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org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 4 April 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882

Factors Affecting Teaching-Learning Process

Dr. Gitanjali Padhi
Associate Professor
( Dr. Parshuram Mishra Institute of Advanced Study in Education, Sambalpur, Odisha )

Abstract
Learning is an innate nature of man which exists in his environment or for what the circumstances are
favorable. Creation of environment for learning is called teaching. The aim of teaching is to make the
learner learn. There is no meaning of until the learner is able to learn. Though man also learns without
teaching , but teaching is necessary for purposeful learning. This is the reason that teaching-learning is
taken as a joint concept. When we take teaching-learning as a joint concept ,it has five components –
learner ( student ),trainer ( teacher ), materials to be taught ( curriculum ),teaching methods and
environment for teaching-learning. It is necessary to maintain these five components properly in order
to make the process of teaching-learning effective. The factors related to them are the factors that affect
teaching-learning. This article is intended to give an insight into the factors affecting teaching-learning
process.
As per Confucius
Learning without reflection is a waste
Reflection without learning is dangerous.
Key words – Teaching, Learning, Teaching-learning Process

1.1 Introduction
Education is a System ; Teaching is an Action ; Learning is a Process
Teaching is not complete without learning. Both teaching and learning are complement to each other.
Our goal is to empower all our students in all grades and courses in their learning and assess in a
meaningful and effective manner.
Schools are the second place after home where students’ behavior and future educational success are
shaped. At schools there are many elements or factors that can influence the teaching and learning process
that may take place.

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It is accepted that the teachers are usually not born but made. Good teachers nurture their knowledge
and skills through constant and deliberate efforts. One of the prerequisite to be good teacher is to
understand the teaching learning process in more depth. This facilitates better appreciation of the
teaching profession as well as process of imparting education.

1.2 Concept of Teaching :

 Teaching is a set of events, outside the learners which are designed to support internal process `
of learning. Teaching ( instruction) is outside the learner. Learning is internal to learners.
You cannot motivate others if you are not self-motivated.
 Teaching is an act of imparting instructions to the learners in the classroom situations.
 Teaching is to cause the pupil to learn and acquire the desired knowledge, skills and also desirable
ways of living in the society.
 Teaching is a process in which learner, teacher, curriculum, and other variables are organized in a
systematic and psychological way to attain some pre-determined goals.
 The teacher has an important role to play because he acts as catalyst, actively simulated learning.
 Teaching is an art and the art comes from the teacher’s personality, experience and talents.

Wells, G (1982) -- Teaching has been defined as cluster of activities that are noted about teachers such as
explaining, deducing, questioning, motivating, taking attendance, keeping record of works, students’
progress and students’ background information.
B.O. Smith – Teaching is a system of action involving an agent, an end in view, and a situation including
two sets of factors –those over which the agent has to control ( class size, size of classroom, physical
characteristics of pupils etc.) and those that he can modify ( way of asking questions or ideas gleaned.)
T. F. Greens – Teaching is a task of a teacher, which is performed for the development of a child.
H.C. Morrison – Teaching is an intimate contact between a more mature personality and a less mature
one which is designed to further the education of the latter.
Edmund Amidon defined teaching as --“an interactive process, primarily involving classroom talk which
takes place between teacher and pupil and occurs during certain definable activities”.

1.3 Concept of Learning

 Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors. skills, values,
attitudes, and preferences.
 Learning is not something done to students, but rather something students themselves do. It is the
direct result of how students interpret and respond to their experiences.
 Learning is a “ process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and increases
the potential for improved performance and feature learning’’( Ambrose et al,2013)
According to Gestalt’s view – “ The basis of learning is to gain knowledge after observing the whole
structure. Responding towards the entire situation is learning”.
Kurt Lewin has explained – “The learning as the direct cognitive organization of a situation. Motivation
has a significant role and place in learning”.
According to Woodworth, --“The process of acquiring new knowledge and new responses is the process
of learning’’.
G.D. Boaz ( 1984 ) defined – “Learning is the process by which the individuals acquires various habits,
knowledge, and attitudes that are necessary to meet the demands of life in general’’.

