village
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○ By this period Shaivism was divided into 3 sects:

■ Pashupatas (పాశుపతం)

● Founder - Lakulisha
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● This is the oldest branch of Shaivism (1st century AD).

● Peaceful non-violent religious system

■ Kalamukhas (కాలాముఖం)
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● Founder - Kalanana (disciple of Lakulisha)

● These are extremist Shaivites

● Played a major role in the destruction of Jainism and

Buddhism in Andhra.

● The congregations formed by these sectarians to spread

their religion are called Simha Parishads.

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 ■ Kapalikas (కాపాలికులు)

● The Vamacharyas of Kalamukha are the Kapalikas

● They worship Lord Shiva in the form of Bhairav, a

formidable figure.

● They worship Lord Shiva with Panchamudras namely:

Liquor, Meat, Matsya, Maidhuna, Mudra

● Their rituals: Kapala Bhojanam, Nara Bali (Human

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sacrifice), Smasana Nivasam

● Srisailam is mentioned as Kapalika Kshetra by –

Bhavabhuti (భవభూతి) (in his Malati Madhavam)

○ Out of Ashtadasa (18) Shakti Peethas in India while Andhra has 4

Shakti Peethas.
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■ Srisailam - Bhramarambhikadevi

■ Draksharamam - Manikyamba

■ Alampuram - Jogulamba

■ Pithapuram - Puruhurika
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○ Goddess of the Vaishyas - Vasavi Kanyaka Parameshwari

○ The main center of this religion is Penugonda (West Godavari).

○ Unable to withstand the influence of Brahmanism under the patronage

of the Eastern Chalukyas, the Jains migrated from the Western
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Andhra region to Karnataka.

■ Among those who migrated in this way was the family of

Basaveshwara, the founder of Veerashaivism.
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Education System- Literature

● Their official language is Sanskrit

● Sanskrit Vidyalayas are called Ghatikas.

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● Head of Asanapura sthana ghatika in Kamma Rashtra - Mandasharma
(మండశర్మ)

● Vedic Vedangas, Dharma Shastras, Logic, Grammar, Arthasastra,

Dhanurveda and Ayurveda Shastras were taught in these Ghatikas.

● Those who teach in ghatikas are great scholars. The names of many scholars
of this period are known through inscriptions.

● The Pedamaddali (పెదమద్దా లి) inscription mentions that Guptasharma was a

great logician who memorized 70 commentaries on logic.

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● The Nidamarru inscription states that Katisharma was a great scholar in
Vedas, Puranas, Itihasa, Upanishads and Dharmashastras.

○ His father was Mandasharma. The Nidamarru inscription states that

he was the head of the Asanapura Ghatika.
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● Chipurupalli inscription states that Madhavasharma was a scholar in Vedas,
Vedanga Itihasa and Purana Agama Dharmashastras.

● Chalukya kings are patrons of poets & scholars:

○ Poet Pandita Kamadhenu- Vishnuvardhana III

○ Poet Kalpataru - Ammaraju II

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○ Rajaraja Narendra’s title : Kavyageeti priyudu

● Favored language, official language, most patronised language is Telugu.

● Kubja Vishnuvardhana's Chejerla (చేజర్ల ) inscription contains more than 50%

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Telugu words.

● Historians say that Kalamalla (కలమళ్ళ) inscription commissioned by

Dhanunjaya Varma, the king of Renaduchoda who was contemporary of
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Kubja Vishnuvardana, is the first Telugu inscription.

● Telugu Inscriptions of Jayasimha Vallabha I :

○ Vipparla (విప్పర్ల )
○ Manchalarla (మంచలర్ల )
● Panduranga's Addanki inscription contains a Taruvoja Vritta (తరువోజ వృత్త )
telugu poem .

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 ● In the Sataluri(సాతలూరి) inscription of Gunaga Vijayaditya there is a
Champakamala Vritta telugu poem.

● Gunaga Vijayaditya's Kandukur and Dharmavaram inscriptions contain

Seesa Padyalu (సీస పద్యాలు).

● There is a Madhyakara(మధ్యాక్కర) poem in the Bejawada inscription of

Yuddhamalla.

