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Module 1A: Introduction to Nursing The breadth and the depth of the discipline of
Research nursing may include rehabilitative, therapeutic
preventive, and other aspects of nursing.
Characteristic of any profession:
The preparation of practitioners, such as the
 Possesses a body of knowledge student nurses and personnel, those who are
 Practitioners continuously seek to extend working in the hospital involved in the total
to improve services nursing sphere.
 Professional nursing utilizes in its
practice a well-defined and well-
organized body of specialized knowledge Nursing Research
constantly enlarged
 Techniques of education and service According to Burns and Grove, nursing research
improve through the use of scientific is defined as the scientific process that validates
method and refines existing knowledge and generates
new knowledge that directly and indirectly
influences nursing practice.
Why is man prompted to do research? Practices before that have not been practiced
Find answers in specific phenomenon or today because of the development or either
experiences identification of a possible contributing problem.

Innate to human beings that there is presence This previous knowledge could be refined or
of the desire to explore, discover, and find for these practices could be enhanced through the
himself what lies in that area that were only use of nursing research.
assumptions There is utilitarianism for the use of research in
Provide the solutions to problems confronting the nursing profession since we all know that
him this is to improve the certain body of knowledge
or phenomenon in the practice of nursing.
Increase knowledge to those who already
existing The other result of course our service to our
clients so its main purpose is to improve patient
outcomes later on.
Research Examples:
 Derived from the old French word - Vaccine research which is present at the
searcher = Means to seek or to search moment.
 There is a prefix re which means again - Could be monetary gain from it.
- A ticket for a better life.
Signifies replication of the search thus it is
termed as research to continuously and again - A second choice or another option.
- It brings prestige to the author or the
and again look for answers
investigators of the project or the
According to Treece and Treece, it is an attempt research.
to gain solutions to problems more precisely it is
the collection of data in a rigorously controlled These four are secondary to the primary
purpose of doing nursing research which is to
situation for the purpose of either prediction or
improve nursing patient outcomes.
explanation.
 Nurses today are critically challenged
with the demand of patient care so
Research in Nursing nurses should update their ways of
addressing client’s concerns.
Nurses today are increasingly engaged in
discipline studies that benefit the profession.  It should not only be based on their
experiences alone but it could be backed
Benefits the clients to contribute the up by other evidences so it may be
improvement of the entire healthcare system. congruent or equal to the delivery of
compassionate and safe nursing care.