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C.E. Skinner define – “Learning is the process of progressive behavior adoption”.

Pavlov said – “ Learning is habit formation resulting from conditioning”.

According to Cronbach – “Learning is shown by a change in behavior as a result of experience.
According to Kingsley and Garry – “ Learning is a process by which behavior is originated or change through
practice or training”.
As per Malcolm Knowles – “ The process of gaining knowledge and expertise”.
As per Thorndike – “Learning is selecting the appropriate response and connecting it with stimulus”.

Guilford says – “ Learning is the change in behavior resulting from behavior”.

Garret defined—“ Learning is an organization of behavior”.
Crow and crow defined – Learning as the process of acquisition of knowledge, habits, and attitudes.
E. A. Peel says – Learning can be described as a change in the individual which takes place as a result of
the environmental change.

1.4 Concept of Teaching and Learning Process

 Learning by teaching is a method of teaching in which students are made to learn material and
prepare lessons to teach it to the other students. There is a strong emphasis on acquisition of life
skills along with the subject matter.
 Teaching and learning is a process that includes many variables. These variables interact as
learners work toward their goals and incorporate new knowledge, behaviors and skills that add to
their range of learning experiences.
 Teaching-learning is a combined processes where an educator accesses learning needs,
establishes specific learning objectives, develops teaching and learning strategies, implements
plan of work and evaluates the outcomes of the instruction.

1.5 Importance of teaching-learning process

Learning is more important than teaching. Teaching has no value if it does not result in learning on the
part of the students. It helps the teacher to determine, evaluate and refine their instructional techniques
and in setting-up, refining and clarifying the objectives.

1.6 Factors affecting teaching-learning process

{A} Factors related to students
The most important component of the process of teaching-learning is the student. The effectiveness of
the process of teaching-learning depends the most on the student. The main factors related to student
are
1. Age and maturity of the student : It has been seen that as a child proceeds towards maturity from
physical and mental viewpoint, the rate of his learning increases and his level of learning rises.
2. Physical and mental health of the student : A physically and mentally healthy child takes interest in
learning and feels less fatigue, so he learns sooner. On the contrary, a physically unhealthy and suffering
from mental ailments (as fear, anxity, and frustration, etc.) child does not take interest in learning and thus
the process of teaching-learning can not be run smoothly and efficiently.
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3. Intelligence, aptitude, attitude, interest, and attention of the students : Generally, a child learns with
his conformity with his IQ. Inspite of high IQ if a child does not have aptitude and attitude for the subject,
then he can not learn properly. Besides, a child may have all the above three but if he does not have
interest in it then he would not be able to pay his attention to it and the teaching-learning process can not
be effective. It is clear that all the above factors affects the teaching-learning process.
4. Level of motivation and will to learn : It is seen that, when a student is not motivated to learn an
activity, it is difficult to teach him anything. The will to learn is necessary along with motivation. The level
of his will and motivation decides the duration of his learning.
5. Level of aspiration : Each individuals desires to attain something at each level of his life, somebody
aspires more than his ability and capability, somebody aspires according to hs ability and capability and
somebody aspires less than his ability and capability, this is called aspiration level in psychological
terminology. Because this decision is taken by the individua; himself, so it functions like self-motivation. It
has been seen in the context of child learning that a child who wants to have higher achievement in the
class, his level of aspiration is higher and he is more active, that is, his aspiration level is higher, all this is
helpful in his learning. Aspiring more than one’s ability and capability and failure to achieve it disappoints
him which obstructs his learning. Aspiration level is acceleratory only when it is according to one’s ability
and capacity.

{B} Factors related to teachers :

The second most important component of the process of teaching-learning is the teacher.
1. Personality of the teacher : Personality is a multidimensional concept. A teacher’s personality includes
his physical and mental health, his physical constitution, his speech, his knowledge, his skill of
communication and his behavior with students etc. It has been observed that the more attractive a teacher
is, the more effective is the process of teaching-learning.
2. Knowledge of the teacher : The clearer a teacher is in his knowledge and skill to be taught , the more
effective is the process of teaching-learning.
3. Communicating skill of the teacher : Having knowledge is one thing, and communicating his
knowledge properly is another thing. When a teacher communicate his knowledge and skill in proper way,
the teaching-learning process becomes more effective.
4. Behavior of the teacher towards students : If a teacher behaves with the student with love, sympathy,
and cooperation, then the process of teaching-learning becomes very effective.

