CH 9 Field Astronomy and GPS System

9.
Field Astronomy and GPS System

Past questions
 GPS and its components (2021,2012

 Spherical triangle (2018,2017,2015,2014
 Celestial sphere (2017,2014
 Merits of GPS (2016
9.1 Celestial sphere

• The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere of infinite radius centred on the Earth, on
which all celestial bodies (stars, planets, Sun, Moon) are assumed to be projected.
• The celestial sphere is essentially a spherical map of the sky that provides the basis for
the coordinate systems used in celestial navigation and in specifying the positions and
motions of celestial objects.
Zenith (Z)
The zenith is the point on the upper portion of the celestial sphere marked by plumb
line, above the observer.
Nadir (N)
The nadir is the point on the lower portion of the celestial sphere marked by plumb
line, below the observer.
Celestial poles:
If the earths axis of rotation is produced indefinitely, it will meet the celestial sphere
in two points called the North and South celestial poles.
Celestial Equator:
If the great circle of the celestial sphere in which it is intersected by the plane of
celestial equator.
Latitude:
Latitude is the measurement of distance north or south of the Equator. It is measured with
180 imaginary lines that form circles around the Earth east-west, parallel to the Equator.
These lines are known as parallels. A circle of latitude is an imaginary ring linking all points
sharing a parallel.
Longitude:
Longitude measures distance east or west of the prime meridian. Lines of longitude, also
called meridians, are imaginary lines that divide the Earth. They run north to south from
pole to pole, but they measure the distance east or west. Longitude is measured in degrees,
minutes, and seconds.
Spherical Triangle
A spherical triangle is a figure formed on the surface of a sphere by three great circular
arcs intersecting pairwise in three vertices.
Basic properties of spherical triangle

• On a sphere, however, the corresponding sum is always greater than 180° but also
less than 540°.
• The positive quantity E = α + β + γ – 180° is called the spherical excess of the triangle.
• Area = R2E in radians where, E is the spherical excess
R is the radius of the sphere on which a triangle resides
= πR2E/180. In degree
Let, Sides a, b, c (which are arcs of great circles) are measured by their angles subtended at
center O of the sphere.
A, B, C are the angles opposite sides a, b, c respectively.
Relationships Between Sides and Angles of a Spherical Triangle
Global Positioning System(GPS)

GPS is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and
operated by the United States Space Force that provides geolocation and time information to
a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to
four or more GPS satellites.
Components of GPS
 Space segment
 Control segment
 User segment
Space segment:
The United States is committed to maintaining the availability of at least 24 operational GPS
satellites, 95% of the time.
To ensure this commitment, the U.S. Space Force has been flying 31 operational GPS
satellites for well over a decade.
 Each satellite has 6 orbits.
 3 satellites works for GPS, 4th satellite work for accuracy. 3 satellites for 2d fix.
 Satellite orbital distance 20,000km.
 Orbital speed is 14,000km/hr
 60 degrees apart and 55 degrees with respect to equatorial plane.
 Use measurement of 4 satellites
Control Segment:
 The GPS control segment consists of a global network of ground facilities that track the GPS
satellites, monitor their transmissions, perform analyses, and send commands and data to
the constellation.
 The ground segment of GPS(US) has one master control, one alternative master control
station, 12 command and control antennas and 16 monitoring sites.
User Segment:
 Consists of GPS receiver.
 The receiver collects and processes signals from the GPS satellites.
 Use that information to determine and display the location, speed, time and so on.
 The accuracy and reliability is enhanced as the number of visible satellites increases.
Advantages of GPS
 Easy to navigate
 Search nearby area
 Weather information
 Tracking Updated regularly
Disadvantages and Limitations

 Need good care and handling
 Need external power
 Inaccuracy
 Potential failures
 Privacy concerns
 Geometry of satellite position
 Satellite clock errors

CH 9 Field Astronomy and GPS System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 9 Field Astronomy and GPS System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 9 Field Astronomy and GPS System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

9.

Field Astronomy and GPS System

 GPS and its components (2021,2012

9.1 Celestial sphere

Basic properties of spherical triangle

Relationships Between Sides and Angles of a Spherical Triangle

Global Positioning System(GPS)

Disadvantages and Limitations

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.