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 Research in an important is an important  It has no place in the nursing practice
tool to provide the means of discovering because of the high demand or increased
new ways of conceptualizing and doing demand in the patient care and the lack
nursing care for all of us for all of us. of staff.
 It is a duty of anyone who wishes to  Some nurses consider also that doing
pursue a nursing career to do research nursing research for those who are
and of course apply the results of it to the intelligent and inclined to it they don't
current practice. really feel the need for it to be performed
 It is no longer a choice for anyone but a by everyone.
must for us to perform to improve patient  There are nurses that are wanting to
outcomes and to uplift the practices in the perform research however financial
nursing profession. problems or constraints are enormous.
 Nursing is a profession and according to  The enormity of the tasks nurses does in
Bixler and Bixler in 1959, a profession the hospital and they don't have any time
utilizes in its practice a well-defined and for nursing research anymore.
well organized body of specialized  They know also that the process of
knowledge which is constantly enlarged. research is very tedious which will add up
It should be enhanced and its techniques to their daily tasks as nurses in the
of education and service improved hospital.
through the use of a scientific method.  They are confused about what nursing
 Secondly, nursing should contribute to research is all about.
the generation of new knowledge there  Nursing is out to prove itself as a
could be practices nowadays that were profession and a considerable amount of
not practiced before or there could be attention has been spent in the recent
practices before that are debunked and years in searching new knowledge to
should not be practiced today. further improve nursing care and
 Through the use of research, nurses practice.
could evaluate and document their  Nurses come to know how to provide
contributions of the client's health and nursing care through either traditions and
well-being and to the health care delivery customs by authority to include the
system. licenses and the staff development and
 According to the Republic Act 9173 experience.
(Philippine Nursing Act of 2002) it can be
found onto the Section 28 Letter E it
states that it shall be the duty of the nurse Module 1B: What is Nursing Research
to undertake nursing and human health
resource development training and Nursing Research
research which shall include but not  According to Boswell and Canon in 2007,
limited to the development of it is a methodic examination that uses
advancement nursing practice. regimented techniques to resolve
questions or decipher dilemmas so take
note that nursing research is not also it's
Nursing Research Through the Years not only used to answer questions but
also to identify problems.
 Research by nurses has been conducted
and there could be many misconceptions  Schmidt and Brown in 2009 defined
about it. nursing research as a systematic
approach with a quality of replicability
The following are reasons considered why system and order are the key features
nurses do not perform research at all: associated with nursing research is
associated with theory development so
 They consider that research is useless
there are some areas they have been
maybe because they are not practicing
pointed as a resource as research
evidence-based nursing practice so they
subjects for example in patients outcome
find that the results are not utilized so
it could be what are the possible
they rather not perform or do research.
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reflection or effects of a certain nursing  According to Waltz and Bossel in 2001,
procedure to patient outcomes or could nursing research is a formal rigorous and
there be changes in the patient outcomes intensive process which is used for
due to some nursing intervention or is the solutions to nursing problems or discover
attitude of nurses towards a certain and interpret new facts and trends it
phenomenon or their reaction onto could be into the clinical practice again
certain procedure or techniques that is nursing education and nursing
being implemented in their institution. administration nursing research
 Another one is effectiveness of  According to our local Philippine Nurses
administrative policies so for example an Association (PNA) in 1963, nursing
implementation of an evidence-based research is a research that is an honest
practice learn from the result of other scientific investigation. No fraudulent
researches being implemented to the data that is coming out of the research
institution these nurses are working in results so it is undertaken for the purpose
teaching strategies in nursing education of discovering new facts which will
especially to include this time of contribute to the present body of
pandemic where the education system knowledge and can lead to an effective
have shifted from face-to-face classes solution of existing problems. Nursing
which means there would be interaction research for the PNA invokes careful or
between teachers and students critical thinking to revise or even
physically in the school and shifting onto revalidate accepted conclusions or
the virtual learning abruptly okay so previously held concepts or to establish
learning or understanding the changes in generalization or principles.
this time of shift of education system  Research should not only ne in the
would be one of the subject in the nursing education sector as it is necessary to
research. develop enhance and produce more
 Lastly contribution to the development or body of knowledge but more so in the
maybe a refinement of theory. In 2008 as clinical areas of nursing so research
a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined undertaken to produce knowledge that
methods to answer questions or solve will affect the conduct of the nursing
problems for them the ultimate goal of practice.
research is to develop refine and expand
Clinical Nursing Research
a body of knowledge so it is a systematic
inquiry designed to develop trustworthy  Research designed to generate
evidence about issues of importance to knowledge to guide the nursing practice
the nursing profession including nursing and improve the health and quality of
practice education and administration nurses and clients.
and of course informatics.  These are researches produced by those
 Take note that Polit and Beck have nurses working in the clinical setting such
identified nursing research as a as in the hospitals or even in the
systematic query which means it includes community.
a step-by-step process to be followed  Nursing problems and issues which are
such as for example your nursing integral to the work situation so doing
process so there are steps to follow for us research in the clinical areas may help
to successfully conduct nursing research. them identify problems to be resolved
 According to Nis in 2008, it is a later on
systematic objective process of  Due to the process of doing research
analyzing phenomena of importance to personal satisfaction can be derived from
nursing so it is leading to the definition or finding better ways of providing nursing
identification of possible problems and care. No one has a greater access to the
solutions to the problems in the nursing clients than the nurse so it is the nurse
profession and practice all studies who is at the bedside 24/7. They should
concerning nursing practice education be the one that is best for the
and nursing administration identification of the problems of the
patient not only to be resolved medically
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surgically or through nursing care There should be ethics clearance and in the
delivery but also maybe in nursing hospitals there are what we call as the Ethics
research which may later on could Review Board (ERB) or at times it is called as
develop another nursing intervention. Ethics Review Committee (ERC) to rigorously
 It could also be therapeutic and check the protocol or your manuscript if it is
enjoyable for the client to participate in really safe and ethical for the patient's rights as
clinical research so It can be fulfilling for participants of the research we have to undergo
some patients to participate in ethical review since we have human participants
embodying and of course increasing the to our nursing research.
body of knowledge of a certain illness
 Nursing staff will of course feel the futility
treatment.
of support from the nursing or from doing
Example: nursing research if the supervisors
themselves are unenthusiastic about
- In vaccine research there are some
research.
patients that may involve themselves in
 It takes so much time for the nurses and
the creation or formulating of the new
even cost especially if the research is not
vaccine for COVID-19.
supported by the health facility which
It could be reward already for them to aid and may discourage them to perform the
help the community in the development of nursing research or to complete it.
vaccines for this emerging illness
Nursing Research VS Research in Nursing
It is a practical way for a nurse to help improve
Nursing Research
the health care of the sick and the well
individuals  Nursing research deals with the studies
on the process of providing care and
Deterrence on Doing Research in Clinical
concomitant problems.
Areas
 Nursing research refers to the research
 First they are too busy caring for clients. done addressing the health concerns of
There is no time for nurses to perform the clients and application of research on
research. their care
 Another is that unless nurses had
Research in Nursing
academic training in theoretical
conceptualizations research may not  Research in nursing meanwhile deals
seem important to them. It is important for with the wider study of the profession in
the hospitals and healthcare facilities to general such as historical ethical and
promote nursing research in identification developmental aspects.
of problems not only in the unit but also  Research in nursing refers to the studies
with the patients and of course to solve on the particular concerns of nurses
problems at their own level of the facility. themselves.
 Nursing research is lacking unless the
importance of research is felt and Example:
recognized nurses may not be able to - How the nurses and their co-workers are
identify a researchable problem. educated and trained another is an
 Many nurses do not have the academic information on the clients that they serve
training needed to feel confident in doing and the various settings in which their
clinical research and it is important for services are provided.
health institutions to train their clinical
nurses.
 Ethical requirements, one of the most Driving Factors of Nurses to Conduct
deterrent reasons of why research is Research
difficult to comply with. There could be
certain ethical procedures that we should  Money that they will be gaining from it.
be abiding with.  The prestige that you have completed
and presented your research in local and
international arena.
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 The interest of the nurse. - With regards to the polio, the Philippines
is conducting a simultaneous or polio
vaccination because of the number of
Enticing Enthusiasm in Research: cases of polio here in Manila and in the
Southern part of the Philippines.
Initial step of course is to have the interest of
doing so we may consider that the nursing
research is an invaluable aid in the promotion
4. Utilize clinical nursing research as
and maintenance of health prevention and care evidence-based data to provide quality
of illness and the rehabilitation and habilitation
care to clients. Caring of clients who
of the disabled and handicapped whose life come for illness or for health checks is
depends on others for survival.
not only measured through the number of
Such as with nurses, the main goal of nursing clients attended but also the quality of
science is to strengthen the body of knowledge care given to them leading to the
that we have through continuing scientific outcomes of this patient care.
researches and logical analysis capable of
being translated to the practice that we are
doing as nurses as a basic tool for knowledge Reason for Conducting Research in Nursing
acquisition.
1. It could gather data or information on
In nursing research, it has at least these four nursing situations or conditions about
specific steps: which little knowledge is available.
1. People provide efficient and effective Example:
nursing care so the nursing profession
- COVID-19 cases, we didn't know yet the
exists primarily for service to the society
real numbers of cases until the
based on accurate knowledge. Fata will
government performed mass testing or
support us in classifying our interventions
identified mass testing.
and developing further interventions.

