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Eapp-Handouts 104153

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Eapp-Handouts 104153

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stephanieceprado84
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EAPP HANDOUTS

Academic Texts
-usually written by experts or professional in a given field
-well-edited and often takes years to publish
-uses formal language
-contains list of sources and references
- informative, argumentative or objective in nature

EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS

 School books and textbooks


 Journal articles
 Research Proposal and papers
 Some newspaper and magazine articles
 Thesis and Dessertations
TYPES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS

 DESCRIPTIVE- provides facts and information


Ex. Identify, Report, Record, summarize, define
 ANALYTICAL- Organizes facts and information into categories, groups, parts, types or relationship
Ex. Analyze, Compare, Contrast, Relate, Examine
 PERSUASIVE- Includes argument, recommendation, interpretation, or evaluation of the work of others with the addition of
your own point of view. Need to be supported with evidence.
Ex. Argue, evaluate, discuss, take a position.
 CRITICAL- requires you to consider at least 2 point of view, including your own
Ex. Critique, debate, disagree and evaluate.
NON-ACADEMIC TEXT

 Written for the mass public


 Publish quickly and can be written by anyone
 Often doesn’t involve research or sources
 Uses informal and more conversational language
 May contain slang
 Author may be unknown
 Usually delivers simple and basic information
 Can be read and easily understood by any kind of reader
 Personal, emotional, impressionistic or subjective in nature
EXAMPLES OF NON-ACADEMIC TEXTS

 Blog posts
 Fiction Books
 Letters, Personal Journals and Diaries
FACTORS THAT SHAPE ACADEMIC WRITING
 AUDIENCE- WHOM are you writing for?
 PURPOSE- WHY are you writing?
 ORGANIZATION- HOW will you arrange your ideas?
 STYLE-WHAT technique/s will you use?
 FLOW- how well will you express ideas
 PRESENTATION- is your output ready for publishing?
FORMAL VS. INFORMAL LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE- a system of spoken, signed, ad or written communication used by humans to express themselves.

 FORMAL LANGUAGE- Used for professional and academic purposes


o No using personal pronouns
o Less personal
o INFORMAL LANGUAGE- used when communicating, writing or having conversations with family and friends.
o More casual and spontaneous
o More personal

RECOGNIZING SOCIAL VERSUS ACADEMIC LANGUAGE


SOCIAL(INFORMAL)- Repetition of words; sentences start with “and” and “but”; use of slang “guys”, “cool” and “awesome”
ACADEMIC (FORMAL)- variety of words more sophisticated vocabulary; sentences start with transisition words such as “however,
moreover and in addition” NO SLANG.
ASPECTS OF ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE
 FORMALITY- use of language appropriate in academic and professional settings
 Followed accepted rules, forms and conventions of writing in a particular community or discipline
THINGS TO AVOID TO ACHIEVE FORMALITY
1. Colloquial words and expressions
2. Contractions and abbreviations
3. Two-word verbs
4. Asking questions
5. Subheadings, numbering, bullet-points in essay
DEFINITION OF PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism- the act of presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds or the creative expression of others as your own without giving
credit; may be intentional, reckless and unintentional.
COMMON EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM

 Turning in someone else’s work as your own


 Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
 Failing to put quotation marks in quotation
 Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
 Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
DIRECT PLAGIARISM- word for word transcription of someone’s work without quotation or credit.
SELF-PLAGIARISM- submitting own previous work or mixing parts of previous work.
MOSAIC PLAGIARISM- borrowing phrases from a source without quotation marks or finding synonyms for the author’s languages
while keeping the same structure.
ACCIDENTAL PLAGIARISM- Neglecting to cite sources, misquotation of sources, or unintentionally paraphrasing a source by using
similar words, group of words and/or sentence structure without attribution.
WHY DO PEOPLE PLAGIARIZE

 LAZINES; FAME; FEAR OF SUCCESS; PROCRASTINATION; PANIC; MISBELIEF AND MISINFORMATION; APATHY AND
INDIFFERENCE.

CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM
 Failure in a task or class
 Disciplinary action
 Academic Dismissal (Suspension or expulsion)
 Withdrawal of Diploma or Degree
 Loss of Employment
 Fines/Penalties
 Lawsuits
 Loss of Reputation
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

 Put everything in your own words (DO NOT COPY!)


 Give credit where credit is due.
INCORPORATING SOURCES IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL TEXT
 SUMMARIZING- short statement of the main idea or key points of a text
 PARAPHRASING- restating a statement or passage in your own words
Principles in Paraphrasing
o The meaning conveyed in paraphrased material should be the same as that of the original source.
o The lenghth should be the same or almost the same.
o The structure is different from that of the source.
o Technical terms or generally accepted terms may be retained.
o The source is indicated in the paraphrase.

FORMS OF PARAPHRASING
o Literal Paraphrasing- Replacing vocabulary terms from the original text
o Structural Paraphrasing- changing the sentence structure as well as the world class of key words of the text
o Alternative Paraphrasing- Posing questions about the text, then answering these questions using own words
after reading the text making sure thatb all ideas are connected.
 CITATIONS- the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source and where to find that
information again.
WHAT DO CITATIONS INCLUDE?
o Information about the author
o The title of the work
o The name and location of the publisher
o The page number of the material you used

WHEN DO I NEED TO CITE?


o Whenever you used quotes
o Whenever you paraphrase
o Whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed.
o Whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
o Whenever someone else’s work has been critical in developing your own ideas.

TYPES OF CITATIONS
o AUTHOR-ORIENTED CITATIONS- starts with the surname of the author, followed by the year of publication
in parenthesis.
Example: Pulido (2012) emphasizes that language…
o TEXT-ORIENTED CITATIONS- a paragraph or sentence form from a source is followed with the surname of
the author of the work and the year of publication, both enclosed in parentheses.
Example: Unless educators realize the importance of reading… (Estacio, 2010)
OTHER WAYS OF CITING SOURCES
o Start the sentence or paragraph by using the phrase “According to…” followed by the surname of the author
and the year of publication enclosed in parentheses.
Example: According to Mendoza (1990), by the end of the century…
STRATEGIES IN READING TEXTS

Reflecting- It is a reading strategy that challenge your attitudes, your beliefs and your positions.

Questioning - A critical reading strategy that a reader will ask questions about the content.
- The question should focus on a main idea, not on illustrations or details, and
each should be expressed in your own words, not just copied from parts of the paragraph.

Contextualizing- A reader will place a text in its historical, biographical, and cultural contexts.
-When you read a text,you read it through the lens of your own experience.

Outlining and summarizing


- A reader must identify the main ideas and restate them in his own words.
- The main ideas form the backbone, the strand that holds the various parts and pieces of the text together.
Skimming- it is just a quick reading and you will be able to get the general idea.

Comparing and contrasting- A critical reader will explore likeness and differences between texts to understand them better.

Previewing- It enables readers to get a sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading it closely
Evaluating- When you assess an argument, you are concerned with the process of reasoning as well as its truthfulness

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