{C} Factors related to Curriculum :

The factors related to curriculum are
1. Nature of the subject matter : Nature of the subject matter means its direct and indirect components
and its formal and informal form. A text material can be direct for children of one level and indirect for
children of another level. In the same way, it can be formal for the children of one level and informal for
the children of another level. The direct and formal text material is helpful for effective teach-ing learning
process.
2. Organization of the subject-matter : If the text material is organized in a logical sequence i.e. from
simple to complex and from direct to indirect and is presented in that form, the teaching-learning occurs
in more proper form.
3. Relation of subject-matter with life : If the subject-matter is related to the level of utility of present
and future life of the children, then, it influences the process of teaching-learning. The more useful a
subject-matter is for life, the faster the children learn it.
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4. Difficulty level of subject matter : The subject-matter is neither too difficult nor too easy from the
view point of the students, then teaching-learning is effective. Difficulty level of the subject-matter is
determined on the basis of age, maturity, and related previous knowledge of the students to make
teaching-learning process effective.

{D} Factors related to methods of teaching :

The factors related to teaching methods are
1. Suitability of teaching methods : The more suitable teaching method is used for the development of
knowledge or skill, the more effective becomes the process of teaching-learning. Play way method is
suitable for infants, learning by doing method is most suitable for children and adolescents, and
experiment, exploration and reasoning methods are suitable for higher education students.
2. Practice and application : Practice and application are very effective factors. Practice of knowledge
and skill by teacher and application of knowledge and skill by students, makes the learning permanent.
3. Use of teaching aids : The use of teaching aids makes the process of teaching-learning interesting lively,
and effective.
4. Use of co-curricular activities : Co-curricular activities play an important role in the teaching of certain
subjects and training in certain skills. For example, poetry recitation, story telling, lecture, debate and
dramatization are very important in learning language skills.

{E} Factors related to environment :

1. Natural Environment : The arrangement of pure air, light and less of noise is required at the place of
teaching-learning. The children are fatigue in the absence of these, which has adverse impact on teaching-
learning.
2. Social Environment : If children have proper social and educational environment at all places—family
,society, community, and school, then their teaching-learning process becomes effective. If the
environment of any one of the above place is not favourable, then the process of teaching- learning is less
effective.
3. Time of teaching and Learning : The time is most important factor when the process of teaching-
learning is under taken. Morning time in hot countries and day time in cold countries is favorable. The
duration of teaching-learning has also an great effect on it.
4. Fatigue and rest : It has been observed that fatigue does not allow teachers and students to work
properly. So it should be kept in view while constructing the time table of a school that the difficult subjects
are kept earlier than the easier subjects, an easy subject is kept after one difficult subject and recess in
between.

1.7 Conclusion :
Teaching-learning process plays an important role in education system. There are many factors that
influence the process of teaching-learning, the process of teaching-learning cannot become effective in
the absence of anyone of them. How much the students may be curious to learn but, if the teacher kills
his time in gossips, then teaching-learning cannot be possible. On the other hand, however knowledgeable
and skilled a teacher is, if the students are able and prepared to learn, then teaching-learning cannot be
possible. In the same way, content, teaching methods and teaching-learning environment have their own
important in the process of teaching-learning.

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www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 4 April 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882

References :

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1 https://www.teachthought.com/pedagogy/ducation-system-teaching-action-learning-process

2.https://www.managementstudyguide.com/definition-characterstic-and-types-of-learning-in-
psychology.htm
3.https://www.queensu.ca/teachingandlearning/modules/students/04_what_is_learning.html
4.https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/jaer/teaching-and-learning-process
5. Lal, R. B. and Joshi, S.C.( 2014 ) Educational Psychology and Elementary Statistics published by R. Lall
Book Depot, MEERUT.

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