2. Promote the worth and value of the

2. It provides scientific knowledge from
nursing profession to the society so to
which nursing theories emerge and
enable the nurses to deliver quality care.
develop.
Make use of the most recent findings that
provide proof of or evidence to validate Example:
and justify the appropriateness and
advocacy of nursing care. - Using the theories of Nightingale, Hall,
Leininger, and all the other nursing and
non-nursing theories. Remember that
3. Identify implement and evaluate effective these theories are utilized as backbone in
healthcare modalities such as nursing the process of performing research we
research enables nurses to cautiously use specifically nursing theories to
assess individuals and groups as a basis enhance the science of nursing.
for planning accurate nursing
interventions.
3. It helps correct clarify validate and
Example: expand perceptions and provides
- In the community setting, in cases of theoretical and scientific basis for nursing
polio we can determine how many cases practice defines parameters of nursing. It
of polio or acute flux in paralysis or polio identifies its boundaries of course and
risks individuals especially children are documents the social relevance and
there or present. efficacy of nursing practice to patients
and the health care providers.
It could be a basis of the implementation of
guidelines and protocols.
Example:
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Research in nursing is generally vital to well- probability of a specific outcome in a
being of the mankind due to its valued tasks given situation.
which are the following.
However, predicting an outcome doesn't
In addition, this describes the characteristic of necessarily enable one to modify or control the
the nursing situation about which is little known outcome.
in the current practice of nursing.
6. Control - Research puts up a barrier to
It predicts probable outcomes of nursing hinder or minimize the effects of
decision relating to the client care, provides anticipated outcomes or reactions. If one
knowledge for purpose or of problem solving, can predict the outcome of a situation,
and decision making. the next step is of course being to control
or manipulate the situation to produce the
It may also develop and evaluate nursing
desired outcome.
theories and concepts and practices which this
for clarity and validity of nursing actions could it
be really related to the theory of a certain
Five Characteristics of Control Research:
theorists, prevent undesirable client reaction,
and of course develops considerable degree of 1. Orderly - The researchers undertake the
confidence so. investigations it's genetically in an
ordered sequence of steps so control is
Purposes of Nursing Research
when the researcher identifies and
1. Describe - Research aims at describing a eliminates specific constraints to
specific phenomenon that relates to the limitations to ensure precise and valid
nursing profession. results usually it is performed during
experimental studies.
It may involve understanding the nature of the
phenomena and sometimes the relationship
among them or for you to be able to increase
2. Systematic control - Is where there are
your knowledge about a specific or certain
two groups of participants or respondents
phenomena.
of the research, so every step of the
2. Explain - Research seeks clarification of investigation in a controlled research
prevailing situation, to answer questions environment is planned.
that ask why a phenomenon has
occurred, help us clarify the relationship
among phenomena and identifies the 3. Empirical - The researcher uses results
reason why certain events occur, and it of experiences as observation rooted in
could be the basis for conducting objective reality sources of knowledge.
research for prediction and control. Empirical is when the evidence is already
at hand and there is a confidence in the
3. Identify - Nursing research assesses the coming results of the research.
situation that needs clarification and
solution.
4. Generalization - Generalization is the
4. Explore - Certain happenings in the area stage where the findings of the study are
or in the surroundings of nurses answers deemed to have applicability to the entire
questions on the phenomenon. For population.
illustrative examples, in order to become
familiar with the specific phenomenon Example:
and of course to understand it more - It could generalize to all patients having
precisely and accurately diabetes mellitus or all nurses who are
working or placed in the emergency
5. Prediction - When research projects, room.
situations, or events that could arise from
research investigations. Through Generalization is not usually seen in all types
prediction, one can estimate the or all kinds of research.

