Differentiates language used in academic texts form various disciplines

● It is crucial for communication. It is being used as part of our everyday lives. You have to
use it at home, in school and in the future, your workplace. For each of these, the
language that we use varies. This means the way we communicate at home and at school
requires us to choose words that are appropriate.
● Saqueton & Uychoco (2016) defined academic writing as “a process that starts with
posing a question, problematizing a concept, evaluating and opinion, and ends in
answering the questions or question posed clarifying the problem, and/or arguing for a
stand”. It has to be noted that not all writing can be considered academic writing as
their features do not subscribe to the criteria of academic writing. The table presented
below by Plata et.al (2012) presented some of the features that may highlight the
difference between academic and non – academic writing.
● Academic Writing is formal - this refers to how we use a different phraseology or words
that we carefully chose to suit a particular idea or concept. This means not writing
immediately the first thing that comes to mind and avoiding a conversational tone in
writing. The following example will point this difference.
● Formal - An understanding of the fundamental operations of the search engine will
provide improve user interface.
● Informal - If users know how search engines work, they can deal better with them.
● Academic writing is impersonal - this refers to wording and expression that conveys a
sense of non – familiarity and objectivity. In other words, its how we maintain a certain
distance between the reader and the writer the way we implement social distancing
during this pandemic. That way, we communicate a sense of detachment making it
impersonal.
● Personal - If you don’t know to navigate through an e-commerce site, you will waste a lot
of time.
● Impersonal - Navigating through an e-commerce site can be time consuming for those
who may be unfamiliar with the process.
● Academic writing is structured - This refers to certain structural elements that set
academic writing apart from others. These two can be given as examples:
● Avoiding Nominalization – nominalization is replacing an action word with a
noun counterpart that makes the sentence less active like:
● Do this – The economy did not perform well.
● Not this – The performance of the economy was miserable
 ● Academic writing is structured - This refers to certain structural elements that set
academic writing apart from others. These two can be given as examples:
● Avoiding Nominalization – nominalization is replacing an action word with a
noun counterpart that makes the sentence less active like:
● Do this – The economy did not perform well.
● Not this – The performance of the economy was miserable
● Academic writing uses hedged language - This refers to the use of cautious language in
order not to sound condescending or too proud about a certain claim.
● Academic writing that uses hedged language allows for an objective and impersonal
language and thus may provide greater interaction with the readers.
● WITHOUT HEDGED LANGUAGE - A repeat of terrorist attacks, as massive as 9/11,
is just a matter of time.
● WITH HEDGED LANGUAGE - It is possible that the threat of terrorism is more
serious than ever before, and that a massive attack like September 11, may be just a
matter of time.
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Uses knowledge of text structure to glean the information he/she needs

i. Lesson proper
1. Definition
i. A definition text explains the nature of something. Oftentimes,
aside from giving the general class to which the concept being
defined belongs, a definition text describes the things being
defined and/or cites examples of it.
2. Description
i. A description text gives concrete details about appearance,
characteristics, and actions.
3. Recount of a sequence
i. A recount of a sequence is a chronological narration of a
historical period, a sequential description of a process or a
procedure.
ii. Flow chart – show the sequence of events or actions; arrows
are important to show the linear flow.
4. Cause-effect
i. A cause-effect text presents reasons why situation is obtained.
Though logically the cause comes before the result, in
 academic writing it is the effect that is usually presented first,
perhaps to achieve a more dramatic effect.
5. Problem-solution
i. A problem-solution text starts off with a negative situation (a
problem) and ends with a positive situation (a solution). Some
key expressions that indicate a problem-solutions text are: the
problem/dilemma is, if/then, so that, solves, an answer, and
addresses the problem of.
6. Comparison/ Contrast
i. In a comparison and contrast text, similarities and differences
are presented. Some expressions that point to similarities are
similarly, in like manner, and in the same way; to talk about
differences, the following expressions are commonly used: on
the other hand, on the contrary, the opposite, compared to, in
contrast, although, unless, and however.
7. Enumeration
i. An enumeration is a listing of parts, of characteristics, of
examples, etc. Some words that indicate enumeration are to
start with, first, second, in addition, next, then, another, finally,
and also.
8. Classification
i. A classification text presents groupings, types, classes,
categories, and sub-categories that constitute a concept,
presented in hierarchical order.
9. Thesis-evidence
i. Primarily to serve the purpose of arguing a point/ position or
interpretation, the thesis-evidence text organization or thought
pattern may be arranged deductively (general statement or
thesis followed by supporting details) or inductively (details
from which an inference or thesis is drawn).

Can you make me an multiple questions design for 1 item (applying) and 2 items (analyzing)?
Provide me answer key.