Architectural Style:

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● Vesara or Chalukya style of architecture followed by them in temple
constructions.
● A mixture of Dravidian sculptural art (vimana style) and Buddhist art is
called Vesara sculptural art.
● Temples:

Godavari district)
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○ Shiva temples built by Gunaga Vijayaditya in Bikkavolu area (East

■ Mukteswara temple ■ Raja Raja Temple

■ Vijayeshwara temple ■ Golingeshwara temple
■ Chandrasekhara (the only temple
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temple standing today)

● Temple of the Vengi Chalukya period with sculptures of Ganga-Yamuna -
Vijayeswara Temple
● Kubja Vishnuvardhana built the Kunti Madhava temple at Pithapuram.
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● Danarnava - Vaishnava temples: Rajanarayana temple , Mandavya Narayana

temple.
● Chalukya Bhima I - built the Pancharamas.
● Temples built by Rajaraja Narendra - Rajahmundry:
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○ Koti Lingala
○ Markandeya
○ Vishnu temple
■ (The Vishnu temple was converted into a mosque during the
Tughlaq period. It is now known as the Pedda Masidu - పెద్ద
మసీదు.)
● In Kurnool District:

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 ○ Mahanandiswara temple - Mahanandi
○ Siva Nandeeshwara temple- Kadamalakalva
○ Siddheshwara Temple- Siddheshwaram
○ Pancha Lingeswara temple- Panchalingala
○ Bhima Lingeswara and Rama Lingeswara Temples- in Satyavolu village
● Bhimeshwara Temple was built in Draksharama - Bhima I.
● During the period of Eastern Chalukyas there was an officer called

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Sthanadhipati (స్థా నాధిపతి) to look after the affairs of the temple.
● Major Shaivite center- Bhairavakona (Nellore)
● Dachepalli Temple:
○ Sculptures representing instruments and Vajya Gostha (Janta

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Vaidyagandru) are carved in this temple.
○ Instruments like veena, mridangam, cymbals, pillanagrovi etc. were
carved in the sculptures of that time.
Fine Arts:
● Rajahmundry is the cultural capital city of Andhras.
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● Kolatam was the main dance entertainment of the Eastern Chalukya period
● Music and dance performances used to be held at Raja's places and temple
premises.
● Harikathas and plays were performed in temples and festivals.
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● These programs held in temples were the entertainment of the people of

that time.
● A treatise on fine arts of this period is Abhilasha Tirtha Chintamani(అభిలాష
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తీర్థ చింతామణి) by Somesvara.

● Entertainments according to Abhilasha Tirtha Chintamani:

○ Harikathas ○ Legendary pastimes (పురాణ

○ Kolatam కాలక్షేపాలు)

○ Musical plays (గేయ నాటకాలు)

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 ● Tiranala (Jataras) were held in shrines during festivals.
○ Guntur District - Kotappa Konda Jatara
○ Krishna District - Srikakulam

Development of Telugu language

Amaravati inscription 'Nagabu(నాగబు)' - is the first Telugu word -

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researched by Veturi Prabhakara Sastri

Kalamalla (కలమళ్ళ) inscription Renati Dhanunjaya- First telugu prose Inscription (గద్య
శాసనం)

Yerragudi Inscription

Potladurthi inscription
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Erikal Muthuraju- Inscription present till today

Renati Punyakumara- is in Geya Paddathi-గేయ పద్ద తి.

(This is called Dvirada Gati Ragada - ద్విరద గతి రగడ)

Mallepadu inscription Satyaditya - Telugu Choda Raja

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Aarumbhaka (ఆరుంభాక) inscription Badapamaharaju - is a poem in Sanskrit

Chajerla (చేజర్ల ) inscription Kubja Vishnuvardhana - more than half words in this
inscription are in telugu.
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Vipparla (విప్పర్ల ) inscription Jayasimha Vallabha - First Complete Telugu Text

Inscription (వచన శాసనం)

Lakshmipura inscription Mangi Yuvaraju

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Koravi inscription Telugu language appears to belong to the written level.

Sataluru Inscription Gunaga Vijayaditya - Champakamala Vritta telugu poem.

Half on the inscription is in Telugu and half in Sanskrit

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Kandukur, Dharmavaram inscriptions Gunaga Vijayaditya- inscription with Seesa (సీస),
Ataveladi (ఆటవెలది) poems.

Addanki inscription Panduranga - first poetic(పద్య) inscription (is in the

form of Taruvoja poem)

Bejawada inscription Yuddhamalla II - First Madhakkara (మధ్యాక్కర)

Inscription (on the Nagamalleswara temple).