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Example: manipulate or even alter the predictor variable
or subjects but instead relies on interpretation,
- In qualitative nursing research, it does
observation, or interactions to come to a specific
not generalize the phenomenon or
conclusion.
experience to all kinds of patients or to
other kinds of nurses and the like.
 According to the measure and data
analysis - Talks about numbers or
5. Intensive - Intensive it is an in-depth use
measurement.
to the ensure that all the possible
loopholes in the study are of course Quantitative research - Talks about numbers
covered. such as measurement of the blood pressure or
temperature of the patient.
Qualitative research - Talks not about the
Module 1C: Types of Nursing Research
measurement of or by numbers, rather by
Types of Nursing Research: collating the most number of responses and
about words.
 According to the level of investigation –
Can be exploratory, descriptive, or Example:
experimental in time.
- How many individuals said they had a
Exploratory research - Defined as the painful experience giving birth.
research used to investigate a problem which is
This is a type of qualitative data research.
not clearly defined. It is conducted to have a
better understanding of the existing problem but
will not provide conclusive. Meaning to explore
 According to objective or the intent
what could be happening in a specific
phenomenon the player. Basic research – Is primarily done to explore
basic information for the sake of knowledge for
Preliminary research - Clarify the exact nature
the sake of knowing.
of the problem to be resolved.
It is more of understanding just as same with the
Descriptive research – To study a particular
descriptive type
situation or event that already exists. The
purpose is to observe, describe, and document Applied research – It is conducted to obtain
as if the aspects of a situation or it's naturally knowledge that can be applied in a practical
occurring. manner and contribute to a modification or
Experimental research - The study that strictly practice to solve the existing problem.
adheres to scientific research design it includes It is when you do applications such as those
a hypothesis and a variable that can be what you do in evidence-based nursing practice
manipulated or tested by the researcher research.
variables can be measured calculated and
compared and most importantly experimental
research is completed in a controlled  According to time frame
environment.
Longitudinal research – It is performed over a
long period of time and participants are being
 According to the approach or the nature followed up over time prescribed intervals.
of design - You can do it in an Example:
experimental environment or non-
experimental. - You would like to see who among the
1000 smokers have developed lung
Experimental research - Control the cancer after a 10-year follow-up.
environment of the research.
Cross-sectional research – Means that the
Non-experimental research – Label given to a collection of data at only one point in time.
study where a researcher cannot control
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Example: Laboratory research – It is done or performed
in the laboratories wherein there is controlled
- Patients who are in the COVID facility,
environment.
who among the patients admitted in the
COVID facility is having or had cough, Different Types of Quantitative Research
fever, and loss of taste. Design
There could be no follow-up or there is no  Descriptive
follow-up in doing cross-sectional type of  Control
research.  Experimental
Comprehensive picture of the patient or of Different Types of Qualitative Research Designs
the respondents is the one that is explaining
the existing phenomenon. Phenomenology – when we do separate
immunology it intends to gain more
understanding or deeper understanding of the
lived experiences of individuals nurses patients
 According to the timeline
or anyone in the community.
Retrospective research – It uses data of the
Example:
events that have already been collected in the
past. One of my previous researches or one I am the
co-author with, is that we have studied the life
Example:
experience of caregivers or family members
- You would like to know in a health care who are taking care of the members of the family
facility how many patients were admitted who is having DM2.
due to the admitting diagnosis of dengue
The title of the study is “Stay Alive, Be Happy:
fever.
The Lived Experiences of Caregivers Taking
Prospective research – Starts with a Care of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
presumed cause then you go forward in time to
Grounded Theory – To understand the social
the presumed effect.
and psychological processes that characterize
Similar with experimental studies, however you an event or situation.
are prospecting. Meaning looking forward.
It is utilized when researchers or a researcher
Example: would like to test an existing theory or create his
or her own theory.
- Patients who were diagnosed with
COVID-19, you would like to see who Ethnography – Is when you would like to
among them will later on be more prone describe and interpret a specific cultural
or of having pneumonia or pneumonia behavior.
that are being complex or complicated.
Example:
- To explain and understand the
 According to the research environment healthcare practices of those people
living in the mountainous area.
Field research – Performed or done in a
specific area. The researcher in when doing ethnography or
ethnographic type of quantitative research
Example:
studies, they do submerge themselves to the
- You would like to do an observation study specific community or ethnic group where they
in a healthcare facility who among the would like to study their behavior.
nurses are frequently doing hand
Case study – It involves a thorough in-depth
hygiene.
analysis of an individual, a group at an
- You would like to do an ethnographic
institution, or their social units. Meaning you
research where you would like to observe
could have one respondent or participant doing
or see the usual waves or norms of those
the case study.
uh people living in an urban area

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This may be similar to the case study that we or
you as nursing students perform or conduct
when you do have your clinical area.
Feminist - From the word itself, you may be
deriving to the term feminine or more of to the
female. It seeks to understand how the female
gender and gendered social order shape
women's lives and their consciousness.
The Pyramid of Evidence

Many type of researches may fall into different

levels of evidences.
1. Level 1 - It could mean that the level of
evidence is high compared to those of
the lower levels of evidences which may Systematic review is the highest form of
be found onto the bottom or the base of research evidence. Those of the lowest form
the pyramid. It may include systematic of research evidences are those of the
reviews of randomized controlled trials opinions coming from our experts and those
and systematic review of either maybe of program evaluation information.
non-randomized control trials. Module 1D: The Research Process
2. Level 2 - Usually you can see a double
blinded randomized control trials or a (C-D-E-A-D)
single RCT or randomized control trials The research process is composed of five
may be falling here. phases and steps:
3. Level 3 - Single non-randomized trial the
would be a systematic review of 1. Conceptual phase - first phase in
correlational observational studies. nursing research process.
4. Level 4 - Could be single correlational It is known to be the intellectual process, the
observational systematic review of researcher spends time thinking and reading
descriptive. about the clinical problem of interest and he or
5. Level 5 - Qualitative physiologic studies. she should be able to articulate a significant
6. Level 6 - A single descriptive qualitative problem of concern to the clinicians and other
physiologic study. colleagues.
7. Level 7 - Opinions of authorities, experts,
or expert committee. Step One:
It is when the researcher first starts formulating
clinical problem reviewing the literature and
determining the research purpose.
The formulating and the limiting of the problem.
When we do say delimiting, you are trimming