Uses various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic text

What is Summarizing?
According to Buckley (2004), in her popular writing text Fit to Print, summarizing is reducing
text to one-third or one-quarter its original size, clearly articulating the author's meaning, and
retaining main ideas.
According to Diane Hacker (2008), in a Canadian Writer’s Reference, explains that summarizing
involves stating a work’s thesis and main ideas “simply, briefly, and accurately”
From dictionaries, it is defined as taking a lot of information and creating a condensed version
that covers the main points to express the most important facts or ideas about something or
someone in a short and clear form.
Summarizing is a short restatement of the main idea of the text. The output is called a
Summary. It is the shortened version, ideally, only one-third of the original text. It contains the
main points and important details of the text and should be written in your own words.

Importance of summarizing - Summarizing is used to support an argument, provide context for a

paper's thesis, write literature reviews, and annotate a bibliography. The benefit of summarizing
lies in showing the "big picture," which allows the reader to contextualize what you are saying.

1. Read the original text not just once but several times. Make sure to comprehend it well.
2. Identify the text structure (compare-contrast, cause-effect, sequence, descriptive,
question-answer, and problem-solution) by looking into how the relationships between
ideas are established.
3. Take note or highlight the important details In the text.
4. After getting the main idea and important details, write your preliminary
5. summary.
6. Make sure to use your own words.
7. Check if your work does not go stray from the original text.
8. Read it again and make necessary revision or editing.

• A summary is a synthesis of the key ideas of a piece of writing, restated in your own
words – i.e., paraphrased.  You may write a summary as a stand-alone assignment or as
part of a longer paper.  Whenever you summarize, you must be careful not to copy the
exact wording of the original source (Summarizing  | Academic Integrity at MIT, n.d.).
• Top this to remember:
• Only the main points have been included
• The text is shortened without losing the essence of the material
• The summary writer's own words are used
• Technical terms do not change
• Reporting verbs are used to discuss the text (i.e. suggests, contends, argues)
• An In-text citation is provided
• Remember that a full reference list should be included at the end of your work
 Can you make me an multiple questions design for 2 items (applying) and 1 item
(analyzing)? Provide me answer key.

States the thesis statement of an academic text

Thesis statement is a short statement which provides an insight into what the essay is going to
be about. They are used to enlighten the audience on a variety of things, including:
• The main argument or point to be discussed.
• The purpose of the essay.
• The point of view of the author on a specific topic.

• A thesis statement is:

 Specific
Example: Vape smoking should be completely banned because studies show that it can be
harmful to health.
 This thesis statement is clear with definite point. The writer gives a reason on why
vape smoking should not be allowed due to scientific studies regarding the harms
or dangers of it.
 Debatable
Example: Men and women should not be restricted on roles they should perform even if they
have definite tasks assigned to them.
Here, the thesis statement calls or suggests for an argument. Readers may or may not agree with
what is written.
Provided or supported by evidences
Example: Pregnant women should not use medical marijuana without first checking with their
health care provider. Animal studies have shown that moderate amounts of THC given to
pregnant or nursing women could have long-lasting effects on the child, including abnormal
patterns of social interactions and learning issues. (Using medical Marijuana During and After
Pregnancy,www.drugabuse.gov)

• The focus that a writer wants to emphasize in an essay or academic paper is important.
This tells the readers his intention or objective in writing something. It is the writer’s
argument in an issue or topic.
 • It is the claim of the writer in The over-all idea that a writer imparts or declares in his
paper is what we call a thesis statement.
• What he is discussing in the paper.

Can you make me an multiple questions design for 1 item (applying) and 2 items (analyzing)?
Provide me answer key.

Outlines reading texts in various disciplines

• Outlining - It is the process of organizing one’s ideas in a logical way. In writing, it helps
the writer what to include and not to include.

1. Topic outline. This is a brief outline of ideas using keywords. Under the heading are
several words served as sub-topics that will be discussed in the paper. Look at this
example:
• I. Micro- Business Today
• A. Unemployment
• B. Definition of Micro Business
• C. Benefits of Micro Business
• II. Prospects in Micro Business
• A. Industry
• B. Agribusiness
• C. Services

2. Sentence outline. The topic for each paragraph is written in sentence form instead of
keywords. Study this example:
I. Micro business is becoming a popular livelihood among Filipinos
A. Engaging in micro business helps solve unemployment in the country.
B. Micro business is an industry that works on a small scale.
C. Micro business offers many benefits such as flexibility, uniqueness
expertise, etc.
II. Micro business offers many opportunities for livelihood.
A. Industries like food and restaurant, general retail, health fitness are good for micro
business.
 B. In agribusiness, there are organic crop farming, vegetable cultivation and ecotourism
business to name a few.
C. For service industry, there are landscaping and horticulture, hotels and other places of
lodging, dry cleaning, hair cutting, etc.

2. Coordination
Items of equal significance in the same category or label.
Headings = using Roman Numerals
Subheadings = Arabic Letter
I. Definition of Communication
II. Functions of Communication
III. Forms of Communication
A. Oral
B. Written
3. Subordination
Though its most important and least important details writer should distinguish major and
minor components of the outline.