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● Till 6-7 centuries AD, inscriptions were only in Telugu language. After that
the Telugu language was mixed with Sanskrit.
● By the time of Gunaga, the number of Sanskrit words in Telugu was high.
● Gunaga’s period is the first phase in the history of Andhra poetry.
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● The poetry started with significant indigenous rhymes (దేశీయ ఛందస్సు).
● By the 9th century AD, Telugu was Sanskritized and became Granthika.
● Jainists Pampa Kavi / Padma kavi and Rechana wrote texts in Telugu.
● Government of Telangana has declared Pampa Kavi as the Adikavi of Telugu
language.
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● Kanda poem (కంద పద్యం) was popular in the Telugu language of that time. (as
known from Gangadhara Inscriptions of Aarumbaka, Jinavallabha)
● By the time of Rajarajanarendra, Telugu language form was complete.
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● First use of the word Tenugu - Nannaya Bhattu (in his poems Jananuta
Krishnadvaipayana, Saramatingavindrudu)
● As the Mahabharata is the history of the Pandavas, who were descendants
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of Chandravamsha, and the Eastern Chalukyas were also descendants

Chandravamsha, so Rajarajanarendra encouraged Nannaya Bhattu for the
Andhraization of Mahabharata.
● Original name of Mahabharata is Jaya / Jayasamhita (8800)
● It was treated as Bharatam when it had 50,000 hymns.
● It was treatedMahabharata when there were 100,000 hymns.

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 ● Nannaya Bhattu wrote the first Telugu grammar book called Andhra
Bhashanushasanam or Andhra Shabda Chintamani (ఆంధ్ర భాషానుశాసనం /
ఆంధ్ర శబ్ద చింతామణి).
● Mahabharata was Andhraised between 1045-65 AD. The Andhraization of
Mahabharata begins with the Sanskrit hymn 'Srivani Girijaschi Rayadadato
(శ్రీవాణి గిరిజాశ్చి రాయదదతో)'.
● Out of all the 18 parvas of the Mahabharata, Nannaya Bhattu translated
Adi, Sabha and upto 142nd verse of Aranya Parvam (Sharadaratrulujvala -

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శారదరాత్రు లుజ్వల).
● It was Narayanabhattu who helped Nannayabhattu in this Andhraization of
Mahabharata
● The title given to Narayanabhattu by Rajarajanarendra - Ashtabhasha

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Kavisekhara (అష్ట భాషా కవిశేఖరుడు).
● Rajarajanarendra's Nandampudi inscription shows that Narayanabhattu
was given the Agrahara of Nandampudi.
○ This inscription was written by Nannayya Bhattu.
● Other texts written by Nannaya in Telugu:
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○ Indravijayam
○ Chamundeswari Vilasam
Other poets in the court of Rajaraja Narendra:
● Pavuluri Mallanna
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○ 11th or early 12th century Indian mathematician

○ He translated Gaṇita-sāra-saṅgraha, a 9th century Sanskrit
mathematical treatise of Mahaviracharya into Telugu as Sāra
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Sangraha Ganitamu, popularly known as Pavuluri Ganitamu.

○ Titles: Sukavi (సుకవి) , Satkalaseeludu (సత్కళాశీలుడు)
○ Rajaraja gave him a village named 'Navakhandavada (నవఖండవాడ)' as a
reward.
● Mahavirachari :
○ He authored Ganitha Sara Sangraha

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 ● Texts written by Vemulawada Bhimakavi of this period:
○ Kavi Janasrayam
○ Raghava Pandaveeyam (రాఘవ పాండవీయం)
● Telugu Language Day - 29th August (in commemoration of Gidugu
Ramamurthy's birth anniversary)

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Eastern Chalukya kings & their titles

Kubjavishnuvardhana Vishamasiddhi, Makardhwaja, Kamadeva

Jayasimha I Sakala Lokashraya, Sarvasiddhi

Indrabhattaraka

Vishnuvardhana II
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Tyagadhanudu, Makaradhwajudu

Vishamasiddhi, Sarvalokashraya, Makaradhwaja, Pralayaditya

Mangi Yuvaraju Vijayasiddhi

Vishnuvardhana III Tribhuvanamkusa

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Vijayaditya II Narendra Mrigaraju, Narendraswara, Chalukya Raya,

Vikrayadhavali

Gunaga Vijayaditya Tripuramartyamahesvara, Paraachakra, Rama,

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Ranarangashudraka

Ammaraja I Rajamahendra
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Shaktivarma Chalukya Chandra

Vimaladitya Rajamarthanda, Mummadi Bhima

Rajendra Kulothunga Chola

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