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down the subject matter to smaller ones that is research study are of limited use unless it is
researchable. communicated to the appropriate audience.
Step Two: Example:
Review the related literatures and it could be - A research in nursing should be
done through the use of search engines, in the discussed or be shared onto the nurses
libraries, both online and physical libraries. who are in the clinical areas. Possibly in
Undertaking clinical and field work, defining the the healthcare facilities like hospitals and
framework, and developing conceptual medical centers also in the communities.
definitions and of course you start formulating - It may include also in nursing education
near hypotheses. and other fields of nursing.
2. Design and planning - According to an In that case those nurses in the clinical practice
anonymous author that if you fail to plan, would be able to utilize research evidences that
you will plan to fail this phase of the is included in the nursing research evidence
nursing research process. based practice.
It is when the researcher makes decision about There are many different ways on to
the research methods to be used, the research disseminating nursing research it could be:
design, the possible respondents and
 Public forum - wherein the researcher
participants, data collection and analysis, and
stands as the speaker and sharing the
methodological decisions have implications for
results and findings of the research.
the overall quality of the study.
 Published in a refereed journal
It may include selecting the research design,  Presented in online methods.
developing protocols for the intervention step by
step, identifying the population to be studied,
sample designing the sample plan, specifying Alternative Routes to Problem Solving:
methods to measure variables, developing
methods to protect the human rights taking note There are many ways how an individual or
of the patient's bill of rights and of course the humans correct or solve their problems. So the
ethics in nursing research, and lastly finalizing following are the different approaches that we
and reviewing the research plan. may be or have been doing since:

3. Empirical phase
It includes collection of the data, it represents
preparing data for analysis, and the same data
collection procedure is implemented with all the
study participants and procedures are in place
to prevent missing data. There should be
attention to detail that is being executed by the
researcher. It is technically when the researcher
starts to prepare data for analysis.
4. Analytic phase It is presented in a ladder form for the bottom of
It is when the researcher starts to analyze the the ladder represents the lowest form of solving
data and interpret the result. Interpreting the the problem and in the highest form would be at
result should include the relation or its relation the top of the ladder.
to the previous studies conducted which were Problem Solving Methods in Order (Lowest
gathered during the review of the related to Highest Form)
literatures.
1. Ignoring or redefining the problem –
5. Dissemination phase There are times that we do ignore the
Involves communicating your research findings problem and later resolve on its own.
to appropriate all genes. The results of any Examples:

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- When you experience a concern or a
problem in the clinical area, is it worth
solving should it affect the outcome of
your nursing interventions or the patients.
- You've experienced a concern in the
household.

2. We utilize the faith - We leave it to the

Lord or some says “Bahala na si Batman”
when solving their problems. Sometimes
the solutions that are coming from our
mind are effect of habits and traditional
practices.

The reason of the Board of Nursing (BON) and

3. Authority - So some people come from
the administration to implement this national
or it comes from other people's expertise.
nursing core competency standard is
heightened by the escalating complexity of
globalization dynamics of information and
4. Human experiences - Your problem
technology, demographic changes, healthcare
solving skills may be affected by previous
reforms, and increasing demands for quality
or past experiences, trial and error of
nursing care from our patients.
course. You may be trying to solve
problems and when you fail you try to The consumer’s expectations for contemporary
solve it again. nursing practice competencies have already
5. Logical reasoning - Which combines emerged in the year 2005 as an output of the
intellectual faculties and formal system of key project of the BON with Resolution 112
thought. Of course we utilize our Series of 2005. They do promulgate the core
common sense when we do solve compensation standards of nursing practice in
problems. the Philippines as mandated by BON they
ensured through a monitoring and evaluation
scheme that the core competency standards are
6. Problem solving and the nursing implemented and utilized effectively not only in
process nursing education but also in the development
of test questions in the nursing licensure
7. Research - Solving the problem utilizing examination and including also in the nursing
a methodological step-by-step process. It service as a basis for orientation training and
is a disciplined research where the most performance appraisal of those in the public and
of the practices are sophisticated which private healthcare facilities including the
includes methods of acquiring community.
knowledge.
The national nursing competency standards is
composed of three beginning roles of the need
of a nurse:
Module 2: The Beginning Nurse Researcher
1. The beginning nurse’s role on client care
As a background for the beginning roles of nurse
2. The beginning nurse’s role on leadership
as a researcher I would like to present to you the
and management
2012 National Nursing Core Competency
3. The beginning nurse’s role on nursing
Standards:
research