4. Division
Basic rule is to have two or more parts and this division should be based on
rank/level/category.
Example:
I. Preparing for a Test II. Taking the Test
A. Review the lessons A. Concentrate
B. Take down notes B. Read the questions
C. Sleep early C. Answer the test
D. Have a good breakfast
Can you make me an multiple questions design for 1 item (applying) and 1 item (analyzing)?
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Uses appropriate critical writing a critique of a work of art, an event, or a program

TYPES OF CRITICAL APPROACHES IN WRITING:

1. Formalist approach – this approach emphasizes the form of a literary work to determine
its meaning, focusing on literary elements and how they work to create meaning.
It disregards the environment, era and author to focus
only the work itself, because it sees the literary work as
an object in its right.
2. Biographical approach - uses details about an authors personal life to analyze the
author’s work. It relies on autobiographies, correspondence and other primary materials
about the authors. The goal of this approach is understanding why the author wrote what
he/she wrote.
3. Historical approach - Also known as ‘ new historicism” investigate the social, cultural ,
and intellectual context that produced a work. It may include the author’s biography, it
focuses more on how time and place of creation affect meaning in the work
Examples: reading Jose Rizal’s novel such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
4. Psychological /Psychoanalytical approach:
It examines works through theories of psychology. It looks either at the psychological
motivations of the characters or the authors themselves. It applies with Sigmund FREUD
psychoanalytic theory of psyche (mind): the id , ego, and super ego. Id – impulsive, ego –
works with demand with id , ego – works to satisfy id’s demand
5. Reader-responsive approach
• Argues that the meaning of a text is dependent upon the readers’ s response to it.
• It answers the questions “ how do you feel about you have read ? “ How do you love
the lyrics of the song? What do you think it means?

6. Marxist approach
• Emphasizes economic and social conditions. It is based on the political theory of Karl
MARX and Friedrich Engels.
• This approach is concerned with understanding the role of power, politics , and
money in literary texts.
• It is concerned with issues of class conflict , wealth , work and the various ideologies
that surrounds these things.
7. Feminist approach:
• Concerned with the role , position and influence of women in a literary text.
• It reveals the ways in which literature portrays the economic , political , social , and
psychological oppression of women.

Can you make me an multiple questions design for 1 item (applying) and 1 item (analyzing)?
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Determines the ways a writer can elucidate on a concept by definition, explication, and
clarification.

• A concept paper is a brief summary of a research project written by a university student

who is about to conduct a certain research.
• A Concept papers are summaries of projects or issues that reflect the interests, experience
and expertise of the writer or organization.
• A concept paper is a short summary that tells the reader what the project is, why it is
important, and how it will be carried out.
WAYS A WRITER CAN ELUCIDATE ON A CONCEPT
1. Concept by definition
Definition is a mode of paragraph development that answers the questions: What is it? What does
it mean? What are its special features?
The word to be defined may be an object, a concept, a person, a place or a phenomenon.
Definition is important because it clarifies the meaning of a
word or a concept and it also limits the scope of the particular word or
concept. Limiting the scopes controls and avoids misinterpretations, vague
notions, broad ideas..

Techniques of Defining
Formal Definition- You define the term by giving the class where the word/ term belongs
(the genus) and the characteristics that distinguish the term from the other terms, known as
differentia.
Example:
Extended Definition – It is needed to define abstract concepts. It allows you to broaden your
definition by using analogy, metaphors, comparison and contrast, descriptions, analysis,
functions, etymology and semantic origin. When you write an extended definition, you literally
grab at any of the writing resources or tools that will help you explain the term to your readers.
This means considering all of the various sources of information that can help define the term
adequately.

Example:
Friendship - is a state of acquaintance between or among people characterized by a strong bond
of shared concern and caring. In true friendship the bond is mutually shared.

2. Concept by Explication
*Introduce the concept
1. Look for definitions or clues to a good definition: What is it? What do you
think it is? How has the concept changed over time?
2. Determine defining criteria for the concept (I’ll know it when I
see it because...)

• Use narratives.
• Use descriptions.
• Show the concept in action: Give real life examples in society of the concept.
• Discuss causes and potential outcomes for the concept.
• Are there tools available for measuring the concept as you have defined it?
• Gather judgments or understandings of the concept from professionals or ordinary
people.

3. Move from the specific to the general. Explain the significance of the concept in the lives of
ordinary people.
* Methods of Development
Defining – an extended definition; especially helpful if the concept you are explaining
involves difficult or unfamiliar (to your reader) vocabulary.

Classifying/Dividing – a description of how your concept fits into a particular category or how it
can be broken down into parts that can be described more easily; this is useful in showing your
reader how your concept fits into a “big picture” and how it can be divided.
Comparing/Contrasting – examples of how your concept is similar or different from other
concepts/ideas with which the reader may be familiar.
Narrating a Process – a step-by-step explanation of how a process works or how a concept is
used in practice.
Illustrating – the use of examples, anecdotes, and other details that may help your reader to better
understand your concept.

3. Concep by clarification
Clarification creates multiple meanings through:
(1) formulating purposes,
(2) choosing, examining, and integrating data sources, and
(3) representing a final conceptualization that can also be examined for adequacy.