Review On The Dot Product and The Plane Equations

10/7/2023
1
Review on
product
Dot
Sample Footer Text
✓ Definition
• Suppose that 𝑎Ԧ =< 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 > and 𝑏 = < 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 >. Then,
𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
• Suppose that 𝑎Ԧ =< 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 > and 𝑏 = < 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 >. Then,
𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑
✓ Definition (It’s a scalar!)
• Suppose that 𝑎Ԧ =< 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 > and 𝑏 = < 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 >. Then,
𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
• Suppose that 𝑎Ԧ =< 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 > and 𝑏 = < 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 >. Then,
𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑
Note: 1. We can not dot an 𝑅2 -vector with an 𝑅3 -vector; 2. 𝑎Ԧ ⋅ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑎 ; 3. 𝑎Ԧ ⋅ 𝑏 + 𝑐Ԧ = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 + 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑐Ԧ.

As a corollary
• If 𝑎Ԧ =< 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 >. Then,
𝒂 ⋅ 𝒂 = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 𝒂 𝟐
• If 𝑎Ԧ =< 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 >. Then,
𝒂 ⋅ 𝒂 = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟑 = 𝒂 𝟐

For the general case: 𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃 = 𝒂 ‖𝒃‖cos𝜽
• We can use this property to determine if 𝑎Ԧ ⊥ 𝑏, because
𝒂 ⊥ 𝒃 if and only if 𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃 = 𝟎
• We can also use this property to compute the scalar component of 𝑢 in the direction of 𝑣.
Ԧ
𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝑣 𝒖 = 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
For the general case: 𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃 = 𝒂 ‖𝒃‖cos𝜽
• We can use this property to determine if 𝑎Ԧ ⊥ 𝑏, because
𝒂 ⊥ 𝒃 if and only if 𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃 = 𝟎
• We can also use this property to compute the scalar component of 𝑢 in the direction of 𝑣.
Ԧ
𝒖⋅𝒗 𝒗
𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒗 𝒖 = 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒖 =𝒖⋅ ( )
𝒖 𝒗 𝒗
10/7/2023
7
Visualizing
3D Planes
Sample Footer Text
Sample Footer Text
• 1, 2, 3 + 𝑡 < 1, 1, 2 >
Describe • 1, 2, 3 + 𝑠 < −2,0, −1 >
the • 1, 2, 3 + 𝑡 < 1, 1, 2 > +𝑠 < −2,0, −1 >

following
geometry
• https://www.geogebra.org/calculator/hbmqnfrv
10/7/2023
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Sample Footer Text
• 1, 2, 3 + 𝑡 < 1, 1, 2 >
• 1, 2, 3 + 𝑠 < −2,0, −1 >
Describe
the • 1, 2, 3 + 𝑡 < 1, 1, 2 > +𝑠 < −2,0, −1 >
(parametric equation of the plane)
following
geometry
• https://www.geogebra.org/calculator/hbmqnfrv
10/7/2023
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Sample Footer Text
The set of all points 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 such that the

displacement vector 𝑣Ԧ from 1, 1, 2 to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ,
Describe 𝑣Ԧ =< 𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 1, 𝑧 − 2 >,
the is perpendicular to a given vector
following 𝑢 =< 2, 3, 4 >
geometry
10/7/2023
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Sample Footer Text
If 𝑢 ⊥ 𝑣,
Ԧ then
< 𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 1, 𝑧 − 2 >⋅< 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 > = 0
By definition of the dot product
𝟐 𝑥−1 +𝟑 𝑦−1 +𝟒 𝑧−2 =0

Describe Then,
the 𝟐𝑥 + 𝟑𝑦 + 𝟒𝑧 − 13 = 0
following This is the linear equation of the plane.
geometry
Note: The coefficients of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are the coordinates of
the normal vector.
• https://www.geogebra.org/calculator/cjwcvcvh
10/7/2023
11
Sample Footer Text
A plane can be identified by

both its orientation, which
refers to its direction, and its
location. Below are planes with
different orientations.
10/7/2023
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Sample Footer Text
Here are planes with the same orientation

but different locations. They are parallel
and translations of each other.
10/7/2023
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Sample Footer Text
We can describe the orientation of the plane using

either a normal vector or a pair of vectors that are
parallel to the plane.
10/7/2023
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Sample Footer Text
With the orientation

provided, we can uniquely
define a plane by specifying
a point, thereby
distinguishing it from its
translations.
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Sample Footer Text
• Two vectors that are parallel

to the plane (orientation) + a
point (location) determines a
plane, leading to a parametric
equation;
Summarizing
• A normal vector (orientation)
+ a point (location) can also
determine a plane, leading to
a linear equation.
10/7/2023
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Review On The Dot Product and The Plane Equations

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10/7/2023

• Suppose that 𝑎Ԧ =< 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 > and 𝑏 = < 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 >. Then,

• Suppose that 𝑎Ԧ =< 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 > and 𝑏 = < 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 >. Then,

Note: 1. We can not dot an 𝑅2 -vector with an 𝑅3 -vector; 2. 𝑎Ԧ ⋅ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑎 ; 3. 𝑎Ԧ ⋅ 𝑏 + 𝑐Ԧ = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 + 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑐Ԧ.

• If 𝑎Ԧ =< 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 >. Then,

𝒂 ⋅ 𝒂 = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟑 = 𝒂 𝟐

Describe • 1, 2, 3 + 𝑠 < −2,0, −1 >

the • 1, 2, 3 + 𝑡 < 1, 1, 2 > +𝑠 < −2,0, −1 >

• 1, 2, 3 + 𝑠 < −2,0, −1 >

The set of all points 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 such that the

Describe 𝑣Ԧ =< 𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 1, 𝑧 − 2 >,

the is perpendicular to a given vector

following 𝑢 =< 2, 3, 4 >

𝟐 𝑥−1 +𝟑 𝑦−1 +𝟒 𝑧−2 =0

A plane can be identified by

Here are planes with the same orientation

We can describe the orientation of the plane using

With the orientation

• Two vectors that are parallel

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