The Beginning Nurse’s Role in Research

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Let us focus on the beginning nurse’s role in 2. The nurse should conduct a research
research this is composed of three study as a member or as a leader of a
responsibilities: team so it's either you can do it as the
primary author, the primary investigator,
1. Engage in nursing or health related
a co-author, or a co-investigator of the
research with or under the supervision of
research.
an experienced nurse.
You can do it solely or in collaboration with
As a nursing student you will be starting to hone
other members of the healthcare team.
the skills in formulating, conducting, and
Remember that you can do not only nursing
evaluating researches with the help of your
research within your team as nurses, but
instructors in the college.
more so you can collaborate with the multi-
2. Know how to evaluate research studies, disciplinary team which is composed by
including reports utilizing guidelines in maybe physicians, nutritionists, dietitians,
the conduct of a written research critic. medical technologies, and other members
that are working in your health facility. So
We are to evaluate and appraise the content multi-collaboration or multidisciplinary
the result of the research outcomes and research collaboration is way better than
should it be utilized or how can it be those of a one-sided health science
implemented in the clinical settings where research.
we are working in.
3. The nurse should present the research
3. Apply the research process in improving study conducted in partnership with the
client care in partnership with quality team prepared with a written research
improvement, quality assurance, and report and conducts an oral or either
nursing audit. poster presentation.
Remember that research also has a process For the utilization of other health facilities
known as your research process. So this that may be benefiting from the study that
research process should be accomplished you have conducted.
by the nurse when conducting a research
study and of course after completion the last Responsibility 2: Again to evaluate
phase which is the dissemination is when we research studies and of course to utilize it as
now utilize the results of these researches. part of the guidelines. So components of this
Utilized for the need for increasing in the are:
patient outcomes and of course
1. Determine if the research problems or
management of our clinical nursing units in
question objectives and/or hypotheses
terms of their first responsibility which is
are clearly and logically linked to the
engaging in nursing and other health science
research purpose concepts and/or
research.
relationships and proportions generated
from the study framework.
Responsibility 1: The nurse is expected to Of course analyze if the conceptual
perform the following as indicators of how framework of the summary of review of
does the nurse comply in doing the research. related literature, research design, and data
analysis procedure are logically linked to the
1. The nurse should participate in preparing purpose, problems, questions, and
the research proposal complying with the hypotheses.
ethical principles of nursing research.
Take note that as we do the health science
The ethical principles shall be discussed in or nursing research, that we should be
the latter modules, so as an overview it may utilizing concepts and theories related to
include the implementation of ethics not only nursing.
as a client when you do client care but also
of course when doing research such as Question: Why is it that it is importance for
doing non-maleficence, implementing us to enhance the science in nursing?
justice, and allowing patient’s autonomy.

