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    Introduction To Biology

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    lavishbhati691

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    Introduction To Biology

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    lavishbhati691
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    INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

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    Introduction To Biology

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    lavishbhati691

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    of 4

    INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms


    In this chapter, we will learn about types, modes and the process of reproduction in different
    organisms.The subtopics covered in this chapter include asexual reproduction, sexual
    reproduction, pre-fertilization events, fertilization, and post-fertilization events. Well
    illustrated diagrams are also present which makes the learning easy for the students and helps
    them understand the topic thoroughly.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in


    Flowering Plants
    This chapter is a combination of four chapters and holds a weightage of fourteen marks in 12
    board examination.In this chapter, we will learn about the structure, morphology, and process
    of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Also, the subtopics covered in this chapter include
    pre-fertilization events, double fertilization, post fertilization events and the knowledge about
    apomixis and polyembryony.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Human Reproduction


    In this chapter, we will learn about the human male and female reproductive system.
    Diagrams, illustrations, flowcharts, and easy language makes this chapter comprehensive and
    easy to learn. Moreover, the sequential progress of the topics helps us retain and grasp better.
    The sub topics covered in this chapter are-

     Reproductive structures,
     Male reproductive systems,
     Female reproductive systems,
     The role of sex hormones,
     Gametogenesis,
     Spermatogenesis and more introductory topics of human reproduction.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health


    This chapter focusses on the issues of the significance of reproductive health and the methods
    to achieve it.This chapter also focusses on maternal health and the health of the child during
    pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and post-pregnancy periods.Infant mortality maternal mortality
    and amniocentesis are other topics covered here.
    The subtopics covered in this chapter are:
     Reproductive Health – Problems and Strategies
     Population Explosion and Birth Control
     Medical Termination of Pregnancy
     Sexually Transmitted Diseases
     Infertility.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and


    Variation
    It basically revolves around Genetics and Evolution.Similarity and variation between the
    parents and offsprings are discussed in this chapter.Mendel”s law of inheritance, the
    inheritance of one gene, the inheritance of two genes, sex determination, mutations, and
    genetic disorders are main topics discussed here.

    Diagrams, illustrations, flowcharts, and easy language makes this chapter comprehensive and
    easy to learn. Moreover, the sequential progress of the topics helps us retain and grasp better.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance


    In this chapter, very simplified diagrams are given to understand all the structures of
    DNA,RNA, the process of replication, etc.
    The topics covered in this chapter are:

     The DNA: Structure of polynucleotide chain, Packaging of DNA helix.


     The search for genetic material: The genetic material is DNA, Properties of
    genetic material.
     RNA world.
     Replication: The experimental proof, the machinery, and enzymes.
     Transcription: The transcription unit, Transcription unit and the gene, Types of
    RNA and the process of transcription.
     Genetic code: Mutations and genetic code, t RNA. Translation. Regulation of
    gene expression.
     The Lac Operon.
     Human genome project: Salient

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Evolution


    Evolution biology is the study of history of life forms on earth.This chapter deals with the
    origin of life and the evolution of life forms or biodiversity on planet earth in the context of
    evolution of earth and against the background of evolution of universe itself. Diagrams,
    illustrations, flowcharts, and easy language makes this chapter comprehensive and easy to
    learn. Moreover, the sequential progress of the topics helps us retain and grasp better.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Health and Diseases


    Health, maintenance of optimum health, diseases, types, treatment and prevention, immunity,
    and its types and address to some diseases such as AIDS, cancer, and adolescent issues
    constitute this chapter.
    Subtopics covered in this chapter are:

     Common Diseases in Humans


     Immunity
     AIDS
     Cancer
     Drugs and Alcohol Abuse.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in


    Food Production
    This chapter deals with biological principles applied to animal husbandry and plant breeding
    that have a major role in to increase food production. Several new techniques like embryo
    transfer technology and tissue culture techniques that play a pivotal role in further enhancing
    food production are discussed in this chapter.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare


    Microbes are also referred to as micro-organisms or microscopic organisms as they can only
    be seen under a microscope. They are tiny living creatures, invisible to the naked eye and are
    present all around us, in air, water, soil and so on. They played a key role in the evolution of
    the planet earth. Few microbes cause severe infections and disease that even result in death
    and others are the beneficial ones and harmless to our lives. Disease-causing microbes are
    called as pathogens. Influenza, tuberculosis, polio, cholera, HIV are some of the best
    examples of disease caused by these microbes. The most common microbes include Bacteria,
    protozoa viroid, some algae, Fungi, and Viruses.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and


    Processes
    The european federation of biotechnology has defined biotechnology as” the integration of
    natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogs for products and
    services”.This chapter, deals in depth study of principles and processes involved in
    biotechnology.
    Among many techniques, modern biotechnology is the result of the following two core
    techniques. They are-

     Genetic engineering
     Manufacturing of Antibiotics, Drugs and other Vaccines

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Biotechnology and its


    Application
    In this chapter, students will learn that how human beings have used biotechnology to
    improve the quality of human life, especially in the field of food production and health.
    Biotechnology has given humans several useful products by using microbes, plants, animals,
    and their metabolic machinery.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations


    In this chapter, students shall explore ecology at organismic and population level. This
    chapter deals with topics such as organisms and its environment, niche, major abiotic factors
    affecting the organisms and its environment such as temperature, water, light, soil, responses
    to abiotic factors such as regulation , conformation, migration and suspension.

    Diagrams, illustrations, flowcharts, and easy language makes this chapter comprehensive and
    easy to learn. Moreover, the sequential progress of the topics helps us retain and grasp better.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 14 Ecosystem


    An ecosystem can be visualized as a functional unit of nature, where living organisms
    interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment.In this
    chapter student will first learn about structure of ecosystem,in order to appreciate the input
    (productivity), transfer of energy (food chain) and the output.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 15 Biodiversity and its


    Conservation
    In this chapter students will learn about importance and significance of biodiversity, its types,
    patterns, evolution, degradation, and conservation.
    Genetic diversity, species diversity, latitudinal gradients, species area relationship, causes of
    biodiversity losses, in-situ conservation and ex-situ conservation are few topics covered in
    this chapter.

    Class 12 Biology Chapter 16 Environmental Issues


    This chapter deals with the problems that are posing a threat to the ecological balance in
    nature such as pollution, global warming, deforestation, etc. and measures taken to control
    such kind of pollution. This chapter also covers the effects of pollution on the human life and
    how it is affecting the peoples day to day life.

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