INVESTIGATORY PHYSICS

PROJECT
TOPIC-NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
 Allenhouse public school
Panki,kanpur

Session 2023-24

-: INVESTIGATORY PROJECT :-

Topic- Newton’s Laws of Motion.

Submitted to- Submitted by-

MR. CHANDAN GUPTA MT. ARANYA GHARGADE
 -CERTIFICATE-

This is to certify that Aranya Ghargade,

student of class XI of Allen house Public
School Panki has completed the Physics
Investigatory Project on the topic- “Newton’s
Laws of Motion.” under the guidance of Mr.
Chandan Gupta, subject teacher and Mr. Ajay
Kumar Mishra, lab attendant. This project is
absolutely genuine and does not contain any
plagiarized materials. The references taken in
this project have been declared at the end of
this report.

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE PRICIPAL’S SIGNATURE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my chemistry teacher, Mr. Chandan
Gupta for guiding me throughout this project work. I
would also like to offer my special thanks to our lab
assistant Mr. Ajay Kumar Mishra who helped me line up
the project and helped me with practical work.

A special acknowledgement goes to our principal Dr.

Harpreet Kaur who gave me the opportunity to make this
wonderful project, and whose encouragement made me
complete this project.

I wish to thank my parents for their support and

encouragement in lack of whose I would have been unable
to complete this project.

In the end, I would like to thank my friends who showed

their appreciation for my work and motivated me to
continue my work.
 ABSTRACT

Aim and short summary:-

Newton's laws of motion are three fundamental principles that

describe how objects move and interact with forces.

The first law, known as the law of inertia, states that an object at
rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues moving
with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force.

The second law relates force, mass, and acceleration. It states

that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the
net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. In
simpler terms, the greater the force applied to an object, the
greater its acceleration, and the more massive an object is, the
smaller its acceleration for the same force.

The third law states that for every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction. When an object exerts a force on another
object, the second object exerts a force of equal magnitude but
in the opposite direction. This law illustrates that forces always
occur in pairs.
 INDEX

• About Newton
• Newton’s First Law of Motion
• Inertia
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Derivation of second Law
• Impulsive Force
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Derivation of Third Law
 ABOUT NEWTON
Sir Isaac Newton, born on January 4,
1643, in Woolsthorpe, England, was a
prominent physicist, mathematician,
astronomer, and natural philosopher. He
is widely regarded as one of the most
influential scientists in history, making
significant contributions to various fields
of study.

Newton's most renowned work is his

formulation of the laws of motion, which
laid the foundation for classical
mechanics. His publication "Philosophiæ
Naturalis Principia Mathematica"
(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), commonly known as the
Principia, was released in 1687. In this groundbreaking work, Newton
presented his three laws of motion, the law of universal gravitation, and
the principles of calculus.

The law of universal gravitation proposed that every particle of matter in

the universe attracts every other particle with a force directly
proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them. This law explained the motion of celestial
bodies and paved the way for understanding planetary motion.

Newton also made significant contributions to optics. His experiments

with light and the development of the reflecting telescope led him to
propose that white light is composed of a spectrum of colors and that it
can be refracted and reflected. He formulated the corpuscular theory of
light, which suggested that light is made up of tiny particles.
 NEWTON’s firsT laW Of
motion
Newton's first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia,
describes the behaviour of objects when no external force is
acting upon them. It can be stated as follows:

"An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion

tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an external force."

In simpler terms, if there is no force acting on an object, it will

either remain stationary or continue moving in a straight line at
a constant velocity.

The concept of inertia is central to understanding the first law.

Inertia refers to an object's tendency to resist changes in its
state of motion. The greater the mass of an object, the greater
its inertia. Therefore, objects with larger masses require more
force to change their motion.

To illustrate this law, consider a book placed on a table. The

book remains stationary because the force of gravity pulling it
downward is balanced by the upward force exerted by the
table. The book's inertia prevents it from moving on its own.

Similarly, if you slide a box across a smooth surface, it

eventually comes to a stop because of the opposing force of
friction. In the absence of friction, the box would continue
moving indefinitely due to its inertia.
 INERTIA
The inherent property of a material body, by virtue of which it
cannot change by itself its state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line is called inertia.

INERTIA OF REST-The tendency of a body to remain in its

position of rest is called inertia of rest.

INERTIA OF MOTION- The tendency of a body to remain in

its state of uniform motion in a straight line is called inertia of
motion.
INERTIA OF DIRECTION-The inability of a body to change by
itself its direction of motion is called in inertia of direction

INERTIAL REFERENCE FRAMES

Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about

reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type
of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we
can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a
given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So by
definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame in which
Newton’s first law is valid. Newton’s first law applies to objects with
constant velocity.
 NEWTON’s sEcONd laW Of
motion
Newton's second law of motion, often referred to as the law of
acceleration, establishes a quantitative relationship between force, mass,
and acceleration. It can be stated as follows:

"The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force

applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass."

Mathematically, this law is expressed as F = ma, where F represents the

net force acting on an object, m is its mass, and a is the resulting
acceleration.

This law essentially explains how the motion of an object changes when
a force is applied to it. It states that the acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied force and inversely
proportional to the object's mass. In simpler terms, a larger force will
cause a greater acceleration, while a greater mass will result in a smaller
acceleration for the same force.

For example, imagine pushing two objects with the same force but
different masses. The object with a smaller mass will experience a greater
acceleration than the object with a larger mass.

Furthermore, Newton's second law also clarifies the concept of inertia

introduced in the first law. It explains that an object's resistance to
changes in motion (inertia) is determined by its mass. Objects with
greater mass have more inertia and require more force to accelerate
compared to objects with smaller mass.
 MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION

F ∝ Time / Change in momentum

F ∝ (mv−mu)/t
F ∝ m(v−u)/t
⇒F ∝ ma ⇒ F = k ma (∵a=(v−u)/t)
⇒ F = ma (∵k=constant=1)

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
1. Understanding and predicting motion: The second law allows us to
calculate and predict how an object will accelerate in response to a given
force. This knowledge is vital for designing and optimizing systems
involving motion, such as vehicles, sports equipment, and machinery.
2. Force and weight relationships: The second law helps us understand the
relationship between the force applied to an object and its weight. Weight
is the force exerted by gravity on an object, and it is directly proportional to
the mass of the object. This relationship is crucial for activities like
weightlifting, construction, and engineering projects involving load-bearing
structures.
3. Designing and optimizing vehicles: The second law plays a significant role
in the design and performance optimization of vehicles. It helps engineers
calculate the forces acting on a vehicle, such as thrust, drag, and friction,
and how these forces affect the acceleration and overall motion. This
 knowledge is used to enhance fuel efficiency, improve handling, and ensure
safety in automotive, aerospace, and maritime industries.
4. Impact and collision analysis: The second law provides insights into the
forces involved in impacts and collisions. It helps researchers and engineers
understand how forces are distributed during crashes, which is critical for
designing safer vehicles, protective gear, and safety systems like airbags.

IMPULSIVE FORCE
An impulsive force, also known as an impulse, refers to a force
exerted on an object for a short duration of time. It is characterized by
its magnitude, direction, and the time interval over which it acts. The
concept of impulse is closely related to Newton's second law of
motion, which states that the change in momentum of an object is
equal to the impulse applied to it.

Impulsive forces can be observed in various situations, such as during

collisions, sports activities, or when objects are subjected to sudden
impacts. When an impulsive force acts on an object, it can cause a
change in the object's velocity or momentum.

The impulse experienced by an object is calculated by multiplying the

force applied to the object by the duration of time over which the
force acts. Mathematically, impulse (I) is expressed as:

I = F * Δt

Where F represents the force and Δt represents the change in time.

One important application of impulsive forces is in the analysis of

collisions. During a collision, the impulse experienced by an object
can cause a change in its momentum, resulting in changes in velocity
or direction of motion. By studying the impulses involved in
collisions, scientists and engineers can better understand the forces at
play and design safety measures or optimize vehicle structures to
minimize the impact's effects.
 NEWTON’s Third laW Of
motion
Newton's third law of motion states that for every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction. This law describes the relationship between
the forces exerted by two interacting objects. Here is a more detailed
explanation of Newton's third law:

When two objects interact with each other, they exert forces on one
another. According to Newton's third law, the force exerted by the first
object on the second object is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the force exerted by the second object on the first object. In
other words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B
simultaneously exerts an equal magnitude force in the opposite direction
on object A.

For example, consider a person standing on a skateboard. When the

person pushes backward on the ground with their foot (action), the
ground exerts an equal and opposite force forward on the person
(reaction), propelling them forward. This is why the person moves in the
opposite direction to the force they applied.

Another example is the recoil of a firearm. When a bullet is fired, it

moves forward due to the force of expanding gases pushing it out of the
barrel (action). Simultaneously, the gun experiences a backward force
(reaction) known as recoil.

It is important to note that the action and reaction forces occur on

different objects, not on the same object. Additionally, the forces are of
the same type but act on different objects, such as a pair of interacting
objects or surfaces.

Newton's third law demonstrates that forces do not act in isolation but
always occur in pairs. The law is fundamental in understanding the
equilibrium and motion of objects, as well as explaining phenomena
such as walking, swimming, flying, and the behaviour of fluids

Derivation
The principle of action and reaction can be understood in the framework
of Newton's second law of motion. Newton's second law states that the
force acting on an object is equal to the product of its mass and
acceleration:

F = ma

Consider two interacting objects, A and B. According to Newton's second

law, the force exerted by object A on object B is equal to the mass of
object B times its acceleration, denoted as F_AB = m_B * a_B. Similarly,
the force exerted by object B on object A is F_BA = m_A * a_A.

When examining these two forces, we see that the masses of the objects
involved are different, and their accelerations may also be different due
to their masses or other factors. However, Newton's third law states that
these forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Mathematically, this can be expressed as:

|F_AB| = |F_BA| and F_AB = -F_BA

The negative sign indicates that the forces have opposite directions.

The third law does not have a mathematical derivation in the same way
that laws derived from equations or experimental data do. Instead, it is a
fundamental observation that arises from the conservation of
momentum and the symmetry of physical interactions. It is a
fundamental principle that holds true across a wide range of phenomena
and is confirmed through numerous experimental observations and
practical applications.
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Newton's laws of motion provide a fundamental
framework for understanding the behavior of objects in motion
and the forces acting upon them.

Newton's first law, the law of inertia, states that objects at rest
remain at rest, and objects in motion continue moving with a
constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. This
law highlights the concept of inertia, where the tendency of an
object to resist changes in its state of motion depends on its
mass.

Newton's second law relates the force acting on an object to its

mass and acceleration. It states that the force applied to an
object is directly proportional to its mass and the acceleration it
undergoes. This law quantifies the cause-and-effect relationship
between force, mass, and acceleration, providing a
mathematical foundation for understanding and predicting the
motion of objects.

Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction. This law emphasizes that the forces
between two interacting objects are always equal in magnitude
but act in opposite directions. It highlights the symmetrical
nature of forces and the conservation of momentum in
interactions.

Together, these laws form the basis of classical mechanics,

enabling scientists, engineers, and researchers to analyze and
predict the behavior of objects, design efficient systems, and
make advancements in various fields of science and technology.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Information sources-
www.google.com
https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-
volume-1
www.openai.com
SL Arora Physics Reference Book

Image sources-
www.google.com
www.shutterstock.com