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So that we would be able to increase the evaluator of the research findings, however the
body of science that we do in nursing or the difference with the initial two rows is that you do
delivery of our nursing care. We make sure participate as an evaluator at the latter part of
that these are interrelated and connected to the research study.
the purpose of the study.
Act as a consumer - Research finding for
Further establishing the interpretation, example is when co-workers conducted a
implications, and recommendations which research in your unit and they have found out
are consistent with the results considering that some of the nursing interventions could be
the limitations of the study. enhanced through the use of training. As a
result of their research, you may be receiving
Remember that part of the research study in
that training as a result of the findings of their
the conceptual and the designing phase is to
research and you will act as the user or the end
include related literatures which may be
user or consumer of the research finding.
related to the study that you are conducting.
In doing so, these literatures will help you Act as a client advocate - In the research
see or look for possible implications to future study, we have mentioned the application of
delivery of care or for the future ethics and legal aspects for the conduct of
implementation of nursing services. Then nursing research. As an advocate, you protect
you as a nurse researcher should analyze the client's right and uphold it when the client
the research study report for adherence to cannot decide or even protect himself. You
standards of writing mechanics, ethical ensure that other researchers secure a consent
principles, and guidelines in all phases of the from your clients and that their clients may not
research study. be in peril when they do participate in the
research or it will not cost them any bad
Responsibility 3: Is that when you, the
implications and outcomes. Lastly, you as a
nurse, applied the process of improving
nurse may act also as a participant or subject of
client care in partnership with the quality
the research so you may answer
improve/quality assurance or other nursing
questionnaires.
audit team.
You may accept interviews based on to the
Implementing the appropriate quality
expected participants of the research that is
improvement process on identified
being conducted now how can we say that a
improvement outcomes, you should perform
researcher is of a good or good with good quality
the other tasks or the following as you
characteristics. A good researcher is an honest
prepare the data collection and analysis
and credible researcher meaning you do not
plan.
tamper information you and do not change the
As a member of the quality improvement, data so as to get an agreement with what you
quality assurance, and nursing audit team would like to see as a result of the research.
you may also conduct collection and
Another is that there is an accuracy in the data
analysis of data with the team members
collection and there should be no changing or
based on the agreed plan or the task that is
alteration in the data that you have received. If
assigned to each and every member of the
you see that the data that you have collected is
team.
not congruent to what you would like to get.
Implement with the team the developed
As an honest researcher you will still uphold
action plan and identified variants to improve
what is the result of the data so that is what we
the system of or the processes.
meant by the accuracy of the information.
Different Roles of the Nurse in Terms of
As a good researcher you are organized and
Research
systematic, since it is a process. As we have
Act as a principal investigator - The team mentioned we should follow it step by step we
leader in your group that would be assigned. should and declutter is as if we are decluttering
our tables or organizing our schedules.
Act as a member of a research team - You're
a co-author, co-member, or a co-investigator of A nurse researcher should be logical, we use
the research team. You may also act as an critical thinking in every step of performance or
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the performance of the nursing research and locally and internationally. These are Filipino
you should be self-aware. You are imaginative nurses which are working also in abroad.
and curious, seeking more possible solutions to
The goals of being PNRSI is to provide a forum
the problems that you have posted. You do look
for dissemination and critique of nursing
not only onto the advantages or agreeing with
research disseminating interest in the scientific
results but also onto those with disagreement to
study of nursing phenomena linking nurses with
the other researchers.
similar research interests.
As a good nurse researcher you are also
They usually do hold a convention every
persistent with barriers and you have to set
November of the year for these researchers to
limits in terms of respondents and researcher
share the research findings. It does not only
interaction relationship which should be
involve graduates or BSNs but also graduate
maintained to be considered as professional.
students those. Such as those who are taking
You should also establish good relationship not
master's and doctoral degree and of course
only with the participants but also with your team
nursing students. They do have different small
member. Usually when we do research, the
groups or what they call as sales in different
team member may be having difficult times or
nursing higher education institution.
problems in the relationship because of the
concerns with the task assignments especially The fourth goal of PNRSI is to promote
as nursing students. You may be experiencing recognition of nursing as a scientific discipline,
lots of problems such as this, make sure you promoting evidence-based nursing practice,
have to resolve it and leave the drama at the and of course fostering ethical standards in
door and complete the task that is being nursing research.
assigned to you.
The following purposes of PNRSI emerged:
A nurse researcher should be updated and
informed of the present issues and events 1. Promoting the recognition of nursing as a
pertaining to the phenomenon that you are scientific discipline remember. That when
studying now. You have acknowledged what are we do more nursing research, the more
the different responsibilities of the nurse when we validate and prove nursing to be a
you graduate or you start working in the science.
hospitals or healthcare facilities as a nurse 2. Linking nurses with similar interests on
researcher. nursing and nursing related thrusts not
only in their academy but also in the
Even if you are employed as a staff nurse, you healthcare setting, providing a forum for
can do or perform clinical researches. Of course dissemination and critiquing of nursing
you have also identified your possible good research publication, continuing
characteristics to be a nurse researcher and education and training, and of course
now when you are in the clinical area and you fostering ethical standards in research.
are very much an enthusiast or and inclined in
doing research, think at times that if you really Sir Fitz: In nursing with for particular focus in
belong to some group or interest group in the the academic and health care setting, we
nursing profession which would like to do have learned that there could be a possible
researches all along. interest group for you nurses when you go in
the clinical settings. Both in the academe
Sir Fitz: From the start of my career as a nurse, and including the public health when you are
I would like to present to you an organization so much enthusiastic to do nursing research
which is accredited or recognized by the there would be a group that you can be think
Philippine Nurses Association and by the Board of joining with or belonging to.
of Nursing as an interest nursing group. This
organization is known as the Philippine Nursing
Research Society Incorporated (PNRSI). Module 3 – Evidenced-based Nursing
Research
Philippine Nursing Research Society
Incorporated (PNRSI) The top global challenge that faces everyone no
This is an organization composed of nursing matter where you are if you're in the United
research experts and peer reviewers both States, Australia, or Europe, everyone faces the
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same challenge in healthcare today and that is a key point because if the patient does not want
to provide the evidence-based cost effective the type of care that we are recommending to
quality care that will improve practice and them then that care cannot be instituted.
improve patient outcomes.
Evidence-based practice is combining the best
Only 20% of what we do as healthcare providers research evidence with clinical expertise and
is based on evidence that means 80% of what with patient preference doing all those things will
we do is not based on evidence and only 55% improve practice and improve patient outcomes.
of the time do patients get the evidence-based
Why should we even use evidence-based
recommendations to base their treatment. That
practice today?
means the remainder of the time they are not
getting the latest standard of care. Using evidence-based practice leads to the
highest quality care and patient outcomes
It takes 15 to 20 years to get evidence into
across the board and research study over
practice and that's simply way too long. What
research study will show you that is the truth.
this all means is our patients are not getting the
We also know that if you use evidence-based
care that they deserve.
practice, you will actually reduce your
The solution is to integrate evidence into healthcare costs which is a key factor in
practice to improve patient outcomes and the healthcare today.
true overall solution is the Joanna Briggs
Institutions that use evidence-based practice
Institute (JBI).
have actually better staff satisfaction and lower
The Beginning of Evidence-Based Practice turnover rates. Institutions that use evidence-
based practice are able to keep their talent so
Evidence-based practice started back in the
that they don't go off to other institutions and
1970s with Archie Cochrane who was an
that's a really important point because if you're
epidemiologist out of the United Kingdom.
a health care institution you want to make sure
He realized is that patients were dying because you have the best of the best providing care.
they were not getting the quality of care that they
Another point we know is that the public today is
needed so he decided to look at a study where
using the internet. They're doing searches they
he took two groups of people. One group where
want and they deserve the highest quality care
people who got care the way it's always been
and using evidence-based practice will allow us
delivered and the other group was looking at
to deliver that to them and we will meet their
patients who got care that was based on
expectation.
evidence. What he found is that patients who got
the care that was based on the evidence had Research
better outcomes, the practice was better, and it
Quantitative research it's the type of studies that
saved the healthcare institutions money.
you do a lot of statistical analyses. With these
From that time of the 70s with Archie Cochrane types of studies are things like clinical trials,
McMaster University in Canada, has really randomized control trials, case control studies,
developed what we consider evidence-based and the highest levels would be meta-analyses
practice today. and systematic reviews clinical practice
guidelines for the most part are based off of
quantitative research analysis.
Evidenced-based Practice
Qualitative research is really done to
Defined as taking external evidence and this is understand the human behavior. How people
the evidence from systematic reviews, are responding to their situation so the types of
randomized control trials, best practice, clinical qualitative research you see is done often in
practice guidelines, and pairing that with what nursing and social sciences studies. Studies like
we call internal evidence and that is the phenomenology where you look at the
evidence that we get from our clinical expertise phenomenon of being sick or having a certain
of being healthcare providers for a very long condition. It also means looking at ethnographic
time, but it doesn't stop there and this is a key groups, this is based out of anthropology so we
point to remember. It also combines what the look at groups of people who have a certain
patient wants, what their values are, and that's condition we know. Qualitative research is very
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important to how we deliver care today because Evidence-based Practice Methodology
you need to make sure that your patients are
They look at finding the evidence, generating
having a good experience with the care they're
the evidence, being able to search it, and this is
receiving.
all done after you develop a good research
Now the highest level of research is considered question. A burning question that a clinician
secondary research and this is the thing that we needs to answer to change care for a patient
call a systematic review or meta-analyses and
They need to appraise the evidence to see if it's
what is different about a systematic review and
good enough to put into practice. Then they
in meta analyses is it brings the same level of
need to implement the evidence to have it make
rigor to the review of all the research studies that
a difference. They then have to go back and
have been done on a specific topic. It brings the
evaluate the practice changes to see if what
same level of rigor to the analysis of all those
they've done have really made a difference this
studies. Systematic reviews are very different
is true evidence-based practice and unless a
than literature reviews because systematic
healthcare organization is doing all of these
reviews and meta-analyses actually have to be
pieces then they're really not truly an evidence-
peer reviewed so that means two or more
based practice institution.
people have to be appraising all the studies that
are included in a systematic review or a meta The JBI methodology fits each of these pieces:
analyses.
1. Healthcare evidence generation - This is
When you do a systematic review you also need where they actually take a look at all the
to look at a few other things to make sure that research that is out there.
it's important to how we provide care to our 2. Evidence synthesis - this is the same thing
patients. You need to look at the feasibility of the basically as evidence appraisal.
results of the systematic review. If they can 3. Evidence knowledge transfer - That would
really implement this with a specific patient be the evidence implementation piece.
population that is going to be appropriate, 4. Evidence utilization - Where actually
meaningful to patient populations, to my evidence is in use. They actually go back
practice as a health care provider, effective, and and they evaluate whether or not the
a difference maker. practice changes that have been put into
place have really made a difference for our
In the hierarchy of evidence at the very top is our
patients and our practice.
clinical decision support. These are tools that
healthcare providers can use as they read JBI is a group out of South Australia in
immediately and they go put into practice Adelaide, Australia but make no mistake they
immediately. are not an Australian based institution. They are
a global institution and they have collaborating
Joanna Briggs Institute goes one step further so
centers around the world that supply the
they look at the levels of evidence. As we stated
information that is needed to do their job. To
before with the systematic reviews certainly
help create and provide for you the absolute
being at the highest level, but they also look at
best evidence.
the other things mentioned before. They look at
the feasibility, appropriateness, They've looked at all of evidence-based
meaningfulness, and effectiveness of each practice and they've actually developed tools
recommendation to see if it will really make a and resources for each piece of evidence-
difference in what we do in healthcare practice based practice. They have built resources for
today, but they add one more piece to that. They you to help you find the evidence:
look at the economic evidence because let's
face it if an intervention is going to cost 1. The systematic reviews
healthcare system hundreds of thousands of 2. The evidence summaries which are built
dollars it is not going to be worthwhile for that from the systematic reviews.
system to be put it in place because it's going to What makes an evidence-based practice
bankrupt the system. We need to make sure that institution truly that type of institution it's about
the interventions that we are applying to our finding and searching the evidence, being able
patients make good economic sense and they're to appraise it, implementing the evidence, and
also effective for our patients. then determining of whether the
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implementation that you've done has really
made a difference. That is true evidence-based
practice. Everyone in healthcare should be
using it since we know healthcare providers
need the latest evidence to praise it, they need
to implement it, they need to evaluate whether
or not what they've done is made a difference,
researchers need to do all four parts of
evidence-based practice. They're the ones who
are generating the evidence, appraising it,
implementing it, and then evaluating whether or
not the practice changes that the healthcare
providers have made a difference.
It's very important today in academia the
concepts of evidence-based practice. They
have to be integrated throughout all our
educational systems as part of the curriculum.
Faculty need to teach the concepts of evidence-
based practice and certainly everything that
they're teaching about diseases conditions,
latest diagnostic studies, and treatment
recommendations, has to be integrated
throughout their curriculum.
We need to make sure we're teaching our
students the latest evidence so they can go out
and provide the very best care they're going to
use it to learn about diseases and conditions
and the latest diagnostics treatment
recommendations.
They also need to know how to praise the
evidence because when you look at the number
of studies that are released every year related
to health care interventions, students need to
know which ones they should use to change
their practice. Evidence-based practice is not
just about providing the evidence and then
calling yourself an evidence-based practices
institution, it's really about taking the evidence
appraising, it implementing into practice, and
then evaluating whether or not what you've
done has made a difference. That is true
evidence-